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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="ألفرد كروسبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفرد كروسبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alfred W. Crosby" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alfred W. Crosby" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Crosby" title="Alfred Crosby – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfred Crosby" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alfred W. Crosby" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A8%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C_%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88%EB%B9%84" title="앨프리드 크로즈비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앨프리드 크로즈비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfred W. Crosby" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%89" title="الفرد كروسبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفرد كروسبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Crosby" title="Alfred Crosby – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alfred Crosby" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC" title="アルフレッド・クロスビー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルフレッド・クロスビー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfred W. Crosby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfred W. Crosby" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B8,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Кросби, Альфред – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кросби, Альфред" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alfred W. Crosby" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alfred W. Crosby" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%AF%94" title="阿尔弗雷德·克罗斯比 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔弗雷德·克罗斯比" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3271870#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alfred W. Crosby</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1931-01-15</span>)</span>15 January 1931<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.">U.S.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 March 2018<span style="display:none">(2018-03-14)</span> (aged 87)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a>, Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.">U.S.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> A.B., <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> Ph.D.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Columbian_Exchange" title="The Columbian Exchange">The Columbian Exchange</a></i> (1972), <i><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Imperialism:_The_Biological_Expansion_of_Europe,_900-1900" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900">Ecological Imperialism</a></i> (1986)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_University" title="Washington State University">Washington State University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas,_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas, Austin">University of Texas, Austin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alfred Worcester Crosby Jr.</b> (January 15, 1931 – March 14, 2018) was a professor of <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="American Studies">American Studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a>. He was the author of books including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Columbian_Exchange" title="The Columbian Exchange">The Columbian Exchange</a></i> (1972) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Imperialism:_The_Biological_Expansion_of_Europe,_900%E2%80%931900" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900">Ecological Imperialism</a></i> (1986). In these works, he provided biological and geographical explanations for the question why Europeans were able to succeed with relative ease in what he referred to as the "Neo-Europes" of <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. <i>America's Forgotten Pandemic</i> (1976) is the first major critical history of the 1918 "Spanish" Flu. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_W._Crosby&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alfred Worcester Crosby Jr. was born to Ruth (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> Coleman) and Alfred Worcester Crosby Sr. in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, on January 15, 1931, grew up in <a href="/wiki/Wellesley,_Massachusetts" title="Wellesley, Massachusetts">Wellesley, Massachusetts</a>, and graduated from <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_High_School" title="Wellesley High School">Wellesley High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-2018-04-04-obituary_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-2018-04-04-obituary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_W._Crosby&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1952,<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-2018-04-04-obituary_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-2018-04-04-obituary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crosby graduated from Harvard University, with a degree in history, then entered the U.S. Army in 1952,<sup id="cite_ref-liberalarts-utexas-in-memory_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liberalarts-utexas-in-memory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the Korean War, later spending (circa) twenty months stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-envhis-14-3-559-interview_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-envhis-14-3-559-interview-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-2018-04-04-obituary_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-2018-04-04-obituary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being discharged from the U.S. Army in 1955,<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-2018-04-04-obituary_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-2018-04-04-obituary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he obtained a master's degree in teaching from Harvard in 1956, and a doctorate in history from <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-Saikku_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saikku-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crosby was an inter-disciplinary researcher who combined the fields of history, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saikku_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saikku-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognizing the majority of modern-day wealth is located in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the "Neo-Europes", Crosby set out to investigate what historical causes are behind the disparity, investigating the biological factors that contributed to the success of Europeans in their quest to conquer the world. One of the important themes of his work was how <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> affected the history of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">mankind</a>. As early as the 1970s, he was able to understand the impact of the <a href="/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 flu pandemic">1918 flu pandemic</a> on world history.<sup id="cite_ref-Saikku_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saikku-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Hal_Rothman" title="Hal Rothman">Hal Rothman</a>, a professor of History at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas" title="University of Nevada, Las Vegas">University of Nevada, Las Vegas</a>, Crosby "added biology to the process of human exploration, coming up with explanations for events as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Cortés' conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> and the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca empire</a> that made vital use of the physical essence of humanity."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972 he created the term "<a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Columbian Exchange</a>" in his book of the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has become popular among historians and journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other terms coined included 'Neo-Europes'<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and '<a href="/wiki/Virgin_soil_epidemic" title="Virgin soil epidemic">virgin soil epidemic</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crosby was also interested in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">history of science</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">technology</a>. He wrote several books on this subject, dealing with the history of <a href="/wiki/Quantification_(science)" title="Quantification (science)">quantification</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectile</a> technology, and the history of the use of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>. He said that the study of history also made him a researcher of the future. He was very much interested in how humankind could make the future a better one.<sup id="cite_ref-Saikku_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saikku-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He taught at <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_University" title="Washington State University">Washington State University</a>, where he was a co-founder of the school's first black studies department,<sup id="cite_ref-amacad-org-alfred-worcester-crosby_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amacad-org-alfred-worcester-crosby-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Turnbull_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Turnbull Library">Alexander Turnbull Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and twice at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Bicentennial Professor</a>, most recently in 1997–98. He was appointed an <a href="/wiki/Suomen_Akatemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Suomen Akatemia">academician</a> by <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">president</a> <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a>. He retired from the chair of Professor Emeritus of History, Geography, and <a href="/wiki/American_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="American Studies">American Studies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>, after teaching for 22 years, in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-Saikku_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saikku-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amacad-org-alfred-worcester-crosby_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amacad-org-alfred-worcester-crosby-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amphilsoc-bio_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amphilsoc-bio-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aag-awc_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aag-awc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wapo-obit-awc_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-obit-awc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_W._Crosby&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crosby was interviewed by historian <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Schwaller" title="John Frederick Schwaller">John Frederick Schwaller</a>, who discussed Crosby's life and work.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crosby's hobbies included <a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">birdwatching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, on which topic he could lecture with great expertise. He traveled with thirty-six students to Delano, California to assist in building a health center for the <a href="/wiki/United_Farm_Workers" title="United Farm Workers">United Farm Workers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-envhis-14-3-559-interview_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-envhis-14-3-559-interview-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was married to <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a> <a href="/wiki/Frances_Karttunen" title="Frances Karttunen">Frances Karttunen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saikku_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saikku-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was previously married, to Anna Bienemann and Barbara Stevens.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-2018-04-04-obituary_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-2018-04-04-obituary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son Kevin, and his daughter, Carolyn, survived him.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-2018-04-04-obituary_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-2018-04-04-obituary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on <a href="/wiki/Nantucket_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantucket Island">Nantucket Island</a> of complications of <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-2018-04-04-obituary_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-2018-04-04-obituary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_W._Crosby&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>America, Russia, Hemp, and Napoleon: American Trade with Russia and the Baltic, 1793–1812</i>. Ohio State University Press 1965.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Columbian_Exchange:_Biological_and_Cultural_Consequences_of_1492" class="mw-redirect" title="The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492">The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492</a></i>. Greenwood Press 1972, <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishers">Praeger Publishers</a> 2003. Available in Spanish, Italian, and Korean translations.</li> <li><i>Epidemic and Peace, 1918</i>. Greenwood Press 1976. Republished as <i>America's Forgotten Pandemic</i>. <ul><li><i>America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918</i>. Cambridge University Press 1989, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYtAkAIHw24C">2003</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally published as <i>Epidemic and Peace, 1918</i>. Available in Japanese translation.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Imperialism_(book)" title="Ecological Imperialism (book)">Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900</a></i>. Cambridge University Press 1986, 1993, 2004. Available in German, Swedish, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Polish, Greek, Turkish, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean translations.</li> <li><i>Germs, Seeds, and Animals: Studies in Ecological History</i>. <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a> 1994.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Measure_of_Reality" title="The Measure of Reality">The Measure of Reality</a>: Quantification and Western Society, 1250–1600</i>. Cambridge University Press 1997. Available in Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Swedish, Japanese, Slovennian and Korean translations.</li> <li><i>Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History</i>. Cambridge University Press 2002. Also available in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> translations.</li> <li><i>Children of the Sun: A History of Humanity's Unappeasable Appetite for Energy</i>. W.W. Norton 2006.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_W._Crosby&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Guha" title="Ramachandra Guha">Ramachandra Guha</a> (historian influenced by Crosby; see <i><a href="/wiki/This_Fissured_Land" title="This Fissured Land">This Fissured Land</a></i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_W._Crosby&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMotyka2018" class="citation news cs1">Motyka, John (April 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/04/obituaries/alfred-crosby-father-of-environmental-history-is-dead-at-87.html">"Alfred Crosby, 'Father of Environmental History,' Is Dead at 87"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2020</span>. <q>His wife, Frances Karttunen, said the cause was complications of Parkinson's disease, which he had lived with for almost 20 years...his survivors include his son, Kevin; his daughter, Carolyn Crosby;...His previous marriages, to Anna Bienemann and Barbara Stevens, ended in divorce.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alfred+Crosby%2C+%27Father+of+Environmental+History%2C%27+Is+Dead+at+87&rft.date=2018-04-04&rft.aulast=Motyka&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F04%2F04%2Fobituaries%2Falfred-crosby-father-of-environmental-history-is-dead-at-87.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+W.+Crosby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwaller, John F., and Alfred W. Crosby. "Environmental Historian: An Interview with Alfred W. Crosby." The Americas, vol. 72, no. 2, Cambridge University Press, 2015, pp. 309–17, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/43897391">http://www.jstor.org/stable/43897391</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liberalarts-utexas-in-memory-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-liberalarts-utexas-in-memory_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2018" class="citation web cs1">Kaufman, Stephanie (March 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905192145/https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/history/news/in-memory-of-professor-alfred-crosby-1931-2018-2">"In Memory of Professor Alfred Crosby (1931-2018)"</a>. <i>History Department, College of Liberal Arts</i>. University of Texas at Austin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/history/news/in-memory-of-professor-alfred-crosby-1931-2018-2">the original</a> on September 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Department%2C+College+of+Liberal+Arts&rft.atitle=In+Memory+of+Professor+Alfred+Crosby+%281931-2018%29&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliberalarts.utexas.edu%2Fhistory%2Fnews%2Fin-memory-of-professor-alfred-crosby-1931-2018-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+W.+Crosby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-envhis-14-3-559-interview-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-envhis-14-3-559-interview_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-envhis-14-3-559-interview_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiocMiller2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cioc, Mark; Miller, Char (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/envhis/article-abstract/14/3/559/502880">"Interview: Alfred Crosby"</a>. <i>Environmental History</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 559–568. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fenvhis%2F14.3.559">10.1093/envhis/14.3.559</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2020</span>. <q>I entered the U.S. Army during the Korean War and performed gloriously ... July of 1952 in Fort Dix, New Jersey, a certain master sergeant, having ... I spent twenty months or so stationed in the Panama Canal Zone</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+History&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Alfred+Crosby&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=559-568&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fenvhis%2F14.3.559&rft.aulast=Cioc&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Miller%2C+Char&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fenvhis%2Farticle-abstract%2F14%2F3%2F559%2F502880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+W.+Crosby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saikku-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saikku_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saikku_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saikku_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saikku_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saikku_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saikku_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaikku2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saikku, Mikko (April 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hs.fi/muistot/art-2000005627701.html">"Historian ja tulevaisuuden tutkija"</a> [‘Researcher of history and of the future’]. <i><a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a></i> (in Finnish). Helsinki: <a href="/wiki/Sanoma" title="Sanoma">Sanoma</a>. p. B 15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Historian+ja+tulevaisuuden+tutkija&rft.pages=B+15&rft.date=2018-04-04&rft.aulast=Saikku&rft.aufirst=Mikko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Fmuistot%2Fart-2000005627701.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+W.+Crosby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothman, Hal. "Conceptualizing the Real", <i>American Quarterly</i> 54.3 (2002): 485–497. ProQuest. University of Washington, Lynnwood. November 1, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crosby, Alfred W. <i>The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492</i>, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vorsey2001" class="citation book cs1">de Vorsey, Louis (2001). "The Tragedy of the Columbian Exchange". In McIlwraith, Thomas F; Muller, Edward K (eds.). <i>North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent</i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 27. <q>Thanks to…Crosby's work, the term 'Columbian exchange' is now widely used…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tragedy+of+the+Columbian+Exchange&rft.btitle=North+America%3A+The+Historical+Geography+of+a+Changing+Continent&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=de+Vorsey&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+W.+Crosby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosby1976" class="citation journal cs1">Crosby, Alfred W. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1922166">"Virgin Soil Epidemics as a Factor in the Aboriginal Depopulation in America"</a>. <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 289–299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1922166">10.2307/1922166</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-5597">0043-5597</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1922166">1922166</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11633588">11633588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Virgin+Soil+Epidemics+as+a+Factor+in+the+Aboriginal+Depopulation+in+America&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=289-299&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11633588&rft.issn=0043-5597&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1922166%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1922166&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=Alfred+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1922166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+W.+Crosby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amacad-org-alfred-worcester-crosby-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amacad-org-alfred-worcester-crosby_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amacad-org-alfred-worcester-crosby_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/alfred-worcester-crosby">"Alfred Worcester Crosby"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Alfred+Worcester+Crosby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Falfred-worcester-crosby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+W.+Crosby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amphilsoc-bio-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amphilsoc-bio_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeikle2019" class="citation journal cs1">Meikle, Jeffrey L. (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/2019-11/attachments/Meikle.pdf">"biographical memoirs: Alfred Worcester Crosby, Jr"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i>. <b>163</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>: 87–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpro.2019.a914690">10.1353/pro.2019.a914690</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:266397121">266397121</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=biographical+memoirs%3A+Alfred+Worcester+Crosby%2C+Jr.&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-92&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpro.2019.a914690&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A266397121%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Meikle&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amphilsoc.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2019-11%2Fattachments%2FMeikle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+W.+Crosby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aag-awc-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aag-awc_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aag.org/cs/membership/tributes_memorials/af/crosby_alfred_w">"Crosby, Alfred W. (1931-2018)"</a>. <i>American Association of Geographers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Association+of+Geographers&rft.atitle=Crosby%2C+Alfred+W.+%281931-2018%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aag.org%2Fcs%2Fmembership%2Ftributes_memorials%2Faf%2Fcrosby_alfred_w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+W.+Crosby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapo-obit-awc-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wapo-obit-awc_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Harrison (April 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406013136/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/alfred-crosby-environmental-historian-of-columbian-exchange-dies-at-87/2018/04/05/d16963e2-38de-11e8-9c0a-85d477d9a226_story.html">"Alfred Crosby, environmental historian of 'Columbian exchange,' dies at 87"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/alfred-crosby-environmental-historian-of-columbian-exchange-dies-at-87/2018/04/05/d16963e2-38de-11e8-9c0a-85d477d9a226_story.html">the original</a> on April 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Alfred+Crosby%2C+environmental+historian+of+%27Columbian+exchange%2C%27+dies+at+87&rft.date=2018-04-05&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Falfred-crosby-environmental-historian-of-columbian-exchange-dies-at-87%2F2018%2F04%2F05%2Fd16963e2-38de-11e8-9c0a-85d477d9a226_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+W.+Crosby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwaller, John F., and Alfred W. Crosby. "Environmental Historian: An Interview with Alfred W. Crosby." The Americas, vol. 72, no. 2, Cambridge University Press, 2015, pp. 309–17, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/43897391">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImperato,_Pascal_James2004" class="citation journal cs1">Imperato, Pascal James (February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/B:JOHE.0000007531.61558.3d.pdf">"review of <i>America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918</i> by Alfred W. Crosby"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Community Health</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 100–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AJOHE.0000007531.61558.3d">10.1023/B:JOHE.0000007531.61558.3d</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Community+Health&rft.atitle=review+of+America%27s+Forgotten+Pandemic%3A+The+Influenza+of+1918+by+Alfred+W.+Crosby&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=100-101&rft.date=2004-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3AJOHE.0000007531.61558.3d&rft.au=Imperato%2C+Pascal+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1023%2FB%3AJOHE.0000007531.61558.3d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+W.+Crosby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_W._Crosby&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/influenza-author-interview-dr-alfred-crosby/">"Author interview: Dr. Alfred Crosby | Influenza 1918"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Experience&rft.atitle=Author+interview%3A+Dr.+Alfred+Crosby+%7C+Influenza+1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Finfluenza-author-interview-dr-alfred-crosby%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+W.+Crosby" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://down2earth302.weebly.com/book-review-blog/reviews-of-alfred-crosbys-ecological-imperialism">Reviews of <i>Ecological Imperialism</i></a> - <a href="/wiki/Weebly" title="Weebly">weebly</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton1999" class="citation journal cs1">Dutton, Denis (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906080333/http://denisdutton.com/crosby_review.htm">"Culture, Reality, and Success (review: Alfred W. Crosby's 'The Measure of Reality')"</a>. <i>Philosophy and Literature</i>. <b>23</b>: 243–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fphl.1999.0013">10.1353/phl.1999.0013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144735808">144735808</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denisdutton.com/crosby_review.htm">the original</a> on September 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Literature&rft.atitle=Culture%2C+Reality%2C+and+Success+%28review%3A+Alfred+W.+Crosby%27s+%27The+Measure+of+Reality%27%29&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=243-255&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fphl.1999.0013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144735808%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denisdutton.com%2Fcrosby_review.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+W.+Crosby" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nusearch.nottingham.ac.uk/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,Alfred%20W.%20Crosby&tab=44notuk_complete&search_scope=44NOTUK_COMPLETE&vid=44NOTUK&offset=0">Alfred W. Crosby</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Crosby%2C%20Alfred%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alfred%20Crosby%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Crosby%2C%20Alfred%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alfred%20Crosby%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Crosby%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Alfred%20Crosby%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Crosby%2C%20Alfred%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alfred%20Crosby%22%29%20OR%20%28%221931-2018%22%20AND%20Crosby%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Alfred W. Crosby</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_globalization-related_journals" title="List of globalization-related journals">Journals</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_globalization" title="Outline of globalization">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglobalization" title="Deglobalization">Deglobalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_globalization" title="Environmental globalization">Environmental globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">Global migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">Global politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_workforce" title="Global workforce">Global workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globality" title="Globality">Globality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_globalization" title="Archaic globalization">archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">early modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_globalization" title="Trade globalization">Trade globalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Global</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Labor arbitrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_and_globalization" title="Multilingualism and globalization">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain drain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_drain" title="Care drain">Care drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">Transnational crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modernisation_theory" title="History of modernisation theory">history of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Economics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Autor" title="David Autor">David Autor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">Kevin O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Political <br />economy</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Gill (political scientist)">Stephen Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Politics / <br /> sociology</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._M._Ling" title="L. H. M. Ling">L. H. M. Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">George Ritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)" title="John Urry (sociologist)">John Urry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Non–academic</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John R. 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