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id="toc-Retro-Hugos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retro-Hugos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Retro-Hugos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retro-Hugos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s_and_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_and_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1980s and 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_and_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Since 2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2015–2016:_Voting_bloc_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015–2016:_Voting_bloc_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>2015–2016: Voting bloc campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015–2016:_Voting_bloc_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023:_Ballot_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023:_Ballot_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>2023: Ballot censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023:_Ballot_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024:_Voter_fraud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024:_Voter_fraud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>2024: Voter fraud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024:_Voter_fraud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hugo Award</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="جائزة هوغو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جائزة هوغو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premios_Hugo" title="Premios Hugo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Premios Hugo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCqo_m%C3%BCkafat%C4%B1" title="Hüqo mükafatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hüqo mükafatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Х’юга (прэмія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Х’юга (прэмія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Хюго (награда) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хюго (награда)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi_Hugo" title="Premi Hugo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Premi Hugo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cena_Hugo" title="Cena Hugo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cena Hugo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hugo Award" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hugo Award" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_auhind" title="Hugo auhind – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hugo auhind" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premios_Hugo" title="Premios Hugo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Premios Hugo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Hugo" title="Premio Hugo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Premio Hugo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%87%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88" title="جایزه هوگو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جایزه هوگو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Hugo" title="Prix Hugo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prix Hugo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hugo Award" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Hugo" title="Premio Hugo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Premio Hugo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9C%B4%EA%B3%A0%EC%83%81" title="휴고상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="휴고상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%B8_%D5%B4%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Հյուգո մրցանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հյուգո մրցանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="ह्यूगो पुरस्कार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ह्यूगो पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagrada_Hugo" title="Nagrada Hugo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nagrada Hugo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghargaan_Hugo" title="Penghargaan Hugo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penghargaan Hugo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo-ver%C3%B0launin" title="Hugo-verðlaunin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hugo-verðlaunin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Hugo" title="Premio Hugo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Premio Hugo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95" title="פרס הוגו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרס הוגו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಹ್ಯೂಗೋ ಪುರಸ್ಕಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹ್ಯೂಗೋ ಪುರಸ್ಕಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჰიუგოს პრემია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიუგოს პრემია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xelata_Hugo" title="Xelata Hugo – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xelata Hugo" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_balva" title="Hugo balva – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hugo balva" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_premija" title="Hugo premija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hugo premija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo-d%C3%ADj" title="Hugo-díj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hugo-díj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹ്യൂഗോ അവാർഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹ്യൂഗോ അവാർഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="हुगो पुरस्कार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हुगो पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჰიუგოშ პრემია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰიუგოშ პრემია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anugerah_Hugo" title="Anugerah Hugo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anugerah Hugo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%AF" title="ဟူးဂိုးဆု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟူးဂိုးဆု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hugo Award" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E8%B3%9E" title="ヒューゴー賞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒューゴー賞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hugo Award" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hugo Award" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagroda_Hugo" title="Nagroda Hugo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nagroda Hugo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9mio_Hugo" title="Prémio Hugo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Prémio Hugo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiul_Hugo" title="Premiul Hugo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Premiul Hugo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Хьюго (премия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хьюго (премия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hugo Award" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cena_Hugo" title="Cena Hugo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cena Hugo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagrada_hugo" title="Nagrada hugo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nagrada hugo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%DB%86%DA%AF%DB%86" title="خەڵاتی ھیۆگۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەڵاتی ھیۆگۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Награда Хјуго – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Награда Хјуго" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagrada_Hugo" title="Nagrada Hugo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nagrada Hugo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo-palkinto" title="Hugo-palkinto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hugo-palkinto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugopriset" title="Hugopriset – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hugopriset" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="ஹியூகோ விருது – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹியூகோ விருது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Һьюго премиясе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һьюго премиясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="รางวัลฮิวโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รางวัลฮิวโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Hugo Ödülü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hugo Ödülü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%27%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Г'юго (премія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Г'юго (премія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%9C%E5%A5%96" title="雨果奖 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雨果奖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Annual awards for science fiction or fantasy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the Gold and Silver Hugo Awards for film and television at the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_International_Film_Festival" title="Chicago International Film Festival">Chicago International Film Festival</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Hugo Award</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Award_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/00/Hugo_Award_Logo.svg/125px-Hugo_Award_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/00/Hugo_Award_Logo.svg/188px-Hugo_Award_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/00/Hugo_Award_Logo.svg/250px-Hugo_Award_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Awarded for</th><td class="infobox-data">Best science fiction or fantasy works of previous year</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Presented by</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">World Science Fiction Society</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">First awarded</th><td class="infobox-data">1953<span class="noprint">; 71 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1953</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehugoawards.org">thehugoawards<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Hugo Award</b> is an annual <a href="/wiki/Literary_award" title="Literary award">literary award</a> for the best <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> works and achievements of the previous year, given at the <a href="/wiki/World_Science_Fiction_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="World Science Fiction Convention">World Science Fiction Convention</a> (Worldcon) and chosen by its members. The award is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Worldcon#World_Science_Fiction_Society" title="Worldcon">World Science Fiction Society</a>. The Hugo is widely considered the premier award in the science fiction genre.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is named after <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Gernsback" title="Hugo Gernsback">Hugo Gernsback</a>, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a></i>. Hugos were first given in 1953, at the <a href="/wiki/11th_World_Science_Fiction_Convention" title="11th World Science Fiction Convention">11th World Science Fiction Convention</a>, and have been awarded every year since 1955. </p><p>The awards originally covered seven categories, but have expanded to seventeen categories of written and dramatic works over the years. The winners receive a trophy consisting of a stylized rocket ship on a base. The design of the trophy changes each year, though the rocket shape has been consistent since 1984. </p><p>The 2024 awards were presented at the <a href="/wiki/82nd_World_Science_Fiction_Convention" title="82nd World Science Fiction Convention">82nd Worldcon</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> 2024", in Scotland on August 11, 2024. The 2025 awards will be presented at the <a href="/wiki/83rd_World_Science_Fiction_Convention" title="83rd World Science Fiction Convention">83rd Worldcon</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> Worldcon 2025", in the United States on August 16, 2025. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Award">Award</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Award"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worldcon_75_in_Helsinki_2017_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Worldcon_75_in_Helsinki_2017_13.jpg/220px-Worldcon_75_in_Helsinki_2017_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Worldcon_75_in_Helsinki_2017_13.jpg/330px-Worldcon_75_in_Helsinki_2017_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Worldcon_75_in_Helsinki_2017_13.jpg/440px-Worldcon_75_in_Helsinki_2017_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4898" data-file-height="3266" /></a><figcaption>Hugo Awards through the years exhibited in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hartwell,_Brown,_Willis_2008_Hugo_Awards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hartwell%2C_Brown%2C_Willis_2008_Hugo_Awards.jpg/220px-Hartwell%2C_Brown%2C_Willis_2008_Hugo_Awards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hartwell%2C_Brown%2C_Willis_2008_Hugo_Awards.jpg/330px-Hartwell%2C_Brown%2C_Willis_2008_Hugo_Awards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hartwell%2C_Brown%2C_Willis_2008_Hugo_Awards.jpg/440px-Hartwell%2C_Brown%2C_Willis_2008_Hugo_Awards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="1270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Hartwell" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hartwell">David Hartwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_N._Brown" title="Charles N. Brown">Charles N. Brown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> pose with the 2008 Hugo Awards.</figcaption></figure> <p>The World Science Fiction Society (WSFS) gives out the Hugo Awards each year for the best <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> works and achievements of the previous year. The Hugos are widely considered the premier award in science fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SFADB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFADB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TOR_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TBS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Penguin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The award is named after <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Gernsback" title="Hugo Gernsback">Hugo Gernsback</a>, who founded the pioneering science fiction magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a></i> and who is considered one of the "fathers" of the science fiction genre.<sup id="cite_ref-LocusHugoinfo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LocusHugoinfo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Works are eligible for an award if they were published in the prior calendar year, or translated into English in the prior calendar year. There are no written rules as to which works qualify as science fiction or fantasy, and the decision of eligibility in that regard is left up to the voters, rather than to the organizing committee. Hugo Award nominees and winners are chosen by supporting or attending members of the annual <a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">World Science Fiction Convention</a>, or Worldcon, and the presentation evening constitutes its central event. The selection process is defined in the WSFS constitution as <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a> with six nominees per category, except in the case of a tie.<sup id="cite_ref-thafaq_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thafaq-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The awards are split over more than a dozen categories, and include both written and dramatic works.<sup id="cite_ref-thacat_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thacat-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For each category of Hugo, the voter may rank "No Award" as one of their choices. Voters are instructed that they should do so if they feel that none of the nominees are worthy of the award, or if they feel the category should be abolished entirely. A vote for "No Award" other than as one's first choice signifies that the voter believes the nominees ranked higher than "No Award" are worthy of a Hugo in that category, while those ranked lower are not.<sup id="cite_ref-thavoting_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thavoting-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The six works on the ballot for each category are the most-nominated by members that year, with no limit on the number of stories that can be nominated. With the exception of 1956, the first years of the awards did not include any recognition of runner-up novels, but since 1959 all of the candidates have been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-thafaq_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thafaq-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial nominations are made by members in January through March, while voting on the ballot of six nominations is performed roughly in April through July, subject to change depending on when that year's Worldcon is held.<sup id="cite_ref-thaabout_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thaabout-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 2017, the final ballot was five works in each category.<sup id="cite_ref-2017change_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017change-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worldcons are generally held near the start of September, and take place in a different city around the world each year.<sup id="cite_ref-LocusHugoinfo_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LocusHugoinfo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-worldcon_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldcon-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of giving out awards at Worldcons was proposed by Harold Lynch for the 1953 convention.<sup id="cite_ref-HugoPropose_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HugoPropose-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was based on the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls595_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls595-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the name "Hugo" being given by Robert A. Madle. The award trophy was created by Jack McKnight and <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Jablonski" title="Benedict Jablonski">Ben Jason</a> in 1953, based on the design of hood ornaments of 1950s cars. It consisted of a finned rocket ship on a wooden base. Each subsequent trophy, with the exception of the 1958 trophy (a plaque), has been similar to the original design. The rocket trophy was formally redesigned in 1984, and since then only the base of the trophy has changed each year.<sup id="cite_ref-HugoTrophy_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HugoTrophy-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no monetary or other remuneration associated with the Hugo, other than the trophy.<sup id="cite_ref-thafaq_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thafaq-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retro-Hugos">Retro-Hugos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Retro-Hugos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Retrospective Hugo Awards, or Retro-Hugos, were added as a concept to the Hugo Awards in 1996. They are awards given for years in which no Hugos were originally awarded. Prior to 2017, they could be awarded for works in a year 50, 75, or 100 years prior, after 1939, where there was a Worldcon but where no Hugos were awarded. Retro-Hugos are given by a Worldcon in the categories that are currently in use, and are optional; some Worldcons have chosen not to award them despite a year being eligible. Even for years in which Retro-Hugos are given, not all categories receive enough nominations to receive a ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-thafaq_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thafaq-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the eligible years were specified to be 1939–1952 and 1954, which expanded the possible years to include those post-1939 in which no Worldcon was held at all. Of the fifteen years eligible, awards have been given for eight.<sup id="cite_ref-thafaq_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thafaq-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2015const_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2015const-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LocusRetroHugoinfo_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LocusRetroHugoinfo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2017minutes_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017minutes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s">1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Hugo Awards were presented at the <a href="/wiki/11th_World_Science_Fiction_Convention" title="11th World Science Fiction Convention">11th Worldcon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in 1953, which awarded Hugos in seven categories.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo53_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo53-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The awards presented that year were initially conceived as a one-off event, though the organizers hoped that subsequent conventions would also present them.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilconBook_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilconBook-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Worldcons were completely run by their respective committees as independent events and had no oversight between years. Thus there was no mandate for any future conventions to repeat the awards, and no set rules for how to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo54_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo54-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1954 Worldcon chose not to, but the awards were reinstated at the 1955 Worldcon, and thereafter became traditional. The award was called the Annual Science Fiction Achievement Award, with "Hugo Award" being an unofficial, but better known name.<sup id="cite_ref-LocusHugoinfo_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LocusHugoinfo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nickname was accepted as an official alternative name in 1958, and since the 1992 awards the nickname has been adopted as the official name of the award.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls595_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls595-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91minutes_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91minutes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the first few years, Hugo Awards had no published rules, and were given for works published in the "preceding year" leading up to the convention, which was not defined but generally covered the period between conventions rather than calendar years. In 1959, though there were still no formal guidelines governing the awards, several rules were instated which thereafter became traditional. These included having a ballot for nominating works earlier in the year and separate from the voting ballot; defining eligibility to include works published in the previous calendar year, rather than the ambiguous "preceding year"; and allowing voters to select "No Award" as an option if no nominated works were felt to be deserving of the award.<sup id="cite_ref-Franson36_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franson36-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "No Award" won that year in two categories: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation" title="Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation">Dramatic Presentation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discontinued_Hugo_Awards" title="Discontinued Hugo Awards">Best New Author</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo59_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo59-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eligibility change additionally sparked a separate rule, prohibiting the nomination of works which had been nominated for the 1958 awards, as the two time periods overlapped.<sup id="cite_ref-Franson36_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franson36-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1961, after the formation of the WSFS to oversee each Worldcon committee, formal rules were set down in the WSFS constitution mandating the presenting of the awards as one of the responsibilities of each Worldcon organizing committee. The rules restricted voting to members of the convention at which the awards would be given, while still allowing anyone to nominate works; nominations were restricted to members of the convention or the previous year's convention in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-Franson36_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franson36-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guidelines also specified the categories that would be awarded, which could only be changed by the World Science Fiction Society board.<sup id="cite_ref-63minutes_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63minutes-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These categories were for <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Hugo Award for Best Novel">Best Novel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Short_Story" title="Hugo Award for Best Short Story">Short Fiction</a> (short stories, broadly defined), Dramatic Presentation, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Professional_Magazine" title="Hugo Award for Best Professional Magazine">Professional Magazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Professional_Artist" title="Hugo Award for Best Professional Artist">Professional Artist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Fanzine" title="Hugo Award for Best Fanzine">Best Fanzine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo61_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo61-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1963 was also the second year in which "No Award" won a category, again for Dramatic Presentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo63_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo63-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964 the guidelines were changed to allow individual conventions to create additional categories, which was codified as up to two categories for that year. These <a href="/wiki/Discontinued_Hugo_Awards" title="Discontinued Hugo Awards">additional awards</a> were officially designated as Hugo Awards, but were not required to be repeated by future conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-63const_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63const-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was later adjusted to only allow one additional category; while these special Hugo Awards have been given out in several categories, only a few were ever awarded for more than one year.<sup id="cite_ref-thacat_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thacat-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967 categories for <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novelette" title="Hugo Award for Best Novelette">Novelette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Fan_Writer" title="Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer">Fan Writer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Fan_Artist" title="Hugo Award for Best Fan Artist">Fan Artist</a> were added, and a category for <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novella" title="Hugo Award for Best Novella">Best Novella</a> was added the following year; these new categories had the effect of providing a definition for what word count qualified a work for what category, which was previously left up to voters.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo67_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo67-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hugo68_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo68-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novelettes had also been awarded prior to the codification of the rules. The fan awards were initially conceived as separate from the Hugo Awards, with the award for Best Fanzine losing its status, but were instead absorbed into the regular Hugo Awards by the convention committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Franson36_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franson36-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While traditionally five works had been selected for nomination in each category out of the proposed nominees, in 1971 this was set down as a formal rule, barring ties.<sup id="cite_ref-Franson36_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franson36-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, the WSFS removed the category for Best Professional Magazine, and a <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Professional_Editor" title="Hugo Award for Best Professional Editor">Best Professional Editor</a> award was instated as its replacement, in order to recognize "the increasing importance of original anthologies".<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo73_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo73-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicholls596_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholls596-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After that year the guidelines were changed again to remove the mandated awards and instead allow up to ten categories which would be chosen by each convention, though they were expected to be similar to those presented in the year before. Despite this change no new awards were added or previous awards removed before the guidelines were changed back to listing specific categories in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-Franson36_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franson36-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74minutes_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74minutes-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1971 and 1977 both saw "No Award" win the Dramatic Presentation category for the third and fourth time; "No Award" did not win any categories afterwards until 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo71_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo71-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hugo77_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo77-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s_and_1990s">1980s and 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1980s and 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1980 the category for Best Non-Fiction Book (later renamed <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Related_Work" title="Hugo Award for Best Related Work">Best Related Work</a>) was added, followed by a category for <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Semiprozine" title="Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine">Best Semiprozine</a> (semi-professional magazine) in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo80_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo80-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hugo84_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo84-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, members of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a> were encouraged by people such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Platt_(author)" title="Charles Platt (author)">Charles Platt</a> to nominate as a bloc <i><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_Earth_(novel)" title="Battlefield Earth (novel)">Battlefield Earth</a></i>, written by the organization's founder <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a>, for the Best Novel award; it did not make the final ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-BEscandal_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEscandal-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another campaign followed in 1987 to nominate Hubbard's <i><a href="/wiki/Mission_Earth_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Earth (novel)">Black Genesis</a></i>; it made the final ballot but finished behind "No Award".<sup id="cite_ref-BGscandal_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGscandal-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hugo87_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo87-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1989 saw a work — <i>The Guardsman</i> by Todd Hamilton and P. J. Beese — withdrawn by its authors from the final ballot after a fan bought numerous memberships under false names, all sent in on the same day, in order to get the work onto the ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-OlderScandals_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OlderScandals-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, the Best Original Art Work award was given as a special Hugo Award, and was listed again in 1991, though not actually awarded, and established afterward as an official Hugo Award.<sup id="cite_ref-91minutes_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91minutes-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90minutes_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90minutes-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was then removed from this status in 1996, and has not been awarded since.<sup id="cite_ref-96minutes_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96minutes-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Retro Hugos were created in the mid-1990s, and were first awarded in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-thafaq_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thafaq-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_2000">Since 2000</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Since 2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another special Hugo Award, for Best Web Site, was given twice in 2002 and 2005, but never instated as a permanent category.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo02_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo02-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hugo05_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo05-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, the Dramatic Presentation award was split into two categories, Long Form and Short Form.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo03_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo03-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was repeated with the Best Professional Editor category in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo07_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo07-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2009 saw the addition of the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Graphic_Story" title="Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story">Best Graphic Story</a> category, and in 2012 an award for <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Fancast" title="Hugo Award for Best Fancast">Best Fancast</a> was added.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo09_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo09-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hugo12_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo12-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Series" title="Hugo Award for Best Series">Best Series</a> was added as a permanent category in 2018; it was run the year prior as a special Hugo Award prior to being ratified at the business meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo18_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo18-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another special Hugo Award, for Best Art Book, was run in 2019 but was not repeated or made a permanent category.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo19_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo19-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2021 Hugo Awards featured a special Hugo award for <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>. It was thereafter proposed as a permanent category; it was not repeated as a special Hugo Award in 2022 or 2023, but was ratified as the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Game_or_Interactive_Work" title="Hugo Award for Best Game or Interactive Work">Best Game or Interactive Work</a> category, beginning in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-2021Special_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Special-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hugo21_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo21-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BestGamePassed_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BestGamePassed-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015–2016:_Voting_bloc_campaigns"><span id="2015.E2.80.932016:_Voting_bloc_campaigns"></span>2015–2016: Voting bloc campaigns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2015–2016: Voting bloc campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sad_Puppies" title="Sad Puppies">Sad Puppies</a></div> <p>In 2015, two groups of science fiction writers, the "Sad Puppies" led by <a href="/wiki/Brad_R._Torgersen" title="Brad R. Torgersen">Brad R. Torgersen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Correia" title="Larry Correia">Larry Correia</a>, and the "Rabid Puppies" led by <a href="/wiki/Vox_Day" title="Vox Day">Vox Day</a>, each put forward a similar <a href="/wiki/Voting_bloc" title="Voting bloc">slate of suggested nominations</a> which came to dominate the ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_9_April_2015_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_9_April_2015-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Slate_8_April_2015_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slate_8_April_2015-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sad Puppies campaign had run for two years prior on a smaller scale, with limited success. The leaders of the campaigns characterized them as a reaction to "niche, academic, overtly [leftist]" nominees and the Hugo becoming "an affirmative action award" that preferred female and non-white authors and characters.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_9_April_2015_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_9_April_2015-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daily_Telegraph_6_April_2015_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Telegraph_6_April_2015-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, five nominees declined their nomination before and, for the first time, two after the ballot was published.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo2015Stats_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo2015Stats-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FirstAfter_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FirstAfter-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple-Hugo-winner <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> declined to present the awards.<sup id="cite_ref-WillisDecline_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WillisDecline-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slates were characterized by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> as a "right wing",<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_9_April_2015_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_9_April_2015-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "orchestrated backlash"<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_6_April_2015_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_6_April_2015-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <i><a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a></i> as a "group of white guys",<sup id="cite_ref-The_A.V._Club_6_April_2015_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_A.V._Club_6_April_2015-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were linked with the <a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)" title="Gamergate (harassment campaign)">Gamergate</a> campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Slate_8_April_2015_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slate_8_April_2015-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boston_Globe_7_April_2015_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boston_Globe_7_April_2015-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Sydney_Morning_Herald_9_April_2015_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Sydney_Morning_Herald_9_April_2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple Hugo winner <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a> characterized the campaigns as a response to "socio-economic" changes such as minority authors gaining prominence and thus "economic heft".<sup id="cite_ref-DelanySP_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DelanySP-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all but the Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form category, "No Award" placed above all nominees that were on either slate, and it won all five categories that only contained slate nominees.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo2015Stats_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo2015Stats-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two campaigns were repeated in 2016 with some changes, and the "Rabid Puppy" slate again dominated the ballot in several categories, with all five nominees in Best Related Work, Best Graphic Story, Best Professional Artist, and Best Fancast.<sup id="cite_ref-Puppy2016_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puppy2016-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the campaigns, a set of new rules, called "E Pluribus Hugo", was passed in 2015 and ratified in 2016 to modify the nominations process. Intended to ensure that organized minority groups cannot dominate every finalist position in a category, the new rules define a <a href="/wiki/Voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting system">voting system</a> in which nominees are eliminated one by one, with each vote for an eliminated work then spread out over the uneliminated works they nominated, until only the final shortlist remains. These rules were ratified in 2016 to be used for the first time in 2017. A rule mandating that the final nominees must appear on at least five percent of ballots was also eliminated, to ensure that all categories could reach a full set of nominees even when the initial pool of works was very large.<sup id="cite_ref-2016RuleChange_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016RuleChange-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each nominator is limited to five works in each category, but the final ballot was changed to six in each; additionally, no more than two works by a given author or group, or in the same dramatic series, can be in one category on the final ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-2017change_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017change-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2023:_Ballot_censorship">2023: Ballot censorship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2023: Ballot censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/81st_World_Science_Fiction_Convention#Ballot_controversy" title="81st World Science Fiction Convention">81st World Science Fiction Convention § Ballot controversy</a></div> <p>In January 2024, the voting statistics for the 2023 Hugo Awards from the 81st World Science Fiction Convention, which was held in <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, China, came into question due to several authors being declared ineligible without explanation, including <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a>, <a href="/wiki/R._F._Kuang" title="R. F. Kuang">R. F. Kuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiran_Jay_Zhao" title="Xiran Jay Zhao">Xiran Jay Zhao</a>, and Paul Weimer.<sup id="cite_ref-2023-1_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023-1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2023-2_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023-2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2023-3_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023-3-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2023-4_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023-4-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2023-5_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023-5-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaked emails revealed that the authors were excluded due to self-censorship by the Hugo Award administrators in order to appease the Chinese government, known to have a strict <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">censorship regime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cole_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, an unknown number of ballots from Chinese voters were rejected because an award administrator considered them to be similar to a recommendations list published by the Chinese SF magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_World" title="Science Fiction World">Science Fiction World</a></i>, and thus equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Slate_(elections)" title="Slate (elections)">slate</a>, even though there was no rule against slates.<sup id="cite_ref-Tampering_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tampering-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on complaints about the 2023 Hugo award process and official statements made about those complaints, Worldcon Intellectual Property (WIP), the non-profit organization that holds the <a href="/wiki/Service_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Service marks">service marks</a> for the World Science Fiction Society, censured the director of WIP and two individuals who presided over the Hugo Administration Committee of the Chengdu Worldcon, and reprimanded the chair of the WIP board of directors. Both the director of WIP and chair of the WIP board of directors resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-2023WIP-1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023WIP-1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2023WIP-2_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023WIP-2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/82nd_World_Science_Fiction_Convention" title="82nd World Science Fiction Convention">Glasgow 2024</a> Chairperson <a href="/wiki/Esther_MacCallum-Stewart" title="Esther MacCallum-Stewart">Esther MacCallum-Stewart</a> announced in February 2024 that to ensure transparency in the awards selection, they would keep a log of all decisions, publish the reasons for any disqualification of potential finalists by April 2024, and publish the full voting statistics immediately after the awards ceremony on August 11.<sup id="cite_ref-2024transp-1_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2024transp-1-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2024transp-2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2024transp-2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2024transp-3_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2024transp-3-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024:_Voter_fraud">2024: Voter fraud</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2024: Voter fraud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2024, the Hugo administration announced that roughly 10% of all votes cast for that year were determined to be fraudulently cast to help one unidentified finalist win. There was no evidence that the finalist had known about the attempt; the votes were invalidated and the finalist did not win the category as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-2024fraud1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2024fraud1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2024fraud2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2024fraud2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2024fraud3_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2024fraud3-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Guardian</i> estimated that the 377 memberships purchased for the attempt would have cost at least £16,965 (US$22,000).<sup id="cite_ref-2024fraud1_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2024fraud1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories">Categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="75%" cellpadding="5" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <caption>Current categories </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="30%" scope="col">Categories </th> <th width="10%" align="center" scope="col">Year started </th> <th width="60%" scope="col">Current description </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Hugo Award for Best Novel">Best Novel</a> </th> <td>1953</td> <td>Stories of 40,000 words or more </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novella" title="Hugo Award for Best Novella">Best Novella</a> </th> <td>1968</td> <td>Stories of between 17,500 and 40,000 words </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novelette" title="Hugo Award for Best Novelette">Best Novelette</a> </th> <td>1955</td> <td>Stories of between 7,500 and 17,500 words </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Short_Story" title="Hugo Award for Best Short Story">Best Short Story</a> </th> <td>1955</td> <td>Stories of less than 7,500 words </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Series" title="Hugo Award for Best Series">Best Series</a> </th> <td>2017</td> <td>Series of works </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Related_Work" title="Hugo Award for Best Related Work">Best Related Work</a> </th> <td>1980</td> <td>Works which are either non-fiction or noteworthy for reasons other than the fictional text </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Graphic_Story" title="Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story">Best Graphic Story</a> </th> <td>2009</td> <td>Stories told in graphic form </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation" title="Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation">Best Dramatic Presentation</a><br />(Long and Short Forms) </th> <td>1958</td> <td>Dramatized productions, divided since 2003 between works longer or shorter than 90 minutes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Semiprozine" title="Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine">Best Semiprozine</a> </th> <td>1984</td> <td>Semi-professional magazines </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Fanzine" title="Hugo Award for Best Fanzine">Best Fanzine</a> </th> <td>1955</td> <td>Non-professional magazines </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Professional_Editor" title="Hugo Award for Best Professional Editor">Best Professional Editor</a><br />(Long and Short Forms) </th> <td>1973</td> <td>Editors of written works, divided since 2007 between editors of novels or editors of magazines and anthologies </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Professional_Artist" title="Hugo Award for Best Professional Artist">Best Professional Artist</a> </th> <td>1953</td> <td>Professional artists </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Fan_Artist" title="Hugo Award for Best Fan Artist">Best Fan Artist</a> </th> <td>1967</td> <td>Fan artists </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Fan_Writer" title="Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer">Best Fan Writer</a> </th> <td>1967</td> <td>Fan writers </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Fancast" title="Hugo Award for Best Fancast">Best Fancast</a> </th> <td>2012</td> <td>Audiovisual fanzines </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Game_or_Interactive_Work" title="Hugo Award for Best Game or Interactive Work">Best Game or Interactive Work</a> </th> <td>2024</td> <td>Games (video or tabletop) and interactive fiction </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" width="75%" cellpadding="5" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <caption>Former repeating categories </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="30%" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Discontinued_Hugo_Awards" title="Discontinued Hugo Awards">Categories</a> </th> <th width="10%" align="center" scope="col">Years active </th> <th width="60%" scope="col">Description </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Professional_Magazine" title="Hugo Award for Best Professional Magazine">Best Professional Magazine</a> </th> <td>1953–1972</td> <td>Professional magazines </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Short Fiction </th> <td>1960–1966</td> <td>Stories of shorter than novel length. This category is generally treated as the same award as <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Short_Story" title="Hugo Award for Best Short Story">Best Short Story</a> (see winners there), but it also included works of novella and novelette length. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Best Original Art Work </th> <td>1990, 1992–1996</td> <td>Works of art </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" width="75%" cellpadding="5" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <caption>Former categories awarded by individual Worldcons </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="30%" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Discontinued_Hugo_Awards" title="Discontinued Hugo Awards">Categories</a> </th> <th width="10%" align="center" scope="col">Years active </th> <th width="60%" scope="col">Description </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Best Cover Artist </th> <td>1953</td> <td>Artists of covers for books and magazines </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Best Interior Illustrator </th> <td>1953</td> <td>Artists of works inside magazines </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Excellence in Fact Articles </th> <td>1953</td> <td>Authors of factual articles </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Best New SF Author or Artist </th> <td>1953</td> <td>New authors or artists </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">#1 Fan Personality </th> <td>1953</td> <td>Favorite fan </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Best Feature Writer </th> <td>1956</td> <td>Writers of magazine features </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Best Book Reviewer </th> <td>1956</td> <td>Writers of book reviews </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Most Promising New Author </th> <td>1956</td> <td>New authors </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Outstanding Actifan </th> <td>1958</td> <td>Favorite fan </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Best New Author </th> <td>1959</td> <td>New authors </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Best SF Book Publisher </th> <td>1964, 1965</td> <td>Book publishers </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Best All-Time Series </th> <td>1966</td> <td>Series of works </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Other Forms </th> <td>1988</td> <td>Printed fictional works which were not novels, novellas, novelettes, or short stories </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Best Web Site </th> <td>2002, 2005</td> <td>Websites </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Best Art Book </th> <td>2019</td> <td>Books of artwork </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Worldcon committees may also give out special awards during the Hugo ceremony, which are not voted on. Unlike the additional Hugo categories which Worldcons may present, these awards are not officially Hugo Awards and do not use the same trophy, though they once did.<sup id="cite_ref-thacat_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thacat-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Franson7_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franson7-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two additional awards, the <a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding Award for Best New Writer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lodestar_Award_for_Best_Young_Adult_Book" title="Lodestar Award for Best Young Adult Book">Lodestar Award for Best Young Adult Book</a>, are presented at the Hugo Award ceremony and voted on by the same process, but are not formally Hugo Awards.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo18_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo18-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thacamp_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thacamp-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hugo Award is highly regarded by observers. The <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> has termed it "among the highest honors bestowed in science fiction and fantasy writing",<sup id="cite_ref-LAT_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a claim echoed by <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>, who said that it was "the premier award in the science fiction genre".<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Justine_Larbalestier" title="Justine Larbalestier">Justine Larbalestier</a>, in <i>The Battle of the Sexes in Science Fiction</i> (2002), referred to the awards as "the best known and most prestigious of the science fiction awards",<sup id="cite_ref-BOTSSF_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOTSSF-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jo_Walton" title="Jo Walton">Jo Walton</a>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/An_Informal_History_of_the_Hugos" title="An Informal History of the Hugos">An Informal History of the Hugos</a></i>, said it was "undoubtedly science fiction's premier award".<sup id="cite_ref-TOR_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> similarly acknowledged it as "a fine showcase for speculative fiction" as well as "one of the most venerable, democratic and international" science fiction awards "in existence".<sup id="cite_ref-GuardianHugo_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianHugo-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GuardianHugo2_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianHugo2-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_E._Gunn_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Gunn (writer)">James Gunn</a>, in <i>The New Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</i> (1988), echoed <i>The Guardian</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s statement of the award's democratic nature, saying that "because of its broad electorate" the Hugos were the awards most representative of "reader popularity".<sup id="cite_ref-TNESF_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNESF-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Camille_Bacon-Smith" title="Camille Bacon-Smith">Camille Bacon-Smith</a>, in <i>Science Fiction Culture</i> (2000), said that at the time fewer than 1,000 people voted on the final ballot; she held, however, that this is a representative sample of the readership at large, given the number of winning novels that remain in print for decades or become notable outside of the science fiction genre, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Demolished_Man" title="The Demolished Man">The Demolished Man</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Hand_of_Darkness" title="The Left Hand of Darkness">The Left Hand of Darkness</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SFC_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFC-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2014 awards saw over 1,900 nomination submissions and over 3,500 voters on the final ballot, while the 1964 awards received 274 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-2014noms_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014noms-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2014voters_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014voters-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1964voters_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1964voters-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2019 awards saw 1,800 nominating ballots and 3,097 votes, which was described as less than in 2014–2017 but more than any year before then.<sup id="cite_ref-2019votes_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019votes-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Brian Aldiss</a>, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Year_Spree:_The_History_of_Science_Fiction" title="Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction">Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction</a></i>, claimed that the Hugo Award was a barometer of reader popularity, rather than artistic merit; he contrasted it with the panel-selected <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula Award</a>, which provided "more literary judgment", though he did note that the winners of the two awards often overlapped.<sup id="cite_ref-TYS_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TYS-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the Hugo Award, the Nebula Award is also considered one of the premier awards in science fiction, with Laura Miller of <a href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon.com</a> terming it "science fiction's most prestigious award".<sup id="cite_ref-SALONnebula_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SALONnebula-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official logo of the Hugo Awards is often placed on the winning books' cover as a promotional tool.<sup id="cite_ref-HugoLogo_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HugoLogo-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ScalziLogo_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScalziLogo-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gahan_Wilson" title="Gahan Wilson">Gahan Wilson</a>, in <i>First World Fantasy Awards</i> (1977), claimed that noting that a book had won the Hugo Award on the cover "demonstrably" increased sales for that novel,<sup id="cite_ref-FWFA_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWFA-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a> said in his 1990 book <i>How to Write Science Fiction & Fantasy</i> that the award had a larger effect on foreign sales than in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-HWSFF_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HWSFF-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spider_Robinson" title="Spider Robinson">Spider Robinson</a>, in 1992, claimed that publishers were very interested in authors that won a Hugo Award, more so than for other awards such as the Nebula Award.<sup id="cite_ref-SFC_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFC-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literary agent Richard Curtis said in his 1996 <i>Mastering the Business of Writing</i> that having the term Hugo Award on the cover, even as a nominee, was a "powerful inducement" to science fiction fans to buy a novel,<sup id="cite_ref-MBW_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBW-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Jo Walton claimed in 2011 that the Hugo is the only science fiction award "that actually affects sales of a book".<sup id="cite_ref-TOR_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been several anthologies of Hugo-winning short fiction. The series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hugo_Winners" title="The Hugo Winners">The Hugo Winners</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, was started in 1962 as a collection of short story winners up to the previous year, and concluded with the 1982 Hugos in Volume 5. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Hugo_Winners" title="The New Hugo Winners">The New Hugo Winners</a></i>, edited originally by Asimov, later by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> and finally by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Benford" title="Gregory Benford">Gregory Benford</a>, has four volumes collecting stories from the 1983 to the 1994 Hugos.<sup id="cite_ref-AWCGSF_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWCGSF-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent anthology is <i>The Hugo Award Showcase</i> (2010), edited by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinette_Kowal" title="Mary Robinette Kowal">Mary Robinette Kowal</a>. It contains most of the short stories, novelettes, and novellas that were nominated for the 2009 award.<sup id="cite_ref-THAS_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THAS-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction#Awards" title="Outline of science fiction">List of science fiction awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula Award</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wired-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wired_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wired_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wired_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldcon+75%3A+2017+Hugo+report+%232&rft.pub=Worldcon+75&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcon.fi%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F08%2FHugoReport2_nominations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldcon-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-worldcon_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414154525/http://www.worldcon.org/">"World Science Fiction Society / Worldcon"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcon.org/">the original</a> on 2009-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Science+Fiction+Society+%2F+Worldcon&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcon.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HugoPropose-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HugoPropose_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madle, <i>Inside Science Fiction</i>, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholls595-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls595_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls595_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholls; Clute, <i>The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</i>, p. 595</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HugoTrophy-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HugoTrophy_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-trophies/">"The Hugo Awards: Hugo Award Trophies"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. 2007-07-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709043347/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-trophies/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hugo+Awards%3A+Hugo+Award+Trophies&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft.date=2007-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-trophies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2015const-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2015const_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/const-2015.pdf">"Constitution of the World Science Fiction Society, as of August 23, 2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Science Fiction Society. 2015-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+World+Science+Fiction+Society%2C+as+of+August+23%2C+2015&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft.date=2015-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsfs.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F05%2Fconst-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LocusRetroHugoinfo-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LocusRetroHugoinfo_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100103042101/http://locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/RetroHugo.html">"The Locus index to SF Awards: About the Retro Hugo Awards"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/RetroHugo.html">the original</a> on 2010-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Locus&rft.atitle=The+Locus+index+to+SF+Awards%3A+About+the+Retro+Hugo+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.locusmag.com%2FSFAwards%2FDb%2FRetroHugo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2017minutes-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2017minutes_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/2017-WSFS-Minutes.pdf">"2017 WSFS Minutes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Science Fiction Society. 2017. pp. 44–45<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2017+WSFS+Minutes&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsfs.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F11%2F2017-WSFS-Minutes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo53-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugo53_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1953-hugo-awards/">"1953 Hugo Awards"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. 2007-07-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507164522/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1953-hugo-awards/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1953+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F1953-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhilconBook-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhilconBook_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyle,_David1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kyle" title="David Kyle">Kyle, David</a>, ed. 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World Science Fiction Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709043353/http://www.thehugoawards.org/ask-a-question/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-13</span></span>. <q>The awards presented in 1953 were initially conceived as "one-off" awards, and the 1954 Worldcon decided not to present them again.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hugo+Awards%3A+Ask+a+Question&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft.date=2007-11-03&rft.aulast=Standlee&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fask-a-question%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91minutes-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-91minutes_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-91minutes_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/minutes-1991.pdf">"Minutes of the Business Meeting 1991"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Science_Fiction_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="World Science Fiction Society">World Science Fiction Society</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725203626/http://www.wsfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/minutes-1991.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft.atitle=Minutes+of+the+Business+Meeting+1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsfs.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F06%2Fminutes-1991.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franson36-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Franson36_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franson36_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franson36_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franson36_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franson36_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Franson36_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Franson; DeVore, <i>A History of the Hugo, Nebula and International Fantasy Awards</i>, pp. 3–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo59-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugo59_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507164537/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1959-hugo-awards/">"1959 Hugo Awards"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1959-hugo-awards/">the original</a> on 2011-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1959+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F1959-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63minutes-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63minutes_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507072827/http://www.timill.co.uk/smofs/ch10.htm">"The Con-committee Chairman's Guide, by George Scithers. Chapter 10 – The Constitution and Bylaws"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timill.co.uk/smofs/ch10.htm">the original</a> on 2011-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Con-committee+Chairman%27s+Guide%2C+by+George+Scithers.+Chapter+10+%E2%80%93+The+Constitution+and+Bylaws&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timill.co.uk%2Fsmofs%2Fch10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo61-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugo61_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507164545/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1961-hugo-awards/">"1961 Hugo Awards"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1961-hugo-awards/">the original</a> on 2011-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1961+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F1961-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo63-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugo63_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507164551/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1963-hugo-awards/">"1963 Hugo Awards"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1963-hugo-awards/">the original</a> on 2011-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1963+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F1963-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63const-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63const_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507072834/http://www.timill.co.uk/smofs/cons1963.htm">"The World Science Fiction Society Constitution and Bylaws 1963"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timill.co.uk/smofs/cons1963.htm">the original</a> on 2011-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Science+Fiction+Society+Constitution+and+Bylaws+1963&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timill.co.uk%2Fsmofs%2Fcons1963.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo67-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugo67_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507164603/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1967-hugo-awards/">"1967 Hugo Awards"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1967-hugo-awards/">the original</a> on 2011-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1967+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F1967-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo68-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugo68_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507164606/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1968-hugo-awards/">"1968 Hugo Awards"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1968-hugo-awards/">the original</a> on 2011-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1968+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F1968-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo73-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugo73_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507164622/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1973-hugo-awards/">"1973 Hugo Awards"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1973-hugo-awards/">the original</a> on 2011-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1973+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F1973-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholls596-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls596_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholls; Clute, <i>The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</i>, p. 596</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74minutes-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74minutes_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/minutes-1974.pdf">"Minutes of the Business Meeting at Discon II, 1974"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Science_Fiction_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="World Science Fiction Society">World Science Fiction Society</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119080323/http://www.wsfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/minutes-1974.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft.atitle=Minutes+of+the+Business+Meeting+at+Discon+II%2C+1974&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsfs.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F06%2Fminutes-1974.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo71-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugo71_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507164616/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1971-hugo-awards/">"1971 Hugo Awards"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1971+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F1971-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo77-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugo77_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507164635/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1977-hugo-awards/">"1977 Hugo Awards"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1977+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F1977-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo80-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugo80_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507164644/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1980-hugo-awards/">"1980 Hugo Awards"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1984-hugo-awards/">the original</a> on 2011-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1984+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F1984-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BEscandal-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BEscandal_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelman2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Edelman" title="Scott Edelman">Edelman, Scott</a> (2015-04-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottedelman.com/2015/04/06/in-which-the-sad-puppies-prove-to-be-more-powerful-than-l-ron-hubbard/#more-19137">"In which the Sad Puppies prove to be more powerful than L. Ron Hubbard"</a>. scottedelman.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Sci-Fi%27s+Hugo+Awards+and+the+Battle+for+Pop+Culture%27s+Soul&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2015%2F10%2Fhugo-awards-controversy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo87-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugo87_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1987-hugo-awards/">"1987 Hugo Awards"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1987+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F1987-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OlderScandals-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OlderScandals_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandlee2015" class="citation web cs1">Standlee, Kevin (2015-04-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2015-hugo-awards/comment-page-2/">"2015 Hugo Awards"</a>. World Science Fiction Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft.date=2015-04-06&rft.aulast=Standlee&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F2015-hugo-awards%2Fcomment-page-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90minutes-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90minutes_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/minutes-1990.pdf">"Minutes of the Business Meeting 1990"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Science_Fiction_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="World Science Fiction Society">World Science Fiction Society</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926213807/http://www.wsfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/minutes-1990.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft.atitle=Minutes+of+the+Business+Meeting+1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsfs.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F06%2Fminutes-1990.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96minutes-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96minutes_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/minutes-1996.pdf">"1996 WSFS Business Meeting Minutes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Science_Fiction_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="World Science Fiction Society">World Science Fiction Society</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926214259/http://www.wsfs.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/minutes-1996.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-09-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft.atitle=1996+WSFS+Business+Meeting+Minutes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsfs.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F06%2Fminutes-1996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo02-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugo02_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2002-hugo-awards/">"2002 Hugo Awards"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. 2007-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2002+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F2002-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo05-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugo05_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2005-hugo-awards/">"2005 Hugo Awards"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. 2007-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2005+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft.date=2007-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F2005-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo03-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugo03_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507164758/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2003-hugo-awards/">"2003 Hugo Awards"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2007-hugo-awards/">the original</a> on 2011-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2007+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F2007-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo09-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugo09_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507164818/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2009-hugo-awards/">"2009 Hugo Awards"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2009-hugo-awards/">the original</a> on 2011-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2009+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F2009-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo12-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hugo12_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120904054607/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2012-hugo-awards/">"2012 Hugo Awards"</a>. World Science Fiction Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2012-hugo-awards/">the original</a> on 2012-09-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F2012-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo18-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hugo18_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hugo18_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/2018-hugo-awards/">"2018 Hugo Awards"</a>. 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World Science Fiction Society. 2009-04-07. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709043503/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-awards-logo-contest-official-rules/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hugo+Awards%3A+Hugo+Awards+Logo+Contest+Official+Rules&rft.pub=World+Science+Fiction+Society&rft.date=2009-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-awards-logo-contest-official-rules%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScalziLogo-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ScalziLogo_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScalzi,_John2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Scalzi" title="John Scalzi">Scalzi, John</a> (2010-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whatever.scalzi.com/2010/01/05/your-hate-mail-will-be-graded-out-in-trade-paperback/">"Your Hate Mail Will Be Graded Out in Trade Paperback"</a>. scalzi.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709043512/http://whatever.scalzi.com/2010/01/05/your-hate-mail-will-be-graded-out-in-trade-paperback/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Your+Hate+Mail+Will+Be+Graded+Out+in+Trade+Paperback&rft.pub=scalzi.com&rft.date=2010-01-05&rft.au=Scalzi%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhatever.scalzi.com%2F2010%2F01%2F05%2Fyour-hate-mail-will-be-graded-out-in-trade-paperback%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FWFA-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FWFA_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gahan, <i>First World Fantasy Awards</i>, 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HWSFF-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HWSFF_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Card, <i>How to Write Science Fiction and Fantasy</i>, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MBW-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MBW_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curtis, <i>Mastering the Business of Writing</i>, ch. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AWCGSF-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AWCGSF_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barron, <i>Anatomy of Wonder</i>, p. 476</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THAS-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THAS_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Hugo Award Showcase Editorial Review", <i><a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldissWingrove1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Aldiss, Brian</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Wingrove" title="David Wingrove">Wingrove, David</a> (1988) [1973]. <i>Trillion Year Spree: The History of Science Fiction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Grafton_(publisher)" title="Grafton (publisher)">Paladin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-08684-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-586-08684-6"><bdi>0-586-08684-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trillion+Year+Spree%3A+The+History+of+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=Paladin&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-586-08684-6&rft.aulast=Aldiss&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Wingrove%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon-Smith2000" class="citation book cs1">Bacon-Smith, Camille (2000). <i>Science Fiction Culture</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1530-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1530-3"><bdi>0-8122-1530-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8122-1530-3&rft.aulast=Bacon-Smith&rft.aufirst=Camille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarron2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Barron" title="Neil Barron">Barron, Neil</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_Wonder:_A_Critical_Guide_to_Science_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomy of Wonder: A Critical Guide to Science Fiction">Anatomy of Wonder: A Critical Guide to Science Fiction</a></i> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">Libraries Unlimited</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59158-171-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59158-171-0"><bdi>1-59158-171-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Wonder%3A+A+Critical+Guide+to+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59158-171-0&rft.aulast=Barron&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCard1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Card, Orson Scott</a> (1990-07-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtowritescienc00card"><i>How to Write Science Fiction and Fantasy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_Digest" title="Writer's Digest">Writer's Digest Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89879-416-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89879-416-1"><bdi>0-89879-416-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Write+Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy&rft.pub=Writer%27s+Digest+Books&rft.date=1990-07-15&rft.isbn=0-89879-416-1&rft.aulast=Card&rft.aufirst=Orson+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowtowritescienc00card&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1996" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Richard (1996). "15". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masteringbusines00curt"><i>Mastering the Business of Writing</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Publishing" title="Skyhorse Publishing">Allworth Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880559-55-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-880559-55-2"><bdi>1-880559-55-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15&rft.btitle=Mastering+the+Business+of+Writing&rft.pub=Allworth+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-880559-55-2&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmasteringbusines00curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFransonDeVore1978" class="citation book cs1">Franson, Donald; <a href="/wiki/Howard_DeVore" title="Howard DeVore">DeVore, Howard</a> (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofhugoneb00fran"><i>A History of the Hugo, Nebula and International Fantasy Awards</i></a></span>. Misfit Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Hugo%2C+Nebula+and+International+Fantasy+Awards&rft.pub=Misfit+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Franson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=DeVore%2C+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofhugoneb00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunn,_James1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_E._Gunn_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Gunn (writer)">Gunn, James</a>, ed. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao00gunn"><i>The New Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-81041-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-81041-X"><bdi>0-670-81041-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-670-81041-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao00gunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarbalestier2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justine_Larbalestier" title="Justine Larbalestier">Larbalestier, Justine</a> (2002). <i>The Battle of the Sexes in Science Fiction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University_Press" title="Wesleyan University Press">Wesleyan University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-6527-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-6527-X"><bdi>0-8195-6527-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Sexes+in+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8195-6527-X&rft.aulast=Larbalestier&rft.aufirst=Justine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadle1954" class="citation journal cs1">Madle, Robert A. (March 1954). "Inside Science Fiction". <i><a href="/wiki/Future_Science_Fiction_and_Science_Fiction_Stories" title="Future Science Fiction and Science Fiction Stories">Future Science Fiction</a></i>. <b>4</b> (6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Future+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Inside+Science+Fiction&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1954-03&rft.aulast=Madle&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichollsClute1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Nicholls, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsc00ies1"><i>The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-09618-6"><bdi>0-312-09618-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-312-09618-6&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Clute%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofsc00ies1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Hugo Award Showcase Editorial Review". <i><a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a></i>. <b>257</b> (35). 2010-09-06. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0000-0019">0000-0019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+Hugo+Award+Showcase+Editorial+Review&rft.volume=257&rft.issue=35&rft.date=2010-09-06&rft.issn=0000-0019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jo_Walton" title="Jo Walton">Walton, Jo</a> (2018). <i><a href="/wiki/An_Informal_History_of_the_Hugos" title="An Informal History of the Hugos">An Informal History of the Hugos</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Tor_Books" title="Tor Books">Tor Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-7908-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-7908-5"><bdi>978-0-7653-7908-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Informal+History+of+the+Hugos&rft.pub=Tor+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7653-7908-5&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_Gahan1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gahan_Wilson" title="Gahan Wilson">Wilson, Gahan</a>, ed. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstworldfantas00wils"><i>First World Fantasy Awards</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-12199-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-12199-7"><bdi>0-385-12199-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+World+Fantasy+Awards&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-385-12199-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstworldfantas00wils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Award" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Award&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hugo_Award" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hugo Award">Hugo Award</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsfs.org/rules-of-the-world-science-fiction-society/">Current rules (including Constitution) of the WSFS</a></li></ul> <div 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Hugo Award for Best Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novella" title="Hugo Award for Best Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novelette" title="Hugo Award for Best Novelette">Novelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Short_Story" title="Hugo Award for Best Short Story">Short Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Series" title="Hugo Award for Best Series">Series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Dramatic_Presentation" title="Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation">Dramatic Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Related_Work" title="Hugo Award for Best Related Work">Related Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Graphic_Story" title="Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story">Graphic Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Game_or_Interactive_Work" title="Hugo Award for Best Game or Interactive Work">Game or Interactive Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discontinued_Hugo_Awards" title="Discontinued Hugo Awards">Discontinued awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines/Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Professional_Magazine" title="Hugo Award for Best Professional Magazine">Professional Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Semiprozine" title="Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine">Semiprozine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Fanzine" title="Hugo Award for Best Fanzine">Fanzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Fancast" title="Hugo Award for Best Fancast">Fancast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Professional_Editor" title="Hugo Award for Best Professional Editor">Professional Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Professional_Artist" title="Hugo Award for Best Professional Artist">Professional Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Fan_Artist" title="Hugo Award for Best Fan Artist">Fan Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Fan_Writer" title="Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer">Fan Writer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other WSFS awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer"><i>Astounding</i> Award for Best New Writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodestar_Award_for_Best_Young_Adult_Book" title="Lodestar Award for Best Young Adult Book">Lodestar Award for Best Young Adult Book</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Gernsback" title="Hugo Gernsback">Hugo Gernsback</a> (namesake)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Category</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Science_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Science fiction">Portal</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fantasy_fiction" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template talk:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fantasy_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Action-adventure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie" title="Féerie">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom"><i>Harry Potter</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" 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