CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Film - Citizendium</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"200a35f472bb6dc208c6c3e0","wgCSPNonce":false,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Film","wgTitle":"Film","wgCurRevisionId":972004,"wgRevisionId":972004,"wgArticleId":19277,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Media tag","Suggestion Bot Tag","CZ Live","Media Workgroup","Articles written in British English","All Content","Media Content"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Film","wgRelevantArticleId":19277,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit": [],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgPageFormsTargetName":null,"wgPageFormsAutocompleteValues":[],"wgPageFormsAutocompleteOnAllChars":false,"wgPageFormsFieldProperties":[],"wgPageFormsCargoFields":[],"wgPageFormsDependentFields":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarValues":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarParams":[],"wgPageFormsCalendarHTML":null,"wgPageFormsGridValues":[],"wgPageFormsGridParams":[],"wgPageFormsContLangYes":null,"wgPageFormsContLangNo":null,"wgPageFormsContLangMonths":[],"wgPageFormsHeightForMinimizingInstances":800,"wgPageFormsShowOnSelect":[],"wgPageFormsScriptPath":"/wiki/extensions/PageForms","edgValues":null,"wgPageFormsEDSettings":null,"wgAmericanDates":false,"wgVector2022PreviewPages":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":4};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","mmv.head" ,"mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.popups"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=skins.vector.styles.legacy&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <script async="" src="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.39.5"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1000"/> <link rel="icon" href="/images/favicon1.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/wiki/opensearch_desc.php" title="Citizendium"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Citizendium Atom feed" href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-W7ML9SNPXT"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-W7ML9SNPXT'); </script> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Film rootpage-Film skin-vector action-view skin-vector-legacy vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-language-alert-in-sidebar-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-edit-disabled vector-feature-table-of-contents-disabled vector-feature-visual-enhancement-next-disabled"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Film</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Citizendium</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div style="float:right;"><div style="position:relative; top: -20px;"> <div style="cursor: pointer" onClick="return addthis_open(this, '', 'https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Film', 'Film')" onmouseout="addthis_close()"><img src="//s9.addthis.com/button1-share.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="" /></div>   <script type="text/javascript"> addthis_pub = 'citizendium'; addthis_logo = ''; addthis_logo_color = ''; addthis_logo_background = ''; addthis_brand = 'Citizendium'; addthis_options = ''; addthis_offset_top = ''; addthis_offset_left = ''; </script><script type="text/javascript" src="//s7.addthis.com/js/152/addthis_widget.js"></script>  </div></div><div align="left" style="background-color: #cccccc; margin:0.5em;position:relative;"> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="background:#f3f3f3"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2" width="2px" valign="top" align="left" style="background:#C4D2DF; border-left:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa;"><a href="/wiki/File:Statusbar2.png" class="image" title="This article is developing and not approved."><img alt="This article is developing and not approved." src="/wiki/images/4/4f/Statusbar2.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="59" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="59" /></a><br /> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#C4D2DF" style="border-bottom:1px solid #C4D2DF; white-space: nowrap; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; font-size:0.9em;"><font size="2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Main Article</a></font><br /> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="white-space: nowrap; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; font-size:0.9em;"><font size="2"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Film" title="Talk:Film">Discussion</a></font> <br /> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="white-space: nowrap; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; font-size:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Film/Related_Articles" title="Film/Related Articles">Related Articles </a> <a href="/wiki/CZ:Related_Articles" title="CZ:Related Articles"><span style="font-size:0.9em;"><sup>[?]</sup></span></a> <br /> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="white-space: nowrap; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; font-size:0.9em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?action=edit&preload=Template%3ASubpages_name&title=Film/Bibliography"><font color="#810541">Bibliography </font></a> <a href="/wiki/CZ:Bibliography" title="CZ:Bibliography"><span style="font-size:0.9em;"><sup>[?]</sup></span></a> <br /> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="white-space: nowrap; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; font-size:0.9em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?action=edit&preload=Template%3ASubpages_name&title=Film/External_Links"><font color="#810541">External Links </font></a> <a href="/wiki/CZ:External_Links" title="CZ:External Links"><span style="font-size:0.9em;"><sup>[?]</sup></span></a> <br /> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="white-space: nowrap; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; font-size:0.9em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?action=edit&preload=Template%3ACitable_Version_start&title=Film/Citable_Version"><font color="#810541">Citable Version </font></a> <a href="/wiki/CZ:Citable_Version" title="CZ:Citable Version"><span style="font-size:0.9em;"><sup>[?]</sup></span></a> <br /> </td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="white-space: nowrap; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; font-size:0.9em;"><div style="position:relative; width:14px; height:14px; overflow:hidden;"><div style="position:absolute; font-size:14px; overflow:hidden; line-height:14px; letter-spacing:14px;"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Subpages" title="CZ:Subpages"><span title="CZ:Subpages" style="text-decoration:none;">   </span></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:Subpages.png" class="image" title="CZ:Subpages"><img alt="CZ:Subpages" src="/wiki/images/thumb/1/1f/Subpages.png/14px-Subpages.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" srcset="/wiki/images/1/1f/Subpages.png 1.5x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></a></div><div style="position:relative; width:14px; height:14px; overflow:hidden;"><div style="position:absolute; font-size:14px; overflow:hidden; line-height:14px; letter-spacing:14px;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film/Metadata" title="Template:Film/Metadata"><span title="Template:Film/Metadata" style="text-decoration:none;">   </span></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:Metadata.png" class="image" title="Template:Film/Metadata"><img alt="Template:Film/Metadata" src="/wiki/images/thumb/4/4f/Metadata.png/14px-Metadata.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" srcset="/wiki/images/4/4f/Metadata.png 1.5x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></a></div> </td> <td width="100%" style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa">  </td></tr> <tr> <td height="40px" colspan="20" style="background:#C4D2DF; padding: 2px 2px 2px 2px; border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaaaaa"> <table align="right" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="plainlinks plainlinksneverexpand" style="position:relative; width:17px; height:17px; overflow:hidden; text-decoration:none;"><div style="position:absolute; font-size:17px; overflow:hidden; line-height:17px; letter-spacing:17px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Film&printable=yes"><span title="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Film&printable=yes" style="text-decoration:none;">   </span></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:Print_button.png" class="image" title="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Film&printable=yes"><img alt="https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Film&printable=yes" src="/wiki/images/thumb/0/07/Print_button.png/17px-Print_button.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" srcset="/wiki/images/thumb/0/07/Print_button.png/26px-Print_button.png 1.5x, /wiki/images/thumb/0/07/Print_button.png/34px-Print_button.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table><font size="2"><i>This editable Main Article is <b>under development</b> and subject to a <a href="/wiki/CZ:Disclaimer" title="CZ:Disclaimer"><b>disclaimer</b></a><b>. </b></i><b></b></font><div style="float:right; margin: .1em .5em;"><b>[<span class="plainlinks plainlinksneverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Film&action=edit&section=0"><font size="2">edit intro</font></a></span>]</b></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 0.3em; padding:0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em;"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Gauge"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Gauge</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#35mm"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">35mm</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#16mm_&_Super_16"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">16mm & Super 16</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#8mm_&_Super_8"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">8mm & Super 8</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Silent_era"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Silent era</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Sound_era"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sound era</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#40's"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">40's</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#50's"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">50's</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#60's"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">60's</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#70's"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">70's</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#80's"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">80's</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#90's"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">90's</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#2000's"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">2000's</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#The_Future"><span class="tocnumber">2.10</span> <span class="toctext">The Future</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <p><b>Film</b> is a visual medium involving the recording and display of images in motion over time, generally by <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photographic</a> means. The word "film" was derived from the shorthand for <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Photographic_film&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photographic film (page does not exist)">photographic film</a>, a particular medium of image recording which uses a <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Photosensitive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photosensitive (page does not exist)">photosensitive</a> coating atop a flexible <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Substrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Substrate (page does not exist)">substrate</a>. </p><p>Film is a generic term that may describe different media: film as an academic field, an art form, popular motion pictures, whether live-action or cartoon, educational and industrial films, and propaganda tools. An entire <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Film_industry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Film industry (page does not exist)">industry</a> has grown around the making of films. </p><p>Film as a creative art form has several popular names. The most common of these are <i>cinema</i> (most often used in <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_English" title="Commonwealth English">Commonwealth English</a>) or <i>movies</i> (the American term, which is popular around the globe thanks to the far-reaching influence of <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Hollywood,_California&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hollywood, California (page does not exist)">Hollywood</a>). </p><p>Film is a relatively young art form, originating in the late <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=19th_century&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="19th century (page does not exist)">19th century</a>. From its beginnings as a public curiosity for showing several seconds of black and white silent footage of "actualities", film gradually evolved technically and creatively over the succeeding decades into a major financial enterprise. Longer narrative films and experimentation with new techniques fed into increasingly imaginative works, a larger viewing public, and an influx in workers eager to be employed on both sides of the camera. All of these factors made films a lucrative market, and thus drove increased investment and the birth of the “studio system”. Subsequently, the demand for new audience experiences - both for creative and marketing reasons - led to the use of sound, color, <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Widescreen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Widescreen (page does not exist)">widescreen</a>, <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=3-D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-D (page does not exist)">3-D</a>, and even smells or sensations with the film; these were each met with varying degrees of success. More recent developments include integration with <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> formats, such as <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=High_definition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High definition (page does not exist)">HD</a> for origination, and <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> for distribution. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gauge">Gauge</span></h2> <p>Until the 1950s, film contained <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Cellulose_nitrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellulose nitrate (page does not exist)">cellulose nitrate</a>, which would catch fire if the projection lamp was too hot. It was eventually replaced with a <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Cellulose_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellulose acetate (page does not exist)">cellulose acetate</a> formula that would not ignite. All motion pictures were filmed on 35mm film until the late 1960s; this medium is still used today. 16mm film has also been in use for filmmaking since the 1960s. Video did not dominate the scene until the late 1990's. all motion pictures were shot on plastic celluloid film until the turn of the millennium. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="35mm">35mm</span></h3> <p>35 mm film has been the standard format for motion pictures. In early cinema, various media had been used to create moving images, including light sensitive paper. in the 1900's <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Eastman_Kodak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastman Kodak (page does not exist)">Eastman Kodak</a> invented flexible film. </p> <h3><span id="16mm_.26_Super_16"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="16mm_&_Super_16">16mm & Super 16</span></h3> <p>16 mm film was Introduced in the 1920s, and was originally used for home movies. From the advent of television the 1950s, it was used to film stories that were not live broadcast, and from the 1960s onward, it was used by independent filmmakers and television studios. Later 16mm film began to be used by the movie industry as a way of cutting costs associated with 35mm. 16mm film is half of the width of 35mm film and has an aspect ratio of 1.33. </p><p>Super 16 was created and developed by <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Rune_Ericson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rune Ericson (page does not exist)">Rune Ericson</a> and <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Beauviala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pierre Beauviala (page does not exist)">Jean-Pierre Beauviala</a>, the latter the founder of first <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Eclaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eclaire (page does not exist)">Eclaire</a> then <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Aaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aaton (page does not exist)">Aaton</a>, the French manufacturer of motion picture cameras. It was designed to fit the theatrical aspect ratio (1.66 Europe; 1.85 North America) when projected. Super 16mm extends the frame of the image into the area originally used for optical soundtracks. </p> <h3><span id="8mm_.26_Super_8"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="8mm_&_Super_8">8mm & Super 8</span></h3> <p>Super 8 was introduced in the 1960s as a home movie format. like 16mm, it too has been used for feature film. Unlike 16mm, it remained as a minor form of movie making prior to the advent of the VCR in 1979. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> <p>Motion pictures are considered to be a modern art medium, as they require technological advances; these are improving rapidly over time. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Silent_era">Silent era</span></h3> <dl><dd>See <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Silent_film&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silent film (page does not exist)">Silent film</a></dd></dl> <p>From the late 1800s to the late 1920s, film was chiefly a silent medium. Classic and method acting were translated directly from the <a href="/wiki/Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">stage</a>, <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Vaudeville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaudeville (page does not exist)">vaudeville</a> and <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Pantomime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantomime (page does not exist)">pantomime</a>, often with exaggerated facial expressions and body language for the camera. Early stars included <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Clara_Bow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clara Bow (page does not exist)">Clara Bow</a>, <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Charlie_Chaplin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlie Chaplin (page does not exist)">Charlie Chaplin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Pickford" title="Mary Pickford">Mary Pickford</a>. </p><p>A Trip to the Moon (1902), by early filmmaker Georges Méliès, was a notable silent film which suggested film’s wide potential for experimental art and capturing the scope of human imagination. It was an exaggerated <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Fantasy_(genre)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fantasy (genre) (page does not exist)">fantasy</a> using experimental film techniques and was probably the first film to suggest and portray space travel. </p><p>Styles differed from continent to continent, with film being treated alternately as a serious art form, a form of entertainment and a profit-making business. Countries that developed their own native cinema from the early silent period onward, include <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. </p><p>Experiments in improving the technology and techniques of filmmaking continued throughout the silent era. Besides improvements to the actual media, among the most significant of these were improvements to the camera and especially to its <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Dolly_(camera)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolly (camera) (page does not exist)">mobility</a>, allowing increasingly daring and flexible filming, the invention and rapid development of “boom” microphone techniques and continual experiments in sound. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sound_era">Sound era</span></h3> <p>Early sound film was difficult to produce. Until the invention of the microphone arm (or "microphone boom"), microphones were placed at certain points around the set to record dialogue. The tracks were then mixed together and recorded on special vinyl <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Record&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Record (page does not exist)">records</a> that were played on cue with the film with a little mark placed on the record track. Often would these go out of <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Synchronization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synchronization (page does not exist)">sync</a> and some records broke. </p><p>By the late 1920s, advances in the nascent <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> industry, including the first commercial broadcasts purely for entertainment, were posing a competitive threat to the film industry. This may well have spurred the push for sound in film. technology developed rapidly; with the creation of the microphone boom and the use of visual sound waves on the section of the film as sound, using light to both record and play sound. The release of <i><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=The_Jazz_Singer_(1927_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Jazz Singer (1927 film) (page does not exist)">The Jazz Singer</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Al_Jolson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al Jolson (page does not exist)">Al Jolson</a> (1927 ) usually marks the advent of sound. Films with sound sequences had already been released, but The Jazz Singer was the first full length film with audible singing and dialogue. </p><p><i>The Jazz Singer</i> was highly successful and film producers, even those resistant to the new sound technology, could no longer ignore it. From then onward, nearly all motion pictures had sound. Silent film has since become rare, and today is usually found only in the <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Art_film&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art film (page does not exist)">art film</a> world. </p><p>Over time sound began to help shape the films being made, notable examples include <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>'s 1929 remake of his earlier silent film <i><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Blackmail_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackmail (film) (page does not exist)">Blackmail</a></i>, and the French film <i><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Le_Million_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Million (film) (page does not exist)">Le Million</a></i>. </p><p><br /> </p> <h3><span id="40.27s"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="40's">40's</span></h3> <p>Under Construction </p> <h3><span id="50.27s"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="50's">50's</span></h3> <p>Under Construction </p> <h3><span id="60.27s"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="60's">60's</span></h3> <p>Under Construction </p> <h3><span id="70.27s"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="70's">70's</span></h3> <p>Under Construction </p> <h3><span id="80.27s"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="80's">80's</span></h3> <p>Under Construction </p> <h3><span id="90.27s"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="90's">90's</span></h3> <p>Under Construction </p> <h3><span id="2000.27s"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="2000's">2000's</span></h3> <p>Under Construction </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Future">The Future</span></h3> <p>Under Construction </p>  </div> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Film&oldid=972004">https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Film&oldid=972004</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CZ_Live" title="Category:CZ Live">CZ Live</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Media_Workgroup" title="Category:Media Workgroup">Media Workgroup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_written_in_British_English" title="Category:Articles written in British English">Articles written in British English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Content" title="Category:All Content">All Content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Media_Content" title="Category:Media Content">Media Content</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Media_tag" title="Category:Media tag">Media tag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suggestion_Bot_Tag" title="Category:Suggestion Bot Tag">Suggestion Bot Tag</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Film" title="To edit pages, [[Special:RequestAccount|get a contributor account]]. [o]" accesskey="o"><span>Log in</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav id="p-namespaces" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-namespaces vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-namespaces-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Namespaces</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Film" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-variants-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" /> <label id="p-variants-label" aria-label="Change language variant" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <nav id="p-views" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-views vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-views-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Views</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-view" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Film"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Film&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Film&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li><li id="ca-mzwi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Film&action=mzwi"><span>ZWI Export</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" role="navigation" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-cactions-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-cactions" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" /> <label id="p-cactions-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">More</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"></ul> </div> </nav> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <div> <h3 > <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/wiki/index.php" id="searchform" class="vector-search-box-form"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="vector-search-box-inner" data-search-loc="header-navigation"> <input class="vector-search-box-input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Citizendium" aria-label="Search Citizendium" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Citizendium [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton" type="submit" name="fulltext" title="Search the pages for this text" value="Search"> <input id="searchButton" class="searchButton" type="submit" name="go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" value="Go To Page"> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"> <a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Welcome_to_Citizendium" title="Visit the main page"></a> </div> <nav id="p-Read" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Read vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Read-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-Read-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Read</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_Citizendium" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Welcome to Citizendium</span></a></li><li id="n-Citable-Articles" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Category:Citable_versions_of_articles"><span>Citable Articles</span></a></li><li id="n-All-Articles" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Category:CZ_Live"><span>All Articles</span></a></li><li id="n-Random-Article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/CZ_Live"><span>Random Article</span></a></li><li id="n-All-Recent-Changes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges"><span>All Recent Changes</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-About_Us" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-About_Us vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-About_Us-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-About_Us-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">About Us</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:About"><span>Introduction</span></a></li><li id="n-FAQ" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:FAQ"><span>FAQ</span></a></li><li id="n-Policies" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Policies"><span>Policies</span></a></li><li id="n-Governance" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Governance"><span>Governance</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-Contact_Us" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Contact_Us vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Contact_Us-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-Contact_Us-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Contact Us</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Enquiries" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Enquiry_Form"><span>Enquiries</span></a></li><li id="n-Apply-to-Join" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Index/Join"><span>Apply to Join</span></a></li><li id="n-Personnel" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Personnel"><span>Personnel</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-How_To" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-How_To vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-How_To-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-How_To-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">How To</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Forum" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Forum:Home"><span>Forum</span></a></li><li id="n-Start-Article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Start_Article"><span>Start Article</span></a></li><li id="n-Article-Mechanics" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Article_mechanics"><span>Article Mechanics</span></a></li><li id="n-How-to-Edit" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:How_to_edit_an_article"><span>How to Edit</span></a></li><li id="n-Help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Home"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-More-Help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Index"><span>More Help</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-Finance" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Finance vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-Finance-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-Finance-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Finance</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-Financial-Report" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Financial_report"><span>Financial Report</span></a></li><li id="n-Donate" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Donate"><span>Donate</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb vector-menu-portal portal" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-tb-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Film" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Film" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Film&oldid=972004" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Film&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Film&id=972004&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li></ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" role="contentinfo" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified 12:00, 16 August 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><I>CZ is free</i>. All written content is available under the <a href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_CC-by-sa_3.0">Creative Commons-Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license</a> or any later. Written content that originated in part from Wikipedia is also available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike</a>. <br /> <br /> <a href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/Help:Index">Help</a> • <a href="https://citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:Financial_report">Financial Report</a> • Follow Citizendium on <a href="https://twitter.com/TheCitizendium">Twitter</a> • <a href="https://www.facebook.com/citizendium">Facebook</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="/wiki/CZ:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/CZ:About">About Citizendium</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/CZ:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"><img src="/wiki/resources/assets/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa.png" alt="Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="/wiki/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/wiki/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /wiki/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li> </ul> </footer> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":157});});</script> </body>  </html>