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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_machines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Previous machines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Previous_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Release</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovative_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovative_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Innovative features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Innovative_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Innovative features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Innovative_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instruction_set_orthogonality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruction_set_orthogonality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Instruction set orthogonality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruction_set_orthogonality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_dedicated_I/O_instructions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_dedicated_I/O_instructions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>No dedicated I/O instructions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_dedicated_I/O_instructions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrupts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrupts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Interrupts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrupts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Designed_for_mass_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designed_for_mass_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Designed for mass production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designed_for_mass_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LSI-11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LSI-11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>LSI-11</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LSI-11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Models</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unibus_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unibus_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Unibus models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unibus_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Q-bus_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Q-bus_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Q-bus models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Q-bus_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models_without_standard_bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models_without_standard_bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Models without standard bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Models_without_standard_bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models_that_were_planned_but_never_introduced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models_that_were_planned_but_never_introduced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Models that were planned but never introduced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Models_that_were_planned_but_never_introduced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special-purpose_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special-purpose_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Special-purpose versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special-purpose_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unlicensed_clones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unlicensed_clones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Unlicensed clones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unlicensed_clones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Operating systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operating_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operating systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operating_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_Digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>From Digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_third_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_third_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>From third parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_third_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peripherals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peripherals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Peripherals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peripherals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emulators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emulators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Emulators</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emulators-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Emulators subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Emulators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ersatz-11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ersatz-11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Ersatz-11</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ersatz-11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SIMH" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SIMH"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>SIMH</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SIMH-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Explanatory citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP%E2%80%9311" title="PDP–11 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="PDP–11" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF-11" title="പിഡിപി-11 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിഡിപി-11" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="PDP-11" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1327833#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of 16-bit minicomputers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the PDP–11 series of minicomputers. For the PDP–11 processor architecture, see <a href="/wiki/PDP-11_architecture" title="PDP-11 architecture">PDP-11 architecture</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn summary">PDP–11</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PDP-11_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/PDP-11_wordmark.svg/220px-PDP-11_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/PDP-11_wordmark.svg/330px-PDP-11_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/PDP-11_wordmark.svg/440px-PDP-11_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pdp-11-40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pdp-11-40.jpg/220px-Pdp-11-40.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pdp-11-40.jpg/330px-Pdp-11-40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pdp-11-40.jpg/440px-Pdp-11-40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A PDP–11/40 CPU is at the bottom, with a TU56 dual <a href="/wiki/DECtape" title="DECtape">DECtape</a> drive installed above it.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Product family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Programmed_Data_Processor" title="Programmed Data Processor">Programmed Data Processor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">Minicomputer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">1970<span class="noprint">; 54 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1970</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lifespan</th><td class="infobox-data">1970–1997</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discontinued</th><td class="infobox-data">1997<span class="noprint">; 27 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1997</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Units sold</th><td class="infobox-data">around 600,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/DEC_BATCH-11/DOS-11" title="DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11">BATCH-11/DOS-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/MUMPS" title="MUMPS">DSM-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSX-11" title="RSX-11">IAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSX-11" title="RSX-11">P/OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSTS/E" title="RSTS/E">RSTS/E</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSX-11" title="RSX-11">RSX-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/RT-11" title="RT-11">RT-11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a>-11, <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Edition_Unix" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Edition Unix">Seventh Edition Unix</a>, <a href="/wiki/SVR1" class="mw-redirect" title="SVR1">SVR1</a>, <a href="/wiki/2BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="2BSD">2BSD</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data">DEC <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/VAX-11" title="VAX-11">VAX-11</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>PDP–11</b> is a series of <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> sold by <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC) from 1970 into the late 1990s, one of a set of products in the <a href="/wiki/Programmed_Data_Processor" title="Programmed Data Processor">Programmed Data Processor</a> (PDP) series. In total, around 600,000 PDP-11s of all models were sold, making it one of DEC's most successful product lines. The PDP-11 is considered by some experts to be the most popular minicomputer.<sup id="cite_ref-bob_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bob-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PDP–11 included a number of innovative features in its <a href="/wiki/Instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction set">instruction set</a> and additional general-purpose <a href="/wiki/Hardware_register" title="Hardware register">registers</a> that made it easier to program than earlier models in the PDP series. Further, the innovative <a href="/wiki/Unibus" title="Unibus">Unibus</a> system allowed external devices to be more easily interfaced to the system using <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">direct memory access</a>, opening the system to a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripherals</a>. The PDP–11 replaced the <a href="/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP–8</a> in many <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time computing</a> applications, although both product lines lived in parallel for more than 10 years. The ease of programming of the PDP–11 made it popular for general-purpose computing. </p><p>The design of the PDP–11 inspired the design of late-1970s <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a><sup id="cite_ref-bob_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bob-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a>. The design features of PDP–11 operating systems, and other operating systems from Digital Equipment, influenced the design of operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> and hence also <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>. The first officially named version of <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> ran on the PDP–11/20 in 1970. It is commonly stated that the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a> took advantage of several low-level PDP–11–dependent programming features,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> albeit not originally by design.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An effort to expand the PDP–11 from 16- to 32-bit addressing led to the <a href="/wiki/VAX-11" title="VAX-11">VAX-11</a> design, which took part of its name from the PDP–11. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Previous_machines">Previous machines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Previous machines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1963, DEC introduced what is considered to be the first commercial minicomputer in the form of the <a href="/wiki/PDP-5" title="PDP-5">PDP–5</a>. This was a 12-bit design adapted from the 1962 <a href="/wiki/LINC" title="LINC">LINC</a> machine that was intended to be used in a lab setting. DEC slightly simplified the LINC system and instruction set, aiming the PDP-5 at smaller settings that did not need the power of their larger 18-bit <a href="/wiki/PDP-4" title="PDP-4">PDP-4</a>. The PDP-5 was a success, ultimately selling about 1,000 machines. This led to the <a href="/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP–8</a>, a further cost-reduced 12-bit model that sold about 50,000 units. </p><p>During this period, the computer market was moving from <a href="/wiki/Computer_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer word">computer word</a> lengths based on units of 6 bits to units of 8 bits, following the introduction of the 7-bit <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> standard. In 1967–1968, DEC engineers designed a 16-bit machine, the PDP–X,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but management ultimately canceled the project as it did not appear to offer a significant advantage over their existing 12- and 18-bit platforms. </p><p>This prompted several of the engineers from the PDP-X program to leave DEC and form <a href="/wiki/Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a>. The next year they introduced the 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Data_General_Nova" title="Data General Nova">Data General Nova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nova sold tens of thousands of units and launched what would become one of DEC's major competitors through the 1970s and 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release">Release</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ken_Olsen" title="Ken Olsen">Ken Olsen</a>, president and founder of DEC, was more interested in a small 8-bit machine than the larger 16-bit system. This became the "Desk Calculator" project. Not long after, <a href="/wiki/Datamation" title="Datamation">Datamation</a> published a note about a <a href="/wiki/Desk_calculator" class="mw-redirect" title="Desk calculator">desk calculator</a> being developed at DEC, which caused concern at <a href="/wiki/Wang_Laboratories" title="Wang Laboratories">Wang Laboratories</a>, who were heavily invested in that market. Before long, it became clear that the entire market was moving to 16-bit, and the Desk Calculator began a 16-bit design as well.<sup id="cite_ref-McGowan98_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGowan98-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The team decided that the best approach to a new architecture would be to minimize the memory bandwidth needed to execute the instructions. Larry McGowan coded a series of <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a> programs using the instruction sets of various existing platforms and examined how much memory would be exchanged to execute them. Harold McFarland joined the effort and had already written a very complex instruction set that the team rejected, but a second one was simpler and would ultimately form the basis for the PDP–11.<sup id="cite_ref-McGowan98_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGowan98-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When they first presented the new architecture, the managers were dismayed. It lacked single instruction-word immediate data and short addresses, both of which were considered essential to improving memory performance. McGowan and McFarland were eventually able to convince them that the system would work as expected, and suddenly "the Desk Calculator project got hot".<sup id="cite_ref-McGowan98_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGowan98-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the system was developed using a <a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a> where the SIM-11 simulated what would become the PDP–11/20 and Bob Bowers wrote an assembler for it.<sup id="cite_ref-McGowan98_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGowan98-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a late stage, the marketing team wanted to ship the system with 2K of memory<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the minimal configuration. When McGowan stated this would mean an assembler could not run on the system, the minimum was expanded to 4K. The marketing team also wanted to use the forward slash character for comments in the assembler code, as was the case in the PDP–8 assembler. McGowan stated that he would then have to use semicolon to indicate division, and the idea was dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-McGowan98_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGowan98-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PDP–11 family was announced in January 1970 and shipments began early that year. DEC sold over 170,000 PDP–11s in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Ceruzzi03_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceruzzi03-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially manufactured of small-scale <a href="/wiki/Transistor%E2%80%93transistor_logic" title="Transistor–transistor logic">transistor–transistor logic</a>, a single-board <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit#LSI" title="Integrated circuit">large-scale integration</a> version of the processor was developed in 1975. A two- or three-chip processor, the <a href="/wiki/DEC_J-11" title="DEC J-11">J-11</a> was developed in 1979. </p><p>The last models of the PDP–11 line were the single board PDP–11/94 and PDP–11/93 introduced in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-16-bit_Timeline_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16-bit_Timeline-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Innovative_features">Innovative features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Innovative features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruction_set_orthogonality">Instruction set orthogonality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Instruction set orthogonality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/PDP-11_architecture" title="PDP-11 architecture">PDP-11 architecture</a></div> <p>The PDP–11 processor architecture has a mostly <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_instruction_set" title="Orthogonal instruction set">orthogonal instruction set</a>. For example, instead of instructions such as <i>load</i> and <i>store</i>, the PDP–11 has a <i>move</i> instruction for which either operand (source and destination) can be memory or register. There are no specific <i>input</i> or <i>output</i> instructions; the PDP–11 uses <a href="/wiki/Memory-mapped_I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory-mapped I/O">memory-mapped I/O</a> and so the same <i>move</i> instruction is used; orthogonality even enables moving data directly from an input device to an output device. More complex instructions such as <i>add</i> likewise can have memory, register, input, or output as source or destination. </p><p>Most operands can apply any of eight addressing modes to eight registers. The addressing modes provide register, immediate, absolute, relative, deferred (indirect), and indexed addressing, and can specify autoincrementation and autodecrementation of a register by one (byte instructions) or two (word instructions). Use of relative addressing lets a machine-language program be <a href="/wiki/Position-independent_code" title="Position-independent code">position-independent</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_dedicated_I/O_instructions"><span id="No_dedicated_I.2FO_instructions"></span>No dedicated I/O instructions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: No dedicated I/O instructions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early models of the PDP–11 had no dedicated <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">bus</a> for <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a>, but only a <a href="/wiki/System_bus" title="System bus">system bus</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Unibus" title="Unibus">Unibus</a>, as input and output devices were mapped to memory addresses. </p><p>An input/output device determined the memory addresses to which it would respond, and specified its own <a href="/wiki/Interrupt_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrupt vector">interrupt vector</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interrupt_priority_level" title="Interrupt priority level">interrupt priority</a>. This flexible framework provided by the processor architecture made it unusually easy to invent new bus devices, including devices to control hardware that had not been contemplated when the processor was originally designed. DEC openly published the basic Unibus specifications, even offering prototyping bus interface circuit boards, and encouraging customers to develop their own Unibus-compatible hardware. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PDP-11-70.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PDP-11-70.JPG/340px-PDP-11-70.JPG" decoding="async" width="340" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PDP-11-70.JPG/510px-PDP-11-70.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PDP-11-70.JPG/680px-PDP-11-70.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>A PDP–11/70 system that included two nine-track tape drives, two disk drives, a high speed line printer, a DECwriter dot-matrix keyboard printing terminal and a cathode ray tube terminal installed in a climate-controlled machine room</figcaption></figure> <p>The Unibus made the PDP–11 suitable for custom peripherals. One of the predecessors of <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Manufacturing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company">Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company</a>, developed the BTMC DPS-1500 packet-switching (<a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a>) network and used PDP–11s in the regional and national network management system, with the Unibus directly connected to the DPS-1500 hardware. </p><p>Higher-performance members of the PDP–11 family departed from the single-bus approach. The PDP–11/45 had a dedicated data path within the <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a>, connecting semiconductor memory to the processor, with core memory and I/O devices connected via the Unibus.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the PDP–11/70, this was taken a step further, with the addition of a dedicated interface between disks and tapes and memory, via the <a href="/wiki/Massbus" title="Massbus">Massbus</a>. Although input/output devices continued to be mapped into memory addresses, some additional programming was necessary to set up the added bus interfaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interrupts">Interrupts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interrupts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/PDP-11_architecture#Interrupts" title="PDP-11 architecture">PDP-11 architecture § Interrupts</a></div> <p>The PDP–11 supports hardware <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupts</a> at four priority levels. Interrupts are serviced by software service routines, which could specify whether they themselves could be interrupted (achieving interrupt <a href="/wiki/Nesting_(computing)" title="Nesting (computing)">nesting</a>). The event that causes the interrupt is indicated by the device itself, as it informs the processor of the address of its own interrupt vector. </p><p>Interrupt vectors are blocks of two 16-bit words in low kernel address space (which normally corresponded to low physical memory) between 0 and 776. The first word of the interrupt vector contains the address of the interrupt service routine and the second word the value to be loaded into the PSW (priority level) on entry to the service routine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Designed_for_mass_production">Designed for mass production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Designed for mass production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PDP–11 was designed for ease of manufacture by semiskilled labor. The dimensions of its pieces were relatively non-critical. It used a <a href="/wiki/Wire_wrap" title="Wire wrap">wire-wrapped</a> <a href="/wiki/Backplane" title="Backplane">backplane</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LSI-11">LSI-11</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: LSI-11"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PDP-11_(459312210).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PDP-11_%28459312210%29.jpg/289px-PDP-11_%28459312210%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="289" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PDP-11_%28459312210%29.jpg/434px-PDP-11_%28459312210%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PDP-11_%28459312210%29.jpg/578px-PDP-11_%28459312210%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4769" data-file-height="2525" /></a><figcaption>PDP–11/03 (top right)</figcaption></figure> <p>The LSI–11 (PDP–11/03), introduced in February 1975<sup id="cite_ref-16-bit_Timeline_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16-bit_Timeline-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the first PDP–11 model produced using <a href="/wiki/Large-scale_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Large-scale integration">large-scale integration</a>; the entire CPU is contained on four LSI chips made by <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> (the <a href="/wiki/MCP-1600" title="MCP-1600">MCP-1600</a> chip set; a fifth chip can be added to extend the instruction set). It uses a bus which is a close variant of the Unibus called the LSI Bus or <a href="/wiki/Q-Bus" title="Q-Bus">Q-Bus</a>; it differs from the Unibus primarily in that addresses and data are multiplexed onto a shared set of wires rather than having separate sets of wires. It also differs slightly in how it addresses I/O devices and it eventually allowed a 22-bit physical address (whereas the Unibus only allows an 18-bit physical address) and block-mode operations for significantly improved bandwidth (which the Unibus does not support). </p><p>The CPU <a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">microcode</a> includes a <a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a>: firmware with a direct serial interface (<a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a> or <a href="/wiki/Current_loop" title="Current loop">current loop</a>) to a <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">terminal</a>. This lets the operator do <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a> by typing commands and reading <a href="/wiki/Octal" title="Octal">octal</a> numbers, rather than operating switches and reading lights, the typical debugging method at the time. The operator can thus examine and modify the computer's registers, memory, and input/output devices, diagnosing and perhaps correcting failures in software and peripherals (unless a failure disables the microcode itself). The operator can also specify which disk to <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">boot</a> from. Both innovations increased the reliability and decreased the cost of the LSI-11. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Writable_control_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Writable control store">Writable Control Store</a> (WCS) option (KUV11-AA) could be added to the LSI-11. This option allowed programming of the internal 8-bit micromachine to create application-specific extensions to the PDP–11 instruction set. The WCS is a quad Q-Bus board with a ribbon cable connecting to the third microcode ROM socket. The source code for EIS/FIS microcode was included so these instructions, normally located in the third MICROM, could be loaded in the WCS, if desired.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later Q-Bus based systems such as the LSI–11/23, /73, and /83 are based upon chip sets designed in house by Digital Equipment Corporation. Later PDP–11 Unibus systems were designed to use similar Q-Bus processor cards, using a Unibus adapter to support existing Unibus <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripherals</a>, sometimes with a special memory bus for improved speed. </p><p>There were other significant innovations in the Q-Bus lineup. For example, a system variant of the PDP–11/03 introduced full system <a href="/wiki/Power-on_self-test" title="Power-on self-test">power-on self-test</a> (POST). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDP-11-M7270.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Q-Bus board with LSI-11/2 CPU"><img alt="Q-Bus board with LSI-11/2 CPU" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PDP-11-M7270.jpg/110px-PDP-11-M7270.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PDP-11-M7270.jpg/166px-PDP-11-M7270.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PDP-11-M7270.jpg/221px-PDP-11-M7270.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Q-Bus board with LSI-11/2 CPU</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KL_DEC_F11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="DEC "Fonz-11" (F11) Chipset"><img alt="DEC "Fonz-11" (F11) Chipset" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/KL_DEC_F11.jpg/120px-KL_DEC_F11.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/KL_DEC_F11.jpg/180px-KL_DEC_F11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/KL_DEC_F11.jpg/240px-KL_DEC_F11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">DEC "Fonz-11" (F11) Chipset</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KL_DEC_J11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="DEC "Jaws-11" (J11) Chipset"><img alt="DEC "Jaws-11" (J11) Chipset" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/KL_DEC_J11.jpg/120px-KL_DEC_J11.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/KL_DEC_J11.jpg/180px-KL_DEC_J11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/KL_DEC_J11.jpg/240px-KL_DEC_J11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1977" data-file-height="1047" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">DEC "Jaws-11" (J11) Chipset</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic design of the PDP–11 was flexible, and was continually updated to use newer technologies. However, the limited <a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a> of the Unibus and <a href="/wiki/Q-Bus" title="Q-Bus">Q-Bus</a> started to become a system-performance <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bottleneck" class="extiw" title="wikt:bottleneck">bottleneck</a>, and the 16-bit logical address limitation hampered the development of larger software applications. The article on <a href="/wiki/PDP-11_architecture#Memory_expansion" title="PDP-11 architecture">PDP–11 architecture</a> describes the hardware and software techniques used to work around address-space limitations. </p><p>DEC's 32-bit successor to the PDP–11, the <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX–11</a> (for "Virtual Address eXtension") overcame the 16-bit limitation, but was initially a <a href="/wiki/Superminicomputer" title="Superminicomputer">superminicomputer</a> aimed at the high-end <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> market. The early VAX CPUs provided a PDP–11 <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">compatibility mode</a> under which much existing software could be immediately used, in parallel with newer 32-bit software, but this capability was dropped with the first <a href="/wiki/MicroVAX" title="MicroVAX">MicroVAX</a>. </p><p>For a decade, the PDP–11 was the smallest system that could run <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-fiedler198310_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiedler198310-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM PC</a> and its clones largely took over the small computer market; <i><a href="/wiki/Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">BYTE</a></i> in 1984 reported that the PC's <a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">Intel 8088</a> microprocessor could outperform the PDP–11/23 when running Unix.<sup id="cite_ref-hinnant198408_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hinnant198408-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newer microprocessors such as the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a> (1979) and <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 80386</a> (1985) also included 32-bit logical addressing. The 68000 in particular facilitated the emergence of a market of increasingly powerful scientific and technical <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a> that would often run Unix variants. These included the <a href="/wiki/HP_9000" title="HP 9000">HP 9000</a> series 200 (starting with the HP 9826A in 1981) and 300/400, with the <a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a> system being ported to the 68000 in 1984; <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> workstations running <a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a>, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Sun-1" title="Sun-1">Sun-1</a> in 1982; <a href="/wiki/Apollo/Domain" title="Apollo/Domain">Apollo/Domain</a> workstations starting with the DN100 in 1981 running <a href="/wiki/Domain/OS" title="Domain/OS">Domain/OS</a>, which was proprietary but offered a degree of Unix compatibility; and the <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a> <a href="/wiki/SGI_IRIS" title="SGI IRIS">IRIS</a> range, which developed into Unix-based workstations by 1985 (IRIS 2000). </p><p>Personal computers based on the 68000 such as the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Apple Lisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macintosh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Commodore Amiga</a> arguably constituted less of a threat to DEC's business, although technically these systems could also run Unix derivatives. In the early years, in particular, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a> was ported to systems like the <a href="/wiki/TRS-80_Model_II#Model_16" title="TRS-80 Model II">TRS-80 Model 16</a> (with up to 1 MB of memory) in 1983, and to the Apple Lisa, with up to 2 MB of installed RAM, in 1984. The mass-production of those chips eliminated any cost advantage for the 16-bit PDP–11. A line of personal computers based on the PDP–11, the <a href="/wiki/DEC_Professional_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="DEC Professional (computer)">DEC Professional</a> series, failed commercially, along with other non-PDP–11 PC offerings from DEC. </p><p>In 1994, DEC<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sold the PDP–11 system-software rights to Mentec Inc., an Irish producer of LSI-11 based boards for Q-Bus and ISA architecture personal computers, and in 1997 discontinued PDP–11 production. For several years, Mentec produced new PDP–11 processors. Other companies found a <a href="/wiki/Niche_market" title="Niche market">niche market</a> for replacements for legacy PDP–11 processors, disk subsystems, etc. At the same time, free implementations of Unix for the PC based on <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> or <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> became available. </p><p>By the late 1990s, not only DEC but most of the New England computer industry which had been built around minicomputers similar to the PDP–11 collapsed in the face of microcomputer-based workstations and servers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models">Models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PDP–11 processors tend to fall into several natural groups depending on the original design upon which they are based and which I/O <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">bus</a> they use. Within each group, most models were offered in two versions, one intended for <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">OEMs</a> and one intended for end-users. Although all models share the same instruction set, later models added new instructions and interpreted certain instructions slightly differently. As the architecture evolved, there were also variations in handling of some processor status and control registers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unibus_models">Unibus models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Unibus models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_PDP11-IMG_1498_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Digital_PDP11-IMG_1498_cropped.jpg/220px-Digital_PDP11-IMG_1498_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Digital_PDP11-IMG_1498_cropped.jpg/330px-Digital_PDP11-IMG_1498_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Digital_PDP11-IMG_1498_cropped.jpg/440px-Digital_PDP11-IMG_1498_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3232" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption>Original PDP–11/20 front panel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pdp-11-70-panel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pdp-11-70-panel.jpg/220px-Pdp-11-70-panel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pdp-11-70-panel.jpg/330px-Pdp-11-70-panel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pdp-11-70-panel.jpg/440px-Pdp-11-70-panel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>Original PDP–11/70 front panel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PDP-11-70-DDS570.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PDP-11-70-DDS570.jpg/220px-PDP-11-70-DDS570.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PDP-11-70-DDS570.jpg/330px-PDP-11-70-DDS570.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/PDP-11-70-DDS570.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Later PDP–11/70 with disks and tape</figcaption></figure> <p>The following models use the <a href="/wiki/Unibus" title="Unibus">Unibus</a> as their principal bus: </p> <ul><li>PDP–11/20 and PDP–11/15 – 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdp-11-faq-models-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 11/20 sold for $11,800.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original, non-microprogrammed processor was designed by Jim O'Loughlin. <a href="/wiki/Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">Floating point</a> is supported by <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripheral</a> options using various data formats. The 11/20 lacks any kind of <a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">memory protection</a> hardware unless retrofitted with a KS-11 <a href="/wiki/Memory-mapped_I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory-mapped I/O">memory mapping</a> add-on.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritchie_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritchie-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also a very stripped-down 11/20 at first called the 11/10,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but this number was later re-used for a different model.</li> <li>PDP–11/45 (1972),<sup id="cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdp-11-faq-models-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PDP–11/50 (1973),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and PDP–11/55 (1976)<sup id="cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdp-11-faq-models-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – A much faster microprogrammed processor that can use up to 256 <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">KB</a> of semiconductor memory instead of or in addition to <a href="/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">core memory</a> and support memory mapping and protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritchie_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritchie-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first model to support an optional FP11 floating-point <a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">coprocessor</a>, which established the format used in later models.</li> <li>PDP–11/35 and PDP–11/40 – 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdp-11-faq-models-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microprogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Microprogram">Microprogrammed</a> successors to the PDP–11/20; the design team was led by Jim O'Loughlin.</li> <li>PDP–11/05 and PDP–11/10 – 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdp-11-faq-models-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cost-reduced successor to the PDP–11/20. DEC Datasystem 350 models from 1975 include the PDP–11/10.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>PDP–11/70 – 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdp-11-faq-models-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 11/45 architecture expanded to allow 4 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> of physical memory segregated onto a private memory bus, 2 KB of cache memory, and much faster I/O devices connected via the Massbus.</li> <li>PDP–11/34 (1976<sup id="cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdp-11-faq-models-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and PDP–11/04 (1975<sup id="cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdp-11-faq-models-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) – Cost-reduced follow-on products to the 11/35 and 11/05; the PDP–11/34 concept was created by Bob Armstrong. The 11/34 supports up to 256 kB of Unibus memory. The PDP–11/34a (1978)<sup id="cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdp-11-faq-models-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supports a fast floating-point option, and the 11/34c (same year) supported a <a href="/wiki/Cache_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cache memory">cache memory</a> option.</li> <li>PDP–11/60 – 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdp-11-faq-models-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A PDP–11 with user-writable microcontrol store; this was designed by another team led by Jim O'Loughlin.</li> <li>PDP–11/44 – 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdp-11-faq-models-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A replacement for the 11/45 and 11/70, introduced in 1980, that supports optional (though apparently always included) cache memory, optional FP-11 floating-point processor (one circuit board, using sixteen <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> <a href="/wiki/Am2900" class="mw-redirect" title="Am2900">Am2901</a> bit slice processors), and optional commercial instruction set (CIS, two boards). It includes a sophisticated serial console interface and support for 4 MB of physical memory. The design team was managed by John Sofio. This was the last PDP–11 processor to be constructed using discrete <a href="/wiki/Logic_gate" title="Logic gate">logic gates</a>; later models were all microprocessor-based. It was also the last PDP–11 system architecture created by <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>, later models were VLSI chip realizations of the existing system architectures.</li> <li>PDP–11/24 – 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdp-11-faq-models-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First VLSI PDP–11 for Unibus, using the "Fonz-11" (F11) chip set with a Unibus adapter.</li> <li>PDP–11/84 – 1985–1986.<sup id="cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdp-11-faq-models-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the VLSI <a href="/wiki/DEC_J-11" title="DEC J-11">"Jaws-11"</a> (J11) chip set with a Unibus adapter.</li> <li>PDP–11/94 – 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdp-11-faq-models-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J11-based, faster than 11/84.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Q-bus_models">Q-bus models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Q-bus models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEC_LSI11-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/DEC_LSI11-23.jpg/220px-DEC_LSI11-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/DEC_LSI11-23.jpg/330px-DEC_LSI11-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/DEC_LSI11-23.jpg/440px-DEC_LSI11-23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>A PDP–11/03 with cover removed to show the CPU board, with memory board beneath (Two of the CPU chipset's four 40-pin packages have been removed, and the optional <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">FPU</a> is also missing.)</figcaption></figure> <p>The following models use the <a href="/wiki/Q-Bus" title="Q-Bus">Q-Bus</a> as their principal bus: </p> <ul><li>PDP–11/03 (also known as the LSI-11/03) – The first PDP–11 implemented with <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit#LSI" title="Integrated circuit">large-scale integration</a> ICs, this system uses a four-package <a href="/wiki/MCP-1600" title="MCP-1600">MCP-1600</a> chipset from Western Digital and supports 60 KB of memory.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="PDP-11/23"></span><span class="vanchor-text">PDP-11/23</span></span> – Second generation of LSI (F-11). Early units supported only 248 KB of memory.</li> <li>PDP–11/23+/MicroPDP–11/23 – Improved 11/23 with more functions on the (larger) processor card. By mid-1982, the 11/23+ supported 4 MB of memory.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-11/73" title="PDP-11/73">MicroPDP–11/73</a> – The third generation LSI-11, this system uses the faster "Jaws-11" (<a href="/wiki/DEC_J-11" title="DEC J-11">J-11</a>) chip set and supports up to 4 MB of memory.</li> <li>MicroPDP–11/53 – Slower 11/73 with on-board memory.</li> <li>MicroPDP–11/83 – Faster 11/73 with PMI (private memory interconnect).</li> <li>MicroPDP–11/93 – Faster 11/83; final DEC Q-Bus PDP–11 model.</li> <li>KXJ11 – Q-Bus card (M7616) with PDP–11 based peripheral processor and DMA controller. Based on a J11 CPU equipped with 512 KB of RAM, 64 KB of ROM, and parallel and serial interfaces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentec_PDP-11" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentec PDP-11">Mentec M100</a> – Mentec redesign of the 11/93, with J-11 chipset at 19.66 MHz, four on-board serial ports, 1-4 MB of on-board memory, and optional FPU.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentec_PDP-11" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentec PDP-11">Mentec M11</a> – Processor upgrade board; microcode implementation of PDP–11 instruction set by Mentec, using the TI 8832 ALU and TI 8818 microsequencer from <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>.</li> <li>Mentec M1 – Processor upgrade board; microcode implementation of PDP–11 instruction set by Mentec, using <a href="/wiki/Atmel" title="Atmel">Atmel</a> 0.35 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Quickware QED-993 – High performance PDP–11/93 processor upgrade board.</li> <li>DECserver 500 and 550 LAT terminal servers DSRVS-BA using the KDJ11-SB chipset</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEC-PDT-11-150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/DEC-PDT-11-150.jpg/220px-DEC-PDT-11-150.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/DEC-PDT-11-150.jpg/330px-DEC-PDT-11-150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/DEC-PDT-11-150.jpg/440px-DEC-PDT-11-150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2307" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>The PDT-11/150 smart terminal system had two 8-inch floppy disc drives.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Models_without_standard_bus">Models without standard bus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Models without standard bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>PDT-11/110</li> <li>PDT-11/130</li> <li>PDT-11/150</li></ul> <p>The PDT series were desktop systems marketed as "smart terminals". The /110 and /130 were housed in a <a href="/wiki/VT100" title="VT100">VT100</a> terminal enclosure. The /150 was housed in a table-top unit which included two 8-inch floppy drives, three asynchronous serial ports, one printer port, one modem port and one synchronous serial port and required an external terminal. All three employed the same chipset as used on the LSI-11/03 and LSI-11/2 in four "microm"s. There is an option which combines two of the microms into one dual carrier, freeing one socket for an EIS/FIS chip. The /150 in combination with a <a href="/wiki/VT100#Variants" title="VT100">VT105</a> terminal was also sold as <a href="/w/index.php?title=MiniMINC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MiniMINC (page does not exist)">MiniMINC</a>, a budget version of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=MINC-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MINC-11 (page does not exist)">MINC-11</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEC_VT100_terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/DEC_VT100_terminal.jpg/220px-DEC_VT100_terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/DEC_VT100_terminal.jpg/330px-DEC_VT100_terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/DEC_VT100_terminal.jpg/440px-DEC_VT100_terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2776" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption>VT100 terminal</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>PRO-325</li> <li>PRO-350</li> <li>PRO-380</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/DEC_Professional_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="DEC Professional (computer)">DEC Professional</a> series are desktop PCs intended to compete with IBM's earlier <a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">8088</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">80286</a> based personal computers. The models are equipped with 5<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inch floppy disk drives and hard disks, except the 325 which has no hard disk. The original operating system was P/OS, which was essentially <a href="/wiki/RSX-11" title="RSX-11">RSX-11</a>M+ with a menu system on top. As the design was intended to avoid software exchange with existing PDP–11 models, the poor market response was unsurprising. The <a href="/wiki/RT-11" title="RT-11">RT-11</a> operating system was eventually ported to the PRO series. A port of the <a href="/wiki/RSTS/E" title="RSTS/E">RSTS/E</a> operating system to the PRO series was also done internal to DEC, but it was not released. The PRO-325 and -350 units are based on the DCF-11 ("Fonz") chipset, the same as found in the 11/23, 11/23+ and 11/24. The PRO-380 is based on the DCJ-11 ("Jaws") chipset, the same as found in the 11/53,73,83 and others, though running only at 10 MHz because of limitations in the support chipset. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Models_that_were_planned_but_never_introduced">Models that were planned but never introduced</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Models that were planned but never introduced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>PDP–11/27 – A Jaws-11 implementation that would have used the <a href="/wiki/VAXBI_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="VAXBI Bus">VAXBI Bus</a> as its principal I/O bus.</li> <li>PDP–11/68 – A follow-on to the PDP–11/60 that would have supported 4 MB of physical memory.</li> <li>PDP–11/74 – A PDP–11/70 that was extended to contain multiprocessing features. Up to four processors could be interconnected, although the physical cable management became unwieldy. Another variation on the 11/74 contained both the multiprocessing features and the Commercial Instruction Set. A substantial number of prototype 11/74s (of various types) were built and at least two multiprocessor systems were sent to customers for beta testing, but no systems were ever officially sold. A four processor system was maintained by the RSX-11 operating system development team for testing and a <a href="/wiki/Uniprocessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniprocessor">uniprocessor</a> system served PDP–11 engineering for general purpose timesharing. The 11/74 was due to be introduced around the same time as the announcement of the new 32-bit product line and the first model: the VAX 11/780. The 11/74 was cancelled because of concern for its field maintainability,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though employees believed the real reason was that it outperformed the 11/780<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would inhibit its sales. In any case, DEC never entirely migrated its PDP–11 customer base to the VAX. The primary reason was not performance, but the PDP–11's superior real-time responsiveness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GT40_Lunar_Lander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/GT40_Lunar_Lander.jpg/229px-GT40_Lunar_Lander.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/GT40_Lunar_Lander.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption>DEC GT40 running <i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(video_game_genre)" title="Lunar Lander (video game genre)">Moonlander</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special-purpose_versions">Special-purpose versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Special-purpose versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEC_GT40" title="DEC GT40">GT40</a> – VT11 <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a> terminal using a PDP–11/10.<sup id="cite_ref-gt40/42_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gt40/42-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>GT42 – VT11 vector graphics terminal using a PDP–11/10.<sup id="cite_ref-gt40/42_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gt40/42-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>GT44 – VT11 vector graphics terminal using a PDP–11/40.</li> <li>GT62 – VS60 vector graphics workstation using a PDP–11/34a and VT48 graphics processor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathkit_H11" title="Heathkit H11">H11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Heathkit" title="Heathkit">Heathkit</a> OEM version of the LSI-11/03.</li> <li>VT20 – Terminal with PDP–11/05 with direct mapped character display for text editing and typesetting (predecessor of the VT71).</li> <li><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PDP-11-34_front_panel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PDP-11-34_front_panel.jpg/229px-PDP-11-34_front_panel.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PDP-11-34_front_panel.jpg/344px-PDP-11-34_front_panel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/PDP-11-34_front_panel.jpg/458px-PDP-11-34_front_panel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>PDP–11/34 front panel which was a replacement for toggle switches in earlier PDP–11 computers</figcaption></figure>VT71 – Terminal with LSI-11/03 and Q-Bus backplane with direct mapped character display for text editing and typesetting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT103" class="mw-redirect" title="VT103">VT103</a> – VT100 with backplane to host an LSI-11.</li> <li>VT173 – A high-end editing terminal containing an 11/03, which loaded its editing software over a serial connection to a host minicomputer. Used in various publishing environments, it was also offered with DECset, Digital's VAX/VMS 3.x native mode OEM version of the <a href="/wiki/Datalogics" title="Datalogics">Datalogics</a> Pager automated batch composition engine. When VT173 inventory was exhausted in 1985, Digital discontinued DECset and transferred its customer agreements to Datalogics. (HP now uses the name HP <a href="/w/index.php?title=DECset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DECset (page does not exist)">DECset</a> for a software development toolset product.)<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEC-MINC-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/DEC-MINC-23.jpg/229px-DEC-MINC-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/DEC-MINC-23.jpg/344px-DEC-MINC-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/DEC-MINC-23.jpg/458px-DEC-MINC-23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2727" data-file-height="1698" /></a><figcaption>MINC-23 laboratory computer</figcaption></figure></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="MINC-11"></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MINC-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MINC-11 (page does not exist)">MINC-11</a> – Laboratory system based on 11/03 or 11/23;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when based on the 11/23, it was sold as a 'MINC-23', but many MINC-11 machines were field-upgraded with the 11/23 processor. Early versions of the MINC-specific software package would not run on the 11/23 processor because of subtle changes in the instruction set; MINC 1.2 is documented as compatible with the later processor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.mmp" title="C.mmp">C.mmp</a> – Multiprocessor system from <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>.</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unimation_controller_internals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Unimation_controller_internals.jpg/229px-Unimation_controller_internals.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Unimation_controller_internals.jpg/344px-Unimation_controller_internals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Unimation_controller_internals.jpg/458px-Unimation_controller_internals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3052" data-file-height="2355" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Unimation" title="Unimation">Unimation</a> robot arm controller used DEC LSI-11 series hardware.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Unimation" title="Unimation">Unimation</a> robot arm controllers used Q-Bus LSI-11/73 systems with a DEC M8192 / KDJ11-A processor board and two DEC DLV11-J (M8043) async serial interface boards.</li> <li>SBC 11/21 (boardname KXT11) Falcon and Falcon Plus – single board computer on a Q-Bus card implementing the basic PDP–11 instruction set, based on T11 chipset containing 32 KB static RAM, two ROM sockets, three serial lines, 20 bit parallel I/O, three interval timers and a two-channel DMA controller. Up to 14 Falcons could be placed into one Q-Bus system.</li> <li>KXJ11 Q-Bus card (M7616) with PDP–11 based peripheral processor and DMA controller. Based on a J11 CPU equipped with 512 KB RAM, 64 KB ROM and parallel and serial interfaces.</li> <li>HSC high end CI disk controllers used backplane mounted J11 and F11 processor cards to run the CHRONIC operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>VAX Console – The <a href="/wiki/DEC_Professional_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="DEC Professional (computer)">DEC Professional Series</a> PC-38N with a real-time interface (RTI) was used as the console for the <a href="/wiki/VAX_8000" title="VAX 8000">VAX 8500 and 8550</a>. The RTI has two serial line units: one connects to the VAX environmental monitoring module (EMM) and the other is a spare that could be used for data transfer. The RTI also has a programmable peripheral interface (PPI) consisting of three 8-bit ports for transferring data, address, and control signals between console and the VAX console interface.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_T-11" title="DEC T-11">T-11</a> is a microprocessor that implements the PDP-11 instruction set architecture. It was developed for embedded systems and was the first single-chip microprocessor developed by DEC. It was sold on the open market.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unlicensed_clones">Unlicensed clones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Unlicensed clones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PDP–11 was sufficiently popular that many unlicensed PDP–11-compatible minicomputers and microcomputers were produced in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries. Some were pin-compatible with the PDP–11 and could use its peripherals and system software. These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SM-4" title="SM-4">SM-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/SM-1420" title="SM-1420">SM-1420</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SM-1600&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SM-1600 (page does not exist)">SM-1600</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronika_100-25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronika 100-25 (page does not exist)">Electronika 100-25</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronika_BK" title="Electronika BK">Electronika BK</a> series, <a href="/wiki/Electronika_60" title="Electronika 60">Electronika 60</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronika_85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronika 85 (page does not exist)">Electronika 85</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVK" title="DVK">DVK</a>, <a href="/wiki/UKNC" title="UKNC">UKNC</a>, and some models of the <a href="/wiki/SM_EVM" title="SM EVM">SM EVM</a> series (in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-4" title="SM-4">SM-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/SM-1420" title="SM-1420">SM-1420</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=IZOT-1016&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IZOT-1016 (page does not exist)">IZOT-1016</a> and peripherals (in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>).</li> <li>MERA-60 in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.</li> <li>SM-1620, SM-1630 (in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-4" title="SM-4">SM-4</a>, TPA-1140,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TPA-1148,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TPA-11/440<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>).</li> <li>SM-4/20, SM 52-11, JPR-12R (in Czechoslovakia).</li> <li>CalData – Made in US, ran all DEC OSes.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CalData hardware was sufficiently DEC-compatible that CalData memory boards could be used in DEC PDP–11 systems.</li> <li>CORAL series (made at <a href="/w/index.php?title=ICE_Felix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICE Felix (page does not exist)">ICE Felix</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>) and the INDEPENDENT series (made at ITC <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Dragomirescu2003_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragomirescu2003-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> running the <a href="/wiki/RSX-11M" class="mw-redirect" title="RSX-11M">RSX-11M</a> operating system (in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>). The CORAL series had several models: the CORAL 4001 was roughly equivalent to the PDP–11/04, the CORAL 4011 was a PDP 11/34 clone, while the CORAL 4030 was a PDP–11/44 clone.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were used in state-owned companies and in public universities, originally operated with <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched cards</a>, later through video terminals like the Romanian <a href="/w/index.php?title=DAF-2020&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DAF-2020 (page does not exist)">DAF-2020</a>, to teach FORTRAN and Pascal, until replaced by IBM PC compatibles, starting in 1991.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systime_Computers" title="Systime Computers">Systime Computers</a> models 1000, 3000, 5000 – OEM agreement for sales in the UK and Western Europe, but disputes originated over both intellectual property infringement and indirect sales to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_systems">Operating systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Operating systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> were available for the PDP–11. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Digital">From Digital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: From Digital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 48em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Operating_System" title="Commercial Operating System">Commercial Operating System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_BATCH-11/DOS-11" title="DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11">BATCH-11/DOS-11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAPS-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAPS-11 (page does not exist)">CAPS-11</a> (<b>Ca</b>ssette <b>P</b>rogramming <b>S</b>ystem)<sup id="cite_ref-CAPS-11_USER'S_GUIDE_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAPS-11_USER'S_GUIDE-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>CHRONIC Hierarchical Storage Controller executive<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GAMMA-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GAMMA-11 (page does not exist)">GAMMA-11</a><sup id="cite_ref-village.org_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-village.org-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUMPS" title="MUMPS">DSM-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSX-11" title="RSX-11">IAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSX-11" title="RSX-11">P/OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSTS/E" title="RSTS/E">RSTS/E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSX-11" title="RSX-11">RSX-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT-11" title="RT-11">RT-11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRAX_(Transaction_Processing_system)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRAX (Transaction Processing system) (page does not exist)">TRAX</a> (Transaction Processing system)<sup id="cite_ref-village.org_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-village.org-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a>-11</li> <li><i>OS/45</i> was a proposed operating system for the PDP-11/45 capable of batch processing, real time and timesharing.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was cancelled during development as its requirements led to a system which was too large for the intended hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_third_parties">From third parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: From third parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 48em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANDOS" title="ANDOS">ANDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSI-DOS" title="CSI-DOS">CSI-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DEIMOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DEIMOS (page does not exist)">DEIMOS</a> (University of Edinburgh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEMOS" title="DEMOS">DEMOS</a> (Soviet Union)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duress_(operating_system)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duress (operating system) (page does not exist)">Duress</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a>/<a href="/wiki/Datalogics" title="Datalogics">Datalogics</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-village.org_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-village.org-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>LOS/C, a small unitasking system written by BRL for the BRL routers and the I/O controller for the Denelcor HEP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Environment_Real-Time" title="Multi-Environment Real-Time">MERT</a><sup id="cite_ref-village.org_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-village.org-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micropower_Pascal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micropower Pascal (page does not exist)">Micropower Pascal</a><sup id="cite_ref-village.org_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-village.org-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK-DOS" title="MK-DOS">MK-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MONECS" title="MONECS">MONECS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-Tasking_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multi-Tasking System (page does not exist)">MTS</a> (Multi-Tasking System written in <a href="/wiki/RTL/2" title="RTL/2">RTL/2</a> by SPL)<sup id="cite_ref-village.org_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-village.org-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUMPS" title="MUMPS">MUMPS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MUSS-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MUSS-11 (page does not exist)">MUSS-11</a></li> <li>PC11 (Decus 11-501/<a href="/wiki/Pilkington" title="Pilkington">Pilkington</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-village.org_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-village.org-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>polyForth, Forth Inc.'s <a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a> for the PDP-11</li> <li>ROSTTP (Realtime Operating System for Terminal Teletype Processing/Simpact)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>SHAREeleven, SHAREplus</li> <li>Solo by <a href="/wiki/Per_Brinch_Hansen" title="Per Brinch Hansen">Per Brinch Hansen</a><sup id="cite_ref-Solo_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solo-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphere_(operating_system)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphere (operating system) (page does not exist)">Sphere</a> (Infosphere – Portland Oregon 1981–87)<sup id="cite_ref-village.org_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-village.org-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Softech_Microsystems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Softech Microsystems (page does not exist)">Softech Microsystems</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=UCSD_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UCSD System (page does not exist)">UCSD System</a> with <a href="/wiki/UCSD_Pascal" title="UCSD Pascal">UCSD Pascal</a><sup id="cite_ref-village.org_39-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-village.org-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIPOS" title="TRIPOS">TRIPOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSX-Plus" title="TSX-Plus">TSX-Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a><sup id="cite_ref-byte198308_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198308-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fiedler198310_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiedler198310-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (many versions, including <a href="/wiki/Version_6_Unix" title="Version 6 Unix">Version 6 Unix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Version_7_Unix" title="Version 7 Unix">Version 7 Unix</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_III" title="UNIX System III">UNIX System III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution#PDP-11_beginnings" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">2BSD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinu" title="Xinu">Xinu</a> OS for instructional purposes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venix" title="Venix">Venix</a> (implementation/port of Unix developed by <a href="/wiki/VenturCom" class="mw-redirect" title="VenturCom">VenturCom</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-village.org_39-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-village.org-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hinnant198408_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hinnant198408-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communications">Communications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DECSA communications server was a communications platform developed by DEC based on a PDP–11/24, with the provision for user installable I/O cards including asynchronous and synchronous modules.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This product was used as one of the earliest commercial platforms upon which networking products could be built, including X.25 gateways, <a href="/wiki/Systems_Network_Architecture" title="Systems Network Architecture">SNA</a> gateways, <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terminal_server" title="Terminal server">terminal servers</a>. </p><p>Ethernet adaptors, such as the DEQNA <a href="/wiki/Q-Bus" title="Q-Bus">Q-Bus</a> card, were also available. </p><p>Many of the earliest systems on the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> were PDP–11's </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peripherals">Peripherals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Peripherals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEC_TU10_tape_drive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/DEC_TU10_tape_drive.jpg/220px-DEC_TU10_tape_drive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/DEC_TU10_tape_drive.jpg/330px-DEC_TU10_tape_drive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/DEC_TU10_tape_drive.jpg/440px-DEC_TU10_tape_drive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="3251" /></a><figcaption>The DEC TU10 <a href="/wiki/9-track_tape" title="9-track tape">9-track tape</a> drive was also offered on other DEC computer series.</figcaption></figure> <p>A wide range of peripherals were available; some of them were also used in other DEC systems like the <a href="/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP–8</a> or <a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP–10</a>. The following are some of the more common PDP–11 peripherals. </p> <ul><li>CR11 – <a href="/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched card</a> reader</li> <li>DL11 – single <a href="/wiki/Serial_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial line">serial line</a> for either <a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a> or <a href="/wiki/Current_loop" title="Current loop">current loop</a></li> <li>LA30/LA36 – <a href="/wiki/DECwriter" title="DECwriter">DECwriter</a> <a href="/wiki/Dot_matrix_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot matrix printer">dot-matrix</a> printing keyboard terminal</li> <li>LP11 – high speed <a href="/wiki/Line_printer" title="Line printer">line printer</a></li> <li>PC11 – high speed <a href="/wiki/Papertape" class="mw-redirect" title="Papertape">papertape</a> reader/punch</li> <li>RA, RD series – fixed platter <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RK05" title="RK05">RK series</a> – hard disk with exchangeable platter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RL02" title="RL02">RL01/RL02</a> – hard disk with exchangeable platter</li> <li>RM, RP series – exchangeable multi-platter hard disk</li> <li>RX01/RX02 – 8-inch <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a></li> <li>RX50/RX33 – 5.25-inch floppy disk</li> <li>TU10 – <a href="/wiki/9-track_tape" title="9-track tape">9-track tape</a> drive</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TU56" class="mw-redirect" title="TU56">TU56</a> – <a href="/wiki/DECtape" title="DECtape">DECtape</a> <a href="/wiki/Block_(data_storage)" title="Block (data storage)">block-addressed</a> tape system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT05" title="VT05">VT05</a>/VT50/<a href="/wiki/VT52" title="VT52">VT52</a>/<a href="/wiki/VT100" title="VT100">VT100</a>/<a href="/wiki/VT220" title="VT220">VT220</a> – video display terminal</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PDP–11 family of computers was used for many purposes. It was used as a standard minicomputer for general-purpose computing, such as <a href="/wiki/Timesharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Timesharing">timesharing</a>, scientific, educational, medical, government or business computing. Another common application was <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time</a> <a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">process control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Factory_automation" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory automation">factory automation</a>. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/OEM" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM">OEM</a> models were also frequently used as <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a> to control complex systems like traffic-light systems, medical systems, <a href="/wiki/Numerical_control" title="Numerical control">numerical controlled</a> <a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">machining</a>, or for network management. An example of such use of PDP–11s was the management of the packet switched network <a href="/wiki/Datanet" title="Datanet">Datanet</a> 1. In the 1980s, the UK's <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a> radar processing was conducted on a PDP 11/34 system known as PRDS – Processed Radar Display System at RAF West Drayton.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The software for the <a href="/wiki/Therac-25" title="Therac-25">Therac-25</a> medical <a href="/wiki/Linear_particle_accelerator" title="Linear particle accelerator">linear particle accelerator</a> also ran on a 32K PDP 11/23.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, it was reported that PDP–11 programmers would be needed to control nuclear power plants through 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another use was for storage of test programs for <a href="/wiki/Teradyne" title="Teradyne">Teradyne</a> <a href="/wiki/Automatic_test_equipment" title="Automatic test equipment">ATE</a> equipment, in a system known as the TSD (Test System Director). As such, they were in use until their software was rendered inoperable by the <a href="/wiki/Year_2000_problem" title="Year 2000 problem">Year 2000 problem</a>. The US Navy used a PDP–11/34 to control its Multi-station Spatial Disorientation Device, a simulator used in pilot training, until 2007, when it was replaced by a PC-based emulator that could run the original PDP–11 software and interface with custom Unibus controller cards.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A PDP–11/45 was used for the experiment that discovered the <a href="/wiki/J/%CF%88_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="J/ψ meson">J/ψ meson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1976, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Samuel C. C. Ting</a> received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> for this discovery. Another PDP–11/45 was used to create the Death Star plans during the briefing sequence in <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emulators">Emulators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Emulators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_PDP-11_70_replica_and_keyboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Modern_PDP-11_70_replica_and_keyboard.jpg/290px-Modern_PDP-11_70_replica_and_keyboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Modern_PDP-11_70_replica_and_keyboard.jpg/435px-Modern_PDP-11_70_replica_and_keyboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Modern_PDP-11_70_replica_and_keyboard.jpg/580px-Modern_PDP-11_70_replica_and_keyboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3597" data-file-height="3145" /></a><figcaption>PiDP-11, a 6:10-scale PDP-11/70 console replica with a <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a> running SIMH</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ersatz-11">Ersatz-11</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ersatz-11"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ersatz-11, a product of D Bit,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emulates the PDP–11 instruction set running under DOS, OS/2, Windows, Linux or <a href="/wiki/Bare_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bare metal">bare metal</a> (no OS). It can be used to run RSTS or other PDP–11 operating systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SIMH">SIMH</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: SIMH"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/SIMH" title="SIMH">SIMH</a> is an emulator that compiles and runs on a number of platforms (including <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>) and supports hardware emulation for the DEC PDP–1, PDP–8, PDP–10, PDP–11, VAX, AltairZ80, several IBM mainframes, and other minicomputers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathkit_H11" title="Heathkit H11">Heathkit H11</a>, a 1977 Heathkit personal computer based on the PDP–11</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MACRO-11" title="MACRO-11">MACRO-11</a>, the PDP–11's native assembly language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PL-11" title="PL-11">PL-11</a>, a high-level assembler for the PDP–11 written at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H8_Family" title="H8 Family">H8 Family</a>, a family of microcontrollers with an instruction set inspired by the PDP-11</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_citations">Explanatory citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Explanatory citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is not clear in the document whether this is 2k bytes or 2k words – 4k in modern terms.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bob-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bob_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bob_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSupnik2004" class="citation journal cs1">Supnik, Bob (August 31, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1016998.1017002">"Simulators: Virtual Machines of the Past (and Future)"</a>. <i>ACM Queue</i>. <b>2</b> (5): 52–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1016998.1017002">10.1145/1016998.1017002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20078751">20078751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+Queue&rft.atitle=Simulators%3A+Virtual+Machines+of+the+Past+%28and+Future%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=52-58&rft.date=2004-08-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1016998.1017002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20078751%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Supnik&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F1016998.1017002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1985" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Frank (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=taKkaFzv8BsC&q=PDP-11"><i>Into the Heart of the Mind: An American Quest for Artificial Intelligence</i></a>. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394741031" title="Special:BookSources/9780394741031"><bdi>9780394741031</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701172348/https://books.google.com/books?id=taKkaFzv8BsC&q=PDP-11#v=snippet&q=PDP-11&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+the+Heart+of+the+Mind%3A+An+American+Quest+for+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780394741031&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtaKkaFzv8BsC%26q%3DPDP-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakyo" class="citation web cs1">Bakyo, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cpushack.com/CPU/cpu3.html#Sec3Part1">"Section Three: The Great Dark Cloud Falls: IBM's Choice"</a>. <i>Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present (V 13.4.0)</i>. Part I: DEC PDP-11, benchmark for the first 16/32 bit generation. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430004127/https://www.cpushack.com/CPU/cpu3.html#Sec3Part1">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+Microprocessors+of+the+Past+and+Present+%28V+13.4.0%29&rft.atitle=Section+Three%3A+The+Great+Dark+Cloud+Falls%3A+IBM%27s+Choice.&rft.pages=Part+I%3A+DEC+PDP-11%2C+benchmark+for+the+first+16%2F32+bit+generation.+%281970%29&rft.aulast=Bakyo&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpushack.com%2FCPU%2Fcpu3.html%23Sec3Part1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie1993" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Ritchie, Dennis M.</a> (April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.html">"The Development of the C Language"</a>. In Thomas J. Bergin, Jr.; Richard G. Gibson, Jr. (eds.). <i>History of Programming Languages-II</i>. Second History of Programming Languages conference. Cambridge, MA: ACM Press (New York) and Addison-Wesley (Reading, Mass). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-89502-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-89502-1"><bdi>0-201-89502-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611114355/https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chist.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+C+Language&rft.btitle=History+of+Programming+Languages-II&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=ACM+Press+%28New+York%29+and+Addison-Wesley+%28Reading%2C+Mass%29&rft.date=1993-04&rft.isbn=0-201-89502-1&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Dennis+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fusr%2Fdmr%2Fwww%2Fchist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp-x/">"PDP-X memoranda"</a>. <i>bitsavers.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923042101/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp-x/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bitsavers.org&rft.atitle=PDP-X+memoranda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fdec%2Fpdp-x%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2012/07/102702207-05-01-acc.pdf">"Oral History of Edson (Ed) D. de Castro"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040632/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2012/07/102702207-05-01-acc.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+History+of+Edson+%28Ed%29+D.+de+Castro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.computerhistory.org%2Fresources%2Faccess%2Ftext%2F2012%2F07%2F102702207-05-01-acc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGowan98-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGowan98_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGowan98_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGowan98_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGowan98_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGowan98_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGowan1998" class="citation web cs1">McGowan, Larry (19 August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hampage.hu/pdp-11/birth.html">"How the PDP-11 Was Born"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617022503/http://www.hampage.hu/pdp-11/birth.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+PDP-11+Was+Born&rft.date=1998-08-19&rft.aulast=McGowan&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhampage.hu%2Fpdp-11%2Fbirth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceruzzi03-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ceruzzi03_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Cerruzi, <i>A History of Modern Computing</i>, MIT Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-53203-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-53203-4">0-262-53203-4</a>, page 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16-bit_Timeline-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-16-bit_Timeline_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-16-bit_Timeline_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/~gbell/digital/timeline/16-bit.htm">"16-bit Timeline"</a>. <i>microsoft.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208063850/http://research.microsoft.com/~gbell/digital/timeline/16-bit.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=microsoft.com&rft.atitle=16-bit+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.microsoft.com%2F~gbell%2Fdigital%2Ftimeline%2F16-bit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/handbooks/PDP1145_Handbook_1973.pdf"><i>PDP-11/45 Processor Handbook</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>. 1973. p. 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/handbooks/PDP1145_Handbook_1973.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PDP-11%2F45+Processor+Handbook&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Digital+Equipment+Corporation&rft.date=1973&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fdec%2Fpdp11%2Fhandbooks%2FPDP1145_Handbook_1973.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/1103/EK-KUV11-TM_LSI11_WCS.pdf"><i>LSI-11 WCS user's guide</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1st ed.). Digital Equipment Corporation. June 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223212303/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/1103/EK-KUV11-TM_LSI11_WCS.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LSI-11+WCS+user%27s+guide&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Digital+Equipment+Corporation&rft.date=1978-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fdec%2Fpdp11%2F1103%2FEK-KUV11-TM_LSI11_WCS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fiedler198310-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fiedler198310_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fiedler198310_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiedler,_Ryan1983" class="citation news cs1">Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX#page/n133/mode/2up">"The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace"</a>. <i>BYTE</i>. p. 132<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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June 29, 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701172334/https://groups.google.com/g/biz.digital.announce/c/mnNlxqdYTwo/m/Bh84UGO09kEJ">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press%2FDigital+and+Mentec+Announce+PDP-11+Software+Agreement&rft.pub=biz.digital.announce&rft.date=1994-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fd%2Fmsg%2Fbiz.digital.announce%2FmnNlxqdYTwo%2FBh84UGO09kEJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pdp-11-faq-models-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdp-11-faq-models_16-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160618161413/http://www.village.org/pdp11/faq.pages/11model.html">"The PDP-11 FAQ"</a>. Village.org. 2000-04-18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.village.org/pdp11/faq.pages/11model.html">the original</a> on 2016-06-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+PDP-11+FAQ&rft.pub=Village.org&rft.date=2000-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.village.org%2Fpdp11%2Ffaq.pages%2F11model.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vintagecomputer.net/digital/PDP11-20/PDP11_Price-List_19691215.pdf">"PDP-11 Price List (1969)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701172332/http://vintagecomputer.net/digital/PDP11-20/PDP11_Price-List_19691215.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2024-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PDP-11+Price+List+%281969%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvintagecomputer.net%2Fdigital%2FPDP11-20%2FPDP11_Price-List_19691215.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritchie-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ritchie_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritchie_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchie2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Ritchie, Dennis M.</a> (22 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/odd.html">"Odd Comments and Strange Doings in Unix"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160103171003/http://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/odd.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odd+Comments+and+Strange+Doings+in+Unix&rft.pub=Bell+Labs&rft.date=2002-06-22&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Dennis+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bell-labs.com%2Fusr%2Fdmr%2Fwww%2Fodd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/a/28404/7208">"When was the PDP-11/50 released?"</a>. <i>Retrocomputing Stack Exchange</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701172338/https://retrocomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/28397/when-was-the-pdp-11-50-released/28404#28404">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Retrocomputing+Stack+Exchange&rft.atitle=When+was+the+PDP-11%2F50+released%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fretrocomputing.stackexchange.com%2Fa%2F28404%2F7208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jT2fQqJplN8C&pg=PT29">"Time-Sharing Uses Emphasized for DEC Datasystem 350 Series"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. <b>IX</b> (31): 19. July 30, 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306042705/https://books.google.com/books?id=jT2fQqJplN8C&pg=PT29">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2022</span>. <q>All DEC Datasystem 350 models have PDP–11/10 CPUs</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Time-Sharing+Uses+Emphasized+for+DEC+Datasystem+350+Series&rft.volume=IX&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1975-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjT2fQqJplN8C%26pg%3DPT29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"TSX-Plus: Time Share RT-11". <i>Hardcopy</i>. October 1982. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hardcopy&rft.atitle=TSX-Plus%3A+Time+Share+RT-11&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1982-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412201307/http://www.fuse-network.com/fuse/demonstration/30/24675/24675.pdf">"Development Project Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fuse-network.com/fuse/demonstration/30/24675/24675.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+Project+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fuse-network.com%2Ffuse%2Fdemonstration%2F30%2F24675%2F24675.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_MitchellBrian_S._McCarthy2005" class="citation web cs1">Bruce Mitchell; Brian S. McCarthy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miim.com/faq/hardware/multipro.shtml">"Multiprocessor FAQ"</a>. Machine Intelligence<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multiprocessor+FAQ&rft.pub=Machine+Intelligence&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Bruce+Mitchell&rft.au=Brian+S.+McCarthy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miim.com%2Ffaq%2Fhardware%2Fmultipro.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_North2006" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Don North (February 7, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718232453/http://www.classiccmp.org/pipermail/cctech/2006-February/057197.html">"Original 11/74 front panel"</a>. <i>cctech</i> (Mailing list). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classiccmp.org/pipermail/cctech/2006-February/057197.html">the original</a> on July 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Original+11%2F74+front+panel&rft.date=2006-02-07&rft.au=Don+North&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classiccmp.org%2Fpipermail%2Fcctech%2F2006-February%2F057197.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gt40/42-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gt40/42_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gt40/42_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/graphics/VT11/EK-GT40-OP-002_GT40_GT42_Users_Guide_Feb75.pdf">"GT40/GT42 user's guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. February 1975. p. 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222163442/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/graphics/VT11/EK-GT40-OP-002_GT40_GT42_Users_Guide_Feb75.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GT40%2FGT42+user%27s+guide&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1975-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fdec%2Fgraphics%2FVT11%2FEK-GT40-OP-002_GT40_GT42_Users_Guide_Feb75.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.binarydinosaurs.co.uk/Museum/Digital/minc/index.php">"Digital MINC-11"</a>. Binary Dinosaurs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+MINC-11&rft.pub=Binary+Dinosaurs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.binarydinosaurs.co.uk%2FMuseum%2FDigital%2Fminc%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vaxhaven.com/images/b/ba/EK-HSCMN-IN-002.pdf"><i>HSC Controller Installation Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Digital Equipment Corporation. July 1991. p. 4-28. EK-HSCMN-IN-002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903150133/http://vaxhaven.com/images/b/ba/EK-HSCMN-IN-002.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HSC+Controller+Installation+Manual&rft.pages=p.+4-28&rft.pub=Digital+Equipment+Corporation&rft.date=1991-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaxhaven.com%2Fimages%2Fb%2Fba%2FEK-HSCMN-IN-002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>VAX 8500/8550 System Hardware User's Guide</i>. Digital Equipment Corporation. 1986. pp. 1–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VAX+8500%2F8550+System+Hardware+User%27s+Guide&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=Digital+Equipment+Corporation&rft.date=1986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/t11/T11_Engineering_Specification_Rev_E_Mar82.pdf">"T-11 Engineering Specification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. March 24, 1982. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308003715/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/t11/T11_Engineering_Specification_Rev_E_Mar82.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T-11+Engineering+Specification&rft.date=1982-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fdec%2Fpdp11%2Ft11%2FT11_Engineering_Specification_Rev_E_Mar82.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hampage.hu/tpa/e_tpa1140.html">"Múzeum - KFKI TPA 1140"</a>. <i>hampage.hu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406010424/http://hampage.hu/tpa/e_tpa1140.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hampage.hu&rft.atitle=M%C3%BAzeum+-+KFKI+TPA+1140&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhampage.hu%2Ftpa%2Fe_tpa1140.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁkos_Varga" class="citation web cs1">Ákos Varga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hampage.hu/tpa/e_tpa1148.html">"TPA-1148"</a>. Hampage.hu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712212348/http://hampage.hu/tpa/e_tpa1148.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TPA-1148&rft.pub=Hampage.hu&rft.au=%C3%81kos+Varga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhampage.hu%2Ftpa%2Fe_tpa1148.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁkos_Varga" class="citation web cs1">Ákos Varga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hampage.hu/tpa/e_tpa11440.html">"TPA-11/440"</a>. Hampage.hu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235921/http://hampage.hu/tpa/e_tpa11440.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TPA-11%2F440&rft.pub=Hampage.hu&rft.au=%C3%81kos+Varga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhampage.hu%2Ftpa%2Fe_tpa11440.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/calData/CalData_Brochures_1974.pdf">"CalData_brochure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120912170014/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/calData/CalData_Brochures_1974.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-09-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nuke+plants+to+rely+on+PDP-11+code+UNTIL+2050%3A+Programmers+and+their+walking+sticks+converge+in+Canada&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft.au=Richard+Chirgwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2013%2F06%2F19%2Fnuke_plants_to_keep_pdp11_until_2050%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaremont2008" class="citation web cs1">Claremont, Bruce (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417131718/http://www.migrationspecialties.com/pdf/MSDD.pdf">"PDP-11 Replacement Keeps the Navy's MSDD Spinning"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationspecialties.com/pdf/MSDD.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PDP-11+Replacement+Keeps+the+Navy%27s+MSDD+Spinning&rft.date=2008-02&rft.aulast=Claremont&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationspecialties.com%2Fpdf%2FMSDD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubert1974" class="citation journal cs1">Aubert, J.J.; et al. (November 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.33.1404">"Experimental Observation of a Heavy Particle J"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Physical Review Letters</a></i>. <b>33</b> (23): 1404–1406. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974PhRvL..33.1404A">1974PhRvL..33.1404A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.33.1404">10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1404</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Experimental+Observation+of+a+Heavy+Particle+J&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=1404-1406&rft.date=1974-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.33.1404&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974PhRvL..33.1404A&rft.aulast=Aubert&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRevLett.33.1404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbit.com/">"D Bit Ersatz-11 PDP-11 emulator"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140506044153/http://www.dbit.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D+Bit+Ersatz-11+PDP-11+emulator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbit.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>PDP11 processor handbook – PDP11/05/10/35/40</i>, Digital Equipment Corporation, 1973</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PDP11+processor+handbook+%E2%80%93+PDP11%2F05%2F10%2F35%2F40&rft.pub=Digital+Equipment+Corporation&rft.date=1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>PDP11 processor handbook – PDP11/04/34a/44/60/70</i>, Digital Equipment Corporation, 1979</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PDP11+processor+handbook+%E2%80%93+PDP11%2F04%2F34a%2F44%2F60%2F70&rft.pub=Digital+Equipment+Corporation&rft.date=1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckhouseMorris1979" class="citation cs2">Eckhouse, Richard H. Jr.; Morris, L. Robert (1979), <i>Minicomputer Systems: Organization, Programming, and Applications (PDP-11)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Englewood_Cliffs,_New_Jersey" title="Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey">Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prentice-Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Prentice-Hall">Prentice-Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-583914-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-583914-9"><bdi>0-13-583914-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minicomputer+Systems%3A+Organization%2C+Programming%2C+and+Applications+%28PDP-11%29&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-13-583914-9&rft.aulast=Eckhouse&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.+Jr.&rft.au=Morris%2C+L.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1980" class="citation cs2">Singer, Michael (1980), <i>PDP-11. Assembler Language Programming and Machine Organization</i>, Wiley, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39076005031633">2027/mdp.39076005031633</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-04905-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-04905-0"><bdi>0-471-04905-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PDP-11.+Assembler+Language+Programming+and+Machine+Organization&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39076005031633&rft.isbn=0-471-04905-0&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDP-11&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:PDP-11" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:PDP-11">PDP-11</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellStrecker1976" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Gordon; Strecker, William D. (1976-01-17). "Computer structures: What have we learned from the PDP-11?". <i>ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F633617.803541">10.1145/633617.803541</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-5964">0163-5964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGARCH+Computer+Architecture+News&rft.atitle=Computer+structures%3A+What+have+we+learned+from+the+PDP-11%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=1976-01-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F633617.803541&rft.issn=0163-5964&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Strecker%2C+William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDP-11" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/users/GBell/Digital/DECMuseum.htm">Gordon Bell's CyberMuseum for Digital Equipment Corp (DEC)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDotzel1986" class="citation cs2">Dotzel, Günter (January 1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modulaware.com/history/Vrsmot.pdf">"On LSI-11, RT-11, Megabytes of Memory and Modula-2/VRS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>DEC Professional: The Magazine for DEC Users</i>, Spring House, Pennsylvania, US: Professional Press</cite><span 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/18-bit_computing" title="18-bit computing">18-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDP-1" title="PDP-1">PDP-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-4" title="PDP-4">PDP-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-7" title="PDP-7">PDP-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-9" title="PDP-9">PDP-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-15" title="PDP-15">PDP-15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/12-bit_computing" title="12-bit computing">12-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LINC" title="LINC">LINC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LINC-8" title="LINC-8">LINC-8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-5" title="PDP-5">PDP-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP-8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDP-8/e" title="PDP-8/e">PDP-8/e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-12" title="PDP-12">PDP-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECmate" title="DECmate">DECmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-14" title="PDP-14">PDP-14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/36-bit_computing" title="36-bit computing">36-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDP-6" title="PDP-6">PDP-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECSYSTEM-20" title="DECSYSTEM-20">DECSYSTEM-20</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PDP-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Professional" title="DEC Professional">DEC Professional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VAX-11" title="VAX-11">VAX-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroVAX" title="MicroVAX">MicroVAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_8000" title="VAX 8000">VAX 8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXstation" title="VAXstation">VAXstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Firefly" title="DEC Firefly">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXserver" title="VAXserver">VAXserver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_6000" title="VAX 6000">VAX 6000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_4000" title="VAX 4000">VAX 4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_9000" title="VAX 9000">VAX 9000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXft" title="VAXft">VAXft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX_7000_and_VAX_10000" title="VAX 7000 and VAX 10000">VAX 7000 and VAX 10000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_100" title="Rainbow 100">Rainbow 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXmate" title="VAXmate">VAXmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECpc" title="DECpc">DECpc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECstation#PC" title="DECstation">DECstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Multia" title="DEC Multia">Multia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Personal_Workstation" title="Digital Personal Workstation">Digital Personal Workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_HiNote" title="Digital HiNote">HiNote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DECstation#MIPS" title="DECstation">DECstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECsystem" title="DECsystem">DECsystem servers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEC_3000_AXP" title="DEC 3000 AXP">DEC 3000 AXP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_4000_AXP" title="DEC 4000 AXP">DEC 4000 AXP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_7000_AXP_and_DEC_10000_AXP" title="DEC 7000 AXP and DEC 10000 AXP">DEC 7000 AXP and DEC 10000 AXP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECpc_AXP_150" title="DECpc AXP 150">DECpc AXP 150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DECpc_AXP_150#DEC_2000_AXP" title="DECpc AXP 150">DEC 2000 AXP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Multia" title="DEC Multia">Multia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaServer" title="AlphaServer">AlphaServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaStation" title="AlphaStation">AlphaStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Personal_Workstation" title="Digital Personal Workstation">Digital Personal Workstation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compaq_Professional_Workstation" title="Compaq Professional Workstation">Compaq Professional Workstation 1000 XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsy_Pocket_Computer" title="Itsy Pocket Computer">Itsy Pocket Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_project" title="Jupiter project">Jupiter project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_VAX_computers" title="List of VAX computers">List of VAX computers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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