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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs_about_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs_about_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Beliefs about practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs_about_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Witchcraft_and_folk_healers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Witchcraft_and_folk_healers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Witchcraft and folk healers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Witchcraft_and_folk_healers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Witch-hunts_and_thwarting_witchcraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Witch-hunts_and_thwarting_witchcraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Witch-hunts and thwarting witchcraft</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Witch-hunts_and_thwarting_witchcraft-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Witch-hunts and thwarting witchcraft subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Witch-hunts_and_thwarting_witchcraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accusations_of_witchcraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_of_witchcraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Accusations of witchcraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_of_witchcraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_witch-hunts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_witch-hunts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Modern witch-hunts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_witch-hunts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religious perspectives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_perspectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious perspectives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ancient Mesopotamian religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Jewish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Christian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Islamic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Modern paganism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Regional perspectives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_perspectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional perspectives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Roman_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Roman_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Ancient Roman world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Roman_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_and_contemporary_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_and_contemporary_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.2</span> <span>Early modern and contemporary Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_and_contemporary_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Witches_in_art_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Witches_in_art_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Witches in art and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Witches_in_art_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Witchcraft</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Удхэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Удхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heksery" title="Heksery – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Heksery" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A9" title="شعوذة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعوذة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="ডাইনীবিদ্যা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডাইনীবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruxer%C3%ADa" title="Bruxería – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bruxería" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadug%C9%99rlik" title="Cadugərlik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cadugərlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="ডাকিনীবিদ্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডাকিনীবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khi%C3%B2" title="Khiò – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khiò" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorserezh" title="Sorserezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sorserezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruixeria" title="Bruixeria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bruixeria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Carod%C4%9Bjnictv%C3%AD" title="Čarodějnictví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čarodějnictví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muroyi" title="Muroyi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muroyi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexentum" title="Hexentum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hexentum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B5idus" title="Nõidus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nõidus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brujer%C3%ADa" title="Brujería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brujería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sor%C4%89ado" title="Sorĉado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sorĉado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorginkeria" title="Sorginkeria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sorginkeria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="افسونگری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افسونگری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorcellerie" title="Sorcellerie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sorcellerie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjoenderij" title="Tsjoenderij – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tsjoenderij" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buit%C3%A7heraght" title="Buitçheraght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Buitçheraght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buidseachd" title="Buidseachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Buidseachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruxar%C3%ADa" title="Bruxaría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bruxaría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%B9%98%ED%81%AC%EB%9E%98%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8" title="위치크래프트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위치크래프트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Կախարդանք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կախարդանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="जादू-टोना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जादू-टोना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vje%C5%A1ti%C4%8Darstvo" title="Vještičarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vještičarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_sihir" title="Ilmu sihir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu sihir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stregoneria" title="Stregoneria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stregoneria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מעשה כשפים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעשה כשפים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F_-_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಮಾಟ - ಮಂತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾಟ - ಮಂತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchawi" title="Uchawi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uchawi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AErhebok" title="Pîrhebok – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pîrhebok" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragano%C5%A1ana" title="Raganošana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Raganošana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raganavimas" title="Raganavimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raganavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond%C9%94ki" title="Bondɔki – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bondɔki" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorsoria" title="Sorsoria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sorsoria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boszork%C3%A1nys%C3%A1g" title="Boszorkányság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Boszorkányság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Маѓесништво – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маѓесништво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="മന്ത്രവാദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മന്ത്രവാദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%B1_(%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA)" title="السحر (ويتشكرافت) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="السحر (ويتشكرافت)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihir" title="Sihir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sihir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%A1%E1%80%90%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="စုန်းကဝေအတတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စုန်းကဝေအတတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hekserij" title="Hekserij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hekserij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%81%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%83%88" title="ウィッチクラフト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィッチクラフト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolldom" title="Trolldom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trolldom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorchel%27lie" title="Chorchel'lie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chorchel'lie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brueissari%C3%A1" title="Brueissariá – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Brueissariá" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehrgarlik" title="Sehrgarlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sehrgarlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82-%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜਾਦੂ-ਟੂਣਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਦੂ-ਟੂਣਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%B9%D9%88%DD%A8%D8%A7" title="جادو ٹوݨا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جادو ٹوݨا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarostwo" title="Czarostwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czarostwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruxaria" title="Bruxaria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bruxaria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C4%83jitorie" title="Vrăjitorie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vrăjitorie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layqa" title="Layqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Layqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Колдовство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колдовство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9-%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱡᱟᱫᱩ-ᱴᱚᱱᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱫᱩ-ᱴᱚᱱᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magjia_e_shtrig%C3%ABs" title="Magjia e shtrigës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Magjia e shtrigës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Witchcraft" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Carodejn%C3%ADctvo" title="Čarodejníctvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čarodejníctvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C5%A1ti%C4%8Darstvo" title="Veštičarstvo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Veštičarstvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vje%C5%A1ti%C4%8Darstvo" title="Vještičarstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vještičarstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noituus" title="Noituus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Noituus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolldom" title="Trolldom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trolldom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangkukulam" title="Pangkukulam – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pangkukulam" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மாந்திரீகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாந்திரீகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akerrer" title="Akerrer – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Akerrer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF" title="చేతబడి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చేతబడి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94_(%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5)" title="มด (บุคคล) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มด (บุคคล)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Cadılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cadılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkut" title="Nkut – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nkut" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Чаклунство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чаклунство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جادوگری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جادوگری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strigaria" title="Strigaria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Strigaria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADt_ph%C3%B9_thu%E1%BB%B7" title="Thuật phù thuỷ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuật phù thuỷ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacralaedje" title="Emacralaedje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Emacralaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%AB%E6%9C%AF" title="巫术 – Wu" lang="wuu" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Practices believed to use supernatural powers</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about worldwide views of witchcraft. For an overview of Neopagan witchcraft, see <a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a>. For the modern pagan religion, see <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Witchcraft (disambiguation)">Witchcraft (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Witch" redirects here. 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Witchcraft" title="Category:Witchcraft">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef;font-size:170%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Witchcraft</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_William_Waterhouse_-_Magic_Circle_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/John_William_Waterhouse_-_Magic_Circle_%28cropped%29.JPG/200px-John_William_Waterhouse_-_Magic_Circle_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/John_William_Waterhouse_-_Magic_Circle_%28cropped%29.JPG/300px-John_William_Waterhouse_-_Magic_Circle_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/John_William_Waterhouse_-_Magic_Circle_%28cropped%29.JPG/400px-John_William_Waterhouse_-_Magic_Circle_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1211" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_Witchcraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan Witchcraft">Neopagan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_(feminist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Witchcraft (feminist)">Feminist</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">By region</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Africa" title="Witchcraft in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_witchcraft" title="Asian witchcraft">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft#Romania_and_the_Roma" title="European witchcraft">Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Middle_East" title="Witchcraft in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_North_America" title="Witchcraft in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Witchcraft in Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey magic">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(archetype)" title="Witch (archetype)">Witch as an archetype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">in the early modern period</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Witchcraft_sidebar" title="Template:Witchcraft sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Witchcraft_sidebar" title="Template talk:Witchcraft sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Magic_(supernatural)" title="Category:Magic (supernatural)">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef;font-size:170%;"><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="background:#ffffff"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Heptameron_magic_circle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Heptameron_magic_circle.jpg/110px-Heptameron_magic_circle.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Heptameron_magic_circle.jpg/165px-Heptameron_magic_circle.jpg 1.5x, 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class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Forms</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Black magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_magic" title="Chaos magic">Chaos magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">Gray magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_magic" title="Natural magic">Natural magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil" title="Sigil">Sigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">Sympathetic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Religion</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">Christian views on magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_magic" title="Islam and magic">Islam and magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Magic_sidebar" title="Template:Magic sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Magic_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Magic sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Magic_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Magic sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Witchcraft</b> is the use of alleged <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> powers of <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a>. A <b>witch</b> is a practitioner of witchcraft. Traditionally, "witchcraft" means the use of magic or supernatural powers to inflict harm or misfortune on others, and this remains the most common and widespread meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017ixThomas1997519_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017ixThomas1997519-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>, "Witchcraft thus defined exists more in the imagination", but it "has constituted for many cultures a viable explanation of evil in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The belief in witchcraft has been found throughout history in a great number of societies worldwide. Most of these societies have used <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">protective magic or counter-magic</a> against witchcraft, and have shunned, banished, imprisoned, physically punished or killed alleged witches. <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">Anthropologists</a> use the term "witchcraft" for similar beliefs about harmful <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> practices in different cultures, and these societies often use the term when speaking in English.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh-2021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1997519_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1997519-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perrone-1993_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perrone-1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Belief in witchcraft as malevolent magic is attested from <a href="#Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion">ancient Mesopotamia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">in Europe</a>, belief in witches <a href="#Ancient_Roman_world">traces back to classical antiquity</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">early modern Europe</a>, accused witches were usually women who were believed to have secretly used <a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">black magic</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Maleficium_(sorcery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleficium (sorcery)">maleficium</a></i>) against their own community. Usually, accusations of witchcraft were made by their neighbors and followed from social tensions. Witches were sometimes said to have communed with <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">with the Devil</a>, though anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Jean_La_Fontaine" title="Jean La Fontaine">Jean La Fontaine</a> notes that such accusations were mainly made against perceived "enemies of the Church".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was thought witchcraft could be thwarted by <a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">white magic</a>, provided by '<a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">cunning folk</a>' or 'wise people'. Suspected witches were often prosecuted and punished, if found guilty or simply believed to be guilty. European <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">witch-hunts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">witch trials in the early modern period</a> led to tens of thousands of executions. While magical healers and <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwives</a> were sometimes accused of witchcraft themselves,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies20037–13_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies20037–13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1997519_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1997519-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenreichEnglish2010[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage30mode2up_31–59]_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrenreichEnglish2010[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage30mode2up_31–59]-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they made up a minority of those accused. European belief in witchcraft gradually dwindled during and after the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> belief systems that include the concept of witchcraft likewise define witches as malevolent, and seek healers (such as <a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">medicine people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">witch doctors</a>) to ward-off and undo bewitchment.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some African and Melanesian peoples believe witches are driven by an evil spirit or substance inside them. <a href="/wiki/Modern_witch-hunts" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern witch-hunts">Modern witch-hunting</a> takes place in parts of Africa and Asia. </p><p>Today, followers of certain types of <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">modern paganism</a> identify as witches and use the term "witchcraft" or "<a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">pagan witchcraft</a>" for their beliefs and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Doyle_White-2016_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doyle_White-2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other neo-pagans avoid the term due to its negative connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept">Concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baldung_Hexen_1508_kol.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baldung_Hexen_1508_kol.JPG/200px-Baldung_Hexen_1508_kol.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baldung_Hexen_1508_kol.JPG/300px-Baldung_Hexen_1508_kol.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baldung_Hexen_1508_kol.JPG/400px-Baldung_Hexen_1508_kol.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="2618" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Witches_(Hans_Baldung)" title="The Witches (Hans Baldung)">The Witches</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Baldung" title="Hans Baldung">Hans Baldung</a> (woodcut), 1508</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common meaning of "witchcraft" worldwide is the use of harmful magic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton20173–4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton20173–4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belief in malevolent magic and the concept of witchcraft has lasted throughout recorded history and has been found in cultures worldwide, regardless of development.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh-2021_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2001xiii_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2001xiii-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most societies have feared an ability by some individuals to cause supernatural harm and misfortune to others. This may come from mankind's tendency "to want to assign occurrences of remarkable good or bad luck to agency, either human or superhuman".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201710_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201710-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians and anthropologists see the concept of "witchcraft" as one of the ways humans have tried to explain strange misfortune.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201710_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201710-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moro-2017_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moro-2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cultures have feared witchcraft much less than others, because they tend to have other explanations for strange misfortune.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201710_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201710-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands historically held a strong belief in <a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">fairy folk</a>, who could cause supernatural harm, and witch-hunting was very rare in these regions compared to other regions of the British Isles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017245_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017245-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> outlined five key characteristics ascribed to witches and witchcraft by most cultures that believe in this concept: the use of magic to cause harm or misfortune to others; it was used by the witch against their own community; powers of witchcraft were believed to have been acquired through inheritance or initiation; it was seen as immoral and often thought to involve communion with evil beings; and witchcraft could be thwarted by defensive magic, persuasion, intimidation or physical punishment of the alleged witch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton20173–4_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton20173–4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is commonly believed that witches use objects, words, and gestures to cause supernatural harm, or that they simply have an innate power to do so. Hutton notes that both kinds of practitioners are often believed to exist in the same culture and that the two often overlap, in that someone with an inborn power could wield that power through material objects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most influential works on witchcraft and concepts of magic was <a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft,_Oracles_and_Magic_Among_the_Azande" title="Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande">Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande</a></i>, a study of <a href="/wiki/Azande_witchcraft" title="Azande witchcraft">Azande witchcraft</a> beliefs published in 1937. This provided definitions for witchcraft which became a convention in anthropology.<sup id="cite_ref-Moro-2017_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moro-2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some researchers argue that the general adoption of Evans-Pritchard's definitions constrained discussion of witchcraft beliefs, and even broader discussion of <a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">magic and religion</a>, in ways that his work does not support.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills-2013_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills-2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evans-Pritchard reserved the term "witchcraft" for the actions of those who inflict harm by their inborn power and used "sorcery" for those who needed tools to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians found these definitions difficult to apply to European witchcraft, where witches were believed to use physical techniques, as well as some who were believed to cause harm by thought alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1997464–465_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1997464–465-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinction "has now largely been abandoned, although some anthropologists still sometimes find it relevant to the particular societies with which they are concerned".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While most cultures believe witchcraft to be something willful, some Indigenous peoples in Africa and Melanesia believe witches have a substance or an evil spirit in their bodies that drives them to do harm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such substances may be believed to act on their own while the witch is sleeping or unaware.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills-2013_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills-2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dobu people believe women work harmful magic in their sleep while men work it while awake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201718–19_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201718–19-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, in cultures where substances within the body are believed to grant supernatural powers, the substance may be good, bad, or morally neutral.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hutton draws a distinction between those who unwittingly cast the <a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a> and those who deliberately do so, describing only the latter as witches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201710_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201710-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The universal or cross-cultural validity of the terms "witch" and "witchcraft" are debated.<sup id="cite_ref-Moro-2017_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moro-2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hutton states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Malevolent magic] is, however, only one current usage of the word. In fact, Anglo-American senses of it now take at least four different forms, although the one discussed above seems still to be the most widespread and frequent. The others define the witch figure as any person who uses magic<span class="nowrap"> </span>... or as the practitioner of nature-based Pagan religion; or as a symbol of independent female authority and resistance to male domination. All have validity in the present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201710_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201710-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur">United Nations Special Rapporteur</a> on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions there is "difficulty of defining 'witches' and 'witchcraft' across cultures—terms that, quite apart from their connotations in popular culture, may include an array of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional</a> or <a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">faith healing</a> practices".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropologist Fiona Bowie notes that the terms "witchcraft" and "witch" are used differently by scholars and the general public in at least four ways.<sup id="cite_ref-Moro-2017_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moro-2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neopagan writer <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bonewits" title="Isaac Bonewits">Isaac Bonewits</a> proposed dividing witches into even more distinct types including, but not limited to: Neopagan, Feminist, Neogothic, Neoclassical, Classical, Family Traditions, Immigrant Traditions, and Ethnic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler200665–68_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200665–68-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Witch_(word)" title="Witch (word)">Witch (word)</a></div> <p>The word is over a thousand years old: <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> formed the compound <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wiccecræft</i></span> from <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wicce</i></span> ('witch') and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">cræft</i></span> ('craft').<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The masculine form was <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wicca</i></span> ('male sorcerer').<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, <i>wicce</i> and <i>wicca</i> were probably derived from the Old English verb <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wiccian</i></span>, meaning 'to practice witchcraft'.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Wiccian</i> has a cognate in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> <span title="Middle Low German-language text"><i lang="gml">wicken</i></span> (attested from the 13th century). The further etymology of this word is problematic. It has no clear cognates in other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> outside of English and Low German, and there are numerous possibilities for the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European root">Indo-European root</a> from which it may have derived. </p><p>Another Old English word for 'witch' was <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hægtes</i></span> or <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hægtesse</i></span>, which became the modern English word "<a href="/wiki/Hag" title="Hag">hag</a>" and is linked to the word "<a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">hex</a>". In most other Germanic languages, their word for 'witch' comes from the same root as these; for example <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hexe</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">heks</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In colloquial modern <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the word <i>witch</i> is particularly used for women.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A male practitioner of magic or witchcraft is more commonly called a '<a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">wizard</a>', or sometimes, 'warlock'. When the word <i>witch</i> is used to refer to a member of a neo-pagan tradition or religion (such as <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>), it can refer to a person of any gender.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs_about_practices">Beliefs about practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beliefs about practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexenszene_1700.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hexenszene_1700.JPG/220px-Hexenszene_1700.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hexenszene_1700.JPG/330px-Hexenszene_1700.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hexenszene_1700.JPG/440px-Hexenszene_1700.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="2369" /></a><figcaption><i>Preparation for the Witches' Sabbath</i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Teniers_the_Younger" title="David Teniers the Younger">David Teniers the Younger</a>. It shows a witch brewing a potion overlooked by her <a href="/wiki/Familiar_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Familiar spirit">familiar spirit</a> or a demon; items on the floor for casting a spell; and another witch reading from a <a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">grimoire</a> while anointing the buttocks of a young witch about to fly upon an inverted <a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">besom</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Witches are commonly believed to cast <a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">curses</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">spell</a> or set of magical words and gestures intended to inflict supernatural harm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevack201354_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevack201354-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cursing could also involve inscribing <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sigil_(magic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigil (magic)">sigils</a> on an object to give that object magical powers; burning or binding a wax or clay image (a <a href="/wiki/Poppet" title="Poppet">poppet</a>) of a person to affect them magically; or using <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a>, animal parts and other substances to make <a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">potions</a> or poisons.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witchcraft has been blamed for many kinds of misfortune. In Europe, by far the most common kind of harm attributed to witchcraft was illness or death suffered by adults, their children, or their animals. "Certain ailments, like impotence in men, infertility in women, and lack of milk in cows, were particularly associated with witchcraft". Illnesses that were poorly understood were more likely to be blamed on witchcraft. Edward Bever writes: "Witchcraft was particularly likely to be suspected when a disease came on unusually swiftly, lingered unusually long, could not be diagnosed clearly, or presented some other unusual symptoms".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevack201354–55_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevack201354–55-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common belief in cultures worldwide is that witches tend to use something from their target's body to work magic against them; for example hair, nail clippings, clothing, or bodily waste. Such beliefs are found in Europe, Africa, South Asia, Polynesia, Melanesia, and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another widespread belief among Indigenous peoples in Africa and North America is that witches cause harm by introducing cursed magical objects into their victim's body; such as small bones or ashes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a> described this kind of magic as <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">imitative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cultures, witches are believed to use human body parts in magic,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they are commonly believed to <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">murder children</a> for this purpose. In Europe, "cases in which women did undoubtedly kill their children, because of what today would be called <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">postpartum psychosis</a>, were often interpreted as yielding to diabolical temptation".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Witches are believed to work in secret, sometimes alone and sometimes with other witches. Hutton writes: "Across most of the world, witches have been thought to gather at night, when normal humans are inactive, and also at their most vulnerable in sleep".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cultures, witches at these gatherings are thought to transgress social norms by engaging in cannibalism, incest and open nudity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Witches around the world commonly have associations with animals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017264–277_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017264–277-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Needham" title="Rodney Needham">Rodney Needham</a> identified this as a defining feature of the witch archetype.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some parts of the world, it is believed witches can <a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">shapeshift</a> into animals,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017264_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017264-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that the witch's spirit travels apart from their body and takes an animal form, an activity often associated with <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017264_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017264-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another widespread belief is that witches have an animal helper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017264_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017264-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English these are often called "<a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">familiars</a>", and meant an evil spirit or demon that had taken an animal form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017264_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017264-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As researchers examined traditions in other regions, they widened the term to servant spirit-animals which are described as a part of the witch's own soul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017269_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017269-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a> is the practice of conjuring the spirits of the dead for <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a>, although the term has also been applied to raising the dead for other purposes. The biblical <a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a> performed it (1 Samuel 28th chapter), and it is among the witchcraft practices condemned by <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham" title="Ælfric of Eynsham">Ælfric of Eynsham</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Witches still go to cross-roads and to heathen burials with their delusive magic and call to the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devil</a>; and he comes to them in the likeness of the man that is buried there, as if he arises from death."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Witchcraft_and_folk_healers">Witchcraft and folk healers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Witchcraft and folk healers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diorama_of_a_Cunning_Woman_in_the_Museum_of_Witchcraft_and_Magic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Diorama_of_a_Cunning_Woman_in_the_Museum_of_Witchcraft_and_Magic.jpg/220px-Diorama_of_a_Cunning_Woman_in_the_Museum_of_Witchcraft_and_Magic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Diorama_of_a_Cunning_Woman_in_the_Museum_of_Witchcraft_and_Magic.jpg/330px-Diorama_of_a_Cunning_Woman_in_the_Museum_of_Witchcraft_and_Magic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Diorama_of_a_Cunning_Woman_in_the_Museum_of_Witchcraft_and_Magic.jpg/440px-Diorama_of_a_Cunning_Woman_in_the_Museum_of_Witchcraft_and_Magic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama">Diorama</a> of a cunning woman or wise woman in the Museum of Witchcraft and Magic</figcaption></figure> <p>Most societies that have believed in harmful or <a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">black magic</a> have also believed in helpful magic. Some have called it <a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">white magic</a>, at least in more recent times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where belief in harmful magic is common, it is typically forbidden by law as well as hated and feared by the general populace, while helpful or <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic (protective)</a> magic is tolerated or accepted by the population, even if the orthodox establishment opposes it.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In these societies, practitioners of helpful magic provide (or provided) services such as breaking the effects of witchcraft, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">healing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>, finding lost or stolen goods, and <a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">love magic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017x–xi_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017x–xi-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, and some other parts of Europe, they were commonly known as '<a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_in_Britain" title="Cunning folk in Britain">cunning folk</a>' or 'wise people'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017x–xi_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017x–xi-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alan McFarlane wrote that while cunning folk is the usual name, some are also known as 'blessers' or 'wizards', but might also be known as 'white', 'good', or 'unbinding witches'.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Owen_Davies_(historian)" title="Owen Davies (historian)">Owen Davies</a> says the term "white witch" was rarely used before the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2003xiii_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2003xiii-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ronald Hutton uses the general term "service magicians".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017x–xi_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017x–xi-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often these people were involved in identifying alleged witches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such helpful magic-workers "were normally contrasted with the witch who practiced <i>maleficium</i>—that is, magic used for harmful ends".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillis201827–28_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis201827–28-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">European witch hunts</a> "the cunning folk were widely tolerated by church, state and general populace".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillis201827–28_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis201827–28-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the more hostile churchmen and secular authorities tried to smear folk-healers and magic-workers by falsely branding them 'witches' and associating them with harmful 'witchcraft',<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017x–xi_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017x–xi-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but generally the masses did not accept this and continued to make use of their services.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MP</a> and skeptic <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Scot" title="Reginald Scot">Reginald Scot</a> sought to disprove magic and witchcraft altogether, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> (1584), "At this day, it is indifferent to say in the English tongue, 'she is a witch' or 'she is a wise woman'".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Keith_Thomas_(historian)" title="Keith Thomas (historian)">Keith Thomas</a> adds "Nevertheless, it is possible to isolate that kind of 'witchcraft' which involved the employment (or presumed employment) of some occult means of doing harm to other people in a way which was generally disapproved of. In this sense the belief in witchcraft can be defined as the attribution of misfortune to occult human agency".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1997519_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1997519-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emma_Wilby" title="Emma Wilby">Emma Wilby</a> says folk magicians in Europe were viewed ambivalently by communities, and were considered as capable of harming as of healing,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilby200551–54_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilby200551–54-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which could lead to their being accused as malevolent witches. She suggests some English "witches" convicted of consorting with demons may have been cunning folk whose supposed <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairy</a> <a href="/wiki/Familiar_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Familiar spirit">familiars</a> had been <a href="/wiki/Demonization" title="Demonization">demonised</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilby2005123_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilby2005123-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton</a> says that magical healers "were sometimes denounced as witches, but seem to have made up a minority of the accused in any area studied".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Davies_(historian)" title="Owen Davies (historian)">Davies</a> says "relatively few cunning-folk were prosecuted under secular statutes for witchcraft" and were dealt with more leniently than alleged witches. The <a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Criminalis_Carolina" title="Constitutio Criminalis Carolina">Constitutio Criminalis Carolina</a> (1532) of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, and the Danish Witchcraft Act of 1617, stated that workers of folk magic should be dealt with differently from witches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2003164_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2003164-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was suggested by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Horsley" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Horsley">Richard Horsley</a> that 'diviner-healers' (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">devins-guerisseurs</i></span>) made up a significant proportion of those tried for witchcraft in France and Switzerland, but more recent surveys conclude that they made up less than 2% of the accused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2003167_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2003167-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89va_P%C3%B3cs" title="Éva Pócs">Éva Pócs</a> says that half the accused witches in Hungary seem to have been healers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPócs199912_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPócs199912-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kathleen Stokker says the "vast majority" of Norway's accused witches were folk healers.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Witch-hunts_and_thwarting_witchcraft">Witch-hunts and thwarting witchcraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Witch-hunts and thwarting witchcraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Witchcraft" title="Talk:Witchcraft">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Witch_Bottles_Curse_Protection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Witch_Bottles_Curse_Protection.jpg/220px-Witch_Bottles_Curse_Protection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Witch_Bottles_Curse_Protection.jpg/330px-Witch_Bottles_Curse_Protection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Witch_Bottles_Curse_Protection.jpg/440px-Witch_Bottles_Curse_Protection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4023" data-file-height="2873" /></a><figcaption>A witch bottle, used as counter-magic against witchcraft</figcaption></figure> <p>Societies that believe (or believed) in witchcraft also believe that it can be thwarted in various ways. One common way is to use <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">protective magic or counter-magic</a>, often with the help of magical healers such as <a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">cunning folk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Witch-doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-doctor">witch-doctors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes performing <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a>, reciting <a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">charms</a>, or the use of <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talismans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a>, anti-<a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotropaic mark">witch marks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witch_bottle" title="Witch bottle">witch bottles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">witch balls</a>, and burying objects such as <a href="/wiki/Horse_skulls" title="Horse skulls">horse skulls</a> inside the walls of buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another believed cure for bewitchment is to persuade or force the alleged witch to lift their spell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, people have attempted to thwart the witchcraft by physically punishing the alleged witch, such as by banishing, wounding, torturing or killing them. "In most societies, however, a formal and legal remedy was preferred to this sort of private action", whereby the alleged witch would be prosecuted and then formally punished if found guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusations_of_witchcraft">Accusations of witchcraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Accusations of witchcraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:There_is_a_flock_of_yellow_birds_around_her_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/There_is_a_flock_of_yellow_birds_around_her_head.jpg/220px-There_is_a_flock_of_yellow_birds_around_her_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/There_is_a_flock_of_yellow_birds_around_her_head.jpg/330px-There_is_a_flock_of_yellow_birds_around_her_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/There_is_a_flock_of_yellow_birds_around_her_head.jpg/440px-There_is_a_flock_of_yellow_birds_around_her_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption>Alleged witches being accused in the <a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the world, accusations of witchcraft are often linked to social and economic tensions. Females are most often accused, but in some cultures it is mostly males. In many societies, accusations are directed mainly against the elderly, but in others age is not a factor, and in some cultures it is mainly adolescents who are accused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201715_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201715-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%C3%89va_P%C3%B3cs" title="Éva Pócs">Éva Pócs</a> writes that reasons for accusations of witchcraft fall into four general categories. The first three of which were proposed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kieckhefer" title="Richard Kieckhefer">Richard Kieckhefer</a>, and the fourth added by <a href="/wiki/Christina_Larner" title="Christina Larner">Christina Larner</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPócs19999–10_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPócs19999–10-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>A person was caught in the act of positive or negative <a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">sorcery</a></li> <li>A well-meaning sorcerer or healer lost their clients' or the authorities' trust</li> <li>A person did nothing more than gain the enmity of their neighbors</li> <li>A person was reputed to be a witch and surrounded with an aura of witch-beliefs or <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_witch-hunts">Modern witch-hunts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern witch-hunts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">Witch-hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Witch trials in the early modern period</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_witch-hunts" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern witch-hunts">Modern witch-hunts</a></div> <p>Witch-hunts, scapegoating, and the <a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">shunning</a> or <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> of suspected witches still occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many cultures worldwide continue to have a belief in the concept of "witchcraft" or malevolent magic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">extrajudicial violence</a>, state-sanctioned execution also occurs in some jurisdictions. For instance, in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> practicing witchcraft and sorcery is a crime <a href="/wiki/Punishable_by_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Punishable by death">punishable by death</a> and the country has executed people for this crime as recently as 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Witchcraft-related violence is often discussed as a serious issue in the broader context of <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tanzania, an estimated 500 older women are murdered each year following accusations of witchcraft or accusations of being a witch, according to a 2014 <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> report.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children who live in some regions of the world, such as parts of Africa, are also vulnerable to violence stemming from witchcraft accusations.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such incidents have also occurred in immigrant communities in Britain, including the much publicized case of the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Victoria_Climbi%C3%A9" title="Murder of Victoria Climbié">murder of Victoria Climbié</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_perspectives">Religious perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religious perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Historical_and_religious_perspectives"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancient Mesopotamian religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Robert_William_Rogers._The_religion_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_especially_in_its_relations_to_Israel._1908.djvu&page=215" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Robert_William_Rogers._The_religion_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_especially_in_its_relations_to_Israel._1908.djvu/page215-220px-Robert_William_Rogers._The_religion_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_especially_in_its_relations_to_Israel._1908.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Robert_William_Rogers._The_religion_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_especially_in_its_relations_to_Israel._1908.djvu/page215-330px-Robert_William_Rogers._The_religion_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_especially_in_its_relations_to_Israel._1908.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Robert_William_Rogers._The_religion_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_especially_in_its_relations_to_Israel._1908.djvu/page215-440px-Robert_William_Rogers._The_religion_of_Babylonia_and_Assyria_especially_in_its_relations_to_Israel._1908.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2719" data-file-height="4296" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">clay tablet</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Maql%C3%BB" title="Maqlû">Maqlû</a></i>, outlining an ancient Akkadian anti-witchcraft ritual.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Middle_East" title="Witchcraft in the Middle East">Witchcraft in the Middle East</a></div> <p>Magic was an important part of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">ancient Mesopotamian religion</a> and society, which distinguished between 'good' (helpful) and 'bad' (harmful) rites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201749–50_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201749–50-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, they mainly used counter-magic against witchcraft (<i>kišpū</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReiner199597_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiner199597-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), but the law codes also prescribed the death penalty for those found guilty of witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201749–50_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201749–50-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tzvi Abusch, ancient Mesopotamian ideas about witches and witchcraft shifted over time, and the early stages were "comparable to the archaic shamanistic stage of European witchcraft".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbusch200265–66_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbusch200265–66-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this early stage, witches were not necessarily considered evil, but took 'white' and 'black' forms, could help others using magic and medical knowledge, generally lived in rural areas and sometimes exhibited ecstatic behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbusch200265–66_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbusch200265–66-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient Mesopotamia, a witch (m. <i>kaššāpu</i>, f. <i>kaššāptu</i>, from <i>kašāpu</i> ['to bewitch']<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReiner199597_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiner199597-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was "usually regarded as an anti-social and illegitimate practitioner of destructive magic ... whose activities were motivated by malice and evil intent and who was opposed by the <i><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1ipu" title="Ašipu">ašipu</a></i>, an exorcist or incantation-priest".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbusch200265–66_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbusch200265–66-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <i>ašipu</i> were predominantly male representatives of the state religion, whose main role was to work magic against harmful supernatural forces such as <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_demon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian demon">demons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbusch200265–66_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbusch200265–66-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stereotypical witch mentioned in the sources tended to be those of low status who were weak or otherwise marginalized, including women, foreigners, actors, and peddlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201749–50_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201749–50-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Law <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> (<a href="/wiki/18th_century_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="18th century BCE">18th century BCE</a>) allowed someone accused of witchcraft (harmful magic) to undergo <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal" title="Trial by ordeal">trial by ordeal</a>, by jumping into a holy river. If they drowned, they were deemed guilty and the accuser inherited the guilty person's estate. If they survived, the <i>accuser's</i> estate was handed over instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201749–50_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201749–50-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Maql%C3%BB" title="Maqlû">Maqlû</a></i> ("burning") is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> text, written early in the <a href="/wiki/First_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="First millennium BCE">first millennium BCE</a>, which sets out a Mesopotamian anti-witchcraft ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lengthy ritual includes invoking <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">various gods</a>, burning an effigy of the witch, then dousing and disposing of the remains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbusch200215–16_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbusch200215–16-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Witchcraft's historical evolution in the Middle East reveals a multi-phase journey influenced by <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>, and societal norms. Ancient witchcraft in the Near East intertwined <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> with nature through <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">incantations</a> aligned with local beliefs. In ancient <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, magic had a complex relationship, with some forms accepted due to <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others were considered <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newadvent.org-1912_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newadvent.org-1912-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medieval Middle East experienced shifting perceptions of witchcraft under <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> influences, sometimes revered for healing and other times condemned as <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jewish">Jewish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jewish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible</a></div> <p>Jewish attitudes toward witchcraft were rooted in its association with <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">necromancy</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> even practiced certain forms of magic themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References to witchcraft in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>, or Hebrew Bible, highlighted strong condemnations rooted in the "abomination" of magical belief. <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> similarly condemned witchcraft, considering it an abomination and even citing specific verses to justify <a href="/wiki/Witch_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch hunting">witch-hunting</a> during the early modern period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian">Christian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Christian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg/220px-Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg/330px-Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg/440px-Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1565" /></a><figcaption>Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Martin_van_Ma%C3%ABle" title="Martin van Maële">Martin van Maële</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Mass" title="Black Mass">Black Mass</a> overseen by a horned <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a>, in the 1911 edition of <i>La Sorcière</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Jules Michelet</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">Christian views on magic</a></div> <p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">Christian concept of witchcraft</a> derives from <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law" title="Biblical law">laws</a> against it. In medieval and early modern Europe, many Christians believed in magic. As opposed to the helpful magic of the <a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">cunning folk</a>, witchcraft was seen as <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> and associated with <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devil_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil worship">Devil worship</a>. This often resulted in deaths, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">scapegoating</a> (casting blame for misfortune),<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPócs19999–12_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPócs19999–12-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many years of large scale <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">witch-trials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">witch hunts</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Europe, before largely ending during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>. Christian views in the modern day are diverse, ranging from intense belief and opposition (especially by <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalists</a>) to non-belief. During the <a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">Age of Colonialism</a>, many cultures were exposed to the Western world via <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, usually accompanied by intensive <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_colonialism" title="Christianity and colonialism">Christian missionary activity</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Christianization#Early_colonialism_(1500s–1700s)" title="Christianization">Christianization</a>). In these cultures, beliefs about witchcraft were partly influenced by the prevailing Western concepts of the time. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">sorcery</a> came to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> and to be viewed as evil. Among Catholics, Protestants, and the <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> leadership of late medieval/early modern Europe, fears about witchcraft rose to fever pitch and sometimes led to large-scale <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">witch-hunts</a>. The fifteenth century saw a dramatic rise in awareness and terror of witchcraft. Tens of thousands of people were executed, and others were imprisoned, tortured, banished, and had lands and possessions confiscated. The majority of those accused were women, though in some regions the majority were men.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witchcrazenewhis0000bars/page/23">23</a> </span></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, the word <a href="/wiki/Warlock" title="Warlock">warlock</a> came to be used as the male equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Witch_(word)" title="Witch (word)">witch</a> (which can be male or female, but is used predominantly for females).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (Latin for 'Hammer of The Witches') was a witch-hunting manual written in 1486 by two German monks, Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger. It was used by both Catholics and Protestants<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for several hundred years, outlining how to identify a witch, what makes a woman more likely than a man to be a witch, how to put a witch on trial, and how to punish a witch. The book defines a witch as evil and typically female. It became the handbook for secular courts throughout Europe, but was not used by the Inquisition, which even cautioned against relying on it.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the most sold book in Europe for over 100 years, after the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic">Islamic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Islamic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_magic" title="Islam and magic">Islam and magic</a></div> <p>Islamic perspectives on magic encompass a wide range of practices,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with belief in black magic and the <a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a> coexisting alongside strict prohibitions against its practice.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> acknowledges the existence of magic and seeks protection from its harm. Islam's stance is against the practice of magic, considering it forbidden, and emphasizes divine <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a> rather than magic or witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical continuity of witchcraft in the Middle East underlines the complex interaction between spiritual beliefs and societal norms across different cultures and <a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">epochs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_paganism">Modern paganism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern paganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Neopagan_witchcraft"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic neopaganism</a></div> <p>During the 20th century, interest in witchcraft rose in English-speaking and European countries. From the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Murray" title="Margaret Murray">Margaret Murray</a> popularized the '<a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">witch-cult hypothesis</a>': the idea that those <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">persecuted as 'witches' in early modern Europe</a> were followers of a benevolent <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> religion that had survived the <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> of Europe. This has been discredited by further historical research.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler200645–47,_84–85_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200645–47,_84–85-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017121_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017121-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton1999_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1999-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> <a href="/wiki/Neopagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan">neopagan</a> groups began to emerge who called their religion a kind of 'witchcraft'. They were <a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">initiatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret societies</a> inspired by Murray's 'witch cult' theory, <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a>, and historical paganism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton1999205–252_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1999205–252-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biggest religious movement to emerge from this is <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>. Today, some Wiccans and members of related traditions self-identify as "witches" and use the term "witchcraft" for their <a href="/wiki/Magico-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Magico-religious">magico-religious</a> beliefs and practices, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">anglophone countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Doyle_White-2016_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doyle_White-2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_perspectives">Regional perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Regional perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Witchcraft_beliefs_around_the_world_in_the_present.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Witchcraft_beliefs_around_the_world_in_the_present.png/400px-Witchcraft_beliefs_around_the_world_in_the_present.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Witchcraft_beliefs_around_the_world_in_the_present.png/600px-Witchcraft_beliefs_around_the_world_in_the_present.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Witchcraft_beliefs_around_the_world_in_the_present.png/800px-Witchcraft_beliefs_around_the_world_in_the_present.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>Prevalence of belief in witchcraft by country<sup id="cite_ref-Gershman-2022_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gershman-2022-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Socio-demographic_correlates_of_witchcraft_beliefs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Socio-demographic_correlates_of_witchcraft_beliefs.png/400px-Socio-demographic_correlates_of_witchcraft_beliefs.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Socio-demographic_correlates_of_witchcraft_beliefs.png/600px-Socio-demographic_correlates_of_witchcraft_beliefs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Socio-demographic_correlates_of_witchcraft_beliefs.png/800px-Socio-demographic_correlates_of_witchcraft_beliefs.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1691" /></a><figcaption>Socio-demographic correlates of witchcraft beliefs<sup id="cite_ref-Gershman-2022_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gershman-2022-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Demographics_and_surveys"></span> <span class="anchor" id="By_region"></span> A 2022 study found that belief in witchcraft, as in the use of malevolent magic or powers, is still widespread in some parts of the world. It found that belief in witchcraft varied from 9% of people in some countries to 90% in others, and was linked to cultural and socioeconomic factors. Stronger belief in witchcraft correlated with poorer economic development, weak institutions, lower levels of education, lower <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, lower life satisfaction, and high <a href="/wiki/Religiosity" title="Religiosity">religiosity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gershman-2022_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gershman-2022-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It contrasted two hypotheses about future changes in witchcraft belief:<sup id="cite_ref-Gershman-2022_115-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gershman-2022-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>witchcraft beliefs should decline "in the <a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">process of development</a> due to improved security and health, lower exposure to shocks, spread of education and scientific approach to explaining life events" according to standard modernization theory</li> <li>"some aspects of development, namely rising inequality, globalization, technological change, and migration, may instead revive witchcraft beliefs by disrupting established social order" according to literature largely inspired by observations from Sub-Saharan Africa.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Africa" title="Witchcraft in Africa">Witchcraft in Africa</a></div> <p>African witchcraft encompasses various beliefs and practices. These beliefs often play a significant role in shaping social dynamics and can influence how communities address challenges and seek spiritual assistance. Much of what "witchcraft" represents in Africa has been susceptible to misunderstandings and confusion, due to a tendency among western scholars to approach the subject through a comparative lens <i>vis-a-vis</i> European witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Maka_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Maka people">Maka people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> believe in an occult force known as <i>djambe</i>, that dwells inside a person. It is often translated as "witchcraft" or "sorcery", but it has a broader meaning that encompasses supernatural harm, healing and shapeshifting; this highlights the problem of using European terms for African concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some 19th–20th century <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">European colonialists</a> tried to stamp out witch-hunting in Africa by introducing laws banning accusations of witchcraft, some former African colonies introduced laws banning witchcraft after they gained independence. This has produced an environment that encourages persecution of suspected witches.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, hundreds of people are convicted of witchcraft yearly, with reports of violence against accused women.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> witnessed a disturbing trend of child witchcraft accusations in <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, leading to abuse and exorcisms supervised by self-styled pastors.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, there are several "<a href="/wiki/Witch_camp" title="Witch camp">witch camps</a>", where women accused of witchcraft can seek refuge, though the government plans to close them.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In west <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, there have been cases of accused witches being burned to death in their homes by mobs.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> faces a similar issue of child witchcraft accusations, with traditional healers and some Christian counterparts involved in exorcisms, causing abandonment and abuse of children.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> pastors have intertwined Christianity with witchcraft beliefs for profit, leading to the torture and killing of accused children.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mende_people" title="Mende people">Mende people</a> see witchcraft convictions as beneficial, as the accused receive support and care from the community.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lastly, in <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> culture, healers known as <span title="Zulu-language text"><i lang="zu"><a href="/wiki/Sangoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangoma">sangoma</a></i></span>s protect people from witchcraft and evil spirits through divination, rituals and <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediumship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, concerns arise regarding the training and authenticity of some sangomas. </p><p>In parts of Africa, beliefs about illness being caused by witchcraft continue to fuel suspicion of modern medicine, with serious <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a> consequences. <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ebola" title="Ebola">Ebola</a><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are two examples of often-lethal <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a> <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> whose medical care and <a href="/wiki/Isolation_(health_care)" title="Isolation (health care)">containment</a> has been severely hampered by regional beliefs in witchcraft. Other severe medical conditions whose treatment is hampered in this way include <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">leprosy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> and the common severe <a href="/wiki/Bacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial">bacterial</a> <a href="/wiki/Buruli_ulcer" title="Buruli ulcer">Buruli ulcer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tzotzil_witch_doctor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tzotzil_witch_doctor.jpg/220px-Tzotzil_witch_doctor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tzotzil_witch_doctor.jpg/330px-Tzotzil_witch_doctor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tzotzil_witch_doctor.jpg/440px-Tzotzil_witch_doctor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="1668" /></a><figcaption>Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">witch doctor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medicine_woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine woman">medicine woman</a> of the Mayan <a href="/wiki/Tzotzil" title="Tzotzil">Tzotzil</a> tribe, 1894</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_America">North America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_North_America" title="Witchcraft in North America">Witchcraft in North America</a></div> <p>North America hosts a diverse array of beliefs about witchcraft, some of which have evolved through interactions between cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Breslaw-2011_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breslaw-2011-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berger-2005_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger-2005-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kilpatrick_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilpatrick-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Geertz_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geertz-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a><sup id="cite_ref-Perrone-1993_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perrone-1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others,<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believed in malevolent "witch" figures who could harm their communities by supernatural means; this was often punished harshly, including by execution.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these communities, <a href="/wiki/Medicine_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine people">medicine people</a> were healers and protectors against witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Kilpatrick_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilpatrick-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geertz_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geertz-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "witchcraft" arrived with <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonists</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">European views on witchcraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Breslaw-2011_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breslaw-2011-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term would be adopted by many Indigenous communities for their own beliefs about harmful magic and harmful supernatural powers. Witch hunts took place among Christian European settlers <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Witchcraft in colonial America">in colonial America</a> and the United States, most infamously the <a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem witch trials</a> in Massachusetts. These trials led to the execution of numerous individuals accused of practicing witchcraft. Despite changes in laws and perspectives over time, accusations of witchcraft persisted into the 19th century in some regions, such as Tennessee, where prosecutions occurred as late as 1833. </p><p>Some North American witchcraft beliefs were influenced by beliefs about <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">witchcraft in Latin America</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Africa" title="Witchcraft in Africa">African witchcraft beliefs</a> through the slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berger-2005_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger-2005-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native American cultures adopted the term for their own witchcraft beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a> practices such as <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> then emerged in the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Breslaw-2011_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breslaw-2011-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berger-2005_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger-2005-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Witchcraft in Latin America</a></div> <p>Witchcraft beliefs in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> are influenced by Spanish Catholic, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a>, and African beliefs. In <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Colonial Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Inquisition" title="Mexican Inquisition">Mexican Inquisition</a> showed little concern for witchcraft; the Spanish Inquisitors treated witchcraft accusations as a "religious problem that could be resolved through confession and <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">absolution</a>". Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Behar" title="Ruth Behar">Ruth Behar</a> writes that Mexican Inquisition cases "hint at a fascinating conjecture of sexuality, witchcraft, and religion, in which Spanish, indigenous, and African cultures converged".<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are cases where European women and Indigenous women were accused of collaborating to work "love magic" or "sexual witchcraft" against men in colonial Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to anthropology professor Laura Lewis, "witchcraft" in colonial Mexico represented an "affirmation of hegemony" for women and especially Indigenous women over their white male counterparts in the <i><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">casta</a></i> system.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Belief in witchcraft is a constant in the history of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">colonial Brazil</a>, for example the several denunciations and confessions given to the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a> (1591–1593), <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a> (1593–1595).<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Brujer%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Brujería">Brujería</a></i>, often called a Latin American form of witchcraft, is a <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a> Afro-Caribbean tradition that combines Indigenous religious and magical practices from the Caribbean, together with Catholicism, and European witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrera-Sobek2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbDIwZ8BieWcCpgPA174_174]_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrera-Sobek2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbDIwZ8BieWcCpgPA174_174]-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition and terminology is considered to encompass both helpful and harmful practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrera-Sobek2012175_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrera-Sobek2012175-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A male practitioner is called a <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">brujo</i></span>, a female practitioner, a <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">bruja</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrera-Sobek2012175_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrera-Sobek2012175-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Healers may be further distinguished by the terms <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">kurioso</i></span> or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">kuradó</i></span>, a man or woman who performs <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">trabou chikí</i></span> ("little works") and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">trabou grandi</i></span> ("large treatments") to promote or restore health, bring fortune or misfortune, deal with unrequited love, and more serious concerns. Sorcery usually involves reference to an entity referred to as the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">almasola</i></span> or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">homber chiki</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asian_witchcraft" title="Asian witchcraft">Asian witchcraft</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Okabe_-_The_cat_witch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Okabe_-_The_cat_witch.jpg/170px-Okabe_-_The_cat_witch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Okabe_-_The_cat_witch.jpg/255px-Okabe_-_The_cat_witch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Okabe_-_The_cat_witch.jpg/340px-Okabe_-_The_cat_witch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="1645" /></a><figcaption>Okabe – The cat witch, by <a href="/wiki/Utagawa_Kuniyoshi" title="Utagawa Kuniyoshi">Utagawa Kuniyoshi</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a>, the practice of <i>Gong Tau</i> involves black magic for purposes such as revenge and financial assistance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Japanese folklore</a> features witch figures who employ foxes as familiars. <a href="/wiki/Korean_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean history">Korean history</a> includes instances of individuals being condemned for using spells. The <a href="/wiki/Philippine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine">Philippines</a> has its own tradition of witches, distinct from Western portrayals, with their practices often countered by indigenous <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shamans</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Middle_East" title="Witchcraft in the Middle East">Witchcraft in the Middle East</a></div> <p>Witchcraft beliefs in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> have a long history, and magic was a part of the ancient cultures and religions of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201747–54_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201747–54-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>), a witch (m. <i>kaššāpu</i>, f. <i>kaššāptu</i>) was "usually regarded as an anti-social and illegitimate practitioner of destructive magic ... motivated by malice and evil intent".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbusch200265–66_88-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbusch200265–66-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Mesopotamian societies mainly used counter-magic against witchcraft (<i>kišpū</i>), but the law codes also prescribed the death penalty for those found guilty of witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201749–50_86-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201749–50-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the ancient <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, magic could only be sanctioned by the state, and accusations of witchcraft were often used to control political enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201750–51_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201750–51-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the ancient <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a> focused on their worship on <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> clearly distinguished between forms of magic and mystical practices which were accepted, and those which were viewed as forbidden or heretical, and thus "witchcraft".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201751–52_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201751–52-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the medieval <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> influences, witchcraft's perception fluctuated between healing and <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>, revered by some and condemned by others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the present day diverse witchcraft communities have emerged.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">European witchcraft</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Roman_world">Ancient Roman world</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ancient Roman world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft#Antiquity" title="European witchcraft">European witchcraft § Antiquity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caius_Furius_Cressinus_Accused_of_Sorcery_LACMA_M.82.119.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Caius_Furius_Cressinus_Accused_of_Sorcery_LACMA_M.82.119.jpg/220px-Caius_Furius_Cressinus_Accused_of_Sorcery_LACMA_M.82.119.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Caius_Furius_Cressinus_Accused_of_Sorcery_LACMA_M.82.119.jpg/330px-Caius_Furius_Cressinus_Accused_of_Sorcery_LACMA_M.82.119.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Caius_Furius_Cressinus_Accused_of_Sorcery_LACMA_M.82.119.jpg/440px-Caius_Furius_Cressinus_Accused_of_Sorcery_LACMA_M.82.119.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption><i>Caius Furius Cressinus Accused of Sorcery</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Saint-Ours" title="Jean-Pierre Saint-Ours">Jean-Pierre Saint-Ours</a>, 1792</figcaption></figure> <p>European belief in witchcraft can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, when concepts of <a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">magic and religion</a> were closely related. During the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">pagan</a> era of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, there were laws against harmful magic.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickie-2003_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickie-2003-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, the <a href="/wiki/5th_century_BC" title="5th century BC">5th century BCE</a> laws of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a> laid down penalties for uttering harmful incantations and for stealing the fruitfulness of someone else's crops by magic.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickie-2003_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickie-2003-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only recorded trial involving this law was that of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Furius_Cresimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Furius Cresimus">Gaius Furius Cresimus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickie-2003_151-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickie-2003-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">veneficium</i></span> meant both poisoning and causing harm by magic (such as magic potions), although ancient people would not have distinguished between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201759–66_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201759–66-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 331 BCE, a deadly epidemic hit Rome and at least 170 women were executed for causing it by <i>veneficium</i>. In 184–180 BCE, another epidemic hit Italy, and about 5,000 were executed for <i>veneficium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201759–66_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201759–66-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the reports are accurate, writes <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton</a>, "then the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican Romans</a> hunted witches on a scale unknown anywhere else in the ancient world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201759–66_152-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201759–66-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Cornelia_de_sicariis_et_veneficis" title="Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis">Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis</a></i> of 81 BCE, killing by <i>veneficium</i> carried the death penalty. During the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial era</a>, the <i>Lex Cornelia</i> began to be used more broadly against other kinds of magic,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201759–66_152-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201759–66-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including sacrifices made for evil purposes. The magicians were to be burnt at the stake.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickie-2003_151-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickie-2003-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Witch characters—women who work powerful evil magic—appear in ancient Roman literature from the first century BCE onward. They are typically <a href="/wiki/Hag" title="Hag">hags</a> who chant harmful incantations; make poisonous potions from herbs and the body parts of animals and humans; sacrifice children; raise the dead; can control the natural world; can shapeshift themselves and others into animals; and invoke underworld deities and spirits. They include <a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Erichtho" title="Erichtho">Erichtho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epodes_(Horace)" title="Epodes (Horace)">Canidia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s Dipsas, and <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">Meroe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201759–66_152-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201759–66-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_modern_and_contemporary_Europe">Early modern and contemporary Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Early modern and contemporary Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Witches_apprehended...,_1613_Wellcome_M0016701.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Witches_apprehended...%2C_1613_Wellcome_M0016701.jpg/220px-Witches_apprehended...%2C_1613_Wellcome_M0016701.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Witches_apprehended...%2C_1613_Wellcome_M0016701.jpg/330px-Witches_apprehended...%2C_1613_Wellcome_M0016701.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Witches_apprehended...%2C_1613_Wellcome_M0016701.jpg/440px-Witches_apprehended...%2C_1613_Wellcome_M0016701.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="3801" /></a><figcaption>A 1613 English pamphlet showing "Witches apprehended, examined and executed"</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Witchcraft" title="Special:EditPage/Witchcraft">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>By the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, major <a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch hunts">witch hunts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">witch trials</a> began to take place in Europe, partly fueled by religious tensions, societal anxieties, and economic upheaval. One influential text was the <i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i>, a 1486 treatise that provided a framework for identifying, prosecuting, and punishing witches. Witches were typically seen as people who caused harm or misfortune through <a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">black magic</a>, and were sometimes believed to have made a <a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">pact with the Devil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenreichEnglish2010[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage29mode2up_29],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage54mode2up_54]_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrenreichEnglish2010[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage29mode2up_29],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage54mode2up_54]-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, accusations of witchcraft were made by neighbors and followed from social tensions. Accusations were often made against marginalized individuals, women, the elderly, and those who did not conform to societal norms. Women made accusations as often as men. The common people believed that magical healers (called '<a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">cunning folk</a>' or 'wise people') could undo bewitchment. <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton</a> says that magical healers were sometimes denounced as witches themselves, "but seem to have made up a minority of the accused in any area studied".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25_52-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The witch-craze reached its peak between the 16th and 17th centuries, resulting in the execution of tens of thousands of people. This dark period of history reflects the confluence of <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a>, fear, and authority, as well as the societal tendency to find <a href="/wiki/Scapegoats" class="mw-redirect" title="Scapegoats">scapegoats</a> for complex problems. A <a href="/wiki/Feminist_interpretations_of_witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period">feminist interpretation of the witch trials</a> is that <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogynist</a> views led to the association of women and malevolent witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenreichEnglish2010[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage29mode2up_29],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage54mode2up_54]_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrenreichEnglish2010[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage29mode2up_29],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage54mode2up_54]-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a> also experienced its own iteration of witchcraft trials during the 17th century. Witches were often accused of <a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">sorcery</a> and engaging in <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural activities</a>, leading to their <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> and execution. The blending of <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> jurisdictions in Russia's approach to witchcraft trials highlighted the intertwined nature of religious and political power during that time. As the 17th century progressed, the fear of witches shifted from mere superstition to a tool for political manipulation, with accusations used to target individuals who posed threats to the ruling elite.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">neopagan witchcraft</a> movements have emerged in Europe, seeking to revive and reinterpret ancient pagan and mystical practices. <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>, pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a>, is the most influential. Drawing inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magic</a>, historical paganism, and the now-discredited <a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-cult theory">witch-cult theory</a>, Wicca emphasizes a connection to nature, the <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a>, and personal growth. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a> in Italy reflects a desire to reconnect with the country's pagan past. Many of these neopagans self-identify as "witches". Neopagan witchcraft in Europe encompasses a wide range of traditions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>.<br /><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pacific+Witchcraft%22">"Pacific Witchcraft"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pacific+Witchcraft%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pacific+Witchcraft%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pacific+Witchcraft%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pacific+Witchcraft%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pacific+Witchcraft%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori" title="Cook Islands Māori">Cook Islands Māori</a> term for black magic is <span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">purepure</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuse1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAT2ENAHoS28CpgPA372_372]_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuse1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAT2ENAHoS28CpgPA372_372]-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Culture of the Cook Islands">Native</a> priests and folk healers are called <span title="Cook Islands Māori-language text"><i lang="rar">ta'unga</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuse1995471_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuse1995471-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is estimated that 50–150 alleged witches are killed each year in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A local newspaper informed that more than fifty people were killed in two <a href="/wiki/Highlands_Region" title="Highlands Region">Highlands</a> provinces of Papua New Guinea in 2008 for allegedly practicing witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Belief and practice of witchcraft are prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Milne_Bay_Province" title="Milne Bay Province">Milne Bay Province</a> of Papua New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence-2015_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-2015-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other provinces, <a href="/wiki/Milne_Bay" title="Milne Bay">Milne Bay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Samarai_Islands" title="Samarai Islands">Samarai Islands</a> see much less violence against both those accused of witchcraft and women in general than other parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence-2015_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-2015-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is suggested the history of witchcraft in the area contributes to a raise in status of women in the area overall.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence-2015_158-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-2015-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Witches_in_art_and_literature">Witches in art and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Witches in art and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Witch_(archetype)#In_art_and_literature" title="Witch (archetype)">Witch (archetype) § In art and literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_witches" title="List of fictional witches">List of fictional witches</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer,_Witch_Riding_on_a_Goat,_c._1500-1501,_NGA_6674.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%2C_Witch_Riding_on_a_Goat%2C_c._1500-1501%2C_NGA_6674.jpg/170px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%2C_Witch_Riding_on_a_Goat%2C_c._1500-1501%2C_NGA_6674.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%2C_Witch_Riding_on_a_Goat%2C_c._1500-1501%2C_NGA_6674.jpg/255px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%2C_Witch_Riding_on_a_Goat%2C_c._1500-1501%2C_NGA_6674.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%2C_Witch_Riding_on_a_Goat%2C_c._1500-1501%2C_NGA_6674.jpg/340px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer%2C_Witch_Riding_on_a_Goat%2C_c._1500-1501%2C_NGA_6674.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2513" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span>: Witch riding backwards on a goat</figcaption></figure> <p>Witches have a long history of being depicted in art, although most of their earliest artistic depictions seem to originate in Early Modern Europe, particularly the Medieval and Renaissance periods. Many scholars attribute their manifestation in art as inspired by texts such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Canon Episcopi</i></span>, a demonology-centered work of literature, and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Malleus Maleficarum</i></span>, a "witch-craze" manual published in 1487, by Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Witches in fiction span a wide array of characterizations. They are typically, but not always, female, and generally depicted as either <a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">villains</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heroine" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroine">heroines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aradia,_or_the_Gospel_of_the_Witches" title="Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches"><i>Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches</i></a> – 1899 book by Charles Godfrey Leland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_interpretations_of_witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period">Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a> – Hallucinogenic salve used in the practice of witchcraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_goetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of goetia">History of goetia</a> – Magical practice involving evocation of spirits<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a> – Witch doll</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a> – Gathering of those believed to practice witchcraft</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"If we analyze the principles of thought on which magic is based, they will probably be found to resolve themselves into two: first, that like produces like, or that an effect resembles its cause; and, second, that things which have once been in contact with each other continue to act on each other at a distance after the physical contact has been severed. The former principle may be called the Law of Similarity, the latter the Law of Contact or Contagion. From the first of these principles, namely the Law of Similarity, the magician infers that he can produce any effect he desires merely by imitating it: from the second he infers that whatever he does to a material object will affect equally the person with whom the object was once in contact, whether it formed part of his body or not."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017ixThomas1997519-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017ixThomas1997519_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, p. ix; <a href="#CITEREFThomas1997">Thomas (1997)</a>, p. 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRussellLewis2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Russell, Jeffrey Burton; Lewis, Ioan M. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/witchcraft">"Witchcraft"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628125818/https://www.britannica.com/topic/witchcraft">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>Although defined differently in disparate historical and cultural contexts, witchcraft has often been seen, especially in the West, as the work of crones who meet secretly at night, indulge in cannibalism and orgiastic rites with the Devil, or Satan, and perform black magic. Witchcraft thus defined exists more in the imagination of contemporaries than in any objective reality. Yet this stereotype has a long history and has constituted for many cultures a viable explanation of evil in the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Witchcraft&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Burton&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Ioan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fwitchcraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-2021-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh-2021_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh-2021_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2021" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Manvir (2 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349617609">"Magic, Explanations, and Evil: The Origins and Design of Witches and Sorcerers"</a>. <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>62</b> (1): 2–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F713111">10.1086/713111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204">0011-3204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232214522">232214522</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718192653/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349617609_Magic_Explanations_and_Evil_The_Origins_and_Design_of_Witches_and_Sorcerers">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Magic%2C+Explanations%2C+and+Evil%3A+The+Origins+and+Design+of+Witches+and+Sorcerers&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-29&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232214522%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0011-3204&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F713111&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Manvir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F349617609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1997519-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1997519_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1997519_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1997519_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1997">Thomas (1997)</a>, p. 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perrone-1993-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perrone-1993_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perrone-1993_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerroneStockelKrueger1993" class="citation book cs1">Perrone, Bobette; Stockel, H. Henrietta; Krueger, Victoria (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ApJayEh43ZcC&pg=PA189"><i>Medicine women, curanderas, and women doctors</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806125121" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806125121"><bdi>978-0806125121</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170423165056/https://books.google.com/books?id=ApJayEh43ZcC&pg=PA189">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicine+women%2C+curanderas%2C+and+women+doctors&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0806125121&rft.aulast=Perrone&rft.aufirst=Bobette&rft.au=Stockel%2C+H.+Henrietta&rft.au=Krueger%2C+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DApJayEh43ZcC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Fontaine2016" class="citation book cs1">La Fontaine, J. (2016). <i>Witches and Demons: A Comparative Perspective on Witchcraft and Satanism</i>. Berghahn Books. pp. 33–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785330865" title="Special:BookSources/978-1785330865"><bdi>978-1785330865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witches+and+Demons%3A+A+Comparative+Perspective+on+Witchcraft+and+Satanism&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1785330865&rft.aulast=La+Fontaine&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies20037–13-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies20037–13_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2003">Davies (2003)</a>, pp. 7–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddle1997" class="citation book cs1">Riddle, John M. (1997). <i>Eve's Herbs: A History of Contraception and Abortion in the West</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 110–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674270266" title="Special:BookSources/0674270266"><bdi>0674270266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eve%27s+Herbs%3A+A+History+of+Contraception+and+Abortion+in+the+West&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=110-119&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0674270266&rft.aulast=Riddle&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrenreichEnglish2010[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage30mode2up_31–59]-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenreichEnglish2010[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage30mode2up_31–59]_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrenreichEnglish2010">Ehrenreich & English (2010)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witchesmidwivesn0000ehre/page/30/mode/2up">31–59</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demetrio, F. R. (1988). Philippine Studies Vol. 36, No. 3: Shamans, Witches and Philippine Society, pp. 372–380. Ateneo de Manila University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2008" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Michael L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EktzHrfup1UC"><i>Revisiting Usog, Pasma, Kulam</i></a>. University of the Philippines Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9715425704" title="Special:BookSources/978-9715425704"><bdi>978-9715425704</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126013249/https://books.google.com/books?id=EktzHrfup1UC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revisiting+Usog%2C+Pasma%2C+Kulam&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9715425704&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEktzHrfup1UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doyle_White-2016-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doyle_White-2016_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doyle_White-2016_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle_White2016" class="citation book cs1">Doyle White, Ethan (2016). <i>Wicca: History, Belief, and Community in Modern Pagan Witchcraft</i>. Liverpool University Press. pp. 1–9, 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-754-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-754-4"><bdi>978-1-84519-754-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wicca%3A+History%2C+Belief%2C+and+Community+in+Modern+Pagan+Witchcraft&rft.pages=1-9%2C+73&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-754-4&rft.aulast=Doyle+White&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergerEzzy2009" class="citation journal cs1">Berger, Helen A.; Ezzy, Douglas (September 2009). "Mass Media and Religious Identity: A Case Study of Young Witches". <i>Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</i>. <b>48</b> (3): 501–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-5906.2009.01462.x">10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01462.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8294">0021-8294</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40405642">40405642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Mass+Media+and+Religious+Identity%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Young+Witches&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=501-514&rft.date=2009-09&rft.issn=0021-8294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40405642%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-5906.2009.01462.x&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Helen+A.&rft.au=Ezzy%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aidan_A._Kelly" title="Aidan A. Kelly">Kelly, Aidan A.</a> (1992). "An Update on Neopagan Witchcraft in America". In James R. Lewis; J. Gordon Melton (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonne0000unse_m6u6"><i>Perspectives on the New Age</i></a>. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonne0000unse_m6u6/page/136">136–151</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791412138" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791412138"><bdi>978-0791412138</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Update+on+Neopagan+Witchcraft+in+America&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+the+New+Age&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=136-151&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0791412138&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Aidan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperspectivesonne0000unse_m6u6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1996" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, James (1996). <i>Magical Religion and Modern Witchcraft</i>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magical+Religion+and+Modern+Witchcraft&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton20173–4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton20173–4_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton20173–4_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2001xiii-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2001xiii_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnkarlooClark2001">Ankarloo & Clark (2001)</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201710-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201710_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201710_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201710_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201710_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201710_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moro-2017-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moro-2017_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moro-2017_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moro-2017_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moro-2017_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoro2017" class="citation book cs1">Moro, Pamela A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea1915">"Witchcraft, Sorcery, and Magic"</a>. <i>The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology</i>. pp. 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118924396.wbiea1915">10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea1915</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470657225" title="Special:BookSources/9780470657225"><bdi>9780470657225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Witchcraft%2C+Sorcery%2C+and+Magic&rft.btitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Anthropology&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118924396.wbiea1915&rft.isbn=9780470657225&rft.aulast=Moro&rft.aufirst=Pamela+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1002%2F9781118924396.wbiea1915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017245-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017245_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201719–22_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, pp. 19–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills-2013-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mills-2013_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills-2013_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mills, Martin A. (March 2013). "The opposite of witchcraft: Evans-Pritchard and the problem of the person". <i>The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 18–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9655.12001">10.1111/1467-9655.12001</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42002806">42002806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=The+opposite+of+witchcraft%3A+Evans-Pritchard+and+the+problem+of+the+person&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-33&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9655.12001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42002806%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Martin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans-Pritchard1937" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. 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Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witchcraftoracle00evan/page/8">8–9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198740292" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198740292"><bdi>978-0198740292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft%2C+Oracles+and+Magic+Among+the+Azande&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.isbn=978-0198740292&rft.aulast=Evans-Pritchard&rft.aufirst=Edward+Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwitchcraftoracle00evan%2Fpage%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1997464–465-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1997464–465_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1997">Thomas (1997)</a>, pp. 464–465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnkarlooHenningsen1990" class="citation book cs1">Ankarloo, Bengt; Henningsen, Gustav (1990). <i>Early Modern European Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1, 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+European+Witchcraft%3A+Centres+and+Peripheries&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1%2C+14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Ankarloo&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rft.au=Henningsen%2C+Gustav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201718–19-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201718–19_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIniobong_Daniel_Umotong" class="citation web cs1">Iniobong Daniel Umotong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nigerianjournalsonline.com/index.php/najp/article/download/1925/1881">"Witchcraft in Africa: malignant or developmental?"</a>. <i>www.nigerianjournalsonline.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nigerianjournalsonline.com&rft.atitle=Witchcraft+in+Africa%3A+malignant+or+developmental%3F&rft.au=Iniobong+Daniel+Umotong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nigerianjournalsonline.com%2Findex.php%2Fnajp%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1925%2F1881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGbuleOdili2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gbule, NJ; Odili, JU (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fafrrev.v9i3.9">"Socio-Missiological Significance of Witchcraft Belief and Practice in Africa"</a>. <i>African Research Review</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fafrrev.v9i3.9">10.4314/afrrev.v9i3.9</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Research+Review&rft.atitle=Socio-Missiological+Significance+of+Witchcraft+Belief+and+Practice+in+Africa&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=99&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4314%2Fafrrev.v9i3.9&rft.aulast=Gbule&rft.aufirst=NJ&rft.au=Odili%2C+JU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4314%252Fafrrev.v9i3.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/ie-albinism/witchcraft-and-human-rights">"Witchcraft and human rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+human+rights&rft.pub=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fspecial-procedures%2Fie-albinism%2Fwitchcraft-and-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200665–68-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler200665–68_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler (2006)</a>, pp. 65–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=witchcraft&allowed_in_frame=0">"witchcraft (n.)"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105052512/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=witchcraft&allowed_in_frame=0">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=witchcraft+%28n.%29&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dwitchcraft%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oed.com/start;jsessionid=5EF3CA6F4DB30EFC0E4768781B858944?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F229574">"Home : Oxford English Dictionary"</a>. <i>oed.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718192633/https://oed.com/start;jsessionid=5EF3CA6F4DB30EFC0E4768781B858944?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F229574">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oed.com&rft.atitle=Home+%3A+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foed.com%2Fstart%3Bjsessionid%3D5EF3CA6F4DB30EFC0E4768781B858944%3FauthRejection%3Dtrue%26url%3D%252Fview%252FEntry%252F229574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-witch" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=witch">"witch"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=witch&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dwitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/hag">"hag (n.)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=hag+%28n.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fhag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/witch">"Definition of WITCH"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+WITCH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fwitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevack201354-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevack201354_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevack2013">Levack (2013)</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuck1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Luck" title="Georg Luck">Luck, Georg</a> (1985). <i>Arcana Mundi: Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds; a Collection of Ancient Texts</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. pp. 254, 260, 394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801825231" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801825231"><bdi>978-0801825231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arcana+Mundi%3A+Magic+and+the+Occult+in+the+Greek+and+Roman+Worlds%3B+a+Collection+of+Ancient+Texts&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=254%2C+260%2C+394&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0801825231&rft.aulast=Luck&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKittredge1929" class="citation book cs1">Kittredge, George Lyman (1929). <i>Witchcraft in Old and New England</i>. New York: Russell & Russell. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674182325" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674182325"><bdi>978-0674182325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+in+Old+and+New+England&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Russell+%26+Russell&rft.date=1929&rft.isbn=978-0674182325&rft.aulast=Kittredge&rft.aufirst=George+Lyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1999" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Owen (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witchcraftmagicc00davi"><i>Witchcraft, Magic and Culture, 1736–1951</i></a></span>. Manchester, England: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719056567" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719056567"><bdi>978-0719056567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft%2C+Magic+and+Culture%2C+1736%E2%80%931951&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0719056567&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwitchcraftmagicc00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevack201354–55-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevack201354–55_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevack2013">Levack (2013)</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazer1922" class="citation book cs1">Frazer, James (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3623/3623-h/3623-h.htm#c3section1"><i>The Golden Bough</i></a>. Bartleby.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Bough&rft.pub=Bartleby&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Frazer&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F3623%2F3623-h%2F3623-h.htm%23c3section1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2003" class="citation book cs1">Burns, William (2003). <i>Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 141–142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witch+Hunts+in+Europe+and+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=141-142&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017264–277-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017264–277_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, pp. 264–277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodney Needham, <i>Primordial Characters</i>, Charlottesville, Va, 1978, 26, 42 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017264-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017264_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017264_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017264_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017264_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017269-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017269_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemple2003" class="citation journal cs1">Semple, Sarah (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dro.dur.ac.uk/3709/1/3709.pdf">"Illustrations of damnation in late Anglo-Saxon manuscripts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>. <b>32</b>: 231–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0263675103000115">10.1017/S0263675103000115</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161982897">161982897</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731181142/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/3709/1/3709.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.atitle=Illustrations+of+damnation+in+late+Anglo-Saxon+manuscripts&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=231-245&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0263675103000115&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161982897%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Semple&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F3709%2F1%2F3709.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemple1998" class="citation journal cs1">Semple, Sarah (June 1998). "A fear of the past: The place of the prehistoric burial mound in the ideology of middle and later Anglo-Saxon England". <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 109–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1998.9980400">10.1080/00438243.1998.9980400</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/125012">125012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+fear+of+the+past%3A+The+place+of+the+prehistoric+burial+mound+in+the+ideology+of+middle+and+later+Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-126&rft.date=1998-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1998.9980400&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F125012%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Semple&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope1968" class="citation book cs1">Pope, J.C. (1968). <i>Homilies of Aelfric: a supplementary collection (Early English Text Society 260)</i>. Vol. II. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 796.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homilies+of+Aelfric%3A+a+supplementary+collection+%28Early+English+Text+Society+260%29&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=796&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeaney1984" class="citation journal cs1">Meaney, Audrey L. (December 1984). "Æfric and Idolatry". <i>Journal of Religious History</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 119–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9809.1984.tb00191.x">10.1111/j.1467-9809.1984.tb00191.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religious+History&rft.atitle=%C3%86fric+and+Idolatry&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-135&rft.date=1984-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9809.1984.tb00191.x&rft.aulast=Meaney&rft.aufirst=Audrey+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25_52-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201724–25_52-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2006" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QqPbJQkSo8EC&q=alleged+practices+witchcraft&pg=PA203"><i>Witches, Druids and King Arthur</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/A%26C_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="A&C Black">A&C Black</a>. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1852855550" title="Special:BookSources/978-1852855550"><bdi>978-1852855550</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718192634/https://books.google.com/books?id=QqPbJQkSo8EC&q=alleged+practices+witchcraft&pg=PA203">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witches%2C+Druids+and+King+Arthur&rft.place=London&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1852855550&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQqPbJQkSo8EC%26q%3Dalleged%2Bpractices%2Bwitchcraft%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017x–xi-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017x–xi_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017x–xi_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017x–xi_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017x–xi_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, pp. x–xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacfarlane1999" class="citation book cs1">Macfarlane, Alan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lmfuwq0mQMUC&pg=PA130"><i>Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A Regional and Comparative Study</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415196123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415196123"><bdi>978-0415196123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+in+Tudor+and+Stuart+England%3A+A+Regional+and+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0415196123&rft.aulast=Macfarlane&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlmfuwq0mQMUC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2003xiii-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2003xiii_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2003">Davies (2003)</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis201827–28-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillis201827–28_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillis201827–28_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillis2018">Willis (2018)</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrellScribner2002" class="citation book cs1">Grell, Ole Peter; Scribner, Robert W. (2002). <i>Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. <q>Not all the stereotypes created by elites were capable of popular reception [...] The most interesting example concerns cunning folk, whom secular and religious authorities consistently sought to associate with negative stereotypes of superstition or witchcraft. This proved no deterrent to their activities or to the positive evaluation in the popular mind of what they had to offer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolerance+and+Intolerance+in+the+European+Reformation&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Grell&rft.aufirst=Ole+Peter&rft.au=Scribner%2C+Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScot1584" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Scot" title="Reginald Scot">Scot, Reginald</a> (1584). "Chapter 9". <i>The Discoverie of Witchcraft</i>. Vol. Booke V.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9&rft.btitle=The+Discoverie+of+Witchcraft&rft.date=1584&rft.aulast=Scot&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilby200551–54-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilby200551–54_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilby2005">Wilby (2005)</a>, pp. 51–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilby2005123-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilby2005123_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilby2005">Wilby (2005)</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2003164-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2003164_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2003">Davies (2003)</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2003167-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2003167_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2003">Davies (2003)</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPócs199912-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPócs199912_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPócs1999">Pócs (1999)</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokker2007" class="citation book cs1">Stokker, Kathleen (2007). <i>Remedies and Rituals: Folk Medicine in Norway and the New Land</i>. St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 81–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873517508" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873517508"><bdi>978-0873517508</bdi></a>. <q>Supernatural healing of the sort practiced by Inger Roed and Lisbet Nypan, known as <i>signeri</i>, played a role in the vast majority of Norway's 263 documented witch trials. In trial after trial, accused 'witches' came forward and freely testified about their healing methods, telling about the salves they made and the <i>bønner</i> (prayers) they read over them to enhance their potency.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remedies+and+Rituals%3A+Folk+Medicine+in+Norway+and+the+New+Land&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+MN&rft.pages=81-82&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0873517508&rft.aulast=Stokker&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoggard, Brian (2004). "The archaeology of counter-witchcraft and popular magic", in <i>Beyond the Witch Trials: Witchcraft and Magic in Enlightenment Europe</i>, Manchester University Press. p. 167<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201715-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201715_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPócs19999–10-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPócs19999–10_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPócs1999">Pócs (1999)</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearlman2013" class="citation news cs1">Pearlman, Jonathan (11 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/papuanewguinea/9987294/Papua-New-Guinea-urged-to-halt-witchcraft-violence-after-latest-sorcery-case.html">"Papua New Guinea urged to halt witchcraft violence after latest 'sorcery' case"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group" title="Telegraph Media Group">Telegraph Media Group</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180211174243/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/papuanewguinea/9987294/Papua-New-Guinea-urged-to-halt-witchcraft-violence-after-latest-sorcery-case.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea+urged+to+halt+witchcraft+violence+after+latest+%27sorcery%27+case&rft.date=2013-04-11&rft.aulast=Pearlman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Faustraliaandthepacific%2Fpapuanewguinea%2F9987294%2FPapua-New-Guinea-urged-to-halt-witchcraft-violence-after-latest-sorcery-case.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnkarlooClark2001[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnkarlooClark2001">Ankarloo & Clark (2001)</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/meast/saudi-arabia-beheading/">"Saudi woman beheaded for 'witchcraft and sorcery'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Edition.cnn.com. 13 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521231628/https://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/meast/saudi-arabia-beheading/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Asian Human Rights Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140625033851/http://www.humanrights.asia/opinions/columns/AHRC-ETC-056-2011">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Report+on+Violence+and+Health&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fviolence_injury_prevention%2Fviolence%2Fglobal_campaign%2Fen%2Fchap5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bussien, Nathaly et al. 2011. Breaking the spell: Responding to witchcraft accusations against children, in New Issues in refugee Research (197). Geneva, Switzerland: UNHCR</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cimpric, Aleksandra 2010. Children accused of witchcraft, An anthropological study of contemporary practices in Africa. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Government+urged+to+tackle+%27witchcraft+belief%27+child+abuse&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.aulast=Dangerfield&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-london-17006924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201749–50-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201749–50_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201749–50_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201749–50_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201749–50_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201749–50_86-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, p. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReiner199597-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReiner199597_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReiner199597_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReiner1995">Reiner (1995)</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbusch200265–66-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbusch200265–66_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbusch200265–66_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbusch200265–66_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbusch200265–66_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbusch200265–66_88-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbusch2002">Abusch (2002)</a>, p. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbusch2015" class="citation book cs1">Abusch, Tzvi (2015). <i>The Witchcraft Series Maqlû</i>. Writings from the Ancient World. Vol. 37. SBL Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1628370829" title="Special:BookSources/978-1628370829"><bdi>978-1628370829</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witchcraft+Series+Maql%C3%BB&rft.series=Writings+from+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1628370829&rft.aulast=Abusch&rft.aufirst=Tzvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbusch200215–16-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbusch200215–16_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbusch2002">Abusch (2002)</a>, p. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanhedrin 67b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newadvent.org-1912-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newadvent.org-1912_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Witchcraft"</a>. Newadvent.org. 1 October 1912. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211045956/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15674a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Witchcraft&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft.date=1912-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F15674a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, Kayla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.momentmag.com/the-golem-in-the-attic/">"The Golem in the Attic"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825231615/http://www.momentmag.com/the-golem-in-the-attic/">Archived</a> 25 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Moment</i>. 1 February 2011. 25 August 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilefsky2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bilefsky" title="Dan Bilefsky">Bilefsky, Dan</a> (10 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/11/world/europe/11golem.html">"Hard Times Give New Life to Prague's Golem"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509123841/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/11/world/europe/11golem.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>According to Czech legend, the Golem was fashioned from clay and brought to life by a rabbi to protect Prague's 16th-century ghetto from persecution, and is said to be called forth in times of crisis. True to form, he is once again experiencing a revival, and in this commercial age, has spawned a one-monster industry.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hard+Times+Give+New+Life+to+Prague%27s+Golem&rft.date=2009-05-10&rft.aulast=Bilefsky&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F05%2F11%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F11golem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell" class="citation web cs1">Russell, Jeffrey Burton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/646051/witchcraft">"Witchcraft"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510105836/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/646051/witchcraft">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Witchcraft&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Burton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F646051%2Fwitchcraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPócs19999–12-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPócs19999–12_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPócs1999">Pócs (1999)</a>, pp. 9–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbons, Jenny (1998) "Recent Developments in the Study of the Great European Witch Hunt" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equinoxjournals.com/ojs/index.php/POM"><i>The Pomegranate</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126213600/http://www.equinoxjournals.com/ojs/index.php/POM">Archived</a> 2009-01-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> #5, Lammas 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarstow1994" class="citation book cs1">Barstow, Anne Llewellyn (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witchcrazenewhis0000bars"><i>Witchcraze: A New History of the European Witch Hunts</i></a></span>. San Francisco: Pandora. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062500496" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062500496"><bdi>978-0062500496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraze%3A+A+New+History+of+the+European+Witch+Hunts&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Pandora&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0062500496&rft.aulast=Barstow&rft.aufirst=Anne+Llewellyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwitchcrazenewhis0000bars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill1957" class="citation book cs1">McNeill, F. Marian (1957). <i>The Silver Bough: A Four Volume Study of the National and Local Festivals of Scotland</i>. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Canongate_Books" title="Canongate Books">Canongate Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0862412319" title="Special:BookSources/978-0862412319"><bdi>978-0862412319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silver+Bough%3A+A+Four+Volume+Study+of+the+National+and+Local+Festivals+of+Scotland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Canongate+Books&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0862412319&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=F.+Marian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair1871" class="citation book cs1">Sinclair, George (1871). <i>Satan's Invisible World Discovered</i>. Edinburgh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satan%27s+Invisible+World+Discovered&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2011" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Heather M., ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H0IAjBexFTgC&q=malleus%20maleficarum%20protestant&pg=PA27"><i>The Emergence of Modern Europe: c. 1500 to 1788</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Britannica_Educational_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica Educational Publishing">Britannica Educational Publishing</a>. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1615303434" title="Special:BookSources/978-1615303434"><bdi>978-1615303434</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126013251/https://books.google.com/books?id=H0IAjBexFTgC&q=malleus%20maleficarum%20protestant&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Modern+Europe%3A+c.+1500+to+1788&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1615303434&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH0IAjBexFTgC%26q%3Dmalleus%2520maleficarum%2520protestant%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJollyRaudverePeters2002" class="citation book cs1">Jolly, Karen; Raudvere, Catharina; Peters, Edward (2002). <i>Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: The Middle Ages</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/A%26C_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="A&C Black">A&C Black</a>. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0485890037" title="Special:BookSources/978-0485890037"><bdi>978-0485890037</bdi></a>. <q>In 1538 the Spanish Inquisition cautioned its members not to believe everything the Malleus said, even when it presented apparently firm evidence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Magic+in+Europe%3A+The+Middle+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0485890037&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Raudvere%2C+Catharina&rft.au=Peters%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/folklore/history-of-witches">"History of Witches"</a>. <i>History.com</i>. 20 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Witches&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Ffolklore%2Fhistory-of-witches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage-Smith2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emilie_Savage-Smith" title="Emilie Savage-Smith">Savage-Smith, Emilie</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZ3QgAACAAJ"><i>Magic and Divination in Early Islam</i></a>. Ashgate/Variorum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0860787150" title="Special:BookSources/978-0860787150"><bdi>978-0860787150</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718192648/https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZ3QgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+and+Divination+in+Early+Islam&rft.pub=Ashgate%2FVariorum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0860787150&rft.aulast=Savage-Smith&rft.aufirst=Emilie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-lZ3QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaldûn2015" class="citation book cs1">Khaldûn, Ibn (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRCnDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History</i></a> (Abridged ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 578. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691166285" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691166285"><bdi>978-0691166285</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718192648/https://books.google.com/books?id=XRCnDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muqaddimah%3A+An+Introduction+to+History&rft.pages=578&rft.edition=Abridged&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0691166285&rft.aulast=Khald%C3%BBn&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRCnDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Savage-Smith, Emilie, ed. Magic and divination in early Islam. Routledge, 2021. p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200645–47,_84–85-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler200645–47,_84–85_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler (2006)</a>, pp. 45–47, 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton2017121-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton2017121_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1962" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Elliot (1962). <i>A Razor for a Goat</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Razor+for+a+Goat&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Elliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton1993" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (1993). <i>The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Mass.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishers">Blackwell Publishers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pagan+Religions+of+the+Ancient+British+Isles&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1999-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton1999_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton1999">Hutton (1999)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1999205–252-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton1999205–252_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton1999">Hutton (1999)</a>, pp. 205–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1991" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, A. A. (1991). <i>Crafting the Art of Magic, Book I: a History of Modern Witchcraft, 1939–1964</i>. Minnesota: <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Llewellyn Publications">Llewellyn Publications</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crafting+the+Art+of+Magic%2C+Book+I%3A+a+History+of+Modern+Witchcraft%2C+1939%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Minnesota&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValiente1989" class="citation book cs1">Valiente, D. 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London: Robert Hale. pp. 35–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rebirth+of+Witchcraft&rft.place=London&rft.pages=35-62&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Valiente&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gershman-2022-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gershman-2022_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gershman-2022_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gershman-2022_115-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gershman-2022_115-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershman2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gershman, Boris (23 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9683553">"Witchcraft beliefs around the world: An exploratory analysis"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>17</b> (11): e0276872. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PLoSO..1776872G">2022PLoSO..1776872G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0276872">10.1371/journal.pone.0276872</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9683553">9683553</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36417350">36417350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Witchcraft+beliefs+around+the+world%3A+An+exploratory+analysis&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e0276872&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9683553%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36417350&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0276872&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PLoSO..1776872G&rft.aulast=Gershman&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9683553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2022-11-witchcraft-beliefs-widespread-highly-variable.html">"Witchcraft beliefs are widespread, highly variable around the world"</a>. <i>Public Library of Science via phys.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Fisher Imprints. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848880610" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848880610"><bdi>978-1848880610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27An+African+Context+of+the+Belief+in+Witchcraft+and+Magic%2C%27+in+Rational+Magic&rft.pub=Fisher+Imprints&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1848880610&rft.aulast=Okeja&rft.aufirst=Uchenna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeschiere1997" class="citation book cs1">Geschiere, Peter (1997). <i>The Modernity of Witchcraft: Politics and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa</i>. Translated by Peter Geschiere and Janet Roitman. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+dangers+of+witchcraft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.reuters.com%2Fafricanews%2F2010%2F02%2F04%2Fthe-dangers-of-witchcraft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2009/september/27.62.html">"Kolwezi: Accused of witchcraft by parents and churches, children in the Democratic Republic of Congo are being rescued by Christian activists"</a>. <i>Christianity Today</i>. September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114201647/http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2009/september/27.62.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Kolwezi%3A+Accused+of+witchcraft+by+parents+and+churches%2C+children+in+the+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+are+being+rescued+by+Christian+activists&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2009%2Fseptember%2F27.62.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker2012" class="citation news cs1">Whitaker, Kati (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19437130">"Ghana witch camps: Widows' lives in exile"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181020122329/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19437130">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ghana+witch+camps%3A+Widows%27+lives+in+exile&rft.date=2012-09&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Kati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-19437130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanina2008" class="citation news cs1">Kanina, Wangui (21 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL21301127">"Mob burns to death 11 Kenyan 'witches'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620210627/http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL21301127">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Mob+burns+to+death+11+Kenyan+%27witches%27&rft.date=2008-05-21&rft.aulast=Kanina&rft.aufirst=Wangui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FlatestCrisis%2FidUSL21301127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Byrne, Carrie 2011. "Hunting the vulnerable: Witchcraft and the law in Malawi"; Consultancy Africa Intelligence (16 June):</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017185346/http://humantrafficking.org/publications/593">"Stepping Stones Nigeria 2007. Supporting Victims of Witchcraft Abuse and Street Children in Nigeria"</a>. <i>humantrafficking.org</i>. 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The University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226893983" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226893983">978-0226893983</a> (pbk.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumes2004" class="citation book cs1">Cumes, David (2004). <i>Africa in my bones</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=HIV+in+Africa%3A+Distinguishing+disease+from+witchcraft&rft.date=2008-02-18&rft.aulast=Kielburger&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.au=Kielburger%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2F2008%2F02%2F18%2Fhiv_in_africa_distinguishing_disease_from_witchcraft.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-28625305">"Ebola outbreak: 'Witchcraft' hampering treatment, says doctor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. London: BBC. 2 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718192649/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/health-28625305">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2018</span>. <q>citing a doctor from <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a>: 'A widespread belief in witchcraft is hampering efforts to halt the Ebola virus from spreading'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ebola+outbreak%3A+%27Witchcraft%27+hampering+treatment%2C+says+doctor&rft.date=2014-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fhealth-28625305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731190043/http://www.publichealthinafrica.org/index.php/jphia/article/view/jphia.2011.e10/html_19">"Social stigma as an epidemiological determinant for leprosy elimination in Cameroon"</a>. <i>Journal of Public Health in Africa</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Health+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Social+stigma+as+an+epidemiological+determinant+for+leprosy+elimination+in+Cameroon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publichealthinafrica.org%2Findex.php%2Fjphia%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fjphia.2011.e10%2Fhtml_19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkosua2014" class="citation news cs1">Akosua, Adu (3 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903134240/http://www.theghana-italynews.com/index.php/component/k2/item/955-ebola-human-rights-group-warns-disease-is-not-caused-by-witchcraft">"Ebola: Human Rights Group Warns Disease Is Not Caused By Witchcraft"</a>. <i>The Ghana-Italy News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theghana-italynews.com/index.php/component/k2/item/955-ebola-human-rights-group-warns-disease-is-not-caused-by-witchcraft">the original</a> on 3 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812219715" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812219715"><bdi>978-0812219715</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Magic%3A+Contemporary+North+America&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0812219715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kilpatrick-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kilpatrick_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kilpatrick_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilpatrick1998" class="citation book cs1">Kilpatrick, Alan (1998). <i>The Night Has a Naked Soul – Witchcraft and Sorcery Among the Western Cherokee</i>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Night+Has+a+Naked+Soul+%E2%80%93+Witchcraft+and+Sorcery+Among+the+Western+Cherokee&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kilpatrick&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geertz-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geertz_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geertz_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeertz2011" class="citation journal cs1">Geertz, Armin W. 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"Hopi Indian Witchcraft and Healing: On Good, Evil, and Gossip". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Quarterly" title="American Indian Quarterly">American Indian Quarterly</a></i>. <b>35</b> (3): 372–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faiq.2011.a447052">10.1353/aiq.2011.a447052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0095-182X">0095-182X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/659388380">659388380</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22069814">22069814</a>. <q>To the Hopis, witches or evil-hearted persons deliberately try to destroy social harmony by sowing discontent, doubt, and criticism through evil gossip as well as by actively combating medicine men. ... Admitting [he practiced witchcraft] could cost him his life and occult power</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Indian+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Hopi+Indian+Witchcraft+and+Healing%3A+On+Good%2C+Evil%2C+and+Gossip&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=372-393&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F659388380&rft.issn=0095-182X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22069814&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Faiq.2011.a447052&rft.aulast=Geertz&rft.aufirst=Armin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons1980" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Marc (1980). <i>Witchcraft in the Southwest: Spanish and Indian Supernaturalism on the Rio Grande</i>. 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(1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6362989/">"The evolution of witchcraft and the meaning of healing in colonial Andean society"</a>. <i>Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 413–427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00052240">10.1007/BF00052240</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6362989">6362989</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23596915">23596915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Culture%2C+Medicine+and+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+witchcraft+and+the+meaning+of+healing+in+colonial+Andean+society&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=413-427&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23596915%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6362989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00052240&rft.aulast=Silverblatt&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F6362989%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehar1987" class="citation journal cs1">Behar, Ruth (1987). 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Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992, p. 192.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Laura A. <i>Hall of mirrors: power, witchcraft, and caste in colonial Mexico.</i> Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003, p. 13.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span> João Ribeiro Júnior, <i>O Que é Magia</i>, pp. 48–49, Ed. Abril Cultural.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrera-Sobek2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbDIwZ8BieWcCpgPA174_174]-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrera-Sobek2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidbDIwZ8BieWcCpgPA174_174]_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrera-Sobek2012">Herrera-Sobek (2012)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bDIwZ8BieWcC&pg=PA174">174</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrera-Sobek2012175-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrera-Sobek2012175_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrera-Sobek2012175_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerrera-Sobek2012">Herrera-Sobek (2012)</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomPoulinavan_GellecumHoek2015" class="citation journal cs1">Blom, Jan Dirk; Poulina, Igmar T.; van Gellecum, Trevor L.; Hoek, Hans W. (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/f32d1bf6-8b1e-4b0b-ab2b-467700fe5ca6">"Traditional healing practices originating in Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao: A review of the literature on psychiatry and Brua"</a>. <i>Transcultural Psychiatry</i>. <b>52</b> (6): 840–860. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1363461515589709">10.1177/1363461515589709</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26062555">26062555</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27804741">27804741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transcultural+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Traditional+healing+practices+originating+in+Aruba%2C+Bonaire%2C+and+Cura%C3%A7ao%3A+A+review+of+the+literature+on+psychiatry+and+Brua&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=840-860&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27804741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26062555&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1363461515589709&rft.aulast=Blom&rft.aufirst=Jan+Dirk&rft.au=Poulina%2C+Igmar+T.&rft.au=van+Gellecum%2C+Trevor+L.&rft.au=Hoek%2C+Hans+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.rug.nl%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Ff32d1bf6-8b1e-4b0b-ab2b-467700fe5ca6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201747–54-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201747–54_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, pp. 47–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201750–51-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201750–51_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201751–52-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201751–52_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickie-2003-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dickie-2003_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickie-2003_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickie-2003_151-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickie-2003_151-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickie2003" class="citation book cs1">Dickie, Matthew (2003). <i>Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World</i>. Routledge. pp. 138–142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+and+Magicians+in+the+Greco-Roman+World&rft.pages=138-142&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dickie&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton201759–66-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201759–66_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201759–66_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201759–66_152-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201759–66_152-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton201759–66_152-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutton2017">Hutton (2017)</a>, pp. 59–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrenreichEnglish2010[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage29mode2up_29],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage54mode2up_54]-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenreichEnglish2010[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage29mode2up_29],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage54mode2up_54]_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenreichEnglish2010[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage29mode2up_29],_[httpsarchiveorgdetailswitchesmidwivesn0000ehrepage54mode2up_54]_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrenreichEnglish2010">Ehrenreich & English (2010)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witchesmidwivesn0000ehre/page/29/mode/2up">29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witchesmidwivesn0000ehre/page/54/mode/2up">54</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuse1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAT2ENAHoS28CpgPA372_372]-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuse1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAT2ENAHoS28CpgPA372_372]_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuse1995">Buse (1995)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AT2ENAHoS28C&pg=PA372">372</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuse1995471-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuse1995471_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuse1995">Buse (1995)</a>, p. 471.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.vice.com/article/papua-new-guineas-sorcery-refugees-women-accused-of-witchcraft-flee-homes-to-escape-violence">Papua New Guinea's 'Sorcery Refugees': Women Accused of Witchcraft Flee Homes to Escape Violence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052432/https://news.vice.com/article/papua-new-guineas-sorcery-refugees-women-accused-of-witchcraft-flee-homes-to-escape-violence">Archived</a> 2017-03-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a>. January 6, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/01/08/png.witchcraft/index.html">Woman suspected of witchcraft burned alive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429075819/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/01/08/png.witchcraft/index.html">Archived</a> 2009-04-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CNN.com. January 8, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence-2015-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence-2015_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence-2015_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence-2015_158-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2015" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Salmah Eva-Lina (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43884185">"Witchcraft, Sorcery, Violence: Matrilineal and Decolonial Reflections"</a>. In Forsyth, Miranda; Eves, Richard (eds.). <i>Talking it Through: Responses to Sorcery and Witchcraft Beliefs and Practices in Melanesia</i>. Canberra, Australia: ANU Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Witchcraft%2C+Sorcery%2C+Violence%3A+Matrilineal+and+Decolonial+Reflections&rft.btitle=Talking+it+Through%3A+Responses+to+Sorcery+and+Witchcraft+Beliefs+and+Practices+in+Melanesia&rft.place=Canberra%2C+Australia&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Salmah+Eva-Lina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43884185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2014" class="citation journal cs1">Simons, Patricia (September 2014). "The Incubus and Italian Renaissance art". <i>Source: Notes in the History of Art</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fsou.34.1.23882368">10.1086/sou.34.1.23882368</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23882368">23882368</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191376143">191376143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Source%3A+Notes+in+the+History+of+Art&rft.atitle=The+Incubus+and+Italian+Renaissance+art&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191376143%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23882368%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fsou.34.1.23882368&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hutton, Ronald (16 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/penn-state-university-press/witches-and-cunning-folk-in-british-literature-1800-1940-btH3RCNTQp?">"Witches and Cunning Folk in British Literature 1800–1940"</a>. <i>Preternature: Critical and Historical Studies on the Preternatural</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fpreternature.7.1.0027">10.5325/preternature.7.1.0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2Fc91bdc34-80d8-49f6-92df-9147f2bef535">1983/c91bdc34-80d8-49f6-92df-9147f2bef535</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2161-2188">2161-2188</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194795666">194795666</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518044333/https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/penn-state-university-press/witches-and-cunning-folk-in-british-literature-1800-1940-btH3RCNTQp">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Preternature%3A+Critical+and+Historical+Studies+on+the+Preternatural&rft.atitle=Witches+and+Cunning+Folk+in+British+Literature+1800%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27&rft.date=2018-03-16&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2Fc91bdc34-80d8-49f6-92df-9147f2bef535&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194795666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2161-2188&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fpreternature.7.1.0027&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deepdyve.com%2Flp%2Fpenn-state-university-press%2Fwitches-and-cunning-folk-in-british-literature-1800-1940-btH3RCNTQp%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbusch2002" class="citation book cs1">Abusch, Tzvi (2002). <i>Mesopotamian Witchcraft: Toward a History and Understanding of Babylonian Witchcraft Beliefs and Literature</i>. Brill Styx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12387-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12387-8"><bdi>978-90-04-12387-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamian+Witchcraft%3A+Toward+a+History+and+Understanding+of+Babylonian+Witchcraft+Beliefs+and+Literature&rft.pub=Brill+Styx&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12387-8&rft.aulast=Abusch&rft.aufirst=Tzvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (2006). <i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/515560">515560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-Worshippers%2C+and+Other+Pagans+in+America+Today&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F515560&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnkarlooClark2001" class="citation book cs1">Ankarloo, Bengt; Clark, Stuart (2001). <i>Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: Biblical and Pagan Societies</i>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Philadelphia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8606-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8606-6"><bdi>978-0-8264-8606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Magic+in+Europe%3A+Biblical+and+Pagan+Societies&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=University+of+Philadelphia+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8606-6&rft.aulast=Ankarloo&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rft.au=Clark%2C+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuse1995" class="citation book cs1">Buse, Jasper (1995). <i>Cook Islands Maori Dictionary</i>. Cook Islands Ministry of Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7286-0230-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7286-0230-4"><bdi>978-0-7286-0230-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cook+Islands+Maori+Dictionary&rft.pub=Cook+Islands+Ministry+of+Education&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7286-0230-4&rft.aulast=Buse&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCai2014" class="citation book cs1">Cai, L. (2014). <i>Witchcraft and the Rise of the First Confucian Empire</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-4849-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-4849-7"><bdi>978-1-4384-4849-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+the+Rise+of+the+First+Confucian+Empire&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-4849-7&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Davies_(historian)" title="Owen Davies (historian)">Davies, Owen</a> (2003). <i>Cunning-Folk: Popular Magic in English History</i>. London: Hambledon Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-297-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-297-9"><bdi>978-1-85285-297-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cunning-Folk%3A+Popular+Magic+in+English+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-297-9&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenreichEnglish2010" class="citation book cs1">Ehrenreich, Barbara; English, Deirdre (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/witchesmidwivesn0000ehre"><i>Witches, Midwives & Nurses: A History of Women Healers</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Feminist_Press" title="Feminist Press">Feminist Press</a> at CUNY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55861-690-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55861-690-5"><bdi>978-1-55861-690-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witches%2C+Midwives+%26+Nurses%3A+A+History+of+Women+Healers&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Feminist+Press+at+CUNY&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55861-690-5&rft.aulast=Ehrenreich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=English%2C+Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwitchesmidwivesn0000ehre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1892" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Wyatt_Gill" title="William Wyatt Gill">Gill, William Wyatt</a> (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/southpacificnewg00gill#page/20/mode/2up">"Wizards"</a>. <i>The South Pacific and New Guinea, Past and Present</i>. Sydney: Charles Potter, Government Printer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wizards&rft.btitle=The+South+Pacific+and+New+Guinea%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Charles+Potter%2C+Government+Printer&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=William+Wyatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsouthpacificnewg00gill%23page%2F20%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrera-Sobek2012" class="citation book cs1">Herrera-Sobek, María (2012). <i>Celebrating Latino Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Cultural Traditions</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34339-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34339-1"><bdi>978-0-313-34339-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrating+Latino+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Cultural+Traditions&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34339-1&rft.aulast=Herrera-Sobek&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a> (1999). <i>The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820744-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820744-3"><bdi>978-0-19-820744-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Moon%3A+A+History+of+Modern+Pagan+Witchcraft&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820744-3&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2017" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (2017). <i>The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Witch%3A+A+History+of+Fear%2C+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevack2013" class="citation book cs1">Levack, Brian (2013). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Witchcraft+in+Early+Modern+Europe+and+Colonial+America&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Levack&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPócs1999" class="citation book cs1">Pócs, É. (1999). <i>Between the Living and the Dead: A Perspective on Witches and Seers in the Early Modern Age</i>. Hungary: Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-19-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-19-1"><bdi>978-963-9116-19-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+the+Living+and+the+Dead%3A+A+Perspective+on+Witches+and+Seers+in+the+Early+Modern+Age&rft.place=Hungary&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-963-9116-19-1&rft.aulast=P%C3%B3cs&rft.aufirst=%C3%89.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiner1995" class="citation book cs1">Reiner, E. (1995). <i>Astral Magic in Babylonia</i>. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-854-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-854-4"><bdi>978-0-87169-854-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astral+Magic+in+Babylonia&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-854-4&rft.aulast=Reiner&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Thomas_(historian)" title="Keith Thomas (historian)">Thomas, Keith</a> (1997). <i>Religion and the Decline of Magic</i>. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297002208" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297002208"><bdi>978-0297002208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Decline+of+Magic&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0297002208&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilby2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilby, Emma (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Cunning_Folk_and_Familiar_Spirits" title="Cunning Folk and Familiar Spirits">Cunning Folk and Familiar Spirits: Shamanistic Visionary Traditions in Early Modern British Witchcraft and Magic</a></i>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-079-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-079-8"><bdi>978-1-84519-079-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cunning+Folk+and+Familiar+Spirits%3A+Shamanistic+Visionary+Traditions+in+Early+Modern+British+Witchcraft+and+Magic&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-079-8&rft.aulast=Wilby&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis2018" class="citation book cs1">Willis, Deborah (2018). <i>Malevolent Nurture: Witch-Hunting and Maternal Power in Early Modern England</i>. Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malevolent+Nurture%3A+Witch-Hunting+and+Maternal+Power+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Epstein, I. (2008). <i>The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Children's Issues Worldwide</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-05559-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-05559-1"><bdi>978-0-313-05559-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Encyclopedia+of+Children%27s+Issues+Worldwide&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-05559-1&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Ginzburg" title="Carlo Ginzburg">Ginzburg, Carlo</a> (2004) [1989]. <i>Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath</i>. Translated by Raymond Rosenthal. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-29693-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-29693-7"><bdi>978-0-226-29693-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecstasies%3A+Deciphering+the+Witches%27+Sabbath&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-226-29693-7&rft.aulast=Ginzburg&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hutton, R. (2006). <i>Witches, Druids and King Arthur</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-555-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-555-0"><bdi>978-1-85285-555-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witches%2C+Druids+and+King+Arthur&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-555-0&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Kent, Elizabeth (2005). "Masculinity and Male Witches in Old and New England". <i>History Workshop</i>. <b>60</b>: 69–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbi034">10.1093/hwj/dbi034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Workshop&rft.atitle=Masculinity+and+Male+Witches+in+Old+and+New+England&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=69-92&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbi034&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lima, R. (2005). <i>Stages of Evil: Occultism in Western Theater and Drama</i>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2362-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2362-2"><bdi>978-0-8131-2362-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stages+of+Evil%3A+Occultism+in+Western+Theater+and+Drama&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2362-2&rft.aulast=Lima&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rasbold, K. (2019). <i>Crossroads of Conjure: The Roots and Practices of Granny Magic, Hoodoo, Brujería, and Curanderismo</i>. Llewellyn Worldwide. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7387-5824-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7387-5824-4"><bdi>978-0-7387-5824-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossroads+of+Conjure%3A+The+Roots+and+Practices+of+Granny+Magic%2C+Hoodoo%2C+Brujer%C3%ADa%2C+and+Curanderismo&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Worldwide&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-7387-5824-4&rft.aulast=Rasbold&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ruickbie, Leo (2004). <i>Witchcraft out of the Shadows: A History</i>. London: Robert Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7090-7567-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7090-7567-7"><bdi>978-0-7090-7567-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+out+of+the+Shadows%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7090-7567-7&rft.aulast=Ruickbie&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Williams_(humanitarian)" title="Howard Williams (humanitarian)">Williams, Howard</a> (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/22822/22822-h/22822-h.htm"><i>The Superstitions of Witchcraft</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Superstitions+of+Witchcraft&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Green%2C+Longman%2C+Roberts%2C+%26+Green&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F22822%2F22822-h%2F22822-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWitchcraft" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a <i>topic</i> profile for <i><b><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q259745" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q259745">Witchcraft</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y2b0">Witchcraft</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)"><i>In Our Time</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/multimedia/audio_cdo/aid/325263/jewish/Kabbalah-On-Witchcraft.htm">Kabbalah On Witchcraft – A Jewish view (Audio)</a> chabad.org</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Magic_and_witchcraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Witchcraft" title="Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Witchcraft" title="Template talk:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magic_and_witchcraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Africa" title="Witchcraft in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azande_witchcraft" title="Azande witchcraft">Azande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Ghana" title="Witchcraft in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_smeller" title="Witch smeller">Witch smeller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_witchcraft" title="Asian witchcraft">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Italy" title="Witchcraft in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akelarre" title="Akelarre">Akelarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benandanti" title="Benandanti">Benandanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">Greece and Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Völva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Witchcraft in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain" title="Witchcraft in early modern Britain">Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Middle_East" title="Witchcraft in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81kutu" title="Mākutu">Mākutu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_magic" title="Chaos magic">Chaos magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_European_magic" title="Medieval European magic">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlock" title="Warlock">Warlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">Witch doctor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Black magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">Anathema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">Damnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">Gray magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_shamanism" title="Black shamanism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_forms_of_shamanism" title="Regional forms of shamanism">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_shamanism" title="Yellow shamanism">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil" title="Sigil">Sigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">Sympathetic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">Broom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">besom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility" title="Cloak of invisibility">Cloak of invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_ball" title="Crystal ball">Crystal ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofer_dust" title="Goofer dust">Goofer dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julleuchter" title="Julleuchter">Julleuchter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkondi" title="Nkondi">Nkondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet" title="Poppet">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">Potions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folklore and<br />mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamede" title="Agamede">Agamede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aradia" title="Aradia">Aradia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Yaga" title="Baba Yaga">Baba Yaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayan_(witch)" title="Dayan (witch)">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huld" title="Huld">Huld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muma_P%C4%83durii" title="Muma Pădurii">Muma Pădurii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">Nine sorceresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayifo" title="Obayifo">Obayifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorginak" title="Sorginak">Sorginak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfinger" title="Spearfinger">Spearfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Witches" title="Three Witches">Three Witches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Benevento" title="Witches of Benevento">Witches of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />historic treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament</a> (8th–2nd centuries BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a></i> (1376)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_maleficis_mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De maleficis mulieribus">De maleficis mulieribus</a></i> (1440)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a></i> (1475)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i> (1484)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (1487)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Lamiis_et_Pythonicis_Mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus">De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus</a></i> (1489)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laienspiegel" title="Laienspiegel">Laienspiegel</a></i> (1509)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_praestigiis_daemonum" title="De praestigiis daemonum">De praestigiis daemonum</a></i> (1563)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> (1584)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newes_from_Scotland" title="Newes from Scotland">Newes from Scotland</a></i> (1591)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Witches_and_Witchcrafts" title="A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts">A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts</a></i> (1593)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonolatreiae_libri_tres" title="Daemonolatreiae libri tres">Daemonolatreiae libri tres</a></i> (1595)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical Investigations">Magical Investigations</a></i> (1599)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_Maleficarum" title="Compendium Maleficarum">Compendium Maleficarum</a></i> (1608)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Grand-Jury_Men" title="A Guide to Grand-Jury Men">A Guide to Grand-Jury Men</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Witches">The Discovery of Witches</a></i> (1647)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></i> (1751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persecution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_witch_hunts" title="Modern witch hunts">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamyi_Witch_hiring_controversy" title="Jamyi Witch hiring controversy">Jamyi Witch hiring controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_accusations_against_children" title="Witchcraft accusations against children">accusations against children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_India" title="Witch hunts in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Nepal" title="Witch hunts in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_camp" title="Witch camp">Witch camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Witch Trials">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_New_York" title="Witch trials in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Virginia" title="Witch trials in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Hungary" title="Witch trials in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Moravia_witch_trials" title="Northern Moravia witch trials">Northern Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Poland" title="Witch trials in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Latvia_and_Estonia" title="Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Denmark" title="Witch trials in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_England" title="Witch trials in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Finland" title="Witch trials in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Iceland" title="Witch trials in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Norway" title="Witch trials in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Witch trials in early modern Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Sweden" title="Witch trials in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_France" title="Witch trials in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_witch_trials" title="Geneva witch trials">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Italy" title="Witch trials in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Spain" title="Witch trials in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_witch_trials" title="Basque witch trials">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire">Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_mark" title="Witch's mark">Witch's mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricking" title="Pricking">Pricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_for_witchcraft" title="List of people executed for witchcraft">List of people executed for witchcraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_witches" title="List of fictional witches">Witches in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(word)" title="Witch (word)">Witch (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(archetype)" title="Witch (archetype)">Witch (archetype)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">Christian views on magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleficium_(sorcery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleficium (sorcery)">Maleficium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_interpretations_of_witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period">Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adept" title="Adept">Adept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Magic_and_witchcraft_in_Britain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Magic_and_Witchcraft_in_the_British_Isles" title="Template:Magic and Witchcraft in the British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Magic_and_Witchcraft_in_the_British_Isles" title="Template talk:Magic and Witchcraft in the British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Magic_and_Witchcraft_in_the_British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Magic and Witchcraft in the British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magic_and_witchcraft_in_Britain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">witchcraft</a> in Britain</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk magic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Anglo-Saxon metrical charms">Anglo-Saxon metrical charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_in_Britain" title="Cunning folk in Britain">Cunning folk in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicnevin" title="Nicnevin">Nicnevin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dummy,_the_Witch_of_Sible_Hedingham" title="Dummy, the Witch of Sible Hedingham">Dummy, the Witch of Sible Hedingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Murrell" title="James Murrell">James Murrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pickingill" title="George Pickingill">George Pickingill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%E2%88%B4A%E2%88%B4" title="A∴A∴">A∴A∴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_et_Omega" title="Alpha et Omega">Alpha et Omega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Brotherhood_of_Luxor" title="Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor">Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic#James_Lees" title="Ceremonial magic">O∴A∴A∴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo_Templi_Orientis" title="Ordo Templi Orientis">Ordo Templi Orientis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Inner_Light" title="Society of the Inner Light">Society of the Inner Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhonian_Order" title="Typhonian Order">Typhonian Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Carroll" title="Peter J. Carroll">Peter J. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_D._Chumbley" title="Andrew D. Chumbley">Andrew Chumbley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Grant" title="Kenneth Grant">Kenneth Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion_Fortune" title="Dion Fortune">Dion Fortune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Hine" title="Phil Hine">Phil Hine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic#James_Lees" title="Ceremonial magic">James Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Liddell_MacGregor_Mathers" title="Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers">Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeline_Montalban" title="Madeline Montalban">Madeline Montalban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Moore" title="Alan Moore">Alan Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Osman_Spare" title="Austin Osman Spare">Austin Osman Spare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._E._Waite" title="A. E. Waite">A. E. Waite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain" title="Witchcraft in early modern Britain">Early Modern<br /> witchcraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Witchcraft in early modern Scotland">In Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Wales" title="Witchcraft in early modern Wales">In Wales</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Witches" title="Windsor Witches">Windsor Witches</a> <ul><li>1579</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Warboys" title="Witches of Warboys">Witches of Warboys</a> <ul><li>1589–1593</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Berwick_witch_trials" title="North Berwick witch trials">North Berwick witch trials</a> <ul><li>1590</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_witch_trials_of_1596-1597" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeen witch trials of 1596-1597">Aberdeen witch trials</a> <ul><li>1596–1597</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendle_witches" title="Pendle witches">Pendle witches</a> <ul><li>1612</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire_witch_trials" title="Northamptonshire witch trials">Northamptonshire witch trials</a> <ul><li>1612</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samlesbury_witches" title="Samlesbury witches">Samlesbury witches</a> <ul><li>1612</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Belvoir" title="Witches of Belvoir">Witches of Belvoir</a> <ul><li>1619</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds_witch_trials" title="Bury St Edmunds witch trials">Bury St Edmunds witch trials</a> <ul><li>1645, 1662, 1655, 1694</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloa_witches" title="Alloa witches">Alloa witches</a> <ul><li>1658</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bideford_witch_trial" title="Bideford witch trial">Bideford witch trial</a> <ul><li>1684</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_witches" title="Paisley witches">Paisley witches</a> <ul><li>1696</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittenweem_witches" title="Pittenweem witches">Pittenweem witches</a> <ul><li>1704</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islandmagee_witch_trial" title="Islandmagee witch trial">Islandmagee witch trial</a> <ul><li>1711</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accused<br />witches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lilias_Adie" title="Lilias Adie">Lilias Adie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Aitken_(witch)" title="Margaret Aitken (witch)">Margaret Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Balfour" title="Allison Balfour">Allison Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bane" title="Margaret Bane">Margaret Bane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Barclay" title="Margaret Barclay">Margaret Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_Blair" title="Magdalene Blair">Magdalene Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Boyman" title="Janet Boyman">Janet Boyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Burges" title="Margaret Burges">Margaret Burges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Campbell_(accused_witch)" title="Katherine Campbell (accused witch)">Katherine Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Douglas,_Lady_Glamis" title="Janet Douglas, Lady Glamis">Janet Douglas, Lady Glamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meg_Dow" title="Meg Dow">Meg Dow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Duchill" title="Margaret Duchill">Margaret Duchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geillis_Duncan" title="Geillis Duncan">Geillis Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Dunlop_of_Lynn" title="Bessie Dunlop of Lynn">Bessie Dunlop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobel_Elliot" title="Isobel Elliot">Isobel Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issobell_Fergussone" title="Issobell Fergussone">Issobell Fergussone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fian" title="John Fian">John Fian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Finnie" title="Agnes Finnie">Agnes Finnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Galt" title="Maud Galt">Maud Galt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gormshuil_Mh%C3%B2r_na_Maighe" title="Gormshuil Mhòr na Maighe">Gormshuil Mhòr na Maighe (aka Gormla)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobel_Gowdie" title="Isobel Gowdie">Isobel Gowdie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Guthrie_(Accused_Witch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen Guthrie (Accused Witch)">Helen Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwen_ferch_Ellis" title="Gwen ferch Ellis">Gwen ferch Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Horne" title="Janet Horne">Janet Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grissel_Jaffray" title="Grissel Jaffray">Grissel Jaffray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hicks_(alleged_witch)" title="Mary Hicks (alleged witch)">Mary Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Lamont" title="Marie Lamont">Marie Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Leslie" title="Beatrix Leslie">Beatrix Leslie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphame_MacCalzean" title="Euphame MacCalzean">Euphame MacCalzean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elspeth_McEwen" title="Elspeth McEwen">Elspeth McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_Mar" title="Violet Mar">Violet Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Napier" title="Barbara Napier">Barbara Napier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Nutter_(alleged_witch)" title="Alice Nutter (alleged witch)">Alice Nutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Pannal" title="Mary Pannal">Mary Pannal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Pearson_(accused_witch)" title="Alison Pearson (accused witch)">Alison Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_and_Lachlan_Rattray" title="George and Lachlan Rattray">George and Lachlan Rattray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elspeth_Reoch" title="Elspeth Reoch">Elspeth Reoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Sampson" title="Agnes Sampson">Agnes Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobell_Shyrie" title="Isobell Shyrie">Isobell Shyrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Stivenson" title="Bessie Stivenson">Bessie Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Tait" title="Anna Tait">Anna Tait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaple_Thomsone" title="Annaple Thomsone">Annaple Thomsone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marioun_Twedy" title="Marioun Twedy">Marioun Twedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issobell_Young" title="Issobell Young">Issobell Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Walker" title="Marion Walker">Marion Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Watsone" title="Beatrix Watsone">Beatrix Watsone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Weir" title="Jane Weir">Jane Weir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Weir" title="Thomas Weir">Major Thomas Weir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Wishart" title="Janet Wishart">Janet Wishart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Wright" title="Bessie Wright">Bessie Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Witch hunters and<br />Witch-prickers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Caldwell" title="Christian Caldwell">Christian Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kincaid_(witch-pricker)" title="John Kincaid (witch-pricker)">John Kincaid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Alexandrian Wicca">Alexandrian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neopagan<br />witches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Bone" title="Eleanor Bone">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cardell" title="Charles Cardell">Charles Cardell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cochrane_(witch)" title="Robert Cochrane (witch)">Robert Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Woodford-Grimes" title="Edith Woodford-Grimes">Dafo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Farrar" title="Janet Farrar">Janet Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Lamond_(Wiccan)" title="Frederic Lamond (Wiccan)">Frederic Lamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_Leek" title="Sybil Leek">Sybil Leek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Sanders_(Wiccan)" title="Alex Sanders (Wiccan)">Alex Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Williamson" title="Cecil Williamson">Cecil Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern<br />witchcraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Last_person_imprisoned_underthe_Witchcraft_Act_1735" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Last person imprisoned under<br />the <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Act_1735" title="Witchcraft Act 1735">Witchcraft Act 1735</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Duncan" title="Helen Duncan">Helen Duncan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments<br />and museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Well,_Edinburgh" title="Witches' Well, Edinburgh">Witches' Well, Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Wall" title="Maggie Wall">Maggie Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Witchcraft_and_Magic" title="Museum of Witchcraft and Magic">Museum of Witchcraft and Magic, Cornwall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fantasy_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Action-adventure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie" title="Féerie">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom"><i>Harry Potter</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fantasy" title="Outline of fantasy">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy" title="Category:Fantasy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horror_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horror_fiction" title="Template:Horror fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horror_fiction" title="Template talk:Horror fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horror_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horror fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horror_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_anime" title="List of horror anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horror_films" title="History of horror films">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction_magazine" title="Horror fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_podcast" title="Horror podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_programs" title="List of horror television programs">Television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror video game">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of horror video games">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_horror" title="Black horror">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_horror" title="Body horror">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creepypasta" title="Creepypasta">Creepypasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmicism" title="Cosmicism">Cosmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_based_on_Faust" title="Works based on Faust">Faustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatterpunk" title="Splatterpunk">Splatterpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_horror" title="Erotic horror">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ero_guro" title="Ero guro">Guro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_erotica" title="Monster erotica">Monster erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_pornography" title="Zombie pornography">Zombie pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_horror" title="Folk horror">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Gothic_fiction" title="American Gothic fiction">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario_Gothic" title="Southern Ontario Gothic">Southern Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Gothic" title="Tasmanian Gothic">Tasmanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction" title="Jiangshi fiction">Jiangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_literature" title="Vampire literature">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf_fiction" title="Werewolf fiction">Werewolf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_dreadful" title="Penny dreadful">Penny dreadful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_horror" title="Postmodern horror">Postmodern horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-horror" title="Techno-horror">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_menace" title="Weird menace">Weird menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Evil clowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Killer toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutants_in_fiction" title="Mutants in fiction">Mutants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_monster" title="Sea monster">Sea monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">Piranha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Therianthropes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Guignol" title="Grand Guignol">Grand Guignol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_fiction_writers" title="List of horror fiction writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_horror_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in horror fiction">LGBT themes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horror_television_series_with_LGBT_characters" title="List of horror television series with LGBT characters">characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabre" title="Macabre">Macabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_host" title="Horror host">Horror host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">Horrorcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">Pulp magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker_Award" title="Bram Stoker Award">Bram Stoker Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_fiction" title="Category:Horror fiction">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Horror" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Horror">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paganism_(and_modern_paganism)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paganism" title="Template:Paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paganism" title="Template talk:Paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paganism_(and_modern_paganism)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">modern paganism</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical <br /><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religions</a><br /> (existing and <br />extinct)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu religion">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altaic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altaic religion (page does not exist)">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austroasiatic religion (page does not exist)">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momolianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Momolianism">Momolianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_mythology" title="Tamil mythology">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalash religion">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi folk religion">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai religion (page does not exist)">Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibeto-Burman religion (page does not exist)">Tibeto-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="European" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolian religion (page does not exist)">Anatolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_religion" title="Lydian religion">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phrygian religion (page does not exist)">Phrygian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li>Caucasian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_paganism" title="Circassian paganism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Sacred mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothracian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iberian religion (page does not exist)">Iberian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_mythology" title="Cantabrian mythology">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castro_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castro religion (page does not exist)">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallaecian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallaecian religion (page does not exist)">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology" title="Lusitanian mythology">Lusitanian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italic <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camunni_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camunni religion (page does not exist)">Camunnian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligures religion (page does not exist)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umbri religion (page does not exist)">Umbrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuragic religion (page does not exist)">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_paganism" title="Baltic Finnic paganism">Baltic Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari Native Religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_shamanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami shamanism">Sami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle-Eastern_and_North_African" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle-Eastern and North African</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Ancient Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Nubian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Oceanian_and_Pacific_Islander" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceanian and Pacific Islander</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_indigenous_religion" title="Nauruan indigenous religion">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sub-Saharan_African" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Sub-Saharan African</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Dahomean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Odinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">Modern pagan<br />movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ethnic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society" title="Ausar Auset Society">Ausar Auset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexicayotl" title="Mexicayotl">Mexicayotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Native_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Native Faith">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Habze" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe Habze">Adyghe Habze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uatsdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Uatsdin">Uatsdin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Reconstructionist_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a></li> <li>Turko-Mongolic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish neopaganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvin_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordvin Native Religion">Mordvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt Vos</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_worship" title="Bear worship">Bear worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_and_rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying and rising deity">Dying and rising deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">Idolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">Stone row</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Sacred grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Supernatural magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_mythology" title="Trees in mythology">Trees in mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">Tree of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">World tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_worship" title="Animal worship">Animal worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_paganism" title="Christianity and paganism">Christianity and paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_saints_and_feasts" title="Christianization of saints and feasts">Christianization of saints and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religio_licita" title="Religio licita">Religio licita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&oldid=1257378972">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witchcraft&oldid=1257378972</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Witchcraft" title="Category:Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li><li><a 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