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href="#Emergence_of_a_world_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Emergence of a world system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emergence_of_a_world_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Emergence of a world system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_a_world_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_three_principles_of_archaic_globalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_three_principles_of_archaic_globalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The three principles of archaic globalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_three_principles_of_archaic_globalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Economic exchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_of_long_distance_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_of_long_distance_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Expansion of long distance trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_long_distance_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_spread_of_goods_and_ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_spread_of_goods_and_ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The spread of goods and ideas</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<ul id="toc-Modern_globalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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globalization</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaic_globalization.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Archaic_globalization.svg/400px-Archaic_globalization.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Archaic_globalization.svg/600px-Archaic_globalization.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Archaic_globalization.svg/800px-Archaic_globalization.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>The 13th-century world-system, as described by <a href="/wiki/Janet_Abu-Lughod" title="Janet Abu-Lughod">Janet Abu-Lughod</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Archaic globalization</b> is a phase in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">history of globalization</a>, and conventionally refers to globalizing events and developments from the time of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a> until roughly 1600 (the following period is known as <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern globalization">early modern globalization</a>). Archaic globalization describes the relationships between <a href="/wiki/Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities">communities</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> and how they were created by the geographical spread of ideas and <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">social norms</a> at both local and regional levels.<sup id="cite_ref-M_45_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_45-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>States began to interact and trade with others within close proximity as a way to acquire coveted goods that were considered <a href="/wiki/Luxury_goods" title="Luxury goods">a luxury</a>. This trade led to the spread of ideas such as religion, economic structures and political ideals. <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">Merchants</a> became connected and aware of others in ways that had not been apparent. Archaic globalization is comparable to present day <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> on a much smaller scale. It not only allowed the spread of <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commodities" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities">commodities</a> to other regions, but it also allowed people to experience other cultures. Cities that partook in trading were bound together by <a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">sea lanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inland_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland shipping">rivers</a>, and great overland <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a>, some of which had been in use since antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-A-L_33_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-L_33-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trading was broken up according to geographic location, with centers between flanking places serving as "<a href="/wiki/Breakbulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakbulk">break-in-bulk</a>" and exchange points for goods destined for more distant markets.<sup id="cite_ref-A-L_33_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-L_33-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time period the subsystems were more self-sufficient than they are today and therefore less vitally dependent upon one another for everyday survival.<sup id="cite_ref-A-L_33_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-L_33-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While long-distance trading came with many trials and tribulations, still so much of it went on during this early time period. Linking the trade together involved eight interlinked subsystems that were grouped into three large circuits, which encompassed the <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">western European</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far Eastern</a> circuits. This interaction during trading was early civilization's way to communicate and spread many ideas that caused <a href="/wiki/Modern_globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern globalization">modern globalization</a> to emerge and allowed a new aspect to present-day society.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defining_globalization">Defining globalization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaic_globalization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Defining globalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Globalization is the process of increasing interconnectedness between regions and individuals. Steps toward globalization include economic, political, technological, social, and cultural connections around the world. The term "archaic" can be described as early ideals and functions that were once historically apparent in society but may have disintegrated over time. </p><p>There are three main prerequisites for globalization to occur. The first is the idea of Eastern Origins, which shows how Western states have adapted and implemented learned principles from the East.<sup id="cite_ref-M_47_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_47-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without the traditional ideas from the East, Western globalization would not have emerged the way it did. The second is distance. The interactions amongst states were not on a global scale and most often were confined to Asia, North Africa, the Middle East and certain parts of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-M_47_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_47-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With early globalization it was difficult for states to interact with others that were not within close proximity. Eventually, technological advances allowed states to learn of others existence and another phase of globalization was able to occur. The third has to do with <a href="/wiki/Interdependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdependency">interdependency</a>, stability and regularity. If a state is not dependent on another then there is no way for them to be mutually affected by one another. This is one of the driving forces behind global connections and trade; without either globalization would not have emerged the way it did and states would still be dependent on their own production and resources to function. This is one of the arguments surrounding the idea of early globalization. It is argued that archaic globalization did not function in a similar manner to modern globalization because states were not as interdependent on others as they are today.<sup id="cite_ref-M_48_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_48-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergence_of_a_world_system">Emergence of a world system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaic_globalization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emergence of a world system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians argue that a <a href="/wiki/World_system" class="mw-redirect" title="World system">world system</a> was in order before the rise of capitalism between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. This is referred to as the early age of capitalism where long-distance trade, market exchange and <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a> existed amongst states.<sup id="cite_ref-M_45_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_45-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From around 3000 BCE to 1000 CE, connectivity within <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a> was centered upon the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 800 AD Greek, Roman and Muslim empires emerged covering areas known today as China and the Middle East. Major religions such as Christianity, Islam and Buddhism spread to distant lands where many are still intact today. One of the most popular examples of distant trade routes can be seen with the <a href="/wiki/Silk_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk route">silk route</a> between China and the Mediterranean, movement and trade with art and luxury goods between Arab regions, South Asia and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These relationships through trade mainly formed in the east and eventually led to the development of capitalism. It was at this time that power and land shifted from the nobility and church to the bourgeoisie and division of labor in production emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the later part of the twelfth century and the beginning of the thirteenth century an international trade system was developed between states ranging from northwestern Europe to China.<sup id="cite_ref-A-L_8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-L_8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1500s other Asian empires emerged, which included trading over longer distances than before. During the early exchanges between states, Europe had little to offer with the exception of slaves, metals, wood and furs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The push for selling of items in the east drove European production and helped integrate them into the exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-A-L_47_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-L_47-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European expansion and growth of opportunities for trade made possible by the Crusades increased the renaissance of agriculture, mining, and manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-A-L_47_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-L_47-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapid urbanization throughout Europe allowed a connection from the North Sea to Venice.<sup id="cite_ref-A-L_47_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-L_47-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advances in industrialization coupled with the rouse of population growth and the growing demands of the eastern trade, led to the growth of true trading emporia with outlets to the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-A-L_47_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-L_47-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a 'multi-polar' nature to archaic globalization, which involved the active participation of non-Europeans. Because it predated the <a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a> of the nineteenth century, in which <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> pulled ahead of the rest of the world in terms of industrial production and economic output, archaic globalization was a phenomenon that was driven not only by <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> but also by other economically developed <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> centers such as <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, coastal China and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These pre-capitalist movements were regional rather than global and for the most part temporary. This idea of early globalization was proposed by the historian <a href="/wiki/A.G._Hopkins" class="mw-redirect" title="A.G. Hopkins">A.G. Hopkins</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopkins main points on archaic globalization can be seen with trade, and diaspora that developed from this, as well as religious ideas and empires that spread throughout the region.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new interaction amongst states led to interconnections between parts of the world which led to the eventual interdependency amongst these state actors.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main actors that partook in the spreading of goods and ideas were kings, warriors, priests and traders. Hopkins also addresses that during this time period mini-globalizations were prominent and that some collapsed or became more insular.<sup id="cite_ref-M_47_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_47-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mini-globalizations are referred to as episodic and ruptured, with empires sometimes overreaching and having to retract.<sup id="cite_ref-M_47_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_47-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mini-globalizations left remnants that allowed the West to adopt these new ideals, leading to the idea of Western capitalism. The adopted ideals can be seen in the Western monetary system and are central to systems like capitalism that define modernity and modern globalization.<sup id="cite_ref-M_48_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_48-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_three_principles_of_archaic_globalization">The three principles of archaic globalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaic_globalization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The three principles of archaic globalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaic globalization consists of three principles: universalizing kingship, expansion of religious movements, and medicinal understanding. </p> <ul><li>The universalizing of kingship led soldiers and monarchs far distances to find honor and prestige. However, the crossing over foreign lands also gave the traveling men opportunity to exchange prized goods. This expanded trade between distant lands, which consequently increased the amount of social and economic relations.</li> <li>Despite the vast distances covered by monarchs and their companies, <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrimages">pilgrimages</a> remain one of the greatest global movements of people.</li> <li>Finally, the desire for better health was the remaining push behind archaic globalization. While the trading of spices, precious stones, animals, and weapons remained of major importance, people began to seek medicine from faraway lands. This implemented more trade routes, especially to China for their tea.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_exchange">Economic exchange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaic_globalization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economic exchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the increase in trade and state linkage, economic exchange extended throughout the region and caused actors to form new relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-M_44_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_44-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This early economic development can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Champagne_Fairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne Fairs">Champagne Fairs</a>, which were outdoor markets where traveling merchants came to sell their products and make purchases.<sup id="cite_ref-A-L_52_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-L_52-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, market fairs used barter as opposed to money, once larger itinerant merchants began to frequent them, the need for currency became greater and a money changer needed to be established.<sup id="cite_ref-A-L_52_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-L_52-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historical scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2011)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> argue that this was the beginning of the role of banker and the institution of credit. An example can be seen with one individual in need of an item the urban merchant does not ordinarily stock. The product seeker orders the item, which the merchant promises to bring him next time. The product seeker either gives credit to the merchant by paying them in advance, gets credit from the merchant by promising to pay them once the item is in stock, or some type of concession is made through a down payment. If the product seeker does not have the amount required by the merchant he may borrow from the capital stored by the money changer or he may mortgage part of his expected harvest, either from the money charger or the merchant he is seeking goods from.<sup id="cite_ref-A-L_53_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-L_53-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lengthy transaction eventually resulted in a complex economic system and once the weekly market began to expand from barter to the monetized system required by long-distance trading.<sup id="cite_ref-A-L_53_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-L_53-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A higher circuit of trade developed once urban traders from outside city limits travelled from distant directions to the market center in the quest to buy or sell goods. Merchants would then begin to meet at the same spot on a weekly basis allowing for them to arrange with other merchants to bring special items for exchange that were not demanded by the local agriculturalists but for markets in their home towns.<sup id="cite_ref-A-L_53_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-L_53-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the local individuals placed advanced orders, customers from towns of different traders may begin to place order for items in a distant town that their trader can order from their counterpart. This central meeting point, becomes the focus of long-distance trade and how it began to increase.<sup id="cite_ref-A-L_53_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-L_53-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_of_long_distance_trade">Expansion of long distance trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaic_globalization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expansion of long distance trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order for trade to be able to expand during this early time period, it required some basic functions of the market as well as the merchants. The first was security. Goods that were being transported began to have more value and the merchants needed to protect their coveted goods especially since they were often traveling through poor areas where the risk of theft was high. To overcome this problem merchants began to travel in <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravans</a> as a way to ensure their personal safety as well as the safety of their goods.<sup id="cite_ref-A-L_54_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-L_54-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second prerequisite to early long distant trade had to be an agreement on a rate of exchange. Since many of the merchants came from distant lands with different monetary systems a system had to be put into place as a way to enforce repayment of previous goods, repay previous debt and to ensure contracts were upheld.<sup id="cite_ref-A-L_54_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-L_54-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expansion was also able to thrive so long as it had a motive for exchange as a way to promote trade amongst foreign lands. Also, outside merchants access to trading sites was a critical factor in trade route growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_spread_of_goods_and_ideas">The spread of goods and ideas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaic_globalization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The spread of goods and ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most popular goods produced were spices, which were traded over short distances, while manufactured goods were central to the system and could not have been aided without them.<sup id="cite_ref-A-L_8_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-L_8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention of money in the form of gold coins in Europe and Middle East and paper money in China around the thirteenth century allowed trade to move more easily between the different actors.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main actors involved in this system viewed gold, silver, and copper as valuable on different levels. Nevertheless, goods were transferred, prices set, exchange rates agreed upon, contracts entered into, credit extended, partnerships formed and agreements that were made were kept on record and honored.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time of globalization, credit was also used as a means for trading. The use of credit began in the form of blood ties but later led to the emergence the "banker" as a profession.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the this period the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> emerged as prominent commercial and maritime powers in Europe and in the Mediterranean area as a whole. Genoa, strategically located in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, controlled crucial trade routes connecting <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. This positioning solidified its role as a vital commercial hub, facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas across continents. Meanwhile, Venice dominated trade in the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a>, establishing and maintaining an extensive network of routes known as the Venetian maritime empire. These routes reached into the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empires</a>, allowing Venice to wield significant economic and political influence in the region. Both republics fiercely competed for control of territories and trade routes, shaping the economic landscape and cultural exchange of their time.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the spread of people came new ideas, religion and goods throughout the land, which had never been apparent in most societies before the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-M_44_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_44-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, this globalization lessened the degree of <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> life by transitioning from self-sufficient society to a money economy.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the trade connecting North Africa and Europe was controlled by the Middle East, China and India around 1400.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the danger and great cost of long-distance travel in the pre-modern period, archaic globalization grew out of the trade in high-value commodities which took up a small amount of space. Most of the goods that were produced and traded were considered a luxury and many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2011)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> considered those with these coveted items to have a higher place on the societal scale.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Examples of such luxury goods would include Chinese silks, exotic herbs, coffee, cotton, iron, Indian <a href="/wiki/Calico_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calico (textile)">calicoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gems</a> and spices or drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloves">cloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">ambergris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>. The thirteenth century as well as present day favor luxury items due to the fact that small high-value goods can have high transport costs but still have a high value attached to them, whereas low-value heavy goods are not worth carrying very far.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Purchases of luxury items such as these are described as archaic consumption since trade was largely popular for these items as opposed to everyday needs. The distinction between <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugs">drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Materia_medica" title="Materia medica">materia medica</a> is often quite blurred in regards to these substances, which were valued not only for their rarity but because they appealed to <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">humoral theories</a> of health and the body that were prevalent throughout premodern <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_trade_routes">Major trade routes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaic_globalization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Major trade routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the time of archaic globalization there were three major trade routes which connected Europe, China and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northernmost route went through mostly the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> and was nearly 5000 miles long.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the route consisted of mostly vast stretches of desert with little to no resources, merchants still traveled it. The route was still traveled because during the 13th century <a href="/wiki/Kubilai_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubilai Khan">Kubilai Khan</a> united the Mongol Empire and charged only a small protective rent to travelers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the unification, merchants from the Middle East used the path but were stopped and taxed at nearly every village.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middle route went from the coast of Syria to Baghdad from there the traveler could follow the land route through Persia to India, or sail to India via the Persian Gulf. Between the 8th and 10th centuries, Baghdad was a world city<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the 11th century it began to decline due to natural disasters including floods, earthquakes, and fires.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1258, Baghdad was taken over by the Mongols. The Mongols forced high taxes on the citizens of Baghdad which led to a decrease in production, causing merchants to bypass the city<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third, southernmost route, went through Mamluk controlled Egypt, After the fall of Baghdad, Cairo became the Islamic capital.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some major cities along these trading routes were wealthy and provided services for merchants and the international markets. Palmyra and Petra which are located on the fringes of the Syrian Desert, flourished mainly as power centers of trading. They would police the trade routes and be the source of supplies for the merchants caravans. They also became places where people of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds could meet and interact. These trading routes were the communication highways for the ancient civilizations and their societies. New inventions, religious beliefs, artistic styles, languages, and social customs, as well as goods and raw materials, were transmitted by people moving from one place to another to conduct business.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-globalization">Proto-globalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaic_globalization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Proto-globalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">Proto-globalization</a> is the period following archaic globalization which occurred from the 17th through the 19th centuries. The global routes established within the period of archaic globalization gave way to more distinguished expanding routes and more complex systems of trade within the period of proto-globalization.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Familiar trading arrangements such as the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> appeared within this period, making larger-scale exchanges possible.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slave trading was especially extensive and the associated mass-production of <a href="/wiki/Commodities" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities">commodities</a> on <a href="/wiki/Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations">plantations</a> is characteristic of this time.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of a measurable amount of polyethnic regions due to these higher frequency trade routes, war became prominent. Such wars include the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Dutch War">Anglo-Dutch War</a> between England and the Dutch Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_globalization">Modern globalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaic_globalization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern globalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern form of globalization began to take form during the 19th century. The evolving beginnings of this period were largely responsible for the expansion of the West, capitalism and <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> backed up by the <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> and industrial technology.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This began to emerge during the 1500s, continuing to expand exponentially over time as industrialization developed in the 18th century. The conquests of the British Empire and the Opium Wars added to the industrialization and formation of the growing global society because it created vast consumer regions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> is when the first phase of modern globalization began to take force. It is said by <a href="/wiki/VM_Yeates" class="mw-redirect" title="VM Yeates">VM Yeates</a> that the economic forces of globalization were part of the cause of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since World War I, globalization has expanded greatly. The evolving improvements of <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinational corporations">multinational corporations</a>, technology, science, and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> have all been results of extensive worldwide exchanges. In addition, institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> and many international telecommunication companies have also shaped modern globalization.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The World Wide Web has also played a large role in modern globalization. The <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> provides connectivity across national and international borders, aiding in the enlargement of a global network.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaic_globalization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaic_globalization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-M_45-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M_45_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M_45_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMartell2010" class="citation book cs1">Martell, Luke (2010). <i>The Sociology of Globalization</i>. Policy Press. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociology+of+Globalization&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Martell&rft.aufirst=Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaic+globalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A-L_33-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A-L_33_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A-L_33_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A-L_33_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Lughod1991" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Lughod, Janet (1991). <i>Before European Hegemony</i>. 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Springer Science + Business Media. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frontiersglobali00ross/page/n40">33</a>–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+Globalization+Research%3A+Theoretical+and+Methodological+Approaches&rft.pages=33-36&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%2B+Business+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Ino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrontiersglobali00ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaic+globalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A-L_8-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A-L_8_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A-L_8_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Lughod1991" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Lughod, Janet (1991). <i>Before European Hegemony The World System A.D. 1250–1350</i>. 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Oxford University Press Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul/page/n16">15</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+European+Hegemony&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Inc&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Abu-Lughod&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeforeeuropeanhe00abul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaic+globalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Lughod1991" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Lughod, Janet (1991). <i>Before European Hegemony The World System A.D. 1250–1350</i>. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+European+Hegemony+The+World+System+A.D.+1250%E2%80%931350&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Abu-Lughod&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaic+globalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Lughod1989" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Lughod, Janet L. 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Oxford University Press Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul/page/n15">14</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+European+Hegemony&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Inc.&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Abu-Lughod&rft.aufirst=Janet+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeforeeuropeanhe00abul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaic+globalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Lughod1991" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Lughod, Janet (1991). <i>Before European Hegemony</i>. 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Oxford University Press Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul/page/n103">192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+European+Hegemony&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Inc&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Abu-Lughod&rft.aufirst=Janet+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeforeeuropeanhe00abul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaic+globalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Lughod1989" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Lughod, Janet L. 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Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birthmodernworld00bayl/page/n44">62</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=A.C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbirthmodernworld00bayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaic+globalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly2004" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, C.A. 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New York City, NY: Norton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalizationinw00agho/page/4">4–5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97942-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97942-8"><bdi>978-0-393-97942-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+in+World+History&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+NY&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-393-97942-8&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=A.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglobalizationinw00agho%2Fpage%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchaic+globalization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRommelse2006" class="citation book cs1">Rommelse, Gijs (2006). <i>The Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665-1667)</i>. 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/></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_globalization" title="Outline of globalization">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglobalization" title="Deglobalization">Deglobalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_globalization" title="Environmental globalization">Environmental globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">Global migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">Global politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_workforce" title="Global workforce">Global workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globality" title="Globality">Globality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">early modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_globalization" title="Trade globalization">Trade globalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Global</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Labor arbitrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_and_globalization" title="Multilingualism and globalization">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain drain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_drain" title="Care drain">Care drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">Transnational crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modernisation_theory" title="History of modernisation theory">history of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Economics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Autor" title="David Autor">David Autor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">Kevin O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Political <br />economy</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Gill (political scientist)">Stephen Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Politics / <br /> sociology</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._M._Ling" title="L. H. M. Ling">L. H. M. Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">George Ritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)" title="John Urry (sociologist)">John Urry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Non–academic</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John R. 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