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<li id="toc-Origins_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s_rise_in_popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_rise_in_popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1980s rise in popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_rise_in_popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thin_clients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thin_clients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Thin clients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thin_clients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3M_computer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3M_computer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>3M computer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3M_computer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Market position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern market</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_market-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern market subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-GPU_workstations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPU_workstations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>GPU workstations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPU_workstations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_RISC_workstations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_RISC_workstations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Decline of RISC workstations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_RISC_workstations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-x86-64" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#x86-64"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>x86-64</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-x86-64-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Workstation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84" title="محطة عمل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محطة عمل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="ওয়ার্কস্টেশন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়ার্কস্টেশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satasiun_gawi" title="Satasiun gawi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Satasiun gawi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Работна станция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Работна станция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radna_stanica" title="Radna stanica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Radna stanica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaci%C3%B3_de_treball" title="Estació de treball – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estació de treball" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pracovn%C3%AD_stanice" title="Pracovní stanice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pracovní stanice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Workstation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6%C3%B6jaam" title="Tööjaam – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tööjaam" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaci%C3%B3n_de_trabajo" title="Estación de trabajo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estación de trabajo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laborstacio" title="Laborstacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laborstacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan-estazio" title="Lan-estazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lan-estazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ایستگاه کار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایستگاه کار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_de_travail" title="Station de travail – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Station de travail" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="워크스테이션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="워크스테이션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radna_stanica" title="Radna stanica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Radna stanica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasiun_kerja" title="Stasiun kerja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stasiun kerja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Workstation" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="תחנת עבודה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחנת עבודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%B1%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Жұмыс бекеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жұмыс бекеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kituokazi" title="Kituokazi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kituokazi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbo_stotis" title="Darbo stotis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Darbo stotis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munka%C3%A1llom%C3%A1s" title="Munkaállomás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Munkaállomás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Работна станица – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Работна станица" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="വർക്ക്സ്റ്റേഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വർക്ക്സ്റ്റേഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stesen_kerja" title="Stesen kerja – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stesen kerja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%BD" title="Уоркстейшн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уоркстейшн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werkstation" title="Werkstation – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Werkstation" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="ワークステーション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワークステーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeidsstasjon" title="Arbeidsstasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arbeidsstasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeidsstasjon" title="Arbeidsstasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arbeidsstasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estacion_de_trabalh" title="Estacion de trabalh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estacion de trabalh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacja_robocza" title="Stacja robocza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stacja robocza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_trabalho" title="Estação de trabalho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estação de trabalho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta%C8%9Bie_de_lucru" title="Stație de lucru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stație de lucru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рабочая станция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рабочая станция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacioni_i_pun%C3%ABs" title="Stacioni i punës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stacioni i punës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Workstation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Workstation" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Радна станица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Радна станица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty%C3%B6asema" title="Työasema – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Työasema" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">High-end single-user computer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the type of computer. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Work_station_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Work station (disambiguation)">Work station</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Workstation" title="Special:EditPage/Workstation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Workstation%22">"Workstation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Workstation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Workstation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Workstation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Workstation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Workstation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEXT_Cube-IMG_7157.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/NEXT_Cube-IMG_7157.jpg/220px-NEXT_Cube-IMG_7157.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/NEXT_Cube-IMG_7157.jpg/330px-NEXT_Cube-IMG_7157.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/NEXT_Cube-IMG_7157.jpg/440px-NEXT_Cube-IMG_7157.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/NeXTcube" title="NeXTcube">NeXTcube</a> workstation, the same type on which the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> was created by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>workstation</b> is a special computer designed for technical or <a href="/wiki/Computational_science" title="Computational science">scientific</a> applications.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intended primarily to be used by a single user,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are commonly connected to a <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a> and run <a href="/wiki/Multi-user" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-user">multi-user</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>. The term <i>workstation</i> has been used loosely to refer to everything from a <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computer</a> terminal to a <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC</a> connected to a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a>, but the most common form refers to the class of hardware offered by several current and defunct companies such as <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Computer" title="Apollo Computer">Apollo Computer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a>, <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> which powered the <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a> revolution of the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Workstations formerly offered higher performance than mainstream <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics</a>, memory, and multitasking. Workstations are optimized for the <a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">visualization</a> and manipulation of different types of complex data such as 3D mechanical design, engineering simulations like <a href="/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">computational fluid dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">animation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">video editing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Image_editing" title="Image editing">image editing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a>, image rendering, <a href="/wiki/Computational_science" title="Computational science">computational science</a>, generating <a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)"> mathematical plots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a>. Typically, the <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">form factor</a> is that of a <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computer</a>, which consists of a high-resolution display, a <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Mouse_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computer)">mouse</a> at a minimum, but also offers multiple displays, <a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">graphics tablets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">3D mice</a> for manipulating objects and navigating scenes. Workstations were the first segment of the computer market<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to present advanced accessories, and collaboration tools like <a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">videoconferencing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increasing capabilities of mainstream PCs since the late 1990s have reduced distinction between the PCs and workstations.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical 1980s workstations have expensive proprietary hardware and operating systems to categorically distinguish from standardized PCs. From the 1990s and 2000s, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/RS/6000" class="mw-redirect" title="RS/6000">RS/6000</a> and <a href="/wiki/IntelliStation" class="mw-redirect" title="IntelliStation">IntelliStation</a> have <a href="/wiki/RISC" class="mw-redirect" title="RISC">RISC</a>-based <a href="/wiki/IBM_Power_microprocessors" title="IBM Power microprocessors">POWER</a> CPUs running <a href="/wiki/AIX" class="mw-redirect" title="AIX">AIX</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_Series" title="IBM PC Series">IBM PC Series</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_Aptiva" title="IBM Aptiva">Aptiva</a> corporate and consumer PCs have Intel x86 CPUs. However, by the early 2000s, this difference largely disappeared, since workstations use highly <a href="/wiki/Commoditization" title="Commoditization">commoditized</a> hardware dominated by large PC vendors, such as <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, selling <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> systems running <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> or <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workstation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XeroxWorkstation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/XeroxWorkstation.jpg/220px-XeroxWorkstation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/XeroxWorkstation.jpg/330px-XeroxWorkstation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/XeroxWorkstation.jpg/440px-XeroxWorkstation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Early <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> workstation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-425-Workstation_26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/HP-HP9000-425-Workstation_26.jpg/220px-HP-HP9000-425-Workstation_26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/HP-HP9000-425-Workstation_26.jpg/330px-HP-HP9000-425-Workstation_26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/HP-HP9000-425-Workstation_26.jpg/440px-HP-HP9000-425-Workstation_26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3384" data-file-height="2270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HP_9000" title="HP 9000">HP 9000</a> model 425 workstation running <a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a> 9 and <a href="/wiki/Visual_User_Environment" title="Visual User Environment">Visual User Environment</a> (VUE)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-735-99-Workstation_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HP-HP9000-735-99-Workstation_02.jpg/220px-HP-HP9000-735-99-Workstation_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HP-HP9000-735-99-Workstation_02.jpg/330px-HP-HP9000-735-99-Workstation_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HP-HP9000-735-99-Workstation_02.jpg/440px-HP-HP9000-735-99-Workstation_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3103" data-file-height="2202" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HP_9000" title="HP 9000">HP 9000</a> model 735 running <a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment" title="Common Desktop Environment">Common Desktop Environment</a> (CDE)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_development">Origins and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workstation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Workstations are older than the first <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> (PC).<sup id="cite_ref-baran198902_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baran198902-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first computer that might qualify as a workstation is the <a href="/wiki/IBM_1620" title="IBM 1620">IBM 1620</a>, a small scientific computer designed to be used interactively by a single person sitting at the console.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was introduced in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One peculiar feature of the machine is that it lacks any arithmetic circuitry.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To perform addition, it requires a memory-resident table of decimal addition rules.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reduced the cost of logic circuitry, enabling IBM to make it inexpensive. The machine is <a href="/wiki/Codename" class="mw-redirect" title="Codename">codenamed</a> CADET and was initially rented for $1000 per month. </p><p>In 1965, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_1130" title="IBM 1130">IBM 1130</a> scientific computer became the successor to 1620. Both of these systems run <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> and other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are built into roughly desk-sized cabinets, with console typewriters. They have optional add-on disk drives, printers, and both paper-tape and punched-card I/O. </p><p>Early workstations were generally dedicated <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a>, a multiuser system reserved for one user.<sup id="cite_ref-baran198902_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baran198902-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP-8</a> from <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>, is regarded as the first commercial minicomputer.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Workstations have historically been more advanced than contemporary PCs, with more powerful CPU architectures, earlier networking, more advanced graphics, more memory, and multitasking with sophisticated operating systems like Unix. Because of their minicomputer heritage, from the start workstations have run professional and expensive software such as CAD and graphics design, as opposed to PCs' games and text editors.<sup id="cite_ref-baran198902_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baran198902-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lisp_machine" title="Lisp machine">Lisp machines</a> developed at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> in the early 1970s pioneered some workstation principles, as high-performance, networked, single-user systems intended for heavily interactive use. Lisp Machines were commercialized beginning 1980 by companies like <a href="/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machines" title="Lisp Machines">Lisp Machines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> (the <a href="/wiki/TI_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="TI Explorer">TI Explorer</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Interlisp-D" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlisp-D">Interlisp-D</a> workstations). The first computer designed for a single user, with high-resolution graphics (and so a workstation in the modern sense), is the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Alto</a> developed at <a href="/wiki/Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a> in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early workstations include the <a href="/wiki/Terak_8510/a" title="Terak 8510/a">Terak 8510/a</a> (1977),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_PERQ" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Rivers PERQ">Three Rivers PERQ</a> (1979), and the later <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Star" title="Xerox Star">Xerox Star</a> (1981). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s_rise_in_popularity">1980s rise in popularity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workstation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1980s rise in popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon Graphics Inc">Silicon Graphics Inc</a>, <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Computer" title="Apollo Computer">Apollo Computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBM_RT_PC" title="IBM RT PC">IBM RT PC</a></div> <p>In the early 1980s, with the advent of <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a>, several new competitors appeared, including <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Computer" title="Apollo Computer">Apollo Computer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with workstations based on 68000 and <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/VLSI_Project" title="VLSI Project">VLSI Project</a> created several spinoff graphics products, such as the <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a> <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics#IRIS_2000_and_3000_series" title="Silicon Graphics">3130</a>. Target markets were differentiated, with Sun and Apollo considered to be network workstations and SGI as graphics workstations. <a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced instruction set computing">RISC</a> CPUs increased in the mid-1980s, typical of workstation vendors.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competition between RISC vendors lowered CPU prices to as little as $10 per MIPS, much less expensive than the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 80386</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-byte198902_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198902-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after large price cuts in 1987 and 1988, a personal workstation suitable for 2D CAD costing <span style="white-space: nowrap">$5,000</span> (equivalent to $12,000 in 2023) to <span style="white-space: nowrap">$25,000</span> (equivalent to $61,000 in 2023) was available from multiple vendors. Mid-range models capable of 3D graphics cost from <span style="white-space: nowrap">$35,000</span> (equivalent to $86,000 in 2023) to <span style="white-space: nowrap">$60,000</span> (equivalent to $147,000 in 2023), while high-end models overlapping with minicomputers cost from <span style="white-space: nowrap">$80,000</span> (equivalent to $197,000 in 2023) to <span style="white-space: nowrap">$100,000</span> (equivalent to $246,000 in 2023) or more.<sup id="cite_ref-robinson198902_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson198902-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By then a <span style="white-space: nowrap">$12,000</span> (equivalent to $29,000 in 2023) "personal workstation" might be a high-end PC like <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_II" title="Macintosh II">Macintosh II</a> or <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_80" title="IBM PS/2 Model 80">IBM PS/2 Model 80</a>, low-end workstation, or a hybrid device like the <a href="/wiki/NeXT_Computer" title="NeXT Computer">NeXT Computer</a>, all with similar, overlapping specifications.<sup id="cite_ref-baran198902_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baran198902-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One differentiator between PC and workstation was that the latter was much more likely to have a <a href="/wiki/Graphics_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics accelerator">graphics accelerator</a> with support for a graphics standard like <a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">PHIGS</a> or <a href="/wiki/X_Window" class="mw-redirect" title="X Window">X Window</a>, while the former usually depended on <a href="/wiki/Software_rendering" title="Software rendering">software rendering</a> or proprietary accelerators. The <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a> industry's needs typically caused improvements in graphical technology, with CAD using the same improvements later.<sup id="cite_ref-robinson198902_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson198902-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>BYTE</i> predicted in 1989 "Soon, the only way we'll be able to tell the difference between traditional workstations and PCs will be by the operating system they run", with the former running Unix and the latter running <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>, and/or Unix. Many workstations by then had some method to run increasingly popular and powerful PC software such as <a href="/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3" title="Lotus 1-2-3">Lotus 1-2-3</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baran198902_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baran198902-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magazine demonstrated that year that an individual could build a workstation with commodity components with specifications comparable to commercially available low-end workstations.<sup id="cite_ref-nicholls198902_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicholls198902-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Workstations often featured <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a> disk storage systems, high-end <a href="/wiki/3D_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="3D accelerator">3D accelerators</a>, single or multiple <a href="/wiki/64-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">processors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>, and well-designed cooling. Additionally, the companies that make the products tend to have comprehensive repair/replacement plans. As the distinction between workstation and PC fades, however, workstation manufacturers have increasingly employed "off-the-shelf" PC components and graphics solutions rather than proprietary hardware or software. Some "low-cost" workstations are still expensive by PC standards but offer binary compatibility with higher-end workstations and servers made by the same vendor. This allows software development to take place on low-cost (relative to the server) desktop machines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thin_clients">Thin clients</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workstation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Thin clients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Workstations diversified to the lowest possible price point as opposed to performance, called the <a href="/wiki/Thin_client" title="Thin client">thin client</a> or <a href="/wiki/Network_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Network computer">network computer</a>. Dependent upon a network and server, this reduces the machine to having no hard drive, and only the CPU, keyboard, mouse, and screen. Some <a href="/wiki/Diskless_node" title="Diskless node">diskless nodes</a> still run a traditional operating system and perform computations locally, with storage on a remote <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are intended to reduce the initial system purchase cost, and the <a href="/wiki/Total_cost_of_ownership" title="Total cost of ownership">total cost of ownership</a>, by reducing the amount of administration required per user.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This approach was first attempted as a replacement for PCs in office productivity applications, with the <a href="/wiki/3Station" title="3Station">3Station</a> by <a href="/wiki/3Com" title="3Com">3Com</a>. In the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/X_terminal" title="X terminal">X terminals</a> filled a similar role for technical computing. Sun's <a href="/wiki/Thin_client" title="Thin client">thin clients</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Ray" title="Sun Ray">Sun Ray</a> product line.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, traditional workstations and PCs continued to drop in price and complexity as remote management tools for IT staff became available, undercutting this market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3M_computer">3M computer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workstation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 3M computer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/3M_computer" title="3M computer">3M computer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NeXTstation_Turbo_Color_2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/NeXTstation_Turbo_Color_2.jpeg/220px-NeXTstation_Turbo_Color_2.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/NeXTstation_Turbo_Color_2.jpeg/330px-NeXTstation_Turbo_Color_2.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/NeXTstation_Turbo_Color_2.jpeg/440px-NeXTstation_Turbo_Color_2.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/NeXTstation" title="NeXTstation">NeXTstation</a> graphics workstation from 1990</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_news.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sony_news.jpg/220px-Sony_news.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sony_news.jpg/330px-Sony_news.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sony_news.jpg/440px-Sony_news.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sony_NEWS" title="Sony NEWS">Sony NEWS</a> workstation: 2× <a href="/wiki/68030" class="mw-redirect" title="68030">68030</a> at 25 MHz, 1280×1024 pixel and 256-color display</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SGI_Indy_CRT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/SGI_Indy_CRT.jpg/220px-SGI_Indy_CRT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/SGI_Indy_CRT.jpg/330px-SGI_Indy_CRT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/SGI_Indy_CRT.jpg/440px-SGI_Indy_CRT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1157" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SGI_Indy" title="SGI Indy">SGI Indy</a> graphics workstation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SGI_O2_Workstation_Desk.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/SGI_O2_Workstation_Desk.jpeg/220px-SGI_O2_Workstation_Desk.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/SGI_O2_Workstation_Desk.jpeg/330px-SGI_O2_Workstation_Desk.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/SGI_O2_Workstation_Desk.jpeg/440px-SGI_O2_Workstation_Desk.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SGI_O2" title="SGI O2">SGI O2</a> graphics workstation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HP-HP9000-C8000-Workstation_33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/HP-HP9000-C8000-Workstation_33.jpg/220px-HP-HP9000-C8000-Workstation_33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/HP-HP9000-C8000-Workstation_33.jpg/330px-HP-HP9000-C8000-Workstation_33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/HP-HP9000-C8000-Workstation_33.jpg/440px-HP-HP9000-C8000-Workstation_33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a> C8000 workstation running <a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a> 11i with <a href="/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment" title="Common Desktop Environment">CDE</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Six_HP_workstations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Six_HP_workstations.jpg/220px-Six_HP_workstations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Six_HP_workstations.jpg/330px-Six_HP_workstations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Six_HP_workstations.jpg/440px-Six_HP_workstations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5015" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Six workstations: four HP Z620, one HP Z820, one HP Z420</figcaption></figure> <p>A high-end workstation of the early 1980s with the three Ms, or a "3M computer" (coined by Raj Reddy and his colleagues at CMU), has one megabyte of RAM, a megapixel display (roughly 1000×1000 pixels), and one "<a href="/wiki/Megaflop" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaflop">MegaFLOPS</a>" compute performance (at least one million floating-point operations per second).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RFC 782 defines the workstation environment more generally as "hardware and software dedicated to serve a single user", and that it provisions additional shared resources. This is at least one order of magnitude beyond the capacity of the personal computer of the time. The original 1981 <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM Personal Computer</a> has 16 KB memory, a text-only display, and floating-point performance around <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1 <a href="/wiki/KFLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="KFLOPS">kFLOPS</a></span> (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001300000000000000♠"></span>30 kFLOPS</span> with the optional 8087 math coprocessor. Other features beyond the typical personal computer include networking, graphics acceleration, and high-speed internal and peripheral data buses. </p><p>Another goal was to bring the price below one "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/megapenny" class="extiw" title="wikt:megapenny">megapenny</a>", that is, less than <span style="white-space: nowrap">$10,000</span> (equivalent to $28,000 in 2023), which was achieved in the late 1980s. Throughout the early to mid-1990s, many workstations cost from <span style="white-space: nowrap">$15,000</span> to <span style="white-space: nowrap">$100,000</span> (equivalent to $200,000 in 2023) or more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workstation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The more widespread adoption of these technologies into mainstream PCs was a direct factor in the decline of the workstation as a separate market segment:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Reliable components</li> <li>High-performance <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D graphics</a> hardware for <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design </a> (CAD) and <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a> (CGI) animation is increasingly popular in the PC market around the mid-to-late 1990s mostly driven by computer gaming, yielding the first official GPU in <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>'s NV10 and the breakthrough <a href="/wiki/GeForce_256" title="GeForce 256">GeForce 256</a>.</li> <li>High-performance <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPUs</a>: the first <a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced instruction set computing">RISC</a> of the early 1980s offer roughly one order of magnitude in performance improvement over <a href="/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer" title="Complex instruction set computer">CISC</a> processors of comparable cost. <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> CISC family always had the edge in market share and the <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> that this implied. By the mid-1990s, some CISC processors like the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68040" title="Motorola 68040">Motorola 68040</a> and Intel's <a href="/wiki/I486" title="I486">80486</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentium_(original)" title="Pentium (original)">Pentium</a> have performance parity with RISC in some areas, such as integer performance (at the cost of greater chip complexity) and hardware <a href="/wiki/Floating-point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-point">floating-point</a> calculations, relegating RISC to even more high-end markets.<sup id="cite_ref-macworld_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macworld-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hardware support for <a href="/wiki/Floating-point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating-point">floating-point</a> operations: optional on the original IBM PC; remained on a separate chip for Intel systems until the <a href="/wiki/80486DX" class="mw-redirect" title="80486DX">80486DX</a> processor. Even then, x86 floating-point performance lags other processors due to limitations in its architecture. Today even low-price PCs now have performance in the gigaFLOPS range.</li> <li>High-performance/high-capacity data storage: early workstations tend to use proprietary disk interfaces until the SCSI standard of the mid-1980s. Although SCSI interfaces soon became available for IBM PCs, they were comparatively expensive and tend to be limited by the speed of the PC's <a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a> peripheral bus. SCSI is an advanced controller interface good for multitasking and daisy chaining. This makes it suited for use in servers, and its benefits to desktop PCs which mostly run single-user operating systems are less clear, but it is standard on the 1980s-1990s Macintosh. <a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA</a> is more modern, with throughput comparable to SCSI but at a lower cost.</li> <li>High-speed <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networking</a> (10 Mbit/s or better): 10 Mbit/s network interfaces were commonly available for PCs by the early 1990s, although by that time workstations were pursuing even higher networking speeds, moving to 100 Mbit/s, 1 Gbit/s, and 10 Gbit/s. However, economies of scale and the demand for high-speed networking in even non-technical areas have dramatically decreased the time it takes for newer networking technologies to reach commodity price points.</li> <li>Large displays (17- to 21-inch) with high resolutions and high refresh rates for graphics and CAD work, which were rare among PCs in the late 1980s and early 1990s but became common among PCs by the late 1990s.</li> <li>Large memory configurations: PCs (such as IBM clones) are originally limited to 640  KB of RAM until the 1982 introduction of the <a href="/wiki/80286" class="mw-redirect" title="80286">80286</a> processor; early workstations have megabytes of memory. IBM clones require special programming techniques to address more than 640 KB until the 80386, as opposed to other 32-bit processors such as <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a> which provide straightforward access to nearly their entire 4  GB memory address range. 64-bit workstations and servers supporting an address range far beyond 4  GB have been available since the early 1990s, a technology just beginning to appear in the PC desktop and server market in the mid-2000s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a>: early workstations ran the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> operating system (OS), a <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> variant, or an unrelated equivalent OS such as <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a>. The PC CPUs of the time have limitations in memory capacity and <a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">memory access protection</a>, making them unsuitable to run OSes of this sophistication, but this, too, began to change in the late 1980s as PCs with the <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/80386" class="mw-redirect" title="80386">80386</a> with integrated paged <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">MMUs</a> became widely affordable and enabling <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">Windows NT 3.1</a>, and Unix-like systems based on <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> on commodity PC hardware.</li> <li>Tight integration between the OS and the hardware: Workstation vendors both design the hardware and maintain the Unix operating system variant that runs on it. This allows for much more rigorous testing than is possible with an operating system such as Windows. Windows requires that third-party hardware vendors write compliant hardware drivers that are stable and reliable. Also, minor variations in hardware quality such as timing or build quality can affect the reliability of the overall machine. Workstation vendors are able to ensure both the quality of the hardware, and the stability of the operating system drivers by validating these things in-house, and this leads to a generally much more reliable and stable machine.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_position">Market position</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workstation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Market position"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_Ultra_20_Workstation_(2005).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sun_Ultra_20_Workstation_%282005%29.jpeg/220px-Sun_Ultra_20_Workstation_%282005%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sun_Ultra_20_Workstation_%282005%29.jpeg/330px-Sun_Ultra_20_Workstation_%282005%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sun_Ultra_20_Workstation_%282005%29.jpeg/440px-Sun_Ultra_20_Workstation_%282005%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sun_Ultra_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Ultra series">Sun Ultra 20</a> with <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> <a href="/wiki/Opteron" title="Opteron">Opteron</a> processor and <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris 10</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the late 1990s, the workstation and consumer markets have further merged. Many low-end workstation components are now the same as the consumer market, and the price differential narrowed. For example, most <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Quadra" title="Macintosh Quadra">Macintosh Quadra</a> computers were originally intended for scientific or design work, all with the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68040" title="Motorola 68040">Motorola 68040</a> CPU, backward compatible with <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">68000</a> Macintoshes. The consumer <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_IIcx" title="Macintosh IIcx">Macintosh IIcx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_IIci" title="Macintosh IIci">Macintosh IIci</a> models can be upgraded to the <a href="/wiki/Quadra_700" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadra 700">Quadra 700</a>. "In an era when many professionals preferred Silicon Graphics workstations, the Quadra 700 was an intriguing option at a fraction of the cost" as resource-intensive software such as <a href="/wiki/Infini-D" title="Infini-D">Infini-D</a> brought "studio-quality 3D rendering and animations to the home desktop". The Quadra 700 can run <a href="/wiki/A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a> 3.0, making it a <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> workstation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> <a href="/wiki/GeForce_256" title="GeForce 256">GeForce 256</a> consumer graphics card, which spawned the <a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Quadro" class="mw-redirect" title="Nvidia Quadro">Quadro</a> workstation card, which has the same GPU but different driver support and certifications for CAD applications and a much higher price. </p><p>Workstations have typically driven advancements in CPU technology. All computers benefit from multi-processor and multicore designs (essentially, multiple processors on a <a href="/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)" title="Die (integrated circuit)">die</a>). The multicore design was pioneered by IBM's <a href="/wiki/POWER4" title="POWER4">POWER4</a>; it and Intel Xeon have multiple CPUs, more on-die cache, and ECC memory. </p><p>Some workstations are designed or certified for use with only one specific application such as <a href="/wiki/AutoCAD" title="AutoCAD">AutoCAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avid_Technology" title="Avid Technology">Avid</a> Xpress Studio HD, or <a href="/wiki/3D_Studio_Max" class="mw-redirect" title="3D Studio Max">3D Studio Max</a>. The certification process increases workstation prices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_market">Modern market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workstation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HP_Z6_(%E6%9E%81%E5%AE%A2%E6%B9%BEGeekerwan)_012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/HP_Z6_%28%E6%9E%81%E5%AE%A2%E6%B9%BEGeekerwan%29_012.png/220px-HP_Z6_%28%E6%9E%81%E5%AE%A2%E6%B9%BEGeekerwan%29_012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/HP_Z6_%28%E6%9E%81%E5%AE%A2%E6%B9%BEGeekerwan%29_012.png/330px-HP_Z6_%28%E6%9E%81%E5%AE%A2%E6%B9%BEGeekerwan%29_012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/HP_Z6_%28%E6%9E%81%E5%AE%A2%E6%B9%BEGeekerwan%29_012.png/440px-HP_Z6_%28%E6%9E%81%E5%AE%A2%E6%B9%BEGeekerwan%29_012.png 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> Z6, an <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>-based workstation has two RTX 5000 GPUs.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GPU_workstations">GPU workstations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workstation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: GPU workstations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern workstations are typically <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computers</a> with <a href="/wiki/List_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units" title="List of AMD graphics processing units">AMD</a> or <a href="/wiki/NVIDIA_GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="NVIDIA GPU">NVIDIA GPUs</a> to do <a href="/wiki/High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">high-performance computing</a> on software programs such as <a href="/wiki/Video_editing_software" title="Video editing software">video editing</a>, <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">3D modeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">rendering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_RISC_workstations">Decline of RISC workstations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workstation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Decline of RISC workstations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By January 2009, all <a href="/wiki/RISC" class="mw-redirect" title="RISC">RISC</a>-based workstation product lines had been discontinued: </p> <ul><li>Hewlett-Packard withdrew its last <a href="/wiki/HP_9000" title="HP 9000">HP 9000</a> PA-RISC-based desktop products from the market in January 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>IBM retired the <a href="/wiki/IntelliStation_POWER" class="mw-redirect" title="IntelliStation POWER">IntelliStation POWER</a> on January 2, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SGI ended general availability of its MIPS-based <a href="/wiki/SGI_Fuel" title="SGI Fuel">SGI Fuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/SGI_Tezro" title="SGI Tezro">SGI Tezro</a> workstations in December 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sun Microsystems announced end-of-life for its last <a href="/wiki/Sun_Ultra" title="Sun Ultra">Sun Ultra</a> SPARC workstations in October 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In early 2018, RISC workstations were reintroduced in a series of <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="/wiki/POWER9" title="POWER9">POWER9</a>-based systems by Raptor Computing Systems.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October of 2024 System 76 introduces The Thelio Astra an Arm workstation aim for autonomous car industry.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="x86-64">x86-64</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workstation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: x86-64"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the current workstation market uses x86-64 microprocessors. Operating systems include <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some vendors also market commodity mono-socket systems as workstations. </p><p>These are three types of workstations: </p> <ol><li>Workstation blade systems (IBM HC10 or Hewlett-Packard xw460c. <a href="/wiki/Sun_Visualization_System" title="Sun Visualization System">Sun Visualization System</a> is akin to these solutions)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ultra high-end workstation (<a href="/wiki/SGI_Virtu" title="SGI Virtu">SGI Virtu</a> VS3xx)</li> <li>Deskside systems containing server-class CPUs and chipsets on large server-class motherboards with high-end RAM (<a href="/wiki/HP_Z" title="HP Z">HP Z-series workstations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu_Celsius" title="Fujitsu Celsius">Fujitsu CELSIUS</a> workstations)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workstation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A high-end desktop market segment includes workstations, with PC operating systems and components. Component product lines may be segmented, with premium components that are functionally similar to the consumer models but with higher robustness or performance.<sup id="cite_ref-VisualMagic_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VisualMagic-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A workstation-class PC may have some of the following features: </p> <ul><li>Larger number of memory sockets which use <a href="/wiki/DIMM" title="DIMM">DIMM</a> slots or <a href="/wiki/Registered_memory" title="Registered memory">registered (buffered) modules</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Multiple displays<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reliable high-performance <a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">graphics card</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Multiple processor sockets, powerful CPUs<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Run reliable operating system with advanced features<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Support for <a href="/wiki/ECC_memory" title="ECC memory">ECC memory</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI-E</a> <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workstation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_workstation" title="Mobile workstation">Mobile workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_computer" title="Gaming computer">Gaming computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_system_manufacturers" title="List of computer system manufacturers">List of computer system manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_supercomputer" title="Personal supercomputer">Personal supercomputer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Graphics_Software" title="Remote Graphics Software">Remote Graphics Software</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workstation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Visual+Magic+in+Computers%3A+How+Beautiful+Images+are+Made+in+CAD%2C+3D%2C+VR+and+AR&rft.pub=Springer+London&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft.isbn=9781447149323&rft.aulast=Peddie&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6a8_AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkstation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushongClarke2013" class="citation book cs1">Bushong, Stewart C.; Clarke, Geoffrey (2013-08-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xe9OAQAAQBAJ&dq=A+workstation-class+PC+may+have+some+of+the+following+features%3A+Larger+number+of+memory+sockets+which+use+registered+%28buffered%29+modules+Multiple+displays+Reliable+high-performance+graphics+card+Multiple+processor+sockets%2C+powerful+CPUs+Run+reliable+operating+system+with+advanced+features+Support+for+ECC+memory&pg=PA122"><i>Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical and Biological Principles</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-27765-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-27765-5"><bdi>978-0-323-27765-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging%3A+Physical+and+Biological+Principles&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft.isbn=978-0-323-27765-5&rft.aulast=Bushong&rft.aufirst=Stewart+C.&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXe9OAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DA%2Bworkstation-class%2BPC%2Bmay%2Bhave%2Bsome%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bfollowing%2Bfeatures%253A%2BLarger%2Bnumber%2Bof%2Bmemory%2Bsockets%2Bwhich%2Buse%2Bregistered%2B%2528buffered%2529%2Bmodules%2BMultiple%2Bdisplays%2BReliable%2Bhigh-performance%2Bgraphics%2Bcard%2BMultiple%2Bprocessor%2Bsockets%252C%2Bpowerful%2BCPUs%2BRun%2Breliable%2Boperating%2Bsystem%2Bwith%2Badvanced%2Bfeatures%2BSupport%2Bfor%2BECC%2Bmemory%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkstation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/picks/the-best-m2-solid-state-drives">"The Best M.2 SSDs (Solid State Drives) for 2024"</a>. <i>PCMAG</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PCMAG&rft.atitle=The+Best+M.2+SSDs+%28Solid+State+Drives%29+for+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Fpicks%2Fthe-best-m2-solid-state-drives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkstation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/picks/the-best-pci-express-nvme-solid-state-drives-ssds">"The Best PCI Express NVMe Solid State Drives (SSDs) for 2024"</a>. <i>PCMAG</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PCMAG&rft.atitle=The+Best+PCI+Express+NVMe+Solid+State+Drives+%28SSDs%29+for+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Fpicks%2Fthe-best-pci-express-nvme-solid-state-drives-ssds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkstation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workstation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Static</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_appliance" title="Computer appliance">Appliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">Arcade cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diskless_node" title="Diskless node">Diskless node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_appliance" title="Internet appliance">Internet appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent terminal">Intelligent terminal</a></li> <li><a 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_computer" title="Gaming computer">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_PC" title="Industrial PC">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_supercomputer" title="Personal supercomputer">Personal super</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_server" title="Home server">Home server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Workstation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-in-one_computer" title="All-in-one computer">All-in-one</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panel_PC" title="Panel PC">Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_computer" title="Table computer">Tabletop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_computer" title="Surface computer">Surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deskside_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Deskside computer">Deskside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza-box_form_factor" title="Pizza-box form factor">Pizza box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_tower" title="Computer tower">Tower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">Portable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_form_factor_PC" title="Small form factor PC">Small form factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini_PC" title="Mini PC">Mini PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_computer" title="Plug computer">Plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_PC" title="Stick PC">Stick PC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">Rack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blade_server" title="Blade server">Blade server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_PC" title="Blade PC">Blade PC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">Laptop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop" title="2-in-1 laptop">2-in-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_convertible" title="2-in-1 laptop">Convertible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudbook" title="Cloudbook">Cloudbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_workstation" title="Mobile workstation">Mobile workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook_(laptop)" title="Notebook (laptop)">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subnotebook" title="Subnotebook">Subnotebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">Netbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartbook" title="Smartbook">Smartbook</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_detachable" title="2-in-1 laptop">Detachable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Handheld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_organizer" title="Electronic organizer">Electronic organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">E-reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">Handheld game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">Handheld PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Foldable</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmtop_PC" title="Palmtop PC">Palmtop PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">Personal digital assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_computer" title="Pocket computer">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_data_terminal" title="Portable data terminal">Portable data terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siftable" title="Siftable">Siftable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-mobile_PC" title="Ultra-mobile PC">Ultra-mobile PC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">Calculator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphing_calculator" title="Graphing calculator">Graphing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_calculator" title="Programmable calculator">Programmable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_calculator" title="Scientific calculator">Scientific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_tracker" title="Activity tracker">Activity tracker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smart_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart band">Smart band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch#Digital" title="Watch">Digital wristwatch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_watch" title="Calculator watch">Calculator watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_watch" title="GPS watch">Sportwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_ring" title="Smart ring">Smart ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">Midrange</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superminicomputer" title="Superminicomputer">Supermini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">Mainframe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minisupercomputer" title="Minisupercomputer">Minisuper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Super</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_appliance" title="Information appliance">Information appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocomputer" title="Nanocomputer">Nano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_computer" 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