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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Constituency-based parse trees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constituency-based_parse_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependency-based_parse_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependency-based_parse_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dependency-based parse trees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependency-based_parse_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phrase_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phrase_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phrase markers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phrase_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84" title="شجرة التحليل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شجرة التحليل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stablo_parsiranja" title="Stablo parsiranja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stablo parsiranja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deriva%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_strom" title="Derivační strom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Derivační strom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxbaum" title="Syntaxbaum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Syntaxbaum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%87" title="نمودار درختی تجزیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمودار درختی تجزیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbre_syntaxique" title="Arbre syntaxique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arbre syntaxique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC" title="파스 트리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파스 트리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stablo_parsiranja" title="Stablo parsiranja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stablo parsiranja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohon_urai" title="Pohon urai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pohon urai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albero_sintattico" title="Albero sintattico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Albero sintattico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbor_syntactica_concreta" title="Arbor syntactica concreta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arbor syntactica concreta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alber_sintattich" title="Alber sintattich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Alber sintattich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxisboom" title="Syntaxisboom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Syntaxisboom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E6%96%87%E6%9C%A8" title="構文木 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="構文木" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drzewo_wyprowadzenia" title="Drzewo wyprowadzenia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drzewo wyprowadzenia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rvore_de_an%C3%A1lise_sint%C3%A1tica" title="Árvore de análise sintática – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Árvore de análise sintática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Дрво извођења – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дрво извођења" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stablo_parsiranja" title="Stablo parsiranja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stablo parsiranja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsetr%C3%A4d" title="Parseträd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parseträd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இலக்கணகூற்று மரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலக்கணகூற்று மரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tree in formal language theory</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parse-tree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Parse-tree.svg/220px-Parse-tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Parse-tree.svg/330px-Parse-tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Parse-tree.svg/440px-Parse-tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Parse tree of the string "aab" with respect to the production rules <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\text{S}}&\to &{\text{AB}}\\{\text{A}}&\to &{\text{aA}}\\{\text{A}}&\to &\varepsilon \\{\text{B}}&\to &{\text{b}}\end{matrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>S</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>AB</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>aA</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mi>ε</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>B</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>b</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\text{S}}&\to &{\text{AB}}\\{\text{A}}&\to &{\text{aA}}\\{\text{A}}&\to &\varepsilon \\{\text{B}}&\to &{\text{b}}\end{matrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebe44100fe595d2ee13e14499ee2e2d7e55dfb9a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:12.852ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\text{S}}&\to &{\text{AB}}\\{\text{A}}&\to &{\text{aA}}\\{\text{A}}&\to &\varepsilon \\{\text{B}}&\to &{\text{b}}\end{matrix}}}"></span></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>parse tree</b> or <b>parsing tree</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also known as a <b>derivation tree</b> or <b>concrete syntax tree</b>) is an ordered, rooted <a href="/wiki/Tree_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree (data structure)">tree</a> that represents the <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> structure of a <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">string</a> according to some <a href="/wiki/Context-free_grammar" title="Context-free grammar">context-free grammar</a>. The term <i>parse tree</i> itself is used primarily in <a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">computational linguistics</a>; in theoretical syntax, the term <i>syntax tree</i> is more common. </p><p>Concrete syntax trees reflect the syntax of the input language, making them distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree" title="Abstract syntax tree">abstract syntax trees</a> used in computer programming. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Sentence_diagram#Reed-Kellogg_system" title="Sentence diagram">Reed-Kellogg sentence diagrams</a> used for teaching grammar, parse trees do not use distinct symbol shapes for different types of <a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">constituents</a>. </p><p>Parse trees are usually constructed based on either the constituency relation of constituency grammars (<a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">phrase structure grammars</a>) or the dependency relation of <a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">dependency grammars</a>. Parse trees may be generated for <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentences</a> in <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural languages</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>), as well as during <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">processing</a> of computer languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>. </p><p>A related concept is that of <b>phrase marker</b> or <b>P-marker</b>, as used in <a href="/wiki/Transformational_generative_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformational generative grammar">transformational generative grammar</a>. A phrase marker is a linguistic expression marked as to its phrase structure. This may be presented in the form of a tree, or as a bracketed expression. Phrase markers are generated by applying <a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_rules" title="Phrase structure rules">phrase structure rules</a>, and themselves are subject to further transformational rules.<sup id="cite_ref-Chomsky2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A set of possible parse trees for a <a href="/wiki/Syntactically_ambiguous" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntactically ambiguous">syntactically ambiguous</a> sentence is called a "parse forest".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parse_tree&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ParseTree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ParseTree.svg/150px-ParseTree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ParseTree.svg/225px-ParseTree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/ParseTree.svg/300px-ParseTree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="120" /></a><figcaption>A simple parse tree</figcaption></figure> <p>A parse tree is made up of nodes and branches.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the picture the parse tree is the entire structure, starting from S and ending in each of the leaf nodes (John, ball, the, hit). In a parse tree, each node is either a <i>root</i> node, a <i>branch</i> node, or a <i>leaf</i> node. In the above example, S is a root node, NP and VP are branch nodes, while John, ball, the, and hit are all leaf nodes. </p><p>Nodes can also be referred to as parent nodes and child nodes. A <i>parent</i> node is one which has at least one other node linked by a branch under it. In the example, S is a parent of both NP and VP. A <i>child</i> node is one which has at least one node directly above it to which it is linked by a branch of the tree. Again from our example, hit is a child node of V. </p><p>A <b>nonterminal function</b> is a function (node) which is either a root or a branch in that tree whereas a <b>terminal function</b> is a function (node) in a parse tree which is a leaf. </p><p>For binary trees (where each parent node has two immediate child nodes), the number of possible parse trees for a sentence with <i>n</i> words is given by the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_number" title="Catalan number">Catalan number</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0301812adb392070d834ca2df4ed97f1cf132f33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.88ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{n}}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constituency-based_parse_trees">Constituency-based parse trees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parse_tree&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Constituency-based parse trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constituency-based parse trees of constituency grammars (<a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">phrase structure grammars</a>) distinguish between terminal and non-terminal nodes. The <a href="/wiki/Interior_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior node">interior nodes</a> are labeled by <a href="/wiki/Nonterminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonterminal">non-terminal</a> categories of the grammar, while the <a href="/wiki/Leaf_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf node">leaf nodes</a> are labeled by <a href="/wiki/Terminal_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal symbol">terminal</a> categories. The image below represents a constituency-based parse tree; it shows the syntactic structure of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> sentence <i>John hit the ball</i>: </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parse_tree_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parse tree PSG"><img alt="Parse tree PSG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Parse_tree_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="338" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="169" /></a></span> </p><p>The parse tree is the entire structure, starting from S and ending in each of the leaf nodes (<i>John</i>, <i>hit</i>, <i>the</i>, <i>ball</i>). The following abbreviations are used in the tree: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>S for <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a>, the top-level structure in this example.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>NP for <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a>. The first (leftmost) NP, a single noun "John", serves as the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> of the sentence. The second one is the <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> of the sentence.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>VP for <a href="/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">verb phrase</a>, which serves as the <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>V for <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>. In this case, it's a <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verb</a> <i>hit</i>.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>D for <a href="/wiki/Determiner_(class)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (class)">determiner</a>, in this instance the <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">definite article</a> "the".</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li>N for <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Each node in the tree is either a <i>root</i> node, a <i>branch</i> node, or a <i>leaf</i> node.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A root node is a node that does not have any branches on top of it. Within a sentence, there is only ever one root node. A branch node is a parent node that connects to two or more child nodes. A leaf node, however, is a terminal node that does not dominate other nodes in the tree. S is the root node, NP and VP are branch nodes, and <i>John</i> (N), <i>hit</i> (V), <i>the</i> (D), and <i>ball</i> (N) are all leaf nodes. The leaves are the <a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">lexical tokens</a> of the sentence. A parent node is one that has at least one other node linked by a branch under it. In the example, S is a parent of both N and VP. A child node is one that has at least one node directly above it to which it is linked by a branch of a tree. From the example, <i>hit</i> is a child node of V. The terms <i>mother</i> and <i>daughter</i> are also sometimes used for this relationship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dependency-based_parse_trees">Dependency-based parse trees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parse_tree&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dependency-based parse trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dependency-based parse trees of <a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">dependency grammars</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see all nodes as terminal, which means they do not acknowledge the distinction between terminal and non-terminal categories. They are simpler on average than constituency-based parse trees because they contain fewer nodes. The dependency-based parse tree for the example sentence above is as follows: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parse2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parse tree DG"><img alt="Parse tree DG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Parse2.jpg" decoding="async" width="344" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="133" /></a></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>This parse tree lacks the phrasal categories (S, VP, and NP) seen in the constituency-based counterpart above. Like the constituency-based tree, <a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">constituent</a> structure is acknowledged. Any complete sub-tree of the tree is a constituent. Thus this dependency-based parse tree acknowledges the subject noun <i>John</i> and the object noun phrase <i>the ball</i> as constituents just like the constituency-based parse tree does. </p><p>The constituency vs. dependency distinction is far-reaching. Whether the additional syntactic structure associated with constituency-based parse trees is necessary or beneficial is a matter of debate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phrase_markers">Phrase markers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parse_tree&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phrase markers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phrase markers, or P-markers, were introduced in early <a href="/wiki/Transformational_generative_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformational generative grammar">transformational generative grammar</a>, as developed by <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> and others. A phrase marker representing the <a href="/wiki/Deep_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep structure">deep structure</a> of a sentence is generated by applying <a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrase structure rule">phrase structure rules</a>. Then, this application may undergo further transformations. </p><p>Phrase markers may be presented in the form of <a href="/wiki/Tree_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree (data structure)">trees</a> (as in the above section on <a href="#Constituency-based_parse_trees">constituency-based parse trees</a>), but are often given instead in the form of "bracketed expressions", which occupy less space in the memory. For example, a bracketed expression corresponding to the constituency-based tree given above may be something like: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [_{S}\ [_{\mathit {N}}\ {\text{John}}]\ [_{\mathit {VP}}\ [_{V}\ {\text{hit}}]\ [_{\mathit {NP}}\ [_{\mathit {D}}\ {\text{the}}]\ [_{N}\ {\text{ball}}]]]]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">N</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>John</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">V</mi> <mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">P</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>hit</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">N</mi> <mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">P</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-tex-mathit" mathvariant="italic">D</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>the</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>ball</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [_{S}\ [_{\mathit {N}}\ {\text{John}}]\ [_{\mathit {VP}}\ [_{V}\ {\text{hit}}]\ [_{\mathit {NP}}\ [_{\mathit {D}}\ {\text{the}}]\ [_{N}\ {\text{ball}}]]]]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/995d5d3a584be537cf98b07b8f03f44656fd826c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:42.168ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [_{S}\ [_{\mathit {N}}\ {\text{John}}]\ [_{\mathit {VP}}\ [_{V}\ {\text{hit}}]\ [_{\mathit {NP}}\ [_{\mathit {D}}\ {\text{the}}]\ [_{N}\ {\text{ball}}]]]]}"></span></dd></dl> <p>As with trees, the precise construction of such expressions and the amount of detail shown can depend on the theory being applied and on the points that the query author wishes to illustrate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parse_tree&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree" title="Abstract syntax tree">Abstract syntax tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">Constituent (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">Parsing</a> (syntax analysis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">Phrase structure grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_diagram" title="Sentence diagram">Sentence diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_and_nonterminal_symbols" title="Terminal and nonterminal symbols">Terminal and nonterminal symbols</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parse_tree&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Chiswell and Hodges 2007: 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chomsky2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky2014_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNoam_Chomsky2014" class="citation book cs1">Noam Chomsky (26 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ljFkBgAAQBAJ&q=%22phrase+marker%22"><i>Aspects of the Theory of Syntax</i></a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52740-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52740-8"><bdi>978-0-262-52740-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+the+Theory+of+Syntax&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2014-12-26&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52740-8&rft.au=Noam+Chomsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DljFkBgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522phrase%2Bmarker%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParse+tree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Billot, Sylvie, and Bernard Lang. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00075520/document">The structure of shared forests in ambiguous parsing</a>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/external/clmt/latex4ling/trees/parsetree/">"The parsetree Package for Drawing Trees in LaTeX"</a>. <i>www1.essex.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www1.essex.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+parsetree+Package+for+Drawing+Trees+in+LaTeX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.essex.ac.uk%2Flinguistics%2Fexternal%2Fclmt%2Flatex4ling%2Ftrees%2Fparsetree%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParse+tree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Carnie (2013:118ff.) for an introduction to the basic concepts of syntax trees (e.g. root node, terminal node, non-terminal node, etc.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example Ágel et al. 2003/2006.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parse_tree&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilmos_%C3%81gel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilmos Ágel (page does not exist)">Ágel, V.</a>, Ludwig Eichinger, Hans-Werner Eroms, Peter Hellwig, Hans Heringer, and Hennig Lobin (eds.) 2003/6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWhp8IJ20X4C">Dependency and valency: An international handbook of contemporary research</a>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.</li> <li>Carnie, A. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=or-Y3c9dY4UC&q=tree">Syntax: A generative introduction</a>, 3rd edition. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.</li> <li>Chiswell, Ian and Wilfrid Hodges 2007. Mathematical logic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Aho, A. V., Sethi, R., and Ullman, J. D. 1986. <a href="/wiki/Compilers:_Principles,_techniques,_%26_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Compilers: Principles, techniques, & tools">Compilers: Principles, techniques, & tools</a>. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parse_tree&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ductape.net/~eppie/tree/">Syntax Tree Editor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ltc.sourceforge.net/">Linguistic Tree Constructor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ironcreek.net/phpsyntaxtree/">phpSyntaxTree</a> – Online parse tree drawing site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lrv.bplaced.net/syntaxtree/">phpSyntaxTree (Unicode)</a> – Online parse tree drawing site (improved version that supports Unicode)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yohasebe.com/rsyntaxtree/">rSyntaxTree</a> Enhanced version of phpSyntaxTree in Ruby with Unicode and Vectorized graphics</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.upenn.edu/advice/latex/qtree/">Qtree</a> – <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a> package for drawing parse trees</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapsofspeech.com/2017/10/02/treeform/">TreeForm Syntax Tree Drawing Software</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trimc-nlp.blogspot.com/2013/05/phrase-structure-and-dependency-parsing.html">Visual Introduction to Parse Trees</a> Introduction and Transformation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTnHwzVAIOo">OpenCourseOnline</a> Dependency Parse Introduction (Christopher Manning)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surdeanu.info/mihai/teaching/ista555-fall13/readings/PennTreebankConstituents.html#VBZ">Penn Treebank II Constituent Tags</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Top-down_parsing" title="Top-down parsing">Top-down</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earley_parser" title="Earley parser">Earley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LL_parser" title="LL parser">LL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_descent_parser" title="Recursive descent parser">Recursive descent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tail_recursive_parser" title="Tail recursive parser">Tail recursive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bottom-up_parsing" title="Bottom-up parsing">Bottom-up</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Precedence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_precedence_parser" title="Simple precedence parser">Simple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operator-precedence_parser" title="Operator-precedence parser">Operator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shunting_yard_algorithm" title="Shunting yard algorithm">Shunting-yard</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR_parser" title="LR parser">LR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_LR_parser" title="Simple LR parser">Simple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LALR_parser" title="LALR parser">Look-ahead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_LR_parser" title="Canonical LR parser">Canonical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLR_parser" title="GLR parser">Generalized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYK_algorithm" title="CYK algorithm">CYK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_ascent_parser" title="Recursive ascent parser">Recursive ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift-reduce_parser" title="Shift-reduce parser">Shift-reduce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" 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title="Memoization">Memoization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler-compiler" title="Compiler-compiler">Parser generator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LALR_parser_generator" title="LALR parser generator">LALR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parse tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree" title="Abstract syntax tree">AST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scannerless_parsing" title="Scannerless parsing">Scannerless parsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_compiler_construction" title="History of compiler construction">History of compiler construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_parser_generators" title="Comparison of parser generators">Comparison of parser generators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operator-precedence_grammar" title="Operator-precedence grammar">Operator-precedence grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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