CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Tincture (heraldry) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"feb9a4e9-a931-4858-9ef8-091454a26542","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Tincture_(heraldry)","wgTitle":"Tincture (heraldry)","wgCurRevisionId":1258192346,"wgRevisionId":1258192346,"wgArticleId":368995,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from September 2019","Articles containing Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles containing Hungarian-language text","CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing French-language text", "Articles containing Latin-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010","Articles needing additional references from October 2019","All articles needing additional references","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Heraldic tinctures","Color in culture","Heraldry"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Tincture_(heraldry)","wgRelevantArticleId":368995,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true, "wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3404720","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready", "user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tinctures_%28metals_and_colours%29.svg/1200px-Tinctures_%28metals_and_colours%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1541"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tinctures_%28metals_and_colours%29.svg/800px-Tinctures_%28metals_and_colours%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1028"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tinctures_%28metals_and_colours%29.svg/640px-Tinctures_%28metals_and_colours%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="822"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Tincture (heraldry) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tincture_heraldry rootpage-Tincture_heraldry skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tincture+%28heraldry%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tincture+%28heraldry%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tincture+%28heraldry%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tincture+%28heraldry%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Development_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Development and history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_and_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development and history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frequency_and_national_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency_and_national_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Frequency and national variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequency_and_national_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tinctures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tinctures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tinctures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tinctures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tinctures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tinctures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Colours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Stains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Furs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Furs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Furs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Furs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ermine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ermine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Ermine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ermine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Vair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_tinctures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_tinctures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other tinctures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_tinctures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Proper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Designations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Designations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Designations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Designations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Designations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artistic_liberties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_liberties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Artistic liberties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_liberties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_blazoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_blazoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In blazoning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_blazoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rule_of_tincture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule_of_tincture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Rule of tincture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rule_of_tincture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counterchanging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterchanging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Counterchanging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterchanging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monochromatic_presentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monochromatic_presentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Monochromatic presentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monochromatic_presentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hatching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hatching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Hatching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hatching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tricking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tricking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Tricking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tricking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetic_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetic_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Poetic representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetic_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tincture (heraldry)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tincture" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmalt_(her%C3%A0ldica)" title="Esmalt (heràldica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esmalt (heràldica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinktura_(heraldika)" title="Tinktura (heraldika) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tinktura (heraldika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinktur" title="Tinktur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tinktur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingierung" title="Tingierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tingierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldiline_v%C3%A4rv" title="Heraldiline värv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Heraldiline värv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_(%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Βάμμα (εραλδική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βάμμα (εραλδική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmalte_(her%C3%A1ldica)" title="Esmalte (heráldica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esmalte (heráldica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldikaj_koloroj" title="Heraldikaj koloroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Heraldikaj koloroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF_(%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="رنگ (نشان‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنگ (نشان‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couleur_(h%C3%A9raldique)" title="Couleur (héraldique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Couleur (héraldique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinktuer_(heraldyk)" title="Tinktuer (heraldyk) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tinktuer (heraldyk)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmalte_(her%C3%A1ldica)" title="Esmalte (heráldica) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Esmalte (heráldica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%85%ED%81%AC%EC%B2%98" title="팅크처 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팅크처" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinktura_(heraldika)" title="Tinktura (heraldika) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tinktura (heraldika)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulasan_(heraldik)" title="Pulasan (heraldik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pulasan (heraldik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalto_(araldica)" title="Smalto (araldica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Smalto (araldica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Тинктура (геральдика) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тинктура (геральдика)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinctura_heraldica" title="Tinctura heraldica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tinctura heraldica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faarf_(Heraldik)" title="Faarf (Heraldik) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Faarf (Heraldik)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalvos_(heraldika)" title="Spalvos (heraldika) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Spalvos (heraldika)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalt_(araldega)" title="Smalt (araldega) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Smalt (araldega)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bor%C3%ADt%C3%A1s" title="Borítás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Borítás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldische_kleur" title="Heraldische kleur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heraldische kleur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldische_kleur" title="Heraldische kleur – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Heraldische kleur" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC_(%E7%B4%8B%E7%AB%A0%E5%AD%A6)" title="ティンクチャー (紋章学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ティンクチャー (紋章学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkturer" title="Tinkturer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tinkturer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynktura_(heraldyka)" title="Tynktura (heraldyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tynktura (heraldyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmalte_(her%C3%A1ldica)" title="Esmalte (heráldica) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esmalte (heráldica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Тинктуры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тинктуры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B5,_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Боје, метали и крзна у хералдици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Боје, метали и крзна у хералдици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zna%C4%8Denje_boja_u_heraldici" title="Značenje boja u heraldici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Značenje boja u heraldici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinktuuri" title="Tinktuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tinktuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinktur_(heraldik)" title="Tinktur (heraldik) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tinktur (heraldik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C)" title="ผิวตรา (มุทราศาสตร์) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผิวตรา (มุทราศาสตร์)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Тинктури – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тинктури" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%8F%E8%89%B2_(%E7%B4%8B%E7%AB%A0%E5%AD%B8)" title="顏色 (紋章學) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="顏色 (紋章學)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3404720#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tincture_(heraldry)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Tincture_(heraldry)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&oldid=1258192346" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Tincture_%28heraldry%29&id=1258192346&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTincture_%28heraldry%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTincture_%28heraldry%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tincture_%28heraldry%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heraldic_tinctures" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3404720" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the herbal liquid also known as <a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">Tincture</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metal, colour, or fur used in heraldic design</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tinctures_(metals_and_colours).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tinctures_%28metals_and_colours%29.svg/220px-Tinctures_%28metals_and_colours%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tinctures_%28metals_and_colours%29.svg/330px-Tinctures_%28metals_and_colours%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Tinctures_%28metals_and_colours%29.svg/440px-Tinctures_%28metals_and_colours%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption>The metals and common colours of heraldry. One system of <a href="/wiki/Hatching_(heraldry)" title="Hatching (heraldry)">hatching</a> is shown at right</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tinctures</b> are the colours, metals, and furs used in <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>. Nine tinctures are in common use: two metals, <i><a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">or</a></i> (gold or yellow) and <i><a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">argent</a></i> (silver or white); the colours <i><a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">gules</a></i> (red), <i><a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">azure</a></i> (blue), <i><a href="/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)" title="Vert (heraldry)">vert</a></i> (green), <i><a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">sable</a></i> (black), and <i><a href="/wiki/Purpure" title="Purpure">purpure</a></i> (purple); and the furs <i><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">ermine</a></i>, which represents the winter fur of a <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">stoat</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Vair" title="Vair">vair</a></i>, which represents the fur of a <a href="/wiki/Red_squirrel" title="Red squirrel">red squirrel</a>. The use of other tinctures varies depending on the time period and <a href="/wiki/Heraldry#National_styles" title="Heraldry">heraldic tradition</a> in question. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style></p><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Heraldry" title="Category:Heraldry">series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldic</a> <a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">achievement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> External devices in addition to the central <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background-color:white; padding:0 0.5em;"> <div style="position: relative; width:250px; float:right; margin-left:12px; border:none;"> <div style="position: relative;"> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:normal; left: 84px; top: 195px; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">Escutcheon </a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 79px; top: 160px; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Field_(heraldry)" title="Field (heraldry)">Field</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 5px; top: 140px; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">Supporter</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:normal; left: 108px; top: 25px; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">Crest</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 112px; top: 48px; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Torse" title="Torse">Torse</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 160px; top: 75px; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Mantling" title="Mantling">Mantling</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:normal; left: 100px; top: 78px; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Helmet_(heraldry)" title="Helmet (heraldry)">Helmet</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:normal; left: 100px; top: 95px; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)" title="Crown (heraldry)">Crown</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:normal; left: 78px; top: 238px; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Compartment_(heraldry)" title="Compartment (heraldry)">Compartment</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 125px; top: 168px; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)" title="Charge (heraldry)">Charge</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:smaller; left: 75px; top: 260px; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Motto#Mottos_in_heraldry" title="Motto">Motto</a></b> (or <b><a href="/wiki/Slogan_(heraldry)" title="Slogan (heraldry)">slogan</a></b>)</div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size:larger; left: 73px; top: 115px; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></b></div> <span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat-elements.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Outline of a coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat-elements.png/250px-Coat-elements.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat-elements.png/375px-Coat-elements.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat-elements.png/500px-Coat-elements.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="731" /></a></span></div> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/14px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/22px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/29px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Heraldry portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldic_achievement" title="Template:Heraldic achievement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heraldic_achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Heraldic achievement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldic_achievement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldic achievement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Where the tinctures are not depicted in full colour, they may be represented using one of several systems of <a href="/wiki/Hatching_(heraldry)" title="Hatching (heraldry)">hatching</a>, in which each tincture is assigned a distinct pattern, or <a href="/wiki/Tricking" title="Tricking">tricking</a>, in which each tincture is designated by a letter or abbreviation.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodcock_and_Robinson_51–55_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodcock_and_Robinson_51–55-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, particularly between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, the tinctures were sometimes associated with the planets, precious stones, virtues, and elements. However, in contemporary heraldry they are not assigned any particular meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodcock_and_Robinson_51–55_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodcock_and_Robinson_51–55-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_and_history">Development and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of tinctures dates back to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_heraldry" title="History of heraldry">formative period of European heraldry</a> in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The range of tinctures and the manner of depicting and describing them has evolved over time, as new variations and practices have developed. The earliest surviving coloured heraldic illustrations, from the mid-thirteenth century, show the use of the two metals, five colours, and two furs. Since that time, the great majority of heraldic art has employed these nine tinctures.<sup id="cite_ref-Neubecker_86–87_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neubecker_86–87-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The distinction between colours and metals is not made in many medieval heraldic treatises, including the Anglo-Norman <i>De Heraudie</i>, which has been dated to between 1280–1300 or 1341–45, the Italian <i>Tractatus de Insigniis et Armis</i>, published in 1358, the <i>Tractatus de Armis</i>, which dates from shortly after 1394, or the mid-fifteenth century <i>Bradfer-Lawrence Roll</i>. In addition, while <i>De Heraudie</i> and the <i>Bradfer-Lawrence</i> list the seven common metals and colours of contemporary heraldry, the <i>Tractatus de Insigniis</i> combines red and purple and omits green, and the <i>Tractatus de Armis</i> omits purple.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodcock_and_Robinson_51–55_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodcock_and_Robinson_51–55-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fourteenth-century English treatise, possibly by the same author as the <i>Tractatus de Armis</i>, does make the distinction between colours and metals and lists the seven in contemporary use in addition to the colour <i>tawny</i>, which it states is used only in France and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The <i>Accedence of Armory</i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Legh" title="Gerard Legh">Gerard Legh</a> in 1562, also distinguishes between colours and metals, listing the seven in contemporary use as well as <i>proper</i>, the natural colour of any animal, bird, or herb. Legh rejects <i>tawny</i> as non-existent and <i>sanguine</i> or <i>murrey</i>, a reddish-brown tincture, as a mistake for <i>purpure</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodcock_and_Robinson_51–55_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodcock_and_Robinson_51–55-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tinctures are not standardised, with any shade being acceptable so long as it cannot be confused with another tincture.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodcock_and_Robinson_50_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodcock_and_Robinson_50-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Purpure</i>, in particular, has been depicted in a range of shades; many grants by the Tudor officer of arms <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wriothesley" title="Thomas Wriothesley">Thomas Wriothesley</a>, for example, use for <i>purpure</i> a reddish-purple shade which would now be described as <i>murrey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodcock_and_Robinson_51–55_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodcock_and_Robinson_51–55-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, variations on these basic tinctures were developed, particularly with respect to the furs. Authorities differ as to whether these variations should be considered separate tinctures, or merely varieties of existing ones. Two additional colours appeared, and were generally accepted by heraldic writers, although they remained scarce, and were eventually termed <i>stains</i>, from the belief that they were used to signify some dishonour on the part of the bearer.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_60–61_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_60–61-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other colours have appeared occasionally since the eighteenth century, especially in continental heraldry, but their use is infrequent, and they have never been regarded as particularly heraldic, or numbered among the tinctures that form the basis of heraldic design.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frequency_and_national_variants">Frequency and national variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Frequency and national variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraldic_tinctures_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Heraldic_tinctures_diagram.svg/220px-Heraldic_tinctures_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Heraldic_tinctures_diagram.svg/330px-Heraldic_tinctures_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Heraldic_tinctures_diagram.svg/440px-Heraldic_tinctures_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of various tinctures in heraldry:First row: Metals; Second row: Colours; Third row: Stains; Fourth row: Nontraditional tinctures</figcaption></figure> <p>The frequency with which different tinctures have been used over time has been much observed, but little studied. There are some general trends of note, both with respect to the passage of time, and noted preferences from one region to another. </p><p>In medieval heraldry, <i><a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">gules</a></i> was by far the most common tincture, followed by the metals <i><a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">argent</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">or</a></i>, at least one of which necessarily appeared on the majority of arms (see below). Among the colours, <i><a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">sable</a></i> was the second most common, followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">azure</a>.</i> <a href="/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)" title="Vert (heraldry)"><i>Vert</i></a>, although present from the formative period of heraldic design, was relatively scarce.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the popularity of <i>azure</i> increased above that of <i>sable</i>, while <i>gules</i>, still the most common, became less dominant. A survey of French arms granted during the seventeenth century reveals a distinct split between the trends for the arms granted to nobles and commoners. Among nobles, <i>gules</i> remained the most common tincture, closely followed by <i>or</i>, then by <i>argent</i> and <i>azure</i> at nearly equal levels; sable was a very distant fifth choice, while <i>vert</i> remained scarce. Among commoners, <i>azure</i> was easily the most common tincture, followed by <i>or</i>, and only then by <i>gules</i>, <i>argent</i>, and <i>sable</i>, which was used more by commoners than among the nobility; <i>vert</i>, however, was even scarcer in common arms.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Purpure" title="Purpure">Purpure</a></i> is so scarce in French heraldry that some authorities do not regard it as a "real heraldic tincture".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the whole, French heraldry is known for its use of <i>azure</i> and <i>or</i>, while English heraldry is characterized by heavy use of <i>gules</i> and <i>argent</i>, and unlike French heraldry, it has always made regular use of <i>vert</i>, and occasional, if not extensive, use of <i>purpure</i>. German heraldry is known for its extensive use of <i>or</i> and <i>sable</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Neubecker_86–87_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neubecker_86–87-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German and Nordic heraldry rarely make use of <i>purpure</i> or <i>ermine</i>, except in <a href="/wiki/Mantling" title="Mantling">mantling</a>, pavilions, and the lining of crowns and caps.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, furs occur infrequently in German and Nordic heraldry.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tinctures">Tinctures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tinctures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><span class="anchor" id="tinctures_table"></span> Heraldic tinctures (excluding <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Furs">furs</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Class </th> <th colspan="2">Metals </th> <th colspan="5">Colours </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stain_(heraldry)" title="Stain (heraldry)">Stains</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">Sable</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)" title="Vert (heraldry)">Vert</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Purpure" title="Purpure">Purpure</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Murrey" title="Murrey">Murrey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanguine_(heraldry)" title="Sanguine (heraldry)">Sanguine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenn%C3%A9" title="Tenné">Tenné</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:30px"> <th colspan="2">Tincture </th> <td style="background:white"> </td> <td style="background:gold"> </td> <td style="background:red"> </td> <td style="background:black"> </td> <td style="background:blue"> </td> <td style="background:green"> </td> <td style="background:purple"> </td> <td style="background:#8b004b" title="#8b004b"> </td> <td style="background:FireBrick"> </td> <td style="background:#c67000" title="#c67000"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Non-heraldic equivalent </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_(color)" title="Silver (color)">Silver</a>/<a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold_(color)" title="Gold (color)">Gold</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_(color)" title="Mulberry (color)">Mulberry</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blood_red" title="Blood red">Blood red</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tawny_(color)" title="Tawny (color)">Tawny</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Monochromatic <br />designations </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hatching_(heraldry)" title="Hatching (heraldry)">Hatching</a> </th> <td style="background:white"> </td> <td style="background-color: white; background-image: radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0), radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0); background-size: 10px 10px; background-position: 0px 0px, 5px 5px;)"> </td> <td style="white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, white 0, white 4px, black 4px, black 5px)"> </td> <td style="white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px)"> </td> <td style="white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, white 0, white 4px, black 4px, black 5px)"> </td> <td style="white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, white 1px, white 5px)"> </td> <td style="white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(-45deg, black 0, black 1px, white 1px, white 5px)"> </td> <td style="white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(135deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px)"> </td> <td style="white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px)"> </td> <td style="white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px)"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tricking" title="Tricking">Tricking</a> <abbr title="abbreviation">abbr.</abbr> </th> <td>ar. </td> <td>o. </td> <td>gu. </td> <td>s., sa. </td> <td>as., bl., b. </td> <td>vt., v. </td> <td>purp., pu., p. </td> <td>m. </td> <td>♌︎ </td> <td>♌︎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tinctures.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tinctures.svg/220px-Tinctures.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="566" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tinctures.svg/330px-Tinctures.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Tinctures.svg/440px-Tinctures.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Table of the tinctures and furs</figcaption></figure> <p>The colours and patterns of the heraldic palette are divided into three groups, usually known as <i>metals</i>, <i>colours</i>, and <i>furs</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metals">Metals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Metals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The metals are <i>or</i> and <i>argent</i>, representing gold and silver respectively, although in practice they are often depicted as yellow and white.<sup id="cite_ref-CGH_70_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGH_70-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_60_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_60-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)"><i><b>Or</b></i></a> <small>(Ger. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gelb</i></span></i>, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gold</i></span></i>, or <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">golden</i></span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Neubecker_Leonhard_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neubecker_Leonhard-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> derives its name from the Latin <i>aurum</i>, "gold". It may be depicted using either yellow or metallic gold, at the artist's discretion; "yellow" has no separate existence in heraldry, and is never used to represent any tincture other than or.<sup id="cite_ref-CGH_70_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGH_70-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a></b></i> <small>(Ger. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Weiß</i></span></i>, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Weiss</i></span></i>, <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Silber</i></span></i>, or <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">silbern</i></span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Neubecker_Leonhard_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neubecker_Leonhard-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> is similarly derived from the Latin <i>argentum</i>, "silver". Although sometimes depicted as metallic silver or faint grey, it is more often represented by white, in part because of the tendency for silver paint to oxidize and darken over time,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in part because of the pleasing effect of white against a contrasting colour.<sup id="cite_ref-CGH_70_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGH_70-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notwithstanding the widespread use of white for argent, some heraldic authorities have suggested the existence of white as a distinct heraldic colour.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colours">Colours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The five common colours in heraldry are <i>gules</i>, or red; <i>sable</i>, or black; <i>azure</i>, or blue; <i>vert</i>, or green; and <i>purpure</i>, or purple. </p><p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a></b></i> <small>(Fr. <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">gueules</i></span></i>, Ger. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rot</i></span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_Neubecker_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_Neubecker-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> is of uncertain derivation; outside of the heraldic context, the modern French word refers to the mouth of an animal.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)"><i><b>Sable</b></i></a> <small>(Ger. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schwarz</i></span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Neubecker_86–87_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neubecker_86–87-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> is named for a <a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">type of marten</a>, known for its dark, luxuriant fur.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)"><i><b>Azure</b></i></a> <small>(Fr. <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">azur</i></span></i> or <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bleu</i></span></i>, Ger. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Blau</i></span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_Neubecker_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_Neubecker-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> comes through the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <i>lāzaward</i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <i>lāžavard</i> both referring to the blue mineral <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>, used to produce blue pigments. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)" title="Vert (heraldry)"><i><b>Vert</b></i></a> <small>(Fr. <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">vert</i></span></i> or <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sinople</i></span></i>, Ger. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Grün</i></span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_Neubecker_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_Neubecker-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> is from Latin <i>viridis</i>, "green". The alternative name in French, <i>sinople</i>, is derived from the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>), which was famous for its pigments. </p><p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Purpure" title="Purpure">Purpure</a></b></i> <small>(Fr. <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">purpure</i></span> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pourpre</i></span></i>, Ger. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Purpur</i></span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_Neubecker_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_Neubecker-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> is from Latin <i>purpura</i>, in turn from Greek <i>porphyra</i>, the dye known as <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a>. This expensive dye, known from antiquity, produced a much redder purple than the modern heraldic colour; and in fact earlier depictions of purpure are far redder than recent ones. As a heraldic colour, purpure may have originated as a variation of gules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stains">Stains</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three more tinctures were eventually acknowledged by most heraldic authorities: <i>sanguine</i>, a blood red, <i>murrey</i>, a dark red or mulberry colour; and <i>tenné</i>, an orange or dark yellow to brownish colour. These were termed "stains" by some of the more influential heraldic writers and supposed to represent some sort of dishonour on the part of the bearer, but there is no evidence that they were ever so employed and they probably originated as mere variations of existing colours.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_60–61_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_60–61-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the belief that they represented stains upon the honour of an armiger served to prevent them receiving widespread use, and it is only in recent times that they have begun to appear on a regular basis.<sup id="cite_ref-CoA_Official_Site_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoA_Official_Site-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Sanguine_(heraldry)" title="Sanguine (heraldry)"><i>Sanguine</i></a></b> from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sanguineus</i></span>, "blood red", one the so-called "stains" in British armory, is a dark blood red between gules and purpure in hue.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_60_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_60-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It probably originated as a mere variation of red and may in fact represent the original hue of <i>purpure</i>, which is now treated as a much bluer colour than when it first appeared in heraldry. It was long shunned in the belief that it represented some dishonour on the part of the bearer.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murrey" title="Murrey">Murrey</a></b></i>, from the Greek <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">morum</i></span>, "mulberry", it has found some use in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CoA_Official_Site_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoA_Official_Site-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murrey is also the official colour of the Order of the Bath ribbon. </p><p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tenn%C3%A9" title="Tenné">Tenné</a></b></i> or <i><b>tenny</b></i> or <i><b>tawny</b></i>, from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">tannare</i></span>, "to tan". It is most often depicted as orange, but sometimes as tawny yellow or brown. In earlier times it was occasionally used in continental heraldry, but in England largely confined to <a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">livery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_60–61_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_60–61-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Furs">Furs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Furs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solemn_kanunnik_brugge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Solemn_kanunnik_brugge.jpg/220px-Solemn_kanunnik_brugge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Solemn_kanunnik_brugge.jpg/330px-Solemn_kanunnik_brugge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Solemn_kanunnik_brugge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Canons from the <a href="/wiki/Chapter_(religion)" title="Chapter (religion)">chapter</a> of Bruges, solemn winterdress in fur</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of heraldic furs alongside the metals and colours dates to the beginning of the art. In this earliest period, there were only two furs, ermine and vair.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermine</a> represents the fur of the <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">stoat</a>, a type of weasel, in its white winter coat, when it is called an ermine. <a href="/wiki/Vair" title="Vair">Vair</a> represents the winter coat of the <a href="/wiki/Red_squirrel" title="Red squirrel">red squirrel</a>, which is blue-grey above and white below. These furs were commonly used to line the cloaks and robes of the nobility. Both ermine and vair give the appearance of being a combination of metal and colour, but in heraldic convention they are considered a separate class of tincture that is neither metal nor colour. Over time, several variations of ermine and vair have appeared, together with three additional furs typically encountered in continental heraldry, known as <i>plumeté</i>, <i>papelonné</i>, and <i>kürsch</i>, the origins of which are more mysterious, but which probably began as variations of vair.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_Ermine_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_Ermine-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ermine">Ermine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ermine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermine (heraldry)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_Bretagne_-_Arms_of_Brittany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Armoiries_Bretagne_-_Arms_of_Brittany.svg/220px-Armoiries_Bretagne_-_Arms_of_Brittany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Armoiries_Bretagne_-_Arms_of_Brittany.svg/330px-Armoiries_Bretagne_-_Arms_of_Brittany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Armoiries_Bretagne_-_Arms_of_Brittany.svg/440px-Armoiries_Bretagne_-_Arms_of_Brittany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Ermine</figcaption></figure> <p>Ermine <small>(Fr. <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">hermine</i></span></i>, Ger. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">hermelin</i></span></i>)</small> is normally depicted as a white field powdered with black spots, known as "ermine spots", representing the ermine's black tail. The use of white instead of silver is normal, even when silver is available, since this is how the fur naturally appears; but occasionally silver is used to depict ermine.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_Ermine_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_Ermine-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is considerable variation in the shape of ermine spots; in the oldest depictions, they were drawn realistically, as long, tapering points; in modern times they are typically drawn as arrowheads, usually topped by three small dots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vair">Vair</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vair" title="Vair">Vair</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vair_renvers%C3%A9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vair_renvers%C3%A9.svg/220px-Vair_renvers%C3%A9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vair_renvers%C3%A9.svg/330px-Vair_renvers%C3%A9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vair_renvers%C3%A9.svg/440px-Vair_renvers%C3%A9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Vair</figcaption></figure> <p>Vair<small> (Ger. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Feh</i></span></i>)</small> derives its name from Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">varius</i></span></i>, "variegated". It is usually depicted as a series of alternating shapes, conventionally known as panes or "vair bells", of argent and azure, arranged in horizontal rows, so that the panes of one tincture form the upper part of the row, while those of the opposite tincture are on the bottom. Succeeding rows are staggered, so that the bases of the panes making up each row are opposite those of the other tincture in the rows above and below. As with ermine, the argent panes may be depicted as either white or silver; silver is used more often with vair than with ermine, but the natural fur is white.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_Vair_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_Vair-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CGH_79–83_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGH_79–83-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the pattern of vair is used with other colours, the field is termed <i>vairé</i> or <i>vairy</i><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the tinctures used. Normally vairé consists of one metal and one colour, although ermine or one of its variants is sometimes used, with an ermine spot appearing in each pane of that tincture. Vairé of four colours (Ger. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Buntfeh</i></span></i>, "gay-coloured" or "checked vair") is also known, usually consisting of two metals and two colours.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_Vair_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_Vair-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CGH_79–83_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGH_79–83-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several variant shapes exist, of which the most common is known as <i>potent</i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Ger. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sturzkrückenfeh</i></span></i>, "upside-down crutch vair"). In this form, the familiar "vair bell" is replaced by a T-shaped figure, known as a "potent" due to its resemblance to a crutch. Other furs sometimes encountered in continental heraldry, which are thought to be derived from vair, include <i>plumeté</i> or <i>plumetty</i> and <i>papelonné</i> or <i>papellony</i>. In <i>plumeté</i>, the panes are depicted as feathers; in <i>papelonné</i> they are depicted as scales, resembling those of a butterfly's wings (whence the name is derived). These can be modified with the colour, arrangement, and size variants of vair, though those variants are much less common. In German heraldry there is also a fur known as <i>Kürsch</i>, or "vair bellies", consisting of panes depicted hairy and brown.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_Vair_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_Vair-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CGH_79–83_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGH_79–83-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here the phrase "vair bellies" may be a misnomer, as the belly of the red squirrel is always white, although its summer coat is indeed reddish brown. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Illustration_Tincture_Vairy_potent.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Potent"><img alt="Potent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coa_Illustration_Tincture_Vairy_potent.svg/104px-Coa_Illustration_Tincture_Vairy_potent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coa_Illustration_Tincture_Vairy_potent.svg/156px-Coa_Illustration_Tincture_Vairy_potent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coa_Illustration_Tincture_Vairy_potent.svg/208px-Coa_Illustration_Tincture_Vairy_potent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Potent</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_de_la_ville_de_M%C3%A9rignies_(59)_Nord-France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plumeté or and sable"><img alt="Plumeté or and sable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Blason_de_la_ville_de_M%C3%A9rignies_%2859%29_Nord-France.svg/109px-Blason_de_la_ville_de_M%C3%A9rignies_%2859%29_Nord-France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Blason_de_la_ville_de_M%C3%A9rignies_%2859%29_Nord-France.svg/164px-Blason_de_la_ville_de_M%C3%A9rignies_%2859%29_Nord-France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Blason_de_la_ville_de_M%C3%A9rignies_%2859%29_Nord-France.svg/218px-Blason_de_la_ville_de_M%C3%A9rignies_%2859%29_Nord-France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Plumeté or and sable</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Maison_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant_(ancien).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gules, papelonné or"><img alt="Gules, papelonné or" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Blason_Maison_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant_%28ancien%29.svg/109px-Blason_Maison_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant_%28ancien%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Blason_Maison_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant_%28ancien%29.svg/164px-Blason_Maison_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant_%28ancien%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Blason_Maison_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant_%28ancien%29.svg/218px-Blason_Maison_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant_%28ancien%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Gules, papelonné or</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kursch.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Kürsch"><img alt="Kürsch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Kursch.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="97" data-file-height="116" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kürsch</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_tinctures">Other tinctures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other tinctures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several other tinctures are occasionally encountered, usually in continental heraldry: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cendr%C3%A9e" title="Cendrée">Cendrée</a></b>, or "ash-colour";<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>viii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brun%C3%A2tre" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunâtre">Brunâtre</a></b> <small>(Ger. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Braun</i></span></i>)</small>, or brown, occasionally used in German heraldry in place of <i>purpure</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ix<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bleu_celeste" title="Bleu celeste">Bleu-céleste</a></b> or <b>bleu de ciel</b>, a sky blue colour intended to be lighter than <i>azure</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>x<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Amaranth</b> or <b>columbine</b>, a strong violet-red, found in at least one grant of arms to a Bohemian knight in 1701;</li> <li><b>Eisen-farbe</b>, or iron-colour, found in German heraldry</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Carnation_(heraldry)" title="Carnation (heraldry)">Carnation</a></b>, often used in French heraldry as the colour of white human skin.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Orange_(heraldry)" title="Orange (heraldry)">Orange</a></b>, rarely used other than in Catalan, South African, French municipal and American military heraldry</li></ul> <p>The heraldic scholar <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies" title="Arthur Charles Fox-Davies">A. C. Fox-Davies</a> proposed that, in some circumstances, <i>white</i> should be considered a heraldic colour, distinct from <i><a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">argent</a></i>. In a number of instances, a label or collar blazoned as "white" rather than "argent" appears on a supporter blazoned argent <i>or</i> or. The use of "white" in place of "argent" would be consistent with the Victorian practice of heraldic blazon that discouraged repeating the name of a tincture in describing a coat of arms, but if it were merely intended as a synonym of "argent", this placement would clearly violate the rule against placing metal on metal or colour on colour (see below). This difficulty is avoided if "white" is considered a colour in this particular instance, rather than a synonym of "argent".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation has neither been accepted nor refuted by any heraldic authority, but a counter-argument is that the labels are not intended to represent a heraldic tincture, but are in fact white labels proper. </p><p>Other exceptional colours have occasionally appeared during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries: </p><p>The arms of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Autonomous Region">Jewish Autonomous Region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> have a field of <i>aquamarine</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority" title="Canadian Heraldic Authority">Canadian Heraldic Authority</a> granted arms containing <i><a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldic_tincture)" title="Rose (heraldic tincture)">rose</a></i> as a colour in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, the Authority granted arms including <i><a href="/wiki/Copper_(heraldry)" title="Copper (heraldry)">copper</a></i>, treated as a metal, to the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Whitehorse,_Yukon" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitehorse, Yukon">Whitehorse, Yukon</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">Ochre</a></i>, both red and yellow, appears in <a href="/wiki/South_African_heraldry" title="South African heraldry">South African heraldry</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa" title="Coat of arms of South Africa">national coat of arms</a>, adopted in 2000, includes <i>red ochre</i>, while (possibly yellow but more likely red) ochre appears in the arms of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Transkei" title="University of Transkei">University of Transkei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, heraldry is not governed by any official authority; but the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, which makes extensive use of heraldry, does have its own authority, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Institute_of_Heraldry" title="United States Army Institute of Heraldry">United States Army Institute of Heraldry</a>. The armorial designs of the Institute of Heraldry include a number of novel tinctures, including <i><a href="/wiki/Buff_(colour)" title="Buff (colour)">buff</a></i> (employed variously as either a metal or a colour),<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>horizon blue</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Silver gray</i> has appeared in the heraldry of both the Army and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bronze</i> appears as a colour in the arms of the Special Troops Battalion of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There seems to be some confusion about the colour <i>crimson</i>, as in some cases it is treated as a separate tincture, while in others it is used to specify the shade of gules to be employed by the artist.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar issue exists about a blue-green colour referred to as <i>teal</i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>turquoise</i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is either treated separate or as a specific shade of azure or céleste. Differing from most heraldic practice, the Institute of Heraldry often specifies the exact shades to be used in depicting various arms. </p><p>Buff is also used by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority" title="Canadian Heraldic Authority">Canadian Heraldic Authority</a>, who treat it as a colour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proper">Proper</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Proper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A charge that is coloured as it naturally appears is blazoned <i>proper</i> (Fr. <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">propre</i></span></i>), or "the colour of nature".<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_62_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_62-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CGH_74–76_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGH_74–76-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strictly speaking, <i>proper</i> is not a tincture in itself, and if, as is sometimes the case, a charge is meant to be depicted in particular colours that are not apparent from the word "proper" alone, they may be specified in whatever detail is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_62_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_62-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CGH_74–76_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGH_74–76-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain charges are considered "proper" when portrayed with particular colours, even though a range of different colours is found in nature; for instance, a popinjay <i>proper</i> is green, even though wild parrots occur in a variety of colours. In some cases, a charge depicted in a particular set of colours may be referred to as "proper", even though it consists entirely of heraldic tinctures; a rose <i>proper</i>, whether red or white, is barbed <i>vert</i> and seeded <i>or</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most extensive use of non-heraldic colours is probably associated with "landscape heraldry", a common feature of British and German armory during the latter part of the eighteenth century, and the early part of the nineteenth. Although rarely used for the field itself, landscapes were often granted as <a href="/wiki/Augmentation_of_honour" title="Augmentation of honour">augmentations</a>, typically depicting a fortress successfully captured or defended, or a particular ship, or a battle in which the armiger to whom the augmentation was granted was involved. Such landscapes, usually appearing on a chief, might be blazoned with great particularity as to the things portrayed and the colours used to portray them. Officially, these landscapes appeared on a field of argent, but it was common, and perhaps expected, for the artist to add further details, such as the sky and clouds, by which the field might be wholly obscured. The use of landscapes in heraldry fell out of fashion during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, when heraldic scholars and artists began looking to earlier and simpler periods of armorial design for inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the English-speaking world, heraldic terminology is based largely on that of British armory, which in turn is based on <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman French</a>. With respect to the heraldic tinctures, French heraldry, which is often cited by heraldic authors, uses similar terminology. However, German heraldry, also highly influential, uses a different vocabulary; it calls the colours by their everyday names.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xiii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its original sense, <i>tincture</i> refers only to the group conventionally referred to as "colours".<sup id="cite_ref-CGH_70_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGH_70-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But as the word "colour" seems inapplicable to the heraldic furs, and no other term clearly encompasses all three classes, the word "tincture" has come to be used in this broader sense, while "colour" has acquired the more restricted sense originally given to "tincture".<sup id="cite_ref-Woodward_60_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodward_60-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, when consulting various heraldic authorities, care must be taken to determine which meaning each term is given. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Designations">Designations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Designations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artistic_liberties">Artistic liberties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Artistic liberties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most heraldic tradition, the various metals and colours have no fixed appearance, hue, or shade. The heraldic artist is free to choose a lighter or darker blue or green, a deeper or brighter red; to choose between depicting <i>or</i> with yellow or any of various gold paints, to depict <i>argent</i> as white or silver.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently the College of Arms explained, "there are no fixed shades for heraldic colours. If the official description of a coat of arms gives its tinctures as Gules (red), Azure (blue) and Argent (white or silver) then, as long as the blue is not too light and the red not too orange, purple or pink, it is up to the artists to decide which particular shades they think are appropriate."<sup id="cite_ref-CoA_Official_Site_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoA_Official_Site-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_blazoning">In blazoning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In blazoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">Blazon</a></div> <p>Most heraldic authors do not capitalize the names of the various tinctures, although a few do (sometimes inconsistently), and some who do not capitalize the other tinctures recommend capitalizing <i>or</i> in order to avoid confusion with the conjunction. However, there are relatively few occasions in which the conjunction "or" would appear in the blazon of a coat of arms, and if properly worded, which meaning is intended should be readily apparent from the context.<sup id="cite_ref-Neubecker_86–87_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neubecker_86–87-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another convention has been to capitalize only the first word or the first tincture appearing in the blazon, but no other words.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the elaborate calligraphy appearing on most grants of arms, all of the tinctures are capitalized, as indeed are the names of the charges, but this is purely a matter of decorative style, and in no way does the manner of capitalization used in the original grant affect how the arms may be described on other occasions. </p><p>A long-standing heraldic tradition has been to avoid repeating the names of tinctures multiple times in any given blazon. If it is possible to mention multiple charges of the same tincture at once, followed by the name of the tincture, then this problem is avoided, but when it is impossible to combine elements of the same tincture in this manner, more creative descriptions may be used. For example, instead of "gules, on a fess or between three chess-rooks argent, a lion passant gules, armed and langued argent", one might say, "gules, on a fess or between three chess-rooks argent, a lion passant <i>of the field</i>, armed and langued <i>of the third</i>." Similar phrases include "of the last" and "of the like". Alternately, descriptions such as "gold" and "silver" might be substituted for "or" and "argent" on a subsequent occurrence. Another rule of blazon relating to tinctures suggests the placing of a comma after each occurrence of a tincture.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, the College of Arms has regularly dispensed with many of these practices, believing them to cause confusion, and in new grants of arms, the names of tinctures are repeated on each instance that they occur. The names of all tinctures and charges are capitalized, although the word "proper", indicating the colour of nature, is not, and internal commas are entirely omitted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rule_of_tincture">Rule of tincture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rule of tincture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_tincture" title="Rule of tincture">Rule of tincture</a></div> <p>The first so-called "rule" of heraldry is the <b>rule of tincture</b>: <i>metal should not be placed upon metal, nor colour upon colour</i>, for the sake of contrast. </p><p>The main duty of a heraldic device is to be recognized, and the dark colours or light metals are supposed to be too difficult to distinguish if they are placed on top of other dark or light colours, particularly in poor light. Though this is the practical genesis of the rule, the rule is technical and appearance is not used in determining whether arms conform to the rule. Another reason sometimes given to justify this rule is that it was difficult to paint enamel colours over other enamel colours, or with metal over metal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This "rule" has at times been followed so pedantically that arms that violate it were called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armes_fausses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armes fausses (page does not exist)">armes fausses</a></i></span> "false arms" or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armes_%C3%A0_enqu%C3%A9rir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armes à enquérir (page does not exist)">armes à enquérir</a></i></span> "arms of enquiry"; any violation was presumed to be intentional, to the point that one was supposed to enquire how it came to pass. One of the most famous <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">armes à enquérir</i></span> was the shield of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, which had gold crosses on silver. This use of white and gold together is also seen on the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem#Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">arms of the King of Jerusalem</a>, the flag and arms of the Vatican, and the bishop's mitre in the arms of Andorra. These uses of gold on silver indicate the exceptional holy and special status of these coats of arms. An example of "colour on colour" is the arms of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, with its sable <a href="/wiki/Two-headed_eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-headed eagle">two-headed eagle</a> on a gules field. </p><p>The "rule of tincture" has had an influence reaching far beyond heraldry. It has been applied to the design of flags, so that the flag of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a> was modified to conform to the rule.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Counterchanging">Counterchanging</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Counterchanging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a charge or group of charges is placed across a <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_field" title="Division of the field">division</a> line, <a href="/wiki/Variation_of_the_field" title="Variation of the field">variation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(heraldry)" title="Ordinary (heraldry)">ordinary</a>, it may be <i>counterchanged</i> (Fr. <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">contre-changé</i></span></i>, but modern <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">de l'un en l'autre</i></span></i>, Ger. <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">verwechselte Farben</i></span></i> or <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">verschränkte Farben</i></span></i>), meaning that the charges are divided the same way as the field upon which they rest, with the colours reversed.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DE-ST_15-0-83-230_Behnsdorf_COA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/DE-ST_15-0-83-230_Behnsdorf_COA.png/150px-DE-ST_15-0-83-230_Behnsdorf_COA.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/DE-ST_15-0-83-230_Behnsdorf_COA.png/225px-DE-ST_15-0-83-230_Behnsdorf_COA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/DE-ST_15-0-83-230_Behnsdorf_COA.png/300px-DE-ST_15-0-83-230_Behnsdorf_COA.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Arms of <a href="/wiki/Behnsdorf" title="Behnsdorf">Behnsdorf</a>: "per pale Argent and Vert a <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">tilia</a> eradicated counterchanged"</figcaption></figure> <p>In the municipal arms of <a href="/wiki/Behnsdorf" title="Behnsdorf">Behnsdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, seen here, the field is divided with the left half white (argent) and the right half green (vert), and the counterchanged tree is green where it lies on the white part of the field, and white where it lies on the green part. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Maryland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/110px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/165px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/220px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The flag of Maryland</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Maryland" title="Flag of Maryland">flag of Maryland</a> is another example of counterchanging. The only U.S. state flag to be directly based on English heraldry, it is the arms of <a href="/wiki/George_Calvert,_1st_Baron_Baltimore" title="George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore">George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore</a>, who founded the colony of Maryland in 1632. In the 1st and 4th quarters, the field is divided into six vertical bands of gold (or) and black (sable) with a diagonal band (a <a href="/wiki/Bend_(heraldry)" title="Bend (heraldry)">bend</a>) in which the colours are reversed (i.e., the bend is counterchanged). The 2nd and 3rd quarters are themselves quartered between white (argent) and red (gules) with a counterchanged <a href="/wiki/Cross_bottony" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross bottony">cross bottony</a> that is red where it lies on the white part of the field and white where it lies on the red part of the field. </p><p>Counterchanging is rare in early heraldry; early examples from <a href="/wiki/German_heraldry" title="German heraldry">German heraldry</a> are found in the late fifteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Wernigerode_Armorial" title="Wernigerode Armorial">Wernigerode Armorial</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it becomes more frequently applied from the seventeenth century onward, especially with the substantial number of newly created coats of arms, of which some notable examples include <a href="/wiki/Baron_Baltimore" title="Baron Baltimore">Baron Baltimore</a> (1624), <a href="/wiki/Nightingale_baronets" title="Nightingale baronets">Nightingale baronets</a> (1628), <a href="/wiki/Barrett-Lennard_baronets" title="Barrett-Lennard baronets">Barrett-Lennard baronets</a> (1801), <a href="/wiki/Verney_baronets" title="Verney baronets">Verney baronets</a> (1818), and <a href="/wiki/Baron_Alvingham" title="Baron Alvingham">Baron Alvingham</a> (1929). </p><p>In Scottish heraldry, charges are sometimes blazoned as counterchanged of different colours from the field – for instance, <i>per fess gules and azure, a sun in splendour counterchanged or and of the first.</i> A more typical blazon for this would be <i>per fess gules and azure, a sun in splendour per fess or and of the first</i>. </p><p>The term <i>countercoloured</i> is sometimes used in place of <i>counterchanged</i>. The arms of the <a href="/wiki/Fenwick_baronets" title="Fenwick baronets">Fenwick baronets</a> were originally blazoned as <i>silver, a chief gules with six martlets countercoloured</i>. In this case, three martlets argent rest on a chief gules, while three martlets gules rest on the argent field. Some heraldic authorities regard the use of this term as erroneous.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1115px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Examples of counterchanging</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Gateshead_Metropolitan_Borough_Council.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of the Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council: Or a Chief Azure overall five Pallets counterchanged."><img alt="Arms of the Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council: Or a Chief Azure overall five Pallets counterchanged." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Coat_of_arms_of_Gateshead_Metropolitan_Borough_Council.png/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Gateshead_Metropolitan_Borough_Council.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Coat_of_arms_of_Gateshead_Metropolitan_Borough_Council.png/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Gateshead_Metropolitan_Borough_Council.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Coat_of_arms_of_Gateshead_Metropolitan_Borough_Council.png/320px-Coat_of_arms_of_Gateshead_Metropolitan_Borough_Council.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1407" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arms of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Gateshead" title="Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead">Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council</a>: <i>Or a Chief Azure overall five Pallets counterchanged.</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balfour_of_Albury_Lodge.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of Balfour, baronets of Albury Lodge."><img alt="Arms of Balfour, baronets of Albury Lodge." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Balfour_of_Albury_Lodge.svg/136px-Balfour_of_Albury_Lodge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Balfour_of_Albury_Lodge.svg/205px-Balfour_of_Albury_Lodge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Balfour_of_Albury_Lodge.svg/273px-Balfour_of_Albury_Lodge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arms of Balfour, baronets of Albury Lodge.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monochromatic_presentation">Monochromatic presentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Monochromatic presentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hatching">Hatching</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hatching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hatching_(heraldry)" title="Hatching (heraldry)">Hatching (heraldry)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zangrius_kaart_arceringg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Zangrius_kaart_arceringg.jpg/140px-Zangrius_kaart_arceringg.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Zangrius_kaart_arceringg.jpg/210px-Zangrius_kaart_arceringg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Zangrius_kaart_arceringg.jpg/280px-Zangrius_kaart_arceringg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="1724" /></a><figcaption>Hatching guide by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_Zangrius" title="Jan Baptist Zangrius">Jan Baptist Zangrius</a>, 1600</figcaption></figure> <p>During the first half of the seventeenth century, the proliferation of the printing press coupled with the persistence of difficulties in and expense of <a href="/wiki/Colour_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour printing">colour printing</a> prompted the development of a number of systems of <a href="/wiki/Hatching_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatching system">hatching</a> for the purpose of depicting heraldic designs without the use of colour. Intended chiefly for printing and engraving, the system which eventually gained widespread acceptance was that of <a href="/wiki/Silvester_Petra_Sancta" title="Silvester Petra Sancta">Silvestro de Petra Sancta</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> priest and heraldic scholar, originally published in 1638.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Petra Sancta's method, illustrated in the <a href="#tinctures_table">table above</a>, a separate hatching represents each metal and colour, while the furs are treated as combinations of metal and colour. Argent is represented by a plain field, while or is represented by a field strewn with dots. Gules is represented by vertical lines, azure by horizontal lines, and sable by a combination of horizontal and vertical lines. Diagonal lines running from dexter chief to sinister base represent vert, while purpure is the reverse, represented by diagonal lines running from sinister chief to dexter base. Sanguine is represented by diagonal lines running in each direction, while tenné is represented by a combination of horizontal lines and diagonal lines running from sinister chief to dexter base.<sup id="cite_ref-CGH_75–76_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGH_75–76-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nine additional hatchings, published by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vulson_de_la_Colombi%C3%A8re" title="Marcus Vulson de la Colombière">Marcus Vulson de la Colombière</a> in 1639, were intended to represent other colours, although none of them correspond with regular heraldic tinctures, and they have never been used in British armory. A combination of vertical lines with diagonal lines running from dexter chief to sinister base represents brown; blood red is represented by vertical lines combined with diagonal lines running from sinister chief to dexter base; earth-colour by horizontal and vertical lines combined with diagonal lines running from dexter chief to sinister base; iron-grey by diagonal lines running in each direction (the same as sanguine in Petra Sancta's system); water-colour by broken horizontal lines; flesh-colour by broken vertical lines; ashen-grey by a combination of broken horizontal and broken diagonal lines; orange by broken vertical lines interspersed with dots; and the colour of nature by zig-zag lines running from dexter chief to sinister base.<sup id="cite_ref-CGH_75–76_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGH_75–76-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tricking">Tricking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tricking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tricking" title="Tricking">Tricking</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tricking.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tricking.png/140px-Tricking.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tricking.png/210px-Tricking.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Tricking.png/280px-Tricking.png 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Tricked arms of John Browne of Spexhall, Suffolk (1591)</figcaption></figure> <p>Another method of depicting tinctures on monchrome depictions of arms is to label them using letter or abbreviations, a practice known as "tricking". The arms are drawn in outline, and the tinctures written in abbreviated form. In English heraldry, the abbreviations are <i>O</i> or <i>or</i> for <i>or</i>; <i>A</i>, <i>ar</i>, or <i>arg</i> for <i>argent</i>, <i>G</i> or <i>gu</i> for <i>gules</i>; <i>S</i> or <i>sa</i> for <i>sable</i>; <i>Az</i> or <i>B</i> for <i>azure</i> (<i>B</i> for "blue" being used in older trickings to avoid confusion between <i>ar</i> and <i>az</i>); <i>Vt</i> for <i>vert</i>, <i>Purp</i> for <i>purpure</i>, and <i>Pr</i> for <i>proper</i>. Although most records of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a> are in colour, the practice of tricking is used in all other cases, even after the widespread adoption of hatching for printing and engraving arms.<sup id="cite_ref-Neubecker_86–87_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neubecker_86–87-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French heraldry also uses tricking to depict heraldic tinctures, using <i>O</i> for <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">or</i></span>, <i>A</i> for <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">argent</i></span><i>, G</i> for <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">gules</i></span>, <i>S</i> for <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sable</i></span>, <i>B</i> for <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bleu</i></span>, <i>V</i> for <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">vert</i></span>, <i>P</i> for <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">purpure</i></span> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pourpre</i></span>; and <i>Pr</i> for <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">propre</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Neubecker_86–87_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neubecker_86–87-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In German heraldry, <i>G</i> is used for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">gelb</i></span> (yellow or gold)<i>, W</i> for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">weiss</i></span> (white or silver), <i>R</i> for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">rot</i></span> (red), <i>S</i> for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">schwarz</i></span> (black)<i>, B</i> for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">blau</i></span> (blue), <i>Gr</i> or a shape like an upright leaf for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">grün</i></span> (green), and <i>Br</i> for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">braun</i></span> (purple). These abbreviations may be either capitalized or lowercase.<sup id="cite_ref-Neubecker_86–87_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neubecker_86–87-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetic_representation">Poetic representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Poetic representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Special:EditPage/Tincture (heraldry)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Heraldry has been influenced by allegorical and astrological views,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> including the idea of sympathies and antipathies among stars, <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, and people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some tinctures were considered to represent astrological symbols.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>One system of poetic attributions to the tinctures </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Name </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">Sable</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)" title="Vert (heraldry)">Vert</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Purpure" title="Purpure">Purpure</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Murrey" title="Murrey">Murrey</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sanguine_(heraldry)" title="Sanguine (heraldry)">Sanguine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenn%C3%A9" title="Tenné">Tenné</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Poetic <br />designations </th> <th>Heavenly body </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, ☾ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, ☉ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, ♂ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, ♄ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, ♃ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, ♀ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, ☿ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lunar_node" title="Lunar node">Dragon's Tail</a>, ☋ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lunar_node" title="Lunar node">Dragon's Tail</a>, ☋ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lunar_node" title="Lunar node">Dragon's Head</a>, ☊ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jewel </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardonyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardonyx">Sardonyx</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardonyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardonyx">Sardonyx</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacinth" title="Jacinth">Jacinth</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><p>The lore of sympathies originated with the Babylonians, who saw gems and rare minerals as the concentrates of cosmic powers. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Later, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a> organized nature according to a system of sympathies and antipathies among species and other elements of the natural world.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This doctrine influenced medieval medicine, pharmacy, alchemy and also heraldry. During the 1350s, the work of <a href="/wiki/Bartolo_de_Sassoferrato" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolo de Sassoferrato">Bartolo de Sassoferrato</a> (1313/1314–1357) linked Or to the sun, Azure to the element air, and Gules to the element fire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Bonet" title="Honoré Bonet">Honoré Bonet</a>, a heraldist from Provence, declared in his work <i>Arbre des Batailles</i> (1387) that the metal gold (Or) is the noblest in the world because, due to its very nature, it is bright and shining and full of virtues.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the late medieval period and Renaissance, there was an occasional practice of <a href="/wiki/Tricking_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricking (heraldry)">blazoning tinctures</a> by gemstones, or by references to the seven classical "planets" (including the sun and the moon).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work of Bonet influenced the 15th century Burgundian heraldist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Courtois_(herald)" title="Jean Courtois (herald)">Jean Courtois</a> (d. 1436), also known as the Sicily Herald. In his work <i>Le Blason des Couleurs</i> (1414), Courtois developed a heraldic system consisting of the tinctures, planets and <a href="/wiki/Carbuncle_(gemstone)" title="Carbuncle (gemstone)">carbuncles</a>, together with the virtues, metals, months, the zodiac, and weekdays.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His main contribution was the development of a gemstone-planetary blazon that related colour to gemstone to planet: <i>or</i>, topaz, the sun; <i>argent</i>, pearl, the moon; <i>gules</i>, ruby, Mars; <i>sable</i>, diamond, Saturn; <i>azure</i>, sapphire, Jupiter; <i>vert</i>, emerald, Venus; <i>purpure</i>, amethyst, Mercury; <i>tenné</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jacinth" title="Jacinth">jacinth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lunar_node" title="Lunar node">dragon's head</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ascending_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascending node">ascending lunar node</a>); <i>sanguine/murrey</i>, sardonyx, <a href="/wiki/Lunar_node" title="Lunar node">dragon's tail</a> (<a href="/wiki/Descending_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Descending node">descending lunar node</a>). </p><p>The dragon's head (also called <a href="/wiki/Anabibazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabibazon">Anabibazon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>) and dragon's tail (also called <a href="/wiki/Catabibazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Catabibazon">Catabibazon</a>) were in use from ancient times.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In heraldry the dragon's head symbolizes a light colour (<a href="/wiki/Tenn%C3%A9" title="Tenné">tenné</a>), and dragon's tail symbolizes a dark colour (<a href="/wiki/Sanguine" title="Sanguine">sanguine</a>). In <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> the dragon's head is the <a href="/wiki/Materia_prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Materia prima">materia prima</a> that is subjected to transmutation to produce the <a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">philosopher's stone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the process of transmutation the light-coloured starting material is transformed to a darker and more reddish one. In astrology the dragon's head is connected to good luck, while the dragon's tail is unlucky. These links indicate that heraldry in the 15th century was strongly under the influence of magical views and alchemistic ideas, which were in turn connected to the lore of sympathies between colours, planets, gemstones, metals, virtues etc. <sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xiv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work of Jean Courtois was distributed in manuscripts and later in one of the first books printed in French. During the Tudor and Stuart dynasties in England (1485–1702), it appeared in heraldry manuals. In his book <i>Traité du blason</i> (1465), <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Prinsault" title="Clément Prinsault">Clément Prinsault</a> deals with the relation of colours to the <a href="/wiki/Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues">virtues</a>, the seven planets, the 12 celestial signs, gemstones, weekdays, the three elements etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This book is among the earliest writings on heraldry available today. </p><p>The English historian and heraldist Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Spelman" title="Henry Spelman">Henry Spelman</a> (1564–1641) used the symbols of the planets to designate tinctures in his 1654 book <i>Aspilogia</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Ferne" title="John Ferne">John Ferne</a> (d. 1609) enumerates 14 different methods of blazon: 1. by colours; 2. by planets; 3. by precious stones; 4. by virtues; 5. by celestial signs; 6. by the months of the year; 7. by the days of the week; 8. by the ages of man; 9. by flowers; 10. by the elements; 11. by the seasons of the year; 12. by the complexions of man; 13. by numbers; and 14. by metals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As well as the main tinctures, tricking abbreviations for other tinctures such as <a href="/wiki/Proper_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper (heraldry)">Proper</a> – ppr, pp, <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermine</a> – er etc. existed in English and some other languages during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. To designate <a href="/wiki/Carnation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnation">carnation</a> (carnea tinctura), the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a> sign of <a href="/wiki/Leo_(astrology)" title="Leo (astrology)">Leo</a> was used in reverse (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford%C3%ADtott_oroszl%C3%A1n_%C3%A1llatjegy,.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ford%C3%ADtott_oroszl%C3%A1n_%C3%A1llatjegy%2C.svg/10px-Ford%C3%ADtott_oroszl%C3%A1n_%C3%A1llatjegy%2C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ford%C3%ADtott_oroszl%C3%A1n_%C3%A1llatjegy%2C.svg/15px-Ford%C3%ADtott_oroszl%C3%A1n_%C3%A1llatjegy%2C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ford%C3%ADtott_oroszl%C3%A1n_%C3%A1llatjegy%2C.svg/20px-Ford%C3%ADtott_oroszl%C3%A1n_%C3%A1llatjegy%2C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="252" /></a></span>). <a href="/wiki/German_heraldry" title="German heraldry">German heraldry</a> used trefoil to designate colours other than the seven main tinctures ("<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">qui ultimus color alibi signo trifolii ♣ pinguitur</i></span>"). <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Jakob_Spener" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Jakob Spener">Spener</a> (1717. p. 113)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> also linked <a href="/wiki/Tenn%C3%A9" title="Tenné">tenné</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanguine" title="Sanguine">sanguine</a> to the zodiac sign of Leo (♌︎) . Rudolphi<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> also refers to trefoil (♣) as a designation of colour vert, usually connected with Venus. He also assigned specific variants of astrological signs for dragon's head and dragon's tail (☊ ☋), derived from the sign for Leo, to the tinctures <a href="/wiki/Orange_(heraldry)" title="Orange (heraldry)">orange</a> and carnation, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, a system of nine tinctures was developed, with <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">dukes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">barons</a> having their arms blazoned by <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">princes</a>, <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperors</a> having arms blazoned by the <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>. The Austrian <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">herald</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Suchenwirt" title="Peter Suchenwirt">Peter Suchenwirt</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1320</span> – 1395) used gemstones to designate the tinctures even earlier (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1355</span>) in the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of the Hungarian king Louis the Great (1342–1382).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Konrad_von_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Konrad von Würzburg">Konrad von Würzburg</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1230</span> – 1287) also mentioned coats of arms made of gemstones in his poem <i>Turnier von Nantheiz</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1258</span>), for example describing the arms of the king of England as an escutcheon covered with Arabian gold with leopards made of rubies (lines 310–320).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xvi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(heraldry)" title="Orange (heraldry)">Orange (heraldry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldic_tincture)" title="Rose (heraldic tincture)">Rose (heraldic tincture)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At one point, aluminum paint was used for argent, as it was more resistant to oxidation; but its effect also faded with age.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Despite the origin of the name, sable is always regarded as a colour, rather than a fur.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A rare exception of sanguine in older heraldry, cited by Woodward and Burnett, was the arms of the Clayhills of Invergowrie: <i>per bend sanguine and vert, two greyhounds courant bendways argent</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, the arms of Lewes Old Grammar School, granted October 25, 2012: <i>Murrey within an Orle of eight Crosses crosslet Argent a Lion rampant Or holding in the forepaws a Book bound Azure the spine and the edges of the pages Gold</i> and those of Woolf, granted October 2, 2015: <i>Murrey a Snow Wolf's Head erased proper on a Chief Argent a Boar's Head coped at the neck between two Fleurs de Lys Azure.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although <i>sable</i> is also named after the dark pelt of a type of marten, it has always been regarded as a colour, rather than a fur.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes, in older authorities, <i>varry</i> or <i>verry</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Occasionally, <i>varry cuppy</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aschau of Bavaria: <i>Cendrée, a mount of three coupeaux in base, or</i>. Gwilt of South Wales: <i>Argent, a lion rampant sable, the head, paws, and half of the tail ash colour</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mieroszewsky of Silesia: <i>de Brunâtre, a cross patée argent supporting a raven rising sable, and holding in its beak a horse-shoe proper, its points towards the chief</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cinti (now Cini) of Florence: <i>Per pale azure and bleu-celeste an estoile counter changed</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arms of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Kim Campbell</a>, 19th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a>: <i>Or the universal symbol for a woman pendant from its crosspiece a pair of scales Rose and in base three bars wavy Azure on a canton the mark of the Prime Ministership of Canada</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <i>a dapple-grey horse proper, the mane and tail sable, and both hind feet white</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Spanish and Dutch languages, in common with English, also use heraldic terminology derived from Norman French; while Portuguese, Italian, Swedish, Polish and Czech, like German, use everyday names for the colours.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The odd terminology of colours used by Heraldus Britannus, as mentioned by Spener, can partly reflect the view of alchemy: aurum–cytrine, argentum–aspre, rubeus–coccine, caeruleus– veneto, Niger–mauro, viridis–prasino, and purpureus–oiscy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2019)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"I wish I was so ingenious and sage to praise the brilliance of his arms, held by him in honour, according to my volition! His escutcheon is not disfigured by any flaws; it beams a silvery colour, and is divided in two equal parts. One field gleams in the light colour of pearls and rubies, and is polished for radiant, and there lie in the horizontal direction eight picked fesses; another field of blue celeste is redundantly graced by domed golden fleurs-de-lis that stood by the arms many times with their plentiful rays, which are very pleasant to see. The helmet's top decorates a richly decked golden crown with a lot of shining gemstones, smoothed to lustrous; from the crown standing off two ostrich feathers and between them to be seen the ermine neck of the ostrich; his eyes sparkling from the rubies towards the enemy, his bill is golden, in which he beautifully holds a handsomely curved horseshoe-shaped charge made of gold. His head is being richly crowned by gold."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This poem is an evidence that in the past there really existed some coat of arms made of gemstones.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">smaragden und karvunkel [Karfunkelsteine],/ jachande [Hyazinthsteine] und crisolîten [Krisolithen],/ die wurden bi den zîten/ getengelt ûz den schilten.</i></span>"<br /> Rough translation: "emeralds and carbunkles,/ <a href="/wiki/Jacinth" title="Jacinth">jacinth</a> and cryolites,/ these were in that time/ mixed upon the shield."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Woodcock_and_Robinson_51–55-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodcock_and_Robinson_51–55_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodcock_and_Robinson_51–55_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodcock_and_Robinson_51–55_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodcock_and_Robinson_51–55_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodcock_and_Robinson_51–55_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodcockRobinson1990">Woodcock & Robinson (1990)</a>, pp. 51–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neubecker_86–87-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neubecker_86–87_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neubecker_86–87_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neubecker_86–87_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neubecker_86–87_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neubecker_86–87_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neubecker_86–87_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neubecker_86–87_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeubecker1977">Neubecker (1977)</a>, pp. 86–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSlater2003">Slater (2003)</a>, p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodcock_and_Robinson_50-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woodcock_and_Robinson_50_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodcockRobinson1990">Woodcock & Robinson (1990)</a>, pp. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodward_60–61-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_60–61_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_60–61_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_60–61_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodwardBurnett1892">Woodward & Burnett (1892)</a>, pp. 60–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodwardBurnett1892">Woodward & Burnett (1892)</a>, pp. 61–62; <a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies1909">Fox-Davies (1909)</a>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeubecker1977">Neubecker (1977)</a>, pp. 86–87; <a href="#CITEREFPastoureau1997">Pastoureau (1997)</a>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPastoureau1997">Pastoureau (1997)</a>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPastoureau1997">Pastoureau (1997)</a>, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Volborth1981">von Volborth (1981)</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chrisopher von Warnstedt, "The Heraldic Provinces of Europe", in <i>The Coat of Arms</i>, vol. XI, no. 84 (October 1970), pp. 128–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CGH_70-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CGH_70_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CGH_70_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CGH_70_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CGH_70_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies1909">Fox-Davies (1909)</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodward_60-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_60_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_60_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_60_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodwardBurnett1892">Woodward & Burnett (1892)</a>, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neubecker_Leonhard-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neubecker_Leonhard_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neubecker_Leonhard_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeubecker1977">Neubecker (1977)</a>, pp. 86–87; <a href="#CITEREFLeonhard1976">Leonhard (1976)</a>, pp. 128, 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies1909">Fox-Davies (1909)</a>, pp. 70–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodward_Neubecker-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_Neubecker_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_Neubecker_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_Neubecker_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_Neubecker_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodwardBurnett1892">Woodward & Burnett (1892)</a>, p. 60; <a href="#CITEREFNeubecker1977">Neubecker (1977)</a>, pp. 86–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New Cassell's French Dictionary</i>, Denis Gerard <i>et al.</i>, (editors), Funk & Wagnalls Company, Inc., New York (1962).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies1909">Fox-Davies (1909)</a>, pp. 70–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoA_Official_Site-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CoA_Official_Site_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CoA_Official_Site_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CoA_Official_Site_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/">College of Arms official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116000701/https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/">Archived</a> 2019-11-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 3 March 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies1909">Fox-Davies (1909)</a>, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodward_Ermine-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_Ermine_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_Ermine_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodwardBurnett1892">Woodward & Burnett (1892)</a>, pp. 63, 68–74; <a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies1909">Fox-Davies (1909)</a>, pp. 77–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodward_Vair-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_Vair_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_Vair_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_Vair_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodwardBurnett1892">Woodward & Burnett (1892)</a>, pp. 68–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CGH_79–83-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CGH_79–83_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CGH_79–83_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CGH_79–83_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies1909">Fox-Davies (1909)</a>, pp. 79–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies1909">Fox-Davies (1909)</a>, pp. 70–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/za)coa.html">"South Africa – Coat of Arms"</a>. Crwflags.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200907094249/https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/Flags/za)coa.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa+%E2%80%93+Coat+of+Arms&rft.pub=Crwflags.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fza%29coa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Oettle" class="citation web cs1">Mike Oettle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040603201208/http://uk.geocities.com/wapenskild/uni/Unitra.html">"Armoria academica – University of Transkei"</a>. <i>geocities.com/wapenskild</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.geocities.com/wapenskild/uni/Unitra.html">the original</a> on June 3, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geocities.com%2Fwapenskild&rft.atitle=Armoria+academica+%E2%80%93+University+of+Transkei&rft.au=Mike+Oettle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.geocities.com%2Fwapenskild%2Funi%2FUnitra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230082906/http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Trans/11TransportationBattalion.htm">"11th Transportation Battalion Insignia Page, The Institute of Heraldry"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Trans/11TransportationBattalion.htm">the original</a> on December 30, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=11th+Transportation+Battalion+Insignia+Page%2C+The+Institute+of+Heraldry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil%2FTrans%2F11TransportationBattalion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517150124/http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/QM/190QuartermasterBattalion.htm">"190th Quartermaster Battalion Insignia Page"</a>. United States Army Institute of Heraldry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/QM/190QuartermasterBattalion.htm">the original</a> on May 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=190th+Quartermaster+Battalion+Insignia+Page&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Institute+of+Heraldry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil%2FQM%2F190QuartermasterBattalion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111958/http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Numeric_Misc/1SpaceBattalion.htm">"1st Space Battalion"</a>. United States Army Institute of Heraldry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Numeric_Misc/1SpaceBattalion.htm">the original</a> on July 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1st+Space+Battalion&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Institute+of+Heraldry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil%2FNumeric_Misc%2F1SpaceBattalion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609020036/http://www.ascho.wpafb.af.mil/88th%20ABW%20Emblem.htm">"88th ABW Emblem"</a>. Aeronautical Systems Center History Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascho.wpafb.af.mil/88th%20ABW%20Emblem.htm">the original</a> on 2010-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=88th+ABW+Emblem&rft.pub=Aeronautical+Systems+Center+History+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascho.wpafb.af.mil%2F88th%2520ABW%2520Emblem.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060208135825/http://heraldrysociety.us/forum/viewtopic.php?t=541">"American Heraldry Society forum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heraldrysociety.us/forum/viewtopic.php?t=541">the original</a> on February 8, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Heraldry+Society+forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheraldrysociety.us%2Fforum%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ft%3D541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622035410/http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Ord/15OrdnanceBattalion.htm">"15th Ordnance Battalion"</a>. United States Army Institute of Heraldry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Ord/15OrdnanceBattalion.htm">the original</a> on June 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=15th+Ordnance+Battalion&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Institute+of+Heraldry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil%2FOrd%2F15OrdnanceBattalion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=19180&CategoryId=10953">"MOISE'S E. MOLINA HIGH SCHOOL JROTC, DALLAS, TX"</a>. United States Army Institute of Heraldry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MOISE%27S+E.+MOLINA+HIGH+SCHOOL+JROTC%2C+DALLAS%2C+TX&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Institute+of+Heraldry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftioh.army.mil%2FCatalog%2FHeraldry.aspx%3FHeraldryId%3D19180%26CategoryId%3D10953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=6708&CategoryId=3772">"648TH MANEUVER ENHANCEMENT BRIGADE"</a>. United States Army Institute of Heraldry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=648TH+MANEUVER+ENHANCEMENT+BRIGADE&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Institute+of+Heraldry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftioh.army.mil%2FCatalog%2FHeraldry.aspx%3FHeraldryId%3D6708%26CategoryId%3D3772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=7845&CategoryId=4365">"SPECIAL TROOPS BATTALION, 1ST BRIGADE, 1ST CAVALRY DIVISION"</a>. United States Army Institute of Heraldry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SPECIAL+TROOPS+BATTALION%2C+1ST+BRIGADE%2C+1ST+CAVALRY+DIVISION&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Institute+of+Heraldry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftioh.army.mil%2FCatalog%2FHeraldry.aspx%3FHeraldryId%3D7845%26CategoryId%3D4365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=17762&CategoryId=10138">"PINON HIGH SCHOOL JROTC, PINON, AZ"</a>. United States Army Institute of Heraldry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PINON+HIGH+SCHOOL+JROTC%2C+PINON%2C+AZ&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Institute+of+Heraldry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftioh.army.mil%2FCatalog%2FHeraldry.aspx%3FHeraldryId%3D17762%26CategoryId%3D10138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tioh.army.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=14769&CategoryId=8830">"MARIANAS BONINS COMMAND"</a>. United States Army Institute of Heraldry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MARIANAS+BONINS+COMMAND&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Institute+of+Heraldry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftioh.army.mil%2FCatalog%2FHeraldry.aspx%3FHeraldryId%3D14769%26CategoryId%3D8830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodward_62-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_62_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodward_62_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodwardBurnett1892">Woodward & Burnett (1892)</a>, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CGH_74–76-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CGH_74–76_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CGH_74–76_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies1909">Fox-Davies (1909)</a>, pp. 74–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranklyn1968">Franklyn (1968)</a>, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies1909">Fox-Davies (1909)</a>, pp. 87–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPastoureau1997">Pastoureau (1997)</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoutellAveling1890">Boutell & Aveling (1890)</a>, pp. 11–16; <a href="#CITEREFWoodwardBurnett1892">Woodward & Burnett (1892)</a>, pp. 60–64; <a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies1909">Fox-Davies (1909)</a>, pp. 70–87; <a href="#CITEREFFranklyn1968">Franklyn (1968)</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFSlater2003">Slater (2003)</a>, pp. 72–73; <a href="#CITEREFPastoureau1997">Pastoureau (1997)</a>, pp. 45–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies1909">Fox-Davies (1909)</a>, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies1909">Fox-Davies (1909)</a>, pp. 101–102, 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fotw.info/flags/de_sn-we.html">"Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1813–1918 (Germany)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221211074314/https://www.fotw.info/flags/de_sn-we.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Duchy+of+Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach+1813%E2%80%931918+%28Germany%29&rft.pub=Flags+of+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotw.info%2Fflags%2Fde_sn-we.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElvin1889">Elvin (1889)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofhera00elvi#page/35/mode/1up">35</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Panckoucke, <i>Le grand vocabulaire françois</i> (1768), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iQN1Kwsm-LIC&pg=PA556&lpg=PA556">p. 556</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wernigeroder Wappenbuch</i>, pp. <a href="/wiki/File:Wernigeroder_Wappenbuch_202.jpg" title="File:Wernigeroder Wappenbuch 202.jpg">202</a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Wernigeroder_Wappenbuch_238.jpg" title="File:Wernigeroder Wappenbuch 238.jpg">238</a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Wernigeroder_Wappenbuch_239.jpg" title="File:Wernigeroder Wappenbuch 239.jpg">239</a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Wernigeroder_Wappenbuch_318.jpg" title="File:Wernigeroder Wappenbuch 318.jpg">318</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkerGough1894">Parker & Gough (1894)</a>, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodwardBurnett1892">Woodward & Burnett (1892)</a>, pp. 63–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CGH_75–76-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CGH_75–76_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CGH_75–76_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies1909">Fox-Davies (1909)</a>, pp. 75–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies1909">Fox-Davies (1909)</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2017" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Brooke (2017). <i>Knowledge, text and practice in ancient technical writing</i>. Formisano, Marco, Eijk, Ph. J. van der (Philip J.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 236–251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-77045-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-77045-0"><bdi>978-1-316-77045-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/982288043">982288043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowledge%2C+text+and+practice+in+ancient+technical+writing&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=236-251&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F982288043&rft.isbn=978-1-316-77045-0&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox-Davies1909">Fox-Davies (1909)</a>, p. 77; <a href="#CITEREFParkerGough1894">Parker & Gough (1894)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aglossarytermsu08parkgoog/page/n617">p.573, "Tincture"</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPimbley1908">Pimbley (1908)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pimbleysdiction00pimbgoog/page/n74">p. 62,"Tincture"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJungvon_Franz1998" class="citation book cs1">Jung, Emma; von Franz, Marie-Luise (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graillegend00jung"><i>The grail legend</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/graillegend00jung/page/110">110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00237-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00237-1"><bdi>0-691-00237-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39256214">39256214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+grail+legend&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=110&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39256214&rft.isbn=0-691-00237-1&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=von+Franz%2C+Marie-Luise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgraillegend00jung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. A. Rudolphi: <i>Heraldica Curiosa</i>. Nürnberg, 1698. 96. l.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleyer1899" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bleyer, Jakab (1899). "<span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Beheim Mihály élete és művei a magyar történelem szempontjából</i></span>" [The life and works of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Beheim" title="Michael Beheim">Michael Beheim</a> from the aspect of Hungarian history]. <i>Századok</i> (in Hungarian): 808–809. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-8098">0039-8098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sz%C3%A1zadok&rft.atitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22Hungarian-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22hu%22%3EBeheim+Mih%C3%A1ly+%C3%A9lete+%C3%A9s+m%C5%B1vei+a+magyar+t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelem+szempontj%C3%A1b%C3%B3l%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Hungarian-language+text&rft.pages=808-809&rft.date=1899&rft.issn=0039-8098&rft.aulast=Bleyer&rft.aufirst=Jakab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoutellAveling1890" class="citation book cs1">Boutell, Charles; Aveling, S. T. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heraldryancientm00boutrich"><i>Heraldry, Ancient and Modern: Including Boutell's Heraldry</i></a>. London: Frederick Warne. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6102523">6102523</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldry%2C+Ancient+and+Modern%3A+Including+Boutell%27s+Heraldry&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frederick+Warne&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6102523&rft.aulast=Boutell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Aveling%2C+S.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheraldryancientm00boutrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElvin1889" class="citation book cs1">Elvin, Charles Norton (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhera00elvi"><i>A dictionary of heraldry</i></a>. London: Kent and Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/919809145">919809145</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+heraldry&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kent+and+Co.&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F919809145&rft.aulast=Elvin&rft.aufirst=Charles+Norton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofhera00elvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox-Davies1904" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies" title="Arthur Charles Fox-Davies">Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles</a> (1904). <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Heraldry:_An_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_of_Armory" title="The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory"><i>The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory</i></a>. London: Benjamin Blom. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68056481">68056481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Heraldry%3A+An+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+Armory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Benjamin+Blom&rft.date=1904&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68056481&rft.aulast=Fox-Davies&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox-Davies1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies" title="Arthur Charles Fox-Davies">Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeguidetoh00foxdrich"><i>A Complete Guide to Heraldry</i></a>. New York: Dodge Publishing. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/09023803">09023803</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Guide+to+Heraldry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodge+Publishing&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F09023803&rft.aulast=Fox-Davies&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteguidetoh00foxdrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklyn1968" class="citation book cs1">Franklyn, Julian (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heraldry0000fran"><i>Heraldry</i></a></span>. Cranbury, NJ: A. S. Barnes and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780498066832" title="Special:BookSources/9780498066832"><bdi>9780498066832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldry&rft.place=Cranbury%2C+NJ&rft.pub=A.+S.+Barnes+and+Company&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780498066832&rft.aulast=Franklyn&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheraldry0000fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkerGough1894" class="citation book cs1">Parker, James; Gough, Henry (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aglossarytermsu08parkgoog"><i>A glossary of terms used in heraldry</i></a>. London: James Parker. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/77094021">77094021</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+glossary+of+terms+used+in+heraldry&rft.place=London&rft.pub=James+Parker&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F77094021&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Gough%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faglossarytermsu08parkgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonhard1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leonhard, Walter (1976). <i>Das große Buch der Wappenkunst</i> [<i>The big book of heraldry</i>] (in German). Munich: Callway-Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+gro%C3%9Fe+Buch+der+Wappenkunst&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Callway-Verlag&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Leonhard&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeubecker1977" class="citation book cs1">Neubecker, Ottfried (1977). <i>Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning</i>. London: Macdonald and Jane's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780354044936" title="Special:BookSources/9780354044936"><bdi>9780354044936</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/852003621">852003621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldry%3A+Sources%2C+Symbols+and+Meaning&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macdonald+and+Jane%27s&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F852003621&rft.isbn=9780354044936&rft.aulast=Neubecker&rft.aufirst=Ottfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastoureau1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pastoureau" title="Michel Pastoureau">Pastoureau, Michel</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hmZ5QgAACAAJ"><i>Heraldry: An Introduction to a Noble Tradition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard" title="Découvertes Gallimard">Abrams Discoveries</a>. Harry N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810928305" title="Special:BookSources/9780810928305"><bdi>9780810928305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldry%3A+An+Introduction+to+a+Noble+Tradition&rft.series=Abrams+Discoveries&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780810928305&rft.aulast=Pastoureau&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhmZ5QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimbley1908" class="citation book cs1">Pimbley, Arthur Francis (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pimbleysdiction00pimbgoog"><i>Pimbley's Dictionary of Heraldry: An Authoritative Guide to the Terminology of Heraldry</i></a>. Pimbley. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/08029181">08029181</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pimbley%27s+Dictionary+of+Heraldry%3A+An+Authoritative+Guide+to+the+Terminology+of+Heraldry&rft.pub=Pimbley&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F08029181&rft.aulast=Pimbley&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpimbleysdiction00pimbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2003" class="citation book cs1">Slater, Stephen (2003). <i>The Complete Book of Heraldry</i>. New York: Hermes House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843098249" title="Special:BookSources/9781843098249"><bdi>9781843098249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+Heraldry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hermes+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781843098249&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Volborth1981" class="citation book cs1">von Volborth, Carl-Alexander (1981). <i>Heraldry: Customs, Rules and Styles</i>. Dorset: Blandford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-0940-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7137-0940-5"><bdi>0-7137-0940-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/81670212">81670212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldry%3A+Customs%2C+Rules+and+Styles&rft.place=Dorset&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F81670212&rft.isbn=0-7137-0940-5&rft.aulast=von+Volborth&rft.aufirst=Carl-Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodwardBurnett1892" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, John; Burnett, George (1892) [1884]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treatiseonherald00wooduoft"><i>A treatise on heraldry, British and foreign: with English and French glossaries</i></a>. Edinburgh: W. & A. B. Johnson. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/02020303">02020303</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+treatise+on+heraldry%2C+British+and+foreign%3A+with+English+and+French+glossaries&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=W.+%26+A.+B.+Johnson&rft.date=1892&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F02020303&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Burnett%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftreatiseonherald00wooduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcockRobinson1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woodcock_(officer_of_arms)" title="Thomas Woodcock (officer of arms)">Woodcock, Thomas</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Martin_Robinson" title="John Martin Robinson">Robinson, John Martin</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordguidetoher0000wood_z1c5"><i>The Oxford Guide to Heraldry</i></a>. Oxford, New York, Edinburgh, Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192852248" title="Special:BookSources/0192852248"><bdi>0192852248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+Heraldry&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York%2C+Edinburgh%2C+Toronto&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0192852248&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Robinson%2C+John+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordguidetoher0000wood_z1c5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATincture+%28heraldry%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tincture" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:tincture">tincture</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to with definitions, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Heraldic_tincture" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Heraldic tincture"><i><b>Heraldic tincture</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heraldic_tinctures" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Heraldic tinctures">Heraldic tinctures</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heraldry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldry" title="Template:Heraldry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heraldry" title="Template talk:Heraldry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heraldry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heraldry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_authority" title="Heraldic authority">Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_of_arms" title="Grant of arms">Grant of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_heraldry" title="History of heraldry">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_heraldic_arms" title="Law of heraldic arms">Law of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_arms" title="Officer of arms">Officers of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Arms">King of Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursuivant" title="Pursuivant">pursuivant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_officer_of_arms" title="Private officer of arms">private</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_coat_of_arms" title="National coat of arms">National</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_dominion" title="Arms of dominion">dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_heraldry" title="Civic heraldry">civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry" title="Ecclesiastical heraldry">Ecclesiastical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_armorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal armorial">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_arms" title="Burgher arms">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_heraldry" title="Women in heraldry">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributed_arms" title="Attributed arms">Attributed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armiger" title="Armiger">Armiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmentation_of_honour" title="Augmentation of honour">Augmentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatement_(heraldry)" title="Abatement (heraldry)">abatement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_modern_arms" title="Ancient and modern arms">Ancient and modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_alliance" title="Arms of alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_courtesy" title="Heraldic courtesy">courtesy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">Blazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadency" title="Cadency">Cadency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marks_of_distinction" title="Marks of distinction">distinction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">Canting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debased_heraldry" title="Debased heraldry">Debased</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(heraldry)" title="Field (heraldry)">Field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_field" title="Division of the field">divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_of_the_field" title="Variation of the field">variations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_fraud" title="Heraldic fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry#Marshalling" title="Heraldry">Marshalling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impalement_(heraldry)" title="Impalement (heraldry)">impalement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Heraldic_traditions_by_country" title="Template:Heraldic traditions by country">National traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry_societies" title="Heraldry societies">Societies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">Achievement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)" title="Crown (heraldry)">Crowns and coronets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">Crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compartment_(heraldry)" title="Compartment (heraldry)">Compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">Escutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_(heraldry)" title="Helmet (heraldry)">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantling" title="Mantling">Mantling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_and_pavilion_(heraldry)" title="Mantle and pavilion (heraldry)">pavilion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slogan_(heraldry)" title="Slogan (heraldry)">slogan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supporter" title="Supporter">Supporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torse" title="Torse">Torse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charge_(heraldry)" title="Charge (heraldry)">Charges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)" title="Attitude (heraldry)">Attitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasure_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasure (heraldry)">Erasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbriation" title="Fimbriation">Fimbriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_(heraldry)" title="Line (heraldry)">Lines</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_(heraldry)" title="Ordinary (heraldry)">Ordinaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulet_(heraldry)" title="Annulet (heraldry)">Annulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(heraldry)" title="Bar (heraldry)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bend_(heraldry)" title="Bend (heraldry)">Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordure" title="Bordure">Bordure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_(heraldry)" title="Canton (heraldry)">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">Chevron</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99kawica_(ordinary)" title="Łękawica (ordinary)">Łękawica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compon%C3%A9e" title="Componée">Componée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosses_in_heraldry" title="Crosses in heraldry">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozier_head" title="Crozier head">Crozier head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_(heraldry)" title="Chief (heraldry)">Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fess" title="Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaunch" title="Flaunch">Flaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goutte" title="Goutte">Goutte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyron" title="Gyron">Gyron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamade" title="Hamade">Hamade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">Inescutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_(heraldry)" title="Label (heraldry)">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(heraldry)" title="Lozenge (heraldry)">Lozenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orle_(heraldry)" title="Orle (heraldry)">Orle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_(heraldry)" title="Pale (heraldry)">Pale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pall_(heraldry)" title="Pall (heraldry)">Pall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_(heraldry)" title="Pile (heraldry)">Pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(heraldry)" title="Roundel (heraldry)">Roundel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezant" title="Bezant">Bezant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">Saltire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_in_heraldry" title="Bear in heraldry">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boars_in_heraldry" title="Boars in heraldry">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle#In_heraldry" title="Cattle">Bull/ox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hound_(heraldry)" title="Hound (heraldry)">Dog/hound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Camelopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer#Heraldic" title="Deer">Hind/stag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Kangaroo emblems and popular culture">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_(heraldry)" title="Leopard (heraldry)">Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_heraldry" title="Wolves in heraldry">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alerion" title="Alerion">Alerion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_swan_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Black swan emblems and popular culture">Black swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooster#Emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">Cock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_(heraldry)" title="Crow (heraldry)">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doves_as_symbols" title="Doves as symbols">Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">Eagle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Szaszor" title="Szaszor">Szaszor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przepaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Przepaska">Przepaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican#Heraldry" title="Pelican">Pelican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_(heraldry)" title="Bee (heraldry)">Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crapaud#Heraldry" title="Crapaud">Crapaudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(heraldry)" title="Dolphin (heraldry)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmet_(heraldry)" title="Emmet (heraldry)">Emmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ged_(heraldry)" title="Ged (heraldry)">Ged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox#Heraldry" title="Esox">Lucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis#Heraldry" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_(heraldry)" title="Bat (heraldry)">Reremouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#Badge" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_symbolism#Flags_and_heraldry" title="Serpent symbolism">Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsangel" title="Wolfsangel">Wolfsangel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Legendary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allocamelus" title="Allocamelus">Allocamelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphyn" title="Alphyn">Alphyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiptere" title="Amphiptere">Amphiptere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilisk" title="Basilisk">Basilisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscione" title="Biscione">Biscione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima" class="mw-redirect" title="Chollima">Chollima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockatrice" title="Cockatrice">Cockatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfield_(heraldry)" title="Enfield (heraldry)">Enfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">Griffin/Keythong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpy" title="Harpy">Harpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippogriff" title="Hippogriff">Hippogriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampago" title="Lampago">Lampago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindworm" title="Lindworm">Lindworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manticore" title="Manticore">Manticore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musimon" title="Musimon">Musimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(mythical_creature)" title="Pantheon (mythical creature)">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panther_(legendary_creature)" title="Panther (legendary creature)">Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus" title="Pegasus">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamanders_in_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanders in folklore">Salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-griffin" title="Sea-griffin">Sea-griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-lion" title="Sea-lion">Sea-lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyger_(heraldry)" title="Tyger (heraldry)">Tyger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winged_lion" title="Winged lion">Winged lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Woodwose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyvern" title="Wyvern">Wyvern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_(mythical_creature)" title="Yale (mythical creature)">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">Fleur-de-lis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath#As_used_in_heraldry" title="Laurel wreath">Laurel wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak#Regional_and_state" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">Quatrefoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldry)" title="Rose (heraldry)">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock#Symbol_of_Ireland" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trefoil" title="Trefoil">Trefoil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle#Heraldry" title="Thistle">Thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnip#Heraldry" title="Turnip">Turnip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeblatt" title="Seeblatt">Waterlily/Seeblatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_knot" title="Heraldic knot">Knots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourchier_knot" title="Bourchier knot">Bourchier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Cavendish/Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacre_knot" title="Dacre knot">Dacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_knot" title="Harrington knot">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hastings/Hungerford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heneage_knot" title="Heneage knot">Heneage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinckaert_knot" title="Hinckaert knot">Hinckaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_knot" title="Hungerford knot">Hungerford knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacy_knot" title="Lacy knot">Lacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Ormonde/Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_knot" title="Savoy knot">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_knot" title="Stafford knot">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_knot" title="Bowen knot">Tristram/Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_knot" title="Wake knot">Wake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tinctures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_tincture" title="Rule of tincture">Rule of tincture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking" title="Tricking">Tricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatching_(heraldry)" title="Hatching (heraldry)">Hatching</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:background: white; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a> (white)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:gold; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:background-color: white; background-image: radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0), radial-gradient(black 20%, transparent 0); background-size: 10px 10px; background-position: 0px 0px, 5px 5px;); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> (gold)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, white 0, white 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> (red)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">Sable</a> (black)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, white 0, white 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a> (blue)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, white 1px, white 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)" title="Vert (heraldry)">Vert</a> (green)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:purple; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(-45deg, black 0, black 1px, white 1px, white 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Purpure" title="Purpure">Purpure</a> (purple)<sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Furs">Furs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/7px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/11px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg/14px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Hermine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Erminites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)#Variations" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Pean</a></li></ul></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/15px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/23px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg/30px-Fourrure_h%C3%A9raldique_Vair.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="195" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vair" title="Vair">Vair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vair#Potent" title="Vair">Potent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8b004b; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(135deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Murrey" title="Murrey">Murrey</a> (mulberry)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:FireBrick; color:white;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sanguine_(heraldry)" title="Sanguine (heraldry)">Sanguine</a> (blood red)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c67000; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(45deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px), repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0, transparent 4px, black 4px, black 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tenn%C3%A9" title="Tenné">Tenné</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rare metals<sup><small>1</small></sup></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CDA8A5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Copper_(heraldry)" title="Copper (heraldry)">Copper</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0AB76; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (metal in the United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Rare colours<sup><small>1</small></sup></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:skyblue; color:black;"> </span><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; background-image: repeating-linear-gradient(35deg, transparent 0, transparent 5px, white 5px, white 6px, transparent 5px, transparent 7px, white 7px, white 8px), repeating-linear-gradient(0deg, black 0, black 1px, transparent 1px, transparent 5px); color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bleu_celeste" title="Bleu celeste">Bleu celeste</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:sienna; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Brun%C3%A2tre" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunâtre">Brunâtre</a> (brown)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E0AB76; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buff_(color)#In_Canadian_heraldry" class="mw-redirect" title="Buff (color)">Buff</a> (color in Canada)</li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cendr%C3%A9e" title="Cendrée">Cendrée</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC7722; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ochre#In_heraldry" title="Ochre">Ochre</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Orange_(heraldry)" title="Orange (heraldry)">Orange</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:HotPink; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Rose_(heraldic_tincture)" title="Rose (heraldic tincture)">Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Realistic</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Proper">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_(heraldry)" title="Carnation (heraldry)">Carnation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookplate">Bookplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_hatchment" title="Funerary hatchment">Hatchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_flag" title="Heraldic flag">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banner_of_arms" title="Banner of arms">banner of arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_of_arms" title="Roll of arms">Roll of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_armorials" title="Illyrian armorials">Illyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">Seal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_seal" title="Equestrian seal">equestrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabard" title="Tabard">Tabard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_of_arms" title="Trophy of arms">Trophy of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_(emblem)" title="Mon (emblem)">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state_emblems" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist state emblems">socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Logotype">Logotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigillography" title="Sigillography">Sigillography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_heraldry" title="List of oldest heraldry">List of oldest heraldry</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/14px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/22px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/29px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Heraldry portal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry/Web_resources" title="Portal:Heraldry/Web resources">resources</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colour_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colour_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Colour</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Colour science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colour physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_colouration" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural colouration">Structural colouration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_colouration" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal colouration">Animal colouration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_of_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour of chemicals">Colour of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Colour perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour blindness">Colour blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_calibration" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour calibration">Colour calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_constancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour constancy">Colour constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_task" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour task">Colour task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour code">Colour code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour temperature">Colour temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_vision_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour vision test">Colour vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_colour_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of colour vision">Evolution of colour vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Impossible colour">Impossible colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour psychology">Colour psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour symbolism">Colour symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_preferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour preferences">Colour preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_colour_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüscher colour test">Lüscher colour test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour reproduction">Colour reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour photography">Colour photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour balance">Colour balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Colour cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour management">Colour management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour printing">Colour printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_colour_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-primary colour display">Multi-primary colour display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour model">Colour model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour space">Colour space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour mapping">Colour mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Colour<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour scheme">Colour scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Colour tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colours">Monochromatic colours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary colours">Complementary colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogous colours">Analogous colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colours (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Web colours">Web colours</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour theory">Colour theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_mixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour mixing">Colour mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary colour">Primary colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary colour">Secondary colour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_solid" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour solid">Colour solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour wheel">Colour wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour triangle">Colour triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour analysis">Colour analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_realism_(art_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour realism (art style)">Colour realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colour_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour term">Colour terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_colour_naming_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the colour naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Colour history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_in_Chinese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour in Chinese culture">Colour in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colours_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional colours of Japan">Traditional colours of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skin colour">Human skin colour</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colour dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colourfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Colourfulness">Colourfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colour<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Colour Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_A%E2%80%93F" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: A–F">List of colours: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_G%E2%80%93M" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: G–M">List of colours: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours:_N%E2%80%93Z" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours: N–Z">List of colours: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours (compact)">List of colours (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colours_by_shade" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colours by shade">List of colours by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colour_palettes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colour palettes">List of colour palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of colour spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crayola crayon colours">List of Crayola crayon colours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour chart">Colour chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colours" title="List of RAL colours">List of RAL colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Color" title="Category:Color">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&oldid=1258192346">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&oldid=1258192346</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heraldic_tinctures" title="Category:Heraldic tinctures">Heraldic tinctures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Color in culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heraldry" title="Category:Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_September_2019" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from September 2019">Articles with incomplete citations from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Middle_High_German_(ca._1050-1500)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text">Articles containing Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hungarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hungarian-language text">Articles containing Hungarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hungarian-language_sources_(hu)" title="Category:CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)">CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2019" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2019">Articles needing additional references from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 17:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tincture_(heraldry)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dhbcv","wgBackendResponseTime":163,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.405","walltime":"1.708","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9782,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":278742,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":23754,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":165309,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1434.930 1 -total"," 22.54% 323.423 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.20% 203.731 55 Template:Lang"," 13.65% 195.888 8 Template:Navbox"," 10.01% 143.697 14 Template:Cite_web"," 8.35% 119.881 16 Template:Fix"," 8.06% 115.715 1 Template:Heraldic_achievement"," 7.87% 112.896 1 Template:Sidebar"," 7.30% 104.756 1 Template:Heraldry"," 7.05% 101.197 16 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.812","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22174747,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBleyer1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoutellAveling1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElvin1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox-Davies1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox-Davies1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranklyn1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJungvon_Franz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonhard1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMike_Oettle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeubecker1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkerGough1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPastoureau1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPimbley1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlater2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodcockRobinson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodwardBurnett1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Volborth1981\"] = 1,\n [\"tinctures_table\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Colour topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn-lr\"] = 16,\n [\"Emoji presentation\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 47,\n [\"Hatching colors\"] = 9,\n [\"Heraldic achievement\"] = 1,\n [\"Heraldry\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 55,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-lr\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionarycat\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-89558","timestamp":"20241124162004","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tincture (heraldry)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tincture_(heraldry)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3404720","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3404720","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-11-16T18:48:17Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T17:00:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/29\/Tinctures_%28metals_and_colours%29.svg","headline":"colour used to emblazon a coat of arms in heraldy"}</script> </body> </html>