CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>ARPANET - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7f72071e-230d-4eef-9a88-8875c8939dd3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"ARPANET","wgTitle":"ARPANET","wgCurRevisionId":1258009692,"wgRevisionId":1258009692,"wgArticleId":253111,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from October 2020","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use dmy dates from February 2020","Pages with timeline metadata","Articles needing additional references from October 2022","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019", "Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from June 2014","Commons category link is on Wikidata","ARPANET","American inventions","History of the Internet","Computer-related introductions in 1969","Internet properties established in 1969","Internet properties disestablished in 1990","1969 establishments in the United States","Internet in the United States","1990 disestablishments in the United States","History of the University of California, Los Angeles"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"ARPANET","wgRelevantArticleId":253111,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}}, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q177524","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready", "user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents", "ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="859"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png/800px-Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="573"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png/640px-Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="458"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="ARPANET - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-ARPANET rootpage-ARPANET skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=ARPANET" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=ARPANET" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=ARPANET" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=ARPANET" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inspiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inspiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Inspiration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inspiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Creation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debate_about_design_goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_about_design_goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Debate about design goals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_about_design_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Implementation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_four_hosts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_four_hosts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Initial four hosts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_four_hosts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Network performance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Growth and evolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Operation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CSNET,_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSNET,_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 CSNET, expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSNET,_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_of_TCP/IP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_of_TCP/IP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Adoption of TCP/IP </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_of_TCP/IP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MILNET,_phasing_out" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MILNET,_phasing_out"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 MILNET, phasing out </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MILNET,_phasing_out-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decommissioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decommissioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Decommissioning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decommissioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_and_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_and_protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Software and protocols </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Software_and_protocols-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Software and protocols subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Software_and_protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IMP_functionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IMP_functionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 IMP functionality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IMP_functionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1822_protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1822_protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1822 protocol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1822_protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_Control_Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_Control_Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Network Control Protocol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_Control_Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Network applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TCP/IP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TCP/IP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 TCP/IP </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TCP/IP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Password_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Password_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Password protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Password_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules_and_etiquette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_and_etiquette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Rules and etiquette </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules_and_etiquette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oral_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Oral histories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detailed_technical_reference_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detailed_technical_reference_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Detailed technical reference works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detailed_technical_reference_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">ARPANET</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" > 63 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="أربانت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أربانت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpanet" title="Arpanet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arpanet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpanet" title="Arpanet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arpanet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="آرپانت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرپانت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8C%8C%EB%84%B7" title="아파넷 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아파넷" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="अरपानेट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरपानेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency_Network" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency Network – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Advanced Research Projects Agency Network" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Болашағы бар зерттеулер агенттігі желісі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Болашағы бар зерттеулер агенттігі желісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpanet" title="Arpanet – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arpanet" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Мрежа на Агенцијата за напредни истражувачки проекти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мрежа на Агенцијата за напредни истражувачки проекти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="അർപ്പാനെറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അർപ്പാനെറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpanet" title="Arpanet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arpanet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%AA" title="ئارپانێت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئارپانێت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpanet" title="Arpanet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arpanet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%88_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9_%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="ایڈوانسڈ ریسرچ پروجیکٹس ایجنسی نیٹ ورک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایڈوانسڈ ریسرچ پروجیکٹس ایجنسی نیٹ ورک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="ARPANET" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q177524#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:ARPANET" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ARPANET">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ARPANET">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/ARPANET" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/ARPANET" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&oldid=1258009692" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=ARPANET&id=1258009692&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FARPANET">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FARPANET">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=ARPANET&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:ARPANET" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q177524" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Early packet switching network (1969–1990)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the episode of the television series The Americans, see <a href="/wiki/Arpanet_(The_Americans)" title="Arpanet (The Americans)">Arpanet (The Americans)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width: 250px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #eee;">ARPANET</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Arpanet_logical_map,_march_1977.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png/300px-Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png/450px-Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png/600px-Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="716" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">ARPANET logical map, March 1977</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Data</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">Protocols</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/OSI_model#Layer_architecture" title="OSI model">Layers</a> 1-3: <a href="/wiki/1822_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="1822 protocol">1822 protocol</a> (IMP-host), internal/undocumented (IMP-IMP) Layers 4+: <a href="/wiki/Network_Control_Protocol_(ARPANET)" title="Network Control Protocol (ARPANET)">NCP</a>, later <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Communications_service_provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications service provider">Operator</a></th><td class="infobox-data">From 1975, <a href="/wiki/Defense_Communications_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Communications Agency">Defense Communications Agency</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1969; 55 years ago (1969)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Closed</th><td class="infobox-data">1990; 34 years ago (1990)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commercial?</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Funding</th><td class="infobox-data">From 1966, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (ARPA)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arpanet_in_the_1970s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Arpanet_in_the_1970s.png/300px-Arpanet_in_the_1970s.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Arpanet_in_the_1970s.png/450px-Arpanet_in_the_1970s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Arpanet_in_the_1970s.png/600px-Arpanet_in_the_1970s.png 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>ARPANET access points in the 1970s</figcaption></figure> <table cellpadding="1" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 220px; float: right; clear: right; border: 1px solid #8888aa; padding: 5px; margin: 0 0 15px 15px; text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;">Internet history timeline </td></tr> <tr> <td> Early research and development: <ul><li>1960–4 (1960–4): <a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> networking concepts developed</li> <li>1962–4 (1962–4): <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> networking ideas</li> <li>1965 (1965): <a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> concepts conceived</li> <li>1966 (1966): <a href="/wiki/Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> founded</li> <li>1967 (1967): <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ARPANET</a> planning begins</li> <li>1967 (1967): <a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a></li> <li>1969 (1969): NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets</li> <li>1970 (1970): <a href="/wiki/InterNIC#History" title="InterNIC">Network Information Center</a> (NIC)</li> <li>1971 (1971): <a href="/wiki/Tymnet" title="Tymnet">Tymnet</a> switched-circuit network</li> <li>1972 (1972): Merit Network's packet-switched network operational</li> <li>1972 (1972): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) established</li> <li>1973 (1973): <a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> network demonstrated</li> <li>1973 (1973): <a href="/wiki/PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> development begins</li> <li>1974 (1974): <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> specification published</li> <li>1975 (1975): <a href="/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a> commercial packet-switched network</li> <li>1976 (1976): <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> protocol approved and deployed on <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data networks</a></li> <li>1978 (1978): <a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a> introduced</li> <li>1979 (1979): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Activities Board</a> (IAB)</li> <li>1980 (1980): <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> news using <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li>1980 (1980): <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> standard introduced</li> <li>1981 (1981): <a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a> established</li></ul> Merging the networks and creating the Internet: <ul><li>1981 (1981): <a href="/wiki/CSNET" title="CSNET">Computer Science Network</a> (CSNET)</li> <li>1982 (1982): <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> protocol suite formalized</li> <li>1982 (1982): <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP)</li> <li>1983 (1983): <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS)</li> <li>1983 (1983): <a href="/wiki/MILNET" title="MILNET">MILNET</a> split off from ARPANET</li> <li>1984 (1984): <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI Reference Model</a> released</li> <li>1985 (1985): <a href="/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">First .COM domain name registered</a></li> <li>1986 (1986): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> with 56 kbit/s links</li> <li>1986 (1986): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)</li> <li>1987 (1987): <a href="/wiki/UUNET" title="UUNET">UUNET</a> founded</li> <li>1988 (1988): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)</li> <li>1988 (1988): <a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a></li> <li>1988 (1988): Complete <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></li> <li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP)</li> <li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/PSINet" title="PSINet">PSINet</a> founded, allows commercial traffic</li> <li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/Federal_Internet_Exchange" title="Federal Internet Exchange">Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)</a></li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/Government_Open_Systems_Interconnection_Profile" title="Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile">GOSIP</a> (without <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>)</li> <li>1990 (1990): ARPANET decommissioned</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">Advanced Network and Services</a> (ANS)</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/UUNET#Early_existence" title="UUNET">UUNET/Alternet</a> allows commercial traffic</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/Archie_(search_engine)" title="Archie (search engine)">Archie search engine</a></li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_information_server" title="Wide area information server">Wide area information server</a> (WAIS)</li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchange" title="Commercial Internet eXchange">Commercial Internet eXchange</a> (CIX)</li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">ANS CO+RE</a> allows commercial traffic</li> <li>1991 (1991): <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (WWW)</li> <li>1992 (1992): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)</li> <li>1992 (1992): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC) established</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">Classless Inter-Domain Routing</a> (CIDR)</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/InterNIC" title="InterNIC">InterNIC</a> established</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> added <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> access</li> <li>1993 (1993): <a href="/wiki/NCSA_Mosaic" title="NCSA Mosaic">Mosaic web browser</a> released</li> <li>1994 (1994): <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">Full text web search engines</a></li> <li>1994 (1994): <a href="/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a> (NANOG) established</li></ul> Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet: <ul><li>1995 (1995): New Internet architecture with commercial <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a> connected at <a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Access Point">NAPs</a></li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> decommissioned</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/GOSIP" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSIP">GOSIP</a> updated to allow <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a></li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/Very_high-speed_Backbone_Network_Service" title="Very high-speed Backbone Network Service">very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)</a></li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> proposed</li> <li>1996 (1996): <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> changes pricing model from hourly to monthly</li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)</a></li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11b</a> wireless networking</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Abilene_Network" title="Abilene Network">Abilene Network</a></li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/VBNS" class="mw-redirect" title="VBNS">vBNS+</a> allows broader access</li> <li>2000 (2000): <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> bursts</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domains" title="Top-level domain">New top-level domain names activated</a></li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_II" title="Code Red II">Code Red II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nimda" title="Nimda">Nimda</a> worms</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I</a></li></ul> <ul><li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/National_LambdaRail" title="National LambdaRail">National LambdaRail</a> founded</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" title="Working Group on Internet Governance">UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)</a></li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN WSIS phase II</a></li> <li>2006 (2006): <a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum</a></li> <li>2010 (2010): <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDs" title="Top-level domain">First internationalized country code top-level domains</a> registered</li> <li>2012 (2012): <a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domains" title="Generic top-level domain">ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names</a></li> <li>2013 (2013): <a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation" title="Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a></li> <li>2014 (2014): <a href="/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial international Internet governance proposal</a></li> <li>2016 (2016): <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st</li></ul> Examples of Internet services: <ul><li>1989 (1989): <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser</li> <li>1990 (1990): <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> Internet movie database</li> <li>1994 (1994): <a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo!</a> web directory</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> online retailer</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> online auction and shopping</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> classified advertisements</li> <li>1995 (1995): <a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a> search engine</li> <li>1996 (1996): <a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook (formerly Hotmail)</a> free web-based e-mail</li> <li>1996 (1996): <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">RankDex</a> search engine</li> <li>1997 (1997): <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></li> <li>1997 (1997): <a href="/wiki/Babel_Fish_(website)" title="Babel Fish (website)">Babel Fish</a> automatic translation</li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Groups" title="Yahoo Groups">Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)</a></li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> Internet payment system</li> <li>1998 (1998): <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> review aggregator</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/2channel" title="2channel">2ch</a> Anonymous textboard</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/I-mode" title="I-mode">i-mode</a> mobile internet service</li> <li>1999 (1999): <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</li> <li>2000 (2000): <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> search engine</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Futaba_Channel" title="Futaba Channel">2chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(software)" title="BitTorrent (software)">BitTorrent</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</li> <li>2001 (2001): <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> business networking</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a> social networking site</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> Internet voice calls</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</li> <li>2003 (2003): <a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent file</a> host</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> social networking site</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a> media file series</li> <li>2004 (2004): <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> image hosting</li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video sharing</li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> link voting</li> <li>2005 (2005): <a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> virtual globe</li> <li>2006 (2006): <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> microblogging</li> <li>2007 (2007): <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> anonymous news and information leaks</li> <li>2007 (2007): <a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Google Street View</a></li> <li>2007 (2007): <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> and virtual bookshop</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a> (EC2)</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a> cloud-based file hosting</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a>, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species</li> <li>2008 (2008): <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM-based</a> music streaming service</li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a> search engine</li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a>, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service</li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Threshold_pledge_system" title="Threshold pledge system">threshold pledge system</a></li> <li>2009 (2009): <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a></li> <li>2010 (2010): <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li> <li>2011 (2011): <a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li> <li>2011 (2011): <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a></li> <li>2012 (2012): <a href="/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a>, massive open online courses</li> <li>2016 (2016): <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video sharing">video sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the first wide-area <a href="/wiki/Packet-switched_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet-switched network">packet-switched network</a> with distributed control and one of the first computer networks to implement the <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> protocol suite. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. The ARPANET was established by the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (now DARPA) of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LIARPANETTheFirstInternet-1">[1]</a> Building on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Bob Taylor</a> initiated the ARPANET project in 1966 to enable <a href="/wiki/Resource_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource sharing">resource sharing</a> between remote computers.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Taylor appointed <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Larry Roberts</a> as program manager. Roberts made the key decisions about the <a href="/wiki/Request_for_proposal" title="Request for proposal">request for proposal</a> to build the network.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> He incorporated <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a>' concepts and designs for packet switching,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and sought input from <a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a> on dynamic routing.<a href="#cite_note-Abbate20003-6">[6]</a> In 1969, ARPA awarded the contract to build the <a href="/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" title="Interface Message Processor">Interface Message Processors</a> (IMPs) for the network to <a href="/wiki/Bolt_Beranek_%26_Newman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt Beranek & Newman">Bolt Beranek & Newman</a> (BBN).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The design was led by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a> who developed the first <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">protocol</a> for the network. Roberts engaged <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a> at <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> to develop mathematical methods for analyzing the packet network technology.<a href="#cite_note-Abbate20003-6">[6]</a> The first computers were connected in 1969 and the <a href="/wiki/Network_Control_Protocol_(ARPANET)" title="Network Control Protocol (ARPANET)">Network Control Protocol</a> was implemented in 1970, development of which was led by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Crocker" title="Steve Crocker">Steve Crocker</a> at UCLA and other graduate students, including <a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[11]</a> The network was declared operational in 1971. Further software development enabled <a href="/wiki/Remote_login" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote login">remote login</a> and <a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">file transfer</a>, which was used to provide an early form of <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[12]</a> The network expanded rapidly and operational control passed to the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Information_Systems_Agency#Defense_Communications_Agency" title="Defense Information Systems Agency">Defense Communications Agency</a> in 1975. Bob Kahn moved to DARPA and, together with <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, formulated the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> for <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetworking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a> As this work progressed, a protocol was developed by which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks; this incorporated concepts pioneered in the French <a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> project directed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pouzin" title="Louis Pouzin">Louis Pouzin</a>. Version 4 of <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> was installed in the ARPANET for production use in January 1983 after the Department of Defense made it standard for all military computer networking.<a href="#cite_note-R._Oppliger-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-LITCPIP-15">[15]</a> Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF) funded the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Science_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Science Network">Computer Science Network</a> (CSNET). In the early 1980s, the NSF funded the establishment of national supercomputing centers at several universities and provided network access and network interconnectivity with the <a href="/wiki/NSFNET" class="mw-redirect" title="NSFNET">NSFNET</a> project in 1986. The ARPANET was formally decommissioned in 1990, after <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite#Adoption" title="Internet protocol suite">partnerships with the telecommunication and computer industry</a> had assured private sector expansion and commercialization of an expanded worldwide network, known as the Internet.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inspiration">Inspiration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inspiration">edit</a>]</div> Historically, voice and data communications were based on methods of <a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit switching</a>, as exemplified in the traditional telephone network, wherein each telephone call is allocated a dedicated end-to-end electronic connection between the two communicating stations. The connection is established by switching systems that connected multiple intermediate call legs between these systems for the duration of the call. The traditional model of the circuit-switched telecommunication network was challenged in the early 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a> at the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>, who had been researching systems that could sustain operation during partial destruction, such as by nuclear war. He developed the theoretical model of distributed adaptive message block switching.<a href="#cite_note-RAND_corporation-17">[17]</a> However, the telecommunication establishment rejected the development in favor of existing models. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a> at the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory</a> (NPL) independently arrived at a similar concept in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The earliest ideas for a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> intended to allow general communications among computer users were formulated by <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bolt_Beranek_and_Newman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt Beranek and Newman">Bolt Beranek and Newman</a> (BBN), in April 1963, in memoranda discussing the concept of the "<a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_Computer_Network" title="Intergalactic Computer Network">Intergalactic Computer Network</a>". Those ideas encompassed many of the features of the contemporary Internet. In October 1963, Licklider was appointed head of the Behavioral Sciences and Command and Control programs at the Defense Department's <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (ARPA). He convinced <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Bob Taylor</a> that this network concept was very important and merited development, although Licklider left ARPA before any contracts were assigned for development.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Sutherland and Taylor continued their interest in creating the network, in part, to allow ARPA-sponsored researchers at various corporate and academic locales to utilize computers provided by ARPA, and, in part, to quickly distribute new software and other <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> results.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Taylor had three computer terminals in his office, each connected to separate computers, which ARPA was funding: one for the <a href="/wiki/System_Development_Corporation" title="System Development Corporation">System Development Corporation</a> (SDC) <a href="/wiki/AN/FSQ-32" title="AN/FSQ-32">Q-32</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Monica">Santa Monica</a>, one for <a href="/wiki/Project_Genie" title="Project Genie">Project Genie</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, and another for <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. Taylor recalls the circumstance: "For each of these three terminals, I had three different sets of user commands. So, if I was talking online with someone at S.D.C., and I wanted to talk to someone I knew at Berkeley, or M.I.T., about this, I had to get up from the S.D.C. terminal, go over and log into the other terminal and get in touch with them. I said, 'Oh Man!', it's obvious what to do: If you have these three terminals, there ought to be one terminal that goes anywhere you want to go. That idea is the ARPANET".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Donald Davies' work caught the attention of ARPANET developers at <a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a> in October 1967.<a href="#cite_note-Isaacson2014-23">[23]</a> He gave the first public presentation, having coined the term <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a>, in August 1968 and incorporated it into the <a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> in England.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The NPL network and ARPANET were the first two networks in the world to implement packet switching.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts1978-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-C._Hempstead,_W._Worthington-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davies-28">[28]</a> Roberts said the computer networks built in the 1970s were similar "in nearly all respects" to Davies' original 1965 design.<a href="#cite_note-:2-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Creation">edit</a>]</div> In February 1966, Bob Taylor successfully lobbied ARPA's Director <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Herzfeld" title="Charles M. Herzfeld">Charles M. Herzfeld</a> to fund a network project. Herzfeld redirected funds in the amount of one million dollars from a ballistic missile defense program to Taylor's budget.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Taylor hired <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Larry Roberts</a> as a program manager in the ARPA <a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Techniques_Office" title="Information Processing Techniques Office">Information Processing Techniques Office</a> in January 1967 to work on the ARPANET.<a href="#cite_note-:24-31">[31]</a> Roberts met Paul Baran in February 1967, but did not discuss networks.<a href="#cite_note-:5c-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Roberts asked <a href="/wiki/Frank_Westervelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Westervelt">Frank Westervelt</a> to explore the questions of message size and contents for the network, and to write a position paper on the intercomputer communication protocol including “conventions for character and block transmission, error checking and re-transmission, and computer and user identification."<a href="#cite_note-:24-31">[31]</a> In April 1967, ARPA held a design session on technical standards. The initial standards for identification and authentication of users, transmission of characters, and error checking and retransmission procedures were discussed.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Roberts' proposal was that all mainframe computers would connect to one another directly. The other investigators were reluctant to dedicate these computing resources to network administration. After the design session, <a href="/wiki/Wesley_A._Clark" title="Wesley A. Clark">Wesley Clark</a> proposed minicomputers should be used as an interface to create a <a href="/wiki/Message_switching" title="Message switching">message switching</a> network. Roberts modified the ARPANET plan to incorporate Clark's suggestion and named the minicomputers <a href="/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" title="Interface Message Processor">Interface Message Processors</a> (IMPs).<a href="#cite_note-:24-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-LivingInternetIMP-37">[37]</a> The plan was presented at the inaugural Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in October 1967.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Donald Davies' work on packet switching and the NPL network, presented by a colleague (<a href="/wiki/Roger_Scantlebury" title="Roger Scantlebury">Roger Scantlebury</a>), and that of Paul Baran, came to the attention of the ARPA investigators at this conference.<a href="#cite_note-Gillies2000-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Isaacson2014-23">[23]</a> Roberts applied Davies' concept of packet switching for the ARPANET,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-MCK-41">[41]</a> and sought input from Paul Baran on dynamic routing.<a href="#cite_note-Abbate20002-42">[42]</a> The NPL network was using line speeds of 768 kbit/s, and the proposed line speed for the ARPANET was upgraded from 2.4 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-brief-43">[43]</a> By mid-1968, Roberts and Barry Wessler wrote a final version of the IMP specification based on a <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Research Institute">Stanford Research Institute</a> (SRI) report that ARPA commissioned to write detailed specifications describing the ARPANET communications network.<a href="#cite_note-LivingInternetIMP-37">[37]</a> Roberts gave a report to Taylor on 3 June, who approved it on 21 June. After approval by ARPA, a <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Quotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Request for Quotation">Request for Quotation</a> (RFQ) was issued for 140 potential bidders. Most computer science companies regarded the ARPA proposal as outlandish, and only twelve submitted bids to build a network; of the twelve, ARPA regarded only four as top-rank contractors. At year's end, ARPA considered only two contractors and awarded the contract to build the network to BBN in January 1969.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts1978-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1969_ARPANET_BBN_IMP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/1969_ARPANET_BBN_IMP.jpg/220px-1969_ARPANET_BBN_IMP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/1969_ARPANET_BBN_IMP.jpg/330px-1969_ARPANET_BBN_IMP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/1969_ARPANET_BBN_IMP.jpg/440px-1969_ARPANET_BBN_IMP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>1969 ARPANET IMP</figcaption></figure> The initial, seven-person BBN team were much aided by the technical specificity of their response to the ARPA RFQ, and thus quickly produced the first working system. The "IMP guys" were led by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Heart" title="Frank Heart">Frank Heart</a>; the theoretical design of the network was led by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a>; the team included <a href="/wiki/David_Walden" title="David Walden">Dave Walden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ornstein" title="Severo Ornstein">Severo Ornstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Crowther_(programmer)" title="William Crowther (programmer)">William Crowther</a> and several others.<a href="#cite_note-:23-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hafner1-46">[46]</a> The BBN-proposed network closely followed Roberts' ARPA plan: a network composed of small computers, the IMPs (similar to the later concept of <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>), that functioned as gateways interconnecting local resources. Routing, flow control, software design and network control were developed by the BBN team.<a href="#cite_note-:23-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-F.E._Froehlich,_A._Kent-47">[47]</a> At each site, the IMPs performed store-and-forward packet switching functions and were interconnected with <a href="/wiki/Leased_line" title="Leased line">leased lines</a> via telecommunication data sets (<a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modems</a>), with initial data rates of 50<a href="/wiki/Kilobit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobit">kbit</a>/s.<a href="#cite_note-brief-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The host computers were connected to the IMPs via custom <a href="/wiki/Serial_communication" title="Serial communication">serial communication</a> interfaces. The system, including the hardware and the packet switching software, was designed and installed in nine months.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts1978-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-LivingInternetIMP-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The BBN team continued to interact with the NPL team with meetings between them taking place in the U.S. and the U.K.<a href="#cite_note-Abbate2000-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> As with the NPL network, the first-generation IMPs were built by BBN using a <a href="/wiki/Rugged_computer" title="Rugged computer">rugged computer</a> version of the <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> <a href="/wiki/DDP-516" class="mw-redirect" title="DDP-516">DDP-516</a> computer, configured with 24<a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KB</a> of expandable <a href="/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">magnetic-core memory</a>, and a 16-channel Direct Multiplex Control (DMC) <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">direct memory access</a> unit.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The DMC established custom interfaces with each of the host computers and modems. In addition to the front-panel lamps, the DDP-516 computer also features a special set of 24 indicator lamps showing the status of the IMP communication channels. Each IMP could support up to four local hosts and could communicate with up to six remote IMPs via early <a href="/wiki/Digital_Signal_0" title="Digital Signal 0">Digital Signal 0</a> leased telephone lines. The network connected one computer in Utah with three in California. Later, the Department of Defense allowed the universities to join the network for sharing hardware and software resources. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Debate_about_design_goals">Debate about design goals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Debate about design goals">edit</a>]</div> According to Charles Herzfeld, ARPA Director (1965–1967):<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The ARPANET was not started to create a Command and Control System that would survive a nuclear attack, as many now claim. To build such a system was, clearly, a major military need, but it was not ARPA's mission to do this; in fact, we would have been severely criticized had we tried. Rather, the ARPANET came out of our frustration that there were only a limited number of large, powerful research computers in the country, and that many research investigators, who should have access to them, were geographically separated from them.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></blockquote> The ARPANET used distributed computation and incorporated frequent re-computation of routing tables (automatic routing was technically challenging at the time). These features increased the survivability of the network in the event of significant interruption. Furthermore, the ARPANET was designed to survive subordinate network losses.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> agrees with Herzfeld in a footnote in their online article, A Brief History of the Internet: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It was from the RAND study that the false rumor started, claiming that the ARPANET was somehow related to building a network resistant to nuclear war. This was never true of the ARPANET, but was an aspect of the earlier RAND study of secure communication. The later work on internetworking did emphasize robustness and survivability, including the capability to withstand losses of large portions of the underlying networks.<a href="#cite_note-brief-f5-58">[58]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a>, the first to put forward a theoretical model for communication using packet switching, conducted the RAND study referenced above.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-RAND_corporation-17">[17]</a> Though the ARPANET did not exactly share Baran's project's goal, he said his work did contribute to the development of the ARPANET.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Minutes taken by Elmer Shapiro of <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Research Institute">Stanford Research Institute</a> at the ARPANET design meeting of 9–10 October 1967 indicate that a version of Baran's routing method ("hot potato") may be used,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> consistent with the NPL team's proposal at the Symposium on Operating System Principles in Gatlinburg.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Later, in the 1970s, ARPA did emphasize the goal of "command and control". According to <a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Lukasik" title="Stephen J. Lukasik">Stephen J. Lukasik</a>, who was deputy director (1967–1970) and Director of DARPA (1970–1975):<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The goal was to exploit new computer technologies to meet the needs of military command and control against nuclear threats, achieve survivable control of US nuclear forces, and improve military tactical and management decision making.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementation">Implementation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Implementation">edit</a>]</div> The first four nodes were designated as a testbed for developing and debugging the <a href="/wiki/1822_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="1822 protocol">1822 protocol</a>, which was a major undertaking. While they were connected electronically in 1969, network applications were not possible until the <a href="/wiki/Network_Control_Protocol_(ARPANET)" title="Network Control Protocol (ARPANET)">Network Control Protocol</a> was implemented in 1970 enabling the first two host-host protocols, remote login (<a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a>) and file transfer (<a href="/wiki/FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a>) which were specified and implemented between 1969 and 1973.<a href="#cite_note-:6-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-LINCP-65">[65]</a> The network was declared operational in 1971. Network traffic began to grow once <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a> was established at the majority of sites by around 1973.<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_four_hosts">Initial four hosts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Initial four hosts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First-arpanet-imp-log.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/First-arpanet-imp-log.jpg/300px-First-arpanet-imp-log.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/First-arpanet-imp-log.jpg/450px-First-arpanet-imp-log.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/First-arpanet-imp-log.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>First ARPANET IMP log: the first message ever sent via the ARPANET, 10:30 pm PST on 29 October 1969 (6:30 UTC on 30 October 1969). This IMP Log excerpt, kept at UCLA, describes setting up a message transmission from the UCLA SDS Sigma 7 Host computer to the SRI SDS 940 Host computer.</figcaption></figure>The initial ARPANET configuration linked <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augmentation_Research_Center" title="Augmentation Research Center">ARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/UCSB" class="mw-redirect" title="UCSB">UCSB</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_School_of_Computing" title="University of Utah School of Computing">University of Utah School of Computing</a>. The first node was created at UCLA, where <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a> could evaluate network performance and examine his theories on <a href="/wiki/Message_delay" class="mw-redirect" title="Message delay">message delay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The locations were selected not only to reduce leased line costs but also because each had specific expertise beneficial for this initial implementation phase:<a href="#cite_note-LIARPANETTheFirstInternet-1">[1]</a> <ul><li>University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where Kleinrock had established a Network Measurement Center (NMC), with an <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Data_Systems" title="Scientific Data Systems">SDS</a> <a href="/wiki/SDS_Sigma_series" title="SDS Sigma series">Sigma 7</a> being the first computer attached to it;</li> <li>The Augmentation Research Center at Stanford Research Institute (now <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a>), where <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a> had created the new <a href="/wiki/NLS_(computer_system)" title="NLS (computer system)">NLS</a> system, an early <a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">hypertext</a> system, and would run the <a href="/wiki/Network_Information_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Information Center">Network Information Center</a> (NIC), with the <a href="/wiki/SDS_940" title="SDS 940">SDS 940</a> that ran NLS, named "Genie", being the first host attached;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a> (UCSB), with the <a href="/wiki/Glen_Culler" title="Glen Culler">Culler</a>-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center's <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="/wiki/System_360" class="mw-redirect" title="System 360">360/75</a>, running <a href="/wiki/OS/MVT" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/MVT">OS/MVT</a> being the machine attached;</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_sketch_of_the_ARPANET_in_December_1969.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/A_sketch_of_the_ARPANET_in_December_1969.png/220px-A_sketch_of_the_ARPANET_in_December_1969.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/A_sketch_of_the_ARPANET_in_December_1969.png/330px-A_sketch_of_the_ARPANET_in_December_1969.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/A_sketch_of_the_ARPANET_in_December_1969.png/440px-A_sketch_of_the_ARPANET_in_December_1969.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>A sketch of the ARPANET in December 1969. The nodes at UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) are among those depicted.</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_School_of_Computing" title="University of Utah School of Computing">University of Utah School of Computing</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a> had moved, running a <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a> operating on <a href="/wiki/TENEX_(operating_system)" title="TENEX (operating system)">TENEX</a>.</li></ul> The first successful host-to-host connection on the ARPANET was made between Stanford Research Institute (SRI) and UCLA, by SRI programmer Bill Duvall and UCLA student programmer Charley Kline, at 10:30 pm PST on 29 October 1969 (6:30 UTC on 30 October 1969).<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Kline connected from UCLA's <a href="/wiki/SDS_Sigma_7" class="mw-redirect" title="SDS Sigma 7">SDS Sigma 7</a> Host computer (in Boelter Hall room 3420) to the Stanford Research Institute's <a href="/wiki/SDS_940" title="SDS 940">SDS 940</a> Host computer. Kline typed the command "login," but initially the SDS 940 crashed after he typed two characters. About an hour later, after Duvall adjusted parameters on the machine, Kline tried again and successfully logged in. Hence, the first two characters successfully transmitted over the ARPANET were "lo".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The first permanent ARPANET link was established on 21 November 1969, between the IMP at UCLA and the IMP at the Stanford Research Institute. By 5 December 1969, the initial four-node network was established. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Feinler" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Feinler">Elizabeth Feinler</a> created the first Resource Handbook for ARPANET in 1969 which led to the development of the ARPANET directory.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The directory, built by Feinler and a team made it possible to navigate the ARPANET.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Network_performance">Network performance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Network performance">edit</a>]</div> In 1968, Roberts contracted with Kleinrock to measure the performance of the network and find areas for improvement.<a href="#cite_note-Abbate20002-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Building on his earlier work on <a href="/wiki/Queueing_theory" title="Queueing theory">queueing theory</a> and optimization of packet delay in communication networks, Kleinrock specified mathematical models of the performance of packet-switched networks, which underpinned the development of the ARPANET as it expanded rapidly in the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts1978-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gillies2000-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abbate20002-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Growth_and_evolution">Growth and evolution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Growth and evolution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arpanet_map_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Arpanet_map_1973.jpg/310px-Arpanet_map_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Arpanet_map_1973.jpg/465px-Arpanet_map_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Arpanet_map_1973.jpg/620px-Arpanet_map_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>ARPA network map 1973</figcaption></figure>Roberts engaged <a href="/wiki/Howard_Frank_(network_engineer)" title="Howard Frank (network engineer)">Howard Frank</a> to consult on the topological design of the network. Frank made recommendations to increase throughput and reduce costs in a scaled-up network.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> By March 1970, the ARPANET reached the East Coast of the United States, when an IMP at BBN in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> was connected to the network. Thereafter, the ARPANET grew: 9 IMPs by June 1970 and 13 IMPs by December 1970, then 18 by September 1971 (when the network included 23 university and government hosts); 29 IMPs by August 1972, and 40 by September 1973. By June 1974, there were 46 IMPs, and in July 1975, the network numbered 57 IMPs. By 1981, the number was 213 host computers, with another host connecting approximately every twenty days.<a href="#cite_note-LIARPANETTheFirstInternet-1">[1]</a> Support for inter-IMP circuits of up to 230.4 kbit/s was added in 1970, although considerations of cost and IMP processing power meant this capability was not actively used. Larry Roberts saw the ARPANET and <a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">NPL</a> projects as complementary and sought in 1970 to connect them via a satellite link. <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Kirstein" title="Peter T. Kirstein">Peter Kirstein</a>'s research group at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (UCL) was subsequently chosen in 1971 in place of NPL for the UK connection. In June 1973, a transatlantic satellite link connected ARPANET to the <a href="/wiki/NORSAR" title="NORSAR">Norwegian Seismic Array</a> (NORSAR),<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> via the Tanum Earth Station in Sweden, and onward via a terrestrial circuit to a TIP at UCL. UCL provided a gateway for interconnection of the ARPANET with British academic networks, the first international <a href="/wiki/Resource_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource sharing">resource sharing</a> network, and carried out some of the earliest experimental research work on internetworking.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> 1971 saw the start of the use of the non-ruggedized (and therefore significantly lighter) <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_316" title="Honeywell 316">Honeywell 316</a> as an IMP. It could also be configured as a Terminal Interface Processor (TIP), which provided <a href="/wiki/Terminal_server" title="Terminal server">terminal server</a> support for up to 63 <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> serial terminals through a multi-line controller in place of one of the hosts.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The 316 featured a greater degree of integration than the 516, which made it less expensive and easier to maintain. The 316 was configured with 40 kB of core memory for a TIP. The size of core memory was later increased, to 32 kB for the IMPs, and 56 kB for TIPs, in 1973. The ARPANET was demonstrated at the <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Computer_Communications" title="International Conference on Computer Communications">International Conference on Computer Communications</a> in October 1972. In 1975, BBN introduced IMP software running on the <a href="/wiki/Pluribus" title="Pluribus">Pluribus</a> <a href="/wiki/Multi-processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-processor">multi-processor</a>. These appeared in a few sites. In 1981, BBN introduced IMP software running on its own C/30 processor product. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation">Operation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Operation">edit</a>]</div> ARPA was intended to fund advanced research. The ARPANET was a research project that was communications-oriented, rather than user-oriented in design.<a href="#cite_note-:11-82">[82]</a> Nonetheless, in the summer of 1975, operational control of the ARPANET passed to the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Information_Systems_Agency#Defense_Communications_Agency" title="Defense Information Systems Agency">Defense Communications Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LIARPANETTheFirstInternet-1">[1]</a> At about this time, the first <a href="/wiki/ARPANET_encryption_devices" title="ARPANET encryption devices">ARPANET encryption devices</a> were deployed to support classified traffic. The ARPANET Completion Report, written in 1978 and published in 1981 jointly by BBN and <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> concludes that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> ... it is somewhat fitting to end on the note that the ARPANET program has had a strong and direct feedback into the support and strength of computer science, from which the network, itself, sprang.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CSNET,_expansion">CSNET, expansion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: CSNET, expansion">edit</a>]</div> Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF) funded the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Science_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Science Network">Computer Science Network</a> (CSNET). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adoption_of_TCP/IP">Adoption of TCP/IP</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Adoption of TCP/IP">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Internet_Demonstration,_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/First_Internet_Demonstration%2C_1977.jpg/260px-First_Internet_Demonstration%2C_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/First_Internet_Demonstration%2C_1977.jpg/390px-First_Internet_Demonstration%2C_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/First_Internet_Demonstration%2C_1977.jpg/520px-First_Internet_Demonstration%2C_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">Internetworking</a> demonstration, linking the ARPANET, <a href="/wiki/PRNET" title="PRNET">PRNET</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SATNET" title="SATNET">SATNET</a> in 1977</figcaption></figure>The transatlantic connectivity with NORSAR and UCL later evolved into the <a href="/wiki/SATNET" title="SATNET">SATNET</a>. The ARPANET, SATNET and <a href="/wiki/PRNET" title="PRNET">PRNET</a> were interconnected in 1977. The DoD made <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> the standard <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocol</a> for all military computer networking in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> NORSAR and University College London left the ARPANET and began using TCP/IP over SATNET in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-:3-86">[86]</a> On January 1, 1983, known as <a href="/wiki/Flag_day_(computing)" title="Flag day (computing)">flag day</a>, TCP/IP protocols became the standard for the ARPANET, replacing the earlier Network Control Protocol.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-LITCPIP-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MILNET,_phasing_out">MILNET, phasing out</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: MILNET, phasing out">edit</a>]</div> In September 1984 work was completed on restructuring the ARPANET giving U.S. military sites their own Military Network (<a href="/wiki/MILNET" title="MILNET">MILNET</a>) for unclassified defense department communications.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Both networks carried unclassified information and were connected at a small number of controlled <a href="/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)" title="Gateway (telecommunications)">gateways</a> which would allow total separation in the event of an emergency. MILNET was part of the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Data_Network" title="Defense Data Network">Defense Data Network</a> (DDN).<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Separating the civil and military networks reduced the 113-node ARPANET by 68 nodes. After MILNET was split away, the ARPANET would continue to be used as an Internet backbone for researchers, but be slowly phased out. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decommissioning">Decommissioning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Decommissioning">edit</a>]</div> In 1985, the NSF funded the establishment of national supercomputing centers at several universities and provided network access and network interconnectivity with the <a href="/wiki/NSFNET" class="mw-redirect" title="NSFNET">NSFNET</a> project in 1986. NSFNET became the Internet backbone for government agencies and universities. The ARPANET project was formally decommissioned in 1990. The original IMPs and TIPs were phased out as the ARPANET was shut down after the introduction of the NSFNet, but some IMPs remained in service as late as July 1990.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In the wake of the decommissioning of the ARPANET on 28 February 1990, Vinton Cerf wrote the following lamentation, entitled "Requiem of the ARPANET":<a href="#cite_note-Abbate-93">[93]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> It was the first, and being first, was best, but now we lay it down to ever rest. Now pause with me a moment, shed some tears. For <a href="/wiki/Auld_lang_syne" class="mw-redirect" title="Auld lang syne">auld lang syne</a>, for love, for years and years of faithful service, duty done, I weep. Lay down <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thy" class="extiw" title="wikt:thy">thy</a> <a href="/wiki/Packet_(information_technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet (information technology)">packet</a>, now, O friend, and sleep. -<a href="/wiki/Vinton_Cerf" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinton Cerf">Vinton Cerf</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARPANET_and_related_projects_-_DARPA_Technical_Accomplishments_An_Historical_Review_of_DARPA_Projects,_IDA_Paper_P-2192,_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ARPANET_and_related_projects_-_DARPA_Technical_Accomplishments_An_Historical_Review_of_DARPA_Projects%2C_IDA_Paper_P-2192%2C_1990.jpg/220px-ARPANET_and_related_projects_-_DARPA_Technical_Accomplishments_An_Historical_Review_of_DARPA_Projects%2C_IDA_Paper_P-2192%2C_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ARPANET_and_related_projects_-_DARPA_Technical_Accomplishments_An_Historical_Review_of_DARPA_Projects%2C_IDA_Paper_P-2192%2C_1990.jpg/330px-ARPANET_and_related_projects_-_DARPA_Technical_Accomplishments_An_Historical_Review_of_DARPA_Projects%2C_IDA_Paper_P-2192%2C_1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/ARPANET_and_related_projects_-_DARPA_Technical_Accomplishments_An_Historical_Review_of_DARPA_Projects%2C_IDA_Paper_P-2192%2C_1990.jpg/440px-ARPANET_and_related_projects_-_DARPA_Technical_Accomplishments_An_Historical_Review_of_DARPA_Projects%2C_IDA_Paper_P-2192%2C_1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2153" data-file-height="2818" /></a><figcaption>ARPANET and related projects. Figure from 1990.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></figcaption></figure> The technological advancements and practical applications achieved through the ARPANET were instrumental in shaping modern computer networking including the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. Development and implementation of the concepts of packet switching, decentralized networks, and communication protocols, notably TCP/IP, laid the foundation for a global network that revolutionized communication, information sharing and collaborative research across the world.<a href="#cite_note-G._Schneider,_J._Evans,_K._Pinard-95">[95]</a> The ARPANET was related to many other research projects, which either influenced the ARPANET design, or were ancillary projects, or spun out of the ARPANET. Senator <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> authored the <a href="/wiki/High_Performance_Computing_and_Communication_Act_of_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991">High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991</a>, commonly referred to as "The Gore Bill", after hearing the 1988 concept for a National Research Network submitted to Congress by a group chaired by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a>. The bill was passed on 9 December 1991 and led to the <a href="/wiki/National_Information_Infrastructure" title="National Information Infrastructure">National Information Infrastructure</a> (NII) which Gore called the <a href="/wiki/Information_superhighway" title="Information superhighway">information superhighway</a>. The ARPANET project was honored with two <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_milestones" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IEEE milestones">IEEE Milestones</a>, both dedicated in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_and_protocols">Software and protocols</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Software and protocols">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/ARPANET" title="Special:EditPage/ARPANET">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IMP_functionality">IMP functionality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: IMP functionality">edit</a>]</div> Because it was never a goal for the ARPANET to support IMPs from vendors other than BBN, the IMP-to-IMP protocol and message format were not standardized. However, the IMPs did nonetheless communicate amongst themselves to perform <a href="/wiki/Link-state_routing" class="mw-redirect" title="Link-state routing">link-state routing</a>, to do reliable forwarding of messages, and to provide remote monitoring and management functions to ARPANET's Network Control Center. Initially, each IMP had a 6-bit identifier and supported up to 4 hosts, which were identified with a 2-bit index. An ARPANET host address, therefore, consisted of both the port index on its IMP and the identifier of the IMP, which was written with either <code>port/IMP</code> notation or as a single byte; for example, the address of MIT-DMG (notable for hosting development of <a href="/wiki/Zork" title="Zork">Zork</a>) could be written as either <code>1/6</code> or <code>70</code>. An upgrade in early 1976 extended the host and IMP numbering to 8-bit and 16-bit, respectively.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition to primary routing and forwarding responsibilities, the IMP ran several background programs, titled TTY, DEBUG, PARAMETER-CHANGE, DISCARD, TRACE, and STATISTICS. These were given host numbers in order to be addressed directly and provided functions independently of any connected host. For example, "TTY" allowed an on-site operator to send ARPANET packets manually via the <a href="/wiki/Teletype" class="mw-redirect" title="Teletype">teletype</a> connected directly to the IMP.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1822_protocol">1822 protocol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1822 protocol">edit</a>]</div> The starting point for host-to-host communication on the ARPANET in 1969 was the <a href="/wiki/1822_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="1822 protocol">1822 protocol</a>, which defined the transmission of messages to an IMP.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The message format was designed to work unambiguously with a broad range of computer architectures. An 1822 message essentially consisted of a message type, a numeric host address, and a data field. To send a data message to another host, the transmitting host formatted a data message containing the destination host's address and the data message being sent, and then transmitted the message through the 1822 hardware interface. The IMP then delivered the message to its destination address, either by delivering it to a locally connected host, or by delivering it to another IMP. When the message was ultimately delivered to the destination host, the receiving IMP would transmit a Ready for Next Message (RFNM) acknowledgment to the sending, host IMP.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network_Control_Protocol">Network Control Protocol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Network Control Protocol">edit</a>]</div> Unlike modern Internet datagrams, the ARPANET was designed to reliably transmit 1822 messages, and to inform the host computer when it loses a message; the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol#Reliability" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> is unreliable, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> is reliable. Nonetheless, the 1822 protocol proved inadequate for handling multiple connections among different applications residing in a host computer. This problem was addressed with the <a href="/wiki/Network_Control_Protocol_(ARPANET)" title="Network Control Protocol (ARPANET)">Network Control Protocol</a> (NCP), which provided a standard method to establish reliable, flow-controlled, bidirectional communications links among different processes in different host computers. The NCP interface allowed <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> to connect across the ARPANET by implementing higher-level <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocols" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication protocols">communication protocols</a>, an early example of the protocol layering concept later incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LINCP-65">[65]</a> NCP was developed under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Steve_Crocker" title="Steve Crocker">Steve Crocker</a>, then a graduate student at UCLA. Crocker created and led the Network Working Group (NWG) which was made up of a collection of graduate students at universities and research laboratories, including <a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> at UCLA. They were sponsored by ARPA to carry out the development of the ARPANET and the software for the host computers that supported applications. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network_applications">Network applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Network applications">edit</a>]</div> NCP provided a standard set of network services that could be shared by several applications running on a single host computer. This led to the evolution of application protocols that operated, more or less, independently of the underlying network service, and permitted independent advances in the underlying protocols.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The various application protocols such as <a href="/wiki/TELNET" class="mw-redirect" title="TELNET">TELNET</a> for remote time-sharing access and <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">File Transfer Protocol</a> (FTP), the latter used to enable rudimentary electronic mail, were developed and eventually ported to run over the TCP/IP protocol suite. In the 1980s, FTP for email was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a> and <a href="/wiki/IMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="IMAP">IMAP</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Telnet was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15, extended in RFC 855.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The original specification for the File Transfer Protocol was written by <a href="/wiki/Abhay_Bhushan" title="Abhay Bhushan">Abhay Bhushan</a> and published as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc114">114</a> on 16 April 1971. By 1973, the <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">File Transfer Protocol</a> (FTP) specification had been defined (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc354">354</a>) and implemented, enabling file transfers over the ARPANET.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" title="Ray Tomlinson">Ray Tomlinson</a>, of BBN sent the first network <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc524">524</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc561">561</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:5-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> An ARPA study in 1973, a year after network e-mail was introduced to the ARPANET community, found that three-quarters of the traffic over the ARPANET consisted of email messages.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> E-mail remained a very large part of the overall ARPANET traffic.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Network_Voice_Protocol" title="Network Voice Protocol">Network Voice Protocol</a> (NVP) specifications were defined in 1977 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc741">741</a>), and implemented. But, because of technical shortcomings, <a href="/wiki/Conference_call" title="Conference call">conference calls</a> over the ARPANET never worked well; the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice over Internet Protocol">Voice over Internet Protocol</a> (packet voice) was decades away.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: TCP/IP">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Lukasik" title="Stephen J. Lukasik">Stephen J. Lukasik</a> directed DARPA to focus on internetworking research in the early 1970s. Bob Kahn moved from BBN to DARPA in 1972, first as program manager for the ARPANET, under Larry Roberts, then as director of the IPTO when Roberts left to found <a href="/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a>. Kahn worked on both satellite packet networks and ground-based radio packet networks, and recognized the value of being able to communicate across both. Steve Crocker, now at DARPA, and the leaders of British and French network projects founded the <a href="/wiki/International_Network_Working_Group" title="International Network Working Group">International Network Working Group</a> in 1972 and, on Crocker's recommendation, <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a>, now on the faculty at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, became its Chair.<a href="#cite_note-Pelkey8.3-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hafnerp222-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-106">[106]</a> This group considered how to interconnect packet switching networks with different specifications, that is, <a href="/wiki/Internetworking" title="Internetworking">internetworking</a>. Research led by Kahn and Cerf resulted in the formulation of the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-13">[13]</a> which incorporated concepts from the French <a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> project directed by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pouzin" title="Louis Pouzin">Louis Pouzin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-107">[107]</a> Its specification was written by Cerf with <a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a> and Carl Sunshine at Stanford in December 1974 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc675">675</a>). The following year, testing began through concurrent implementations at Stanford, BBN and <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-86">[86]</a> At first a monolithic design, the software was redesigned as a modular protocol stack in version 3 in 1978. <a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">Version 4</a> was installed in the ARPANET for production use in January 1983, replacing NCP. The development of the complete <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a> by 1989, as outlined in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1122">1122</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1123">1123</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite#Adoption" title="Internet protocol suite">partnerships with the telecommunication and computer industry</a> laid the foundation for the adoption of TCP/IP as a comprehensive protocol suite as the core component of the emerging <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LITCPIP-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Password_protection">Password protection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Password protection">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/George_B._Purdy#The_Purdy_Polynomial" title="George B. Purdy">Purdy Polynomial</a> hash algorithm was developed for the ARPANET to protect passwords in 1971 at the request of Larry Roberts, head of ARPA at that time. It computed a polynomial of degree 224 + 17 modulo the 64-bit prime p = 264 − 59. The algorithm was later used by <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC) to hash passwords in the <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a> operating system and is still being used for this purpose.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules_and_etiquette">Rules and etiquette</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rules and etiquette">edit</a>]</div> Because of its government funding, certain forms of traffic were discouraged or prohibited. Leonard Kleinrock claims to have committed the first illegal act on the Internet, having sent a request for return of his electric razor after a meeting in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in 1973. At the time, use of the ARPANET for personal reasons was unlawful.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 1978, against the rules of the network, Gary Thuerk of <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC) sent out the first <a href="/wiki/Mass_email" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass email">mass email</a> to approximately 400 potential clients via the ARPANET. He claims that this resulted in $13 million worth of sales in DEC products, and highlighted the potential of <a href="/wiki/Email_marketing" title="Email marketing">email marketing</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A 1982 handbook on computing at MIT's <a href="/wiki/AI_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="AI Lab">AI Lab</a> stated regarding network etiquette:<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It is considered illegal to use the ARPANet for anything which is not in direct support of Government business ... personal messages to other ARPANet subscribers (for example, to arrange a get-together or check and say a friendly hello) are generally not considered harmful ... Sending electronic mail over the ARPANet for commercial profit or political purposes is both anti-social and illegal. By sending such messages, you can offend many people, and it is possible to get MIT in serious trouble with the Government agencies which manage the ARPANet.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Networks:_The_Heralds_of_Resource_Sharing" title="Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing">Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing</a>, a 30-minute documentary film<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Fernando_J._Corbat%C3%B3" title="Fernando J. Corbató">Fernando J. Corbató</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_G._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence G. Roberts">Lawrence G. Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Robert Kahn</a>, Frank Heart, <a href="/wiki/William_R._Sutherland" class="mw-redirect" title="William R. Sutherland">William R. Sutherland</a>, Richard W. Watson, <a href="/wiki/John_R._Pasta" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Pasta">John R. Pasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Davies" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald W. Davies">Donald W. Davies</a>, and economist, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Mitchell" title="George W. Mitchell">George W. Mitchell</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Benson_episodes#Season_6_(1984–85)" title="List of Benson episodes">"Scenario"</a>, an episode of the U.S. television sitcom <a href="/wiki/Benson_(TV_series)" title="Benson (TV series)">Benson</a> (season 6, episode 20—dated February 1985), was the first incidence of a popular TV show directly referencing the Internet or its progenitors. The show includes a scene in which the ARPANET is accessed.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li>There is an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> artist known as "Arpanet", <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Donald" title="Gerald Donald">Gerald Donald</a>, one of the members of <a href="/wiki/Drexciya" title="Drexciya">Drexciya</a>. The artist's 2002 album Wireless Internet features commentary on the expansion of the internet via wireless communication, with songs such as <a href="/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo" class="mw-redirect" title="NTT DoCoMo">NTT DoCoMo</a>, dedicated to the mobile communications giant based in Japan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a> mentions the ARPANET in his 2009 novel <a href="/wiki/Inherent_Vice" title="Inherent Vice">Inherent Vice</a>, which is set in Los Angeles in 1970, and in his 2013 novel <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Edge_(novel)" title="Bleeding Edge (novel)">Bleeding Edge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li>The 1993 television series <a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a> featured the ARPANET in a season 5 episode, titled "<a href="/wiki/Unusual_Suspects_(The_X-Files)" title="Unusual Suspects (The X-Files)">Unusual Suspects</a>". John Fitzgerald Byers offers to help Susan Modeski (known as Holly ... "just like the sugar") by hacking into the ARPANET to obtain sensitive information.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li>In the spy-drama television series <a href="/wiki/The_Americans" title="The Americans">The Americans</a>, a Russian scientist defector offers access to ARPANET to the Russians in a plea to not be repatriated (Season 2 Episode 5 "The Deal"). Episode 7 of Season 2 is named 'ARPANET' and features Russian infiltration to bug the network.</li> <li>In the television series <a href="/wiki/Person_of_Interest_(TV_series)" title="Person of Interest (TV series)">Person of Interest</a>, main character Harold Finch hacked the ARPANET in 1980 using a homemade computer during his first efforts to build a prototype of the Machine.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> This corresponds with the real life virus that occurred in October of that year that temporarily halted ARPANET functions.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The ARPANET hack was first discussed in the episode <a href="/wiki/List_of_Person_of_Interest_episodes#ep34" title="List of Person of Interest episodes">2PiR (stylized 2<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>π</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9be4ba0bb8df3af72e90a0535fabcc17431e540a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.332ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi }">R)</a> where a computer science teacher called it the most famous hack in history and one that was never solved. Finch later mentioned it to Person of Interest Caleb Phipps and his role was first indicated when he showed knowledge that it was done by "a kid with a homemade computer" which Phipps, who had researched the hack, had never heard before.</li> <li>In the third season of the television series <a href="/wiki/Halt_and_Catch_Fire_(TV_series)" title="Halt and Catch Fire (TV series)">Halt and Catch Fire</a>, the character Joe MacMillan explores the potential commercialization of the ARPANET.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.arpa" title=".arpa">.arpa</a> – <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domain</a> used exclusively for technical infrastructure purposes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Networks:_The_Heralds_of_Resource_Sharing" title="Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing">Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing</a> – 1972 documentary film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">List of Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a> – Soviet internet-like project, automation of economy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_55-A" title="Plan 55-A">Plan 55-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> – Worldwide computer-based distributed discussion system, "A Poor Man's ARPAnet"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LIARPANETTheFirstInternet-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LIARPANETTheFirstInternet_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LIARPANETTheFirstInternet_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LIARPANETTheFirstInternet_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LIARPANETTheFirstInternet_1-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livinginternet.com/internet/i/ii_arpanet.htm">"ARPANET – The First Internet"</a>. Living Internet. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+Internet&rft.atitle=ARPANET+%E2%80%93+The+First+Internet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Finternet%2Fi%2Fii_arpanet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/12/biztech/articles/122099outlook-bobb.html">"An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution"</a>. The New York Times. 20 December 1999. Retrieved 20 February 2020. <q>Mr. Taylor wrote a white paper in 1968, a year before the network was created, with another ARPA research director, J. C. R. Licklider. The paper, "The Computer as a Communications Device," was one of the first clear statements about the potential of a computer network.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Internet+Pioneer+Ponders+the+Next+Revolution&rft.date=1999-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Ftech%2F99%2F12%2Fbiztech%2Farticles%2F122099outlook-bobb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafner2018" class="citation news cs1">Hafner, Katie (30 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/30/obituaries/lawrence-g-roberts-dies-at-81.html">"Lawrence Roberts, Who Helped Design Internet's Precursor, Dies at 81"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 20 February 2020. <q>He decided to use packet switching as the underlying technology of the Arpanet; it remains central to the function of the internet. And it was Dr. Roberts's decision to build a network that distributed control of the network across multiple computers. Distributed networking remains another foundation of today's internet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lawrence+Roberts%2C+Who+Helped+Design+Internet%27s+Precursor%2C+Dies+at+81&rft.date=2018-12-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F12%2F30%2Fobituaries%2Flawrence-g-roberts-dies-at-81.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.computer.org/pioneers/davies.html">"Computer Pioneers - Donald W. Davies"</a>. IEEE Computer Society. Retrieved 20 February 2020. <q>In 1965, Davies pioneered new concepts for computer communications in a form to which he gave the name "packet switching." ... The design of the ARPA network (ArpaNet) was entirely changed to adopt this technique.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft.atitle=Computer+Pioneers+-+Donald+W.+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.computer.org%2Fpioneers%2Fdavies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/30/net-of-insecurity-part-1/">"A Flaw In The Design"</a>. The Washington Post. 30 May 2015. <q>The Internet was born of a big idea: Messages could be chopped into chunks, sent through a network in a series of transmissions, then reassembled by destination computers quickly and efficiently. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran. ... The most important institutional force ... was the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ... as ARPA began work on a groundbreaking computer network, the agency recruited scientists affiliated with the nation's top universities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Flaw+In+The+Design&rft.date=2015-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsf%2Fbusiness%2F2015%2F05%2F30%2Fnet-of-insecurity-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbate20003-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbate20003_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbate20003_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate2000" class="citation book cs1">Abbate, Janet (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BfZxFZpElwC&pg=PA37">Inventing the Internet</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 39, 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5"><bdi>978-0-2625-1115-5</bdi></a>. <q>Baran proposed a "distributed adaptive message-block network" [in the early 1960s] ... Roberts recruited Baran to advise the ARPANET planning group on distributed communications and packet switching. ... Roberts awarded a contract to Leonard Kleinrock of UCLA to create theoretical models of the network and to analyze its actual performance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=39%2C+57-58&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-2625-1115-5&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9BfZxFZpElwC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internetsociety.org/internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet/">"A Brief History of the Internet"</a>. Internet Society. Retrieved 25 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Society&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Internet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetsociety.org%2Finternet%2Fhistory-internet%2Fbrief-history-internet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/timeline/arpanet">"ARPANET"</a>. darpa.mil. Retrieved 25 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=darpa.mil&rft.atitle=ARPANET&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darpa.mil%2Fabout-us%2Ftimeline%2Farpanet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6529">RFC 6529</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6529">10.17487/RFC6529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RFC+6529&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC6529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc6529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidgoli2004" class="citation book cs1">Bidgoli, Hossein (11 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gZ9srwU_9xMC&q=ARPANET&pg=PA118">The Internet Encyclopedia, Volume 2 (G - O)</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-68996-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-68996-6"><bdi>978-0-471-68996-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Internet+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2+%28G+-+O%29&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004-05-11&rft.isbn=978-0-471-68996-6&rft.aulast=Bidgoli&rft.aufirst=Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgZ9srwU_9xMC%26q%3DARPANET%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffmanOdlyzco2002" class="citation book cs1">Coffman, K. G.; Odlyzco, A. M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXhWJcsO134C&q=ARPANET&pg=PA29">"Growth of the Internet"</a>. In Kaminow, I.; Li, T. (eds.). Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV-B: Systems and Impairments. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0123951731" title="Special:BookSources/978-0123951731"><bdi>978-0123951731</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Growth+of+the+Internet&rft.btitle=Optical+Fiber+Telecommunications+IV-B%3A+Systems+and+Impairments&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0123951731&rft.aulast=Coffman&rft.aufirst=K.+G.&rft.au=Odlyzco%2C+A.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXhWJcsO134C%26q%3DARPANET%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLievrouw2006" class="citation book cs1">Lievrouw, L. A. (2006). Lievrouw, L. A.; Livingstone, S. M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NZ3ktyGA0rwC&q=ARPANET&pg=PA253">Handbook of New Media: Student Edition</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE</a>. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1412918731" title="Special:BookSources/1412918731"><bdi>1412918731</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+New+Media%3A+Student+Edition&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1412918731&rft.aulast=Lievrouw&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNZ3ktyGA0rwC%26q%3DARPANET%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerfKahn1974" class="citation journal cs1">Cerf, V.; Kahn, R. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos561/papers/cerf74.pdf">"A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication"</a> (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Communications. 22 (5): 637–648. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCOM.1974.1092259">10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1558-0857">1558-0857</a>. <q>The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Communications&rft.atitle=A+Protocol+for+Packet+Network+Intercommunication&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=637-648&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTCOM.1974.1092259&rft.issn=1558-0857&rft.aulast=Cerf&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Kahn%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.princeton.edu%2Fcourses%2Farchive%2Ffall06%2Fcos561%2Fpapers%2Fcerf74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-R._Oppliger-14"><a href="#cite_ref-R._Oppliger_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Oppliger2001" class="citation book cs1">R. Oppliger (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtyowiyW9BkC&q=ARPANET&pg=PA12">Internet and Intranet Security</a>. Artech House. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58053-166-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58053-166-5"><bdi>978-1-58053-166-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+and+Intranet+Security&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Artech+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58053-166-5&rft.au=R.+Oppliger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvtyowiyW9BkC%26q%3DARPANET%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LITCPIP-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LITCPIP_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LITCPIP_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LITCPIP_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livinginternet.com/internet/i/ii_tcpip.htm">"TCP/IP Internet Protocol"</a>. Living Internet. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+Internet&rft.atitle=TCP%2FIP+Internet+Protocol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Finternet%2Fi%2Fii_tcpip.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFidlerMundy2020" class="citation book cs1">Fidler, Bradley; Mundy, Russ (November 2020). "1.2". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/creation-administration-unique-identifiers-1967-2017-18nov20-en.pdf">The Creation and Administration of Unique Identifiers, 1967-2017</a> (PDF). ICANN. p. 8. Retrieved 14 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.2&rft.btitle=The+Creation+and+Administration+of+Unique+Identifiers%2C+1967-2017&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=ICANN&rft.date=2020-11&rft.aulast=Fidler&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft.au=Mundy%2C+Russ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fcreation-administration-unique-identifiers-1967-2017-18nov20-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAND_corporation-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAND_corporation_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAND_corporation_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.list.html">"Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet"</a>. RAND corporation. Retrieved 29 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Baran+and+the+Origins+of+the+Internet&rft.pub=RAND+corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fbaran.list.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScantlebury2013" class="citation web cs1">Scantlebury, Roger (25 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/25/internet-pioneers-airbrushed-from-history">"Internet pioneers airbrushed from history"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Internet+pioneers+airbrushed+from+history&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft.aulast=Scantlebury&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2013%2Fjun%2F25%2Finternet-pioneers-airbrushed-from-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npl.co.uk/news/packets-of-data">"Packets of data were the key..."</a>. NPL. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Packets+of+data+were+the+key...&rft.pub=NPL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npl.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpackets-of-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/internet/i/ii_licklider.htm">"J.C.R. Licklider And The Universal Network"</a>. Living Internet. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+Internet&rft.atitle=J.C.R.+Licklider+And+The+Universal+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Finternet%2Fi%2Fii_licklider.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/internet/i/ii_ipto.htm">"IPTO – Information Processing Techniques Office"</a>. Living Internet. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+Internet&rft.atitle=IPTO+%E2%80%93+Information+Processing+Techniques+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Finternet%2Fi%2Fii_ipto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff1999" class="citation news cs1">Markoff, John (20 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://partners.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/12/biztech/articles/122099outlook-bobb.html">"An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922095019/http://partners.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/12/biztech/articles/122099outlook-bobb.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Internet+Pioneer+Ponders+the+Next+Revolution&rft.date=1999-12-20&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpartners.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Ftech%2F99%2F12%2Fbiztech%2Farticles%2F122099outlook-bobb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaacson2014-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Isaacson2014_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isaacson2014_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2014" class="citation book cs1">Isaacson, Walter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA237">The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution</a>. Simon & Schuster. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-0869-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-0869-0"><bdi>978-1-4767-0869-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Innovators%3A+How+a+Group+of+Hackers%2C+Geniuses%2C+and+Geeks+Created+the+Digital+Revolution&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-0869-0&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4V9koAEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithMillerNorton" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Ed; Miller, Chris; Norton, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npl.co.uk/getattachment/about-us/History/Famous-faces/Donald-Davies/UK-role-in-Packet-Switching-(1).pdf.aspx">"Packet Switching: The first steps on the road to the information society"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Packet+Switching%3A+The+first+steps+on+the+road+to+the+information+society&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft.au=Miller%2C+Chris&rft.au=Norton%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npl.co.uk%2Fgetattachment%2Fabout-us%2FHistory%2FFamous-faces%2FDonald-Davies%2FUK-role-in-Packet-Switching-%281%29.pdf.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7541123.stm">"The accelerator of the modern age"</a>. BBC News. 5 August 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+accelerator+of+the+modern+age&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F7541123.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts1978-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1978_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1978_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1978_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1978_26-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1978" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324033133/http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html">"The Evolution of Packet Switching"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Packet+Switching&rft.date=1978-11&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.packet.cc%2Ffiles%2Fev-packet-sw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-C._Hempstead,_W._Worthington-27"><a href="#cite_ref-C._Hempstead,_W._Worthington_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._HempsteadW._Worthington2005" class="citation book cs1">C. Hempstead; W. Worthington (8 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZCNAgAAQBAJ&q=NPL%20Network&pg=PA574">Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> 8 August 2005, 992 pages, (edited by C. Hempstead, W. Worthington). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45551-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-45551-4"><bdi>978-1-135-45551-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+20th-Century+Technology&rft.pub=Routledge+8+August+2005%2C+992+pages%2C+%28edited+by+C.+Hempstead%2C+W.+Worthington%29&rft.date=2005-08-08&rft.isbn=978-1-135-45551-4&rft.au=C.+Hempstead&rft.au=W.+Worthington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ZCNAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DNPL%2520Network%26pg%3DPA574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/donald-davies">"Donald Davies"</a>. internethalloffame.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=internethalloffame.org&rft.atitle=Donald+Davies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internethalloffame.org%2Finductees%2Fdonald-davies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-29"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1978" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092936/http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf">"The Evolution of Packet Switching"</a> (PDF). IEEE Invited Paper. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ismlab.usf.edu/dcom/Ch10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2017. <q>In nearly all respects, Davies' original proposal, developed in late 1965, was similar to the actual networks being built today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Invited+Paper&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Packet+Switching&rft.date=1978-11&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ismlab.usf.edu%2Fdcom%2FCh10_Roberts_EvolutionPacketSwitching_IEEE_1978.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Markoff, John, Innovator who helped create PC, Internet and the mouse, New York Times, 15 April 2017, p.A1 </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelkey" class="citation web cs1">Pelkey, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221223230647/https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/4.7/planning-the-arpanet-1967-1968/">"4.7 Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968 in Chapter 4 - Networking: Vision and Packet Switching 1959 - 1968"</a>. The History of Computer Communications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/4.7/planning-the-arpanet-1967-1968/">the original</a> on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Computer+Communications&rft.atitle=4.7+Planning+the+ARPANET%3A+1967-1968+in+Chapter+4+-+Networking%3A+Vision+and+Packet+Switching+1959+-+1968&rft.aulast=Pelkey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofcomputercommunications.info%2Fsection%2F4.7%2Fplanning-the-arpanet-1967-1968%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5c-32"><a href="#cite_ref-:5c_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldrop2018" class="citation book cs1">Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eRnBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT285">The Dream Machine</a>. Stripe Press. pp. 285–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-953953-36-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-953953-36-0"><bdi>978-1-953953-36-0</bdi></a>. <q>Oops. Roberts knew Baran slightly and had in fact had lunch with him during a visit to RAND the previous February. But he certainly didn't remember any discussion of networks. How could he have missed something like that?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dream+Machine&rft.pages=285-6&rft.pub=Stripe+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-953953-36-0&rft.aulast=Waldrop&rft.aufirst=M.+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeRnBEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill1990" class="citation web cs1">O'Neill, Judy (5 March 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/107101/oh182pb.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"An Interview with PAUL BARAN"</a> (PDF). p. 37. <q>On Tuesday, 28 February 1967 I find a notation on my calendar for 12:00 noon Dr. L. Roberts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Interview+with+PAUL+BARAN&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1990-03-05&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconservancy.umn.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11299%2F107101%2Foh182pb.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livinginternet.com/internet/i/ii_roberts.htm">"Lawrence Roberts Manages The ARPANET Program"</a>. Living Internet. 7 January 2000. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+Internet&rft.atitle=Lawrence+Roberts+Manages+The+ARPANET+Program&rft.date=2000-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Finternet%2Fi%2Fii_roberts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress" class="citation web cs1">Press, Gil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2015/01/02/a-very-short-history-of-the-internet-and-the-web-2/">"A Very Short History Of The Internet And The Web"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved 7 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=A+Very+Short+History+Of+The+Internet+And+The+Web&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fgilpress%2F2015%2F01%2F02%2Fa-very-short-history-of-the-internet-and-the-web-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200202062940/https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/EngelbartPapers/B1_F20_CompuMtg.html">"SRI Project 5890-1; Networking (Reports on Meetings).[1967]"</a>. web.stanford.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/EngelbartPapers/B1_F20_CompuMtg.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020. <q>W. Clark's message switching proposal (appended to Taylor's letter of April 24, 1967 to Engelbart) were reviewed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=SRI+Project+5890-1%3B+Networking+%28Reports+on+Meetings%29.%5B1967%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2FSUL%2Flibrary%2Fextra4%2Fsloan%2Fmousesite%2FEngelbartPapers%2FB1_F20_CompuMtg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LivingInternetIMP-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LivingInternetIMP_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LivingInternetIMP_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LivingInternetIMP_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livinginternet.com/internet/i/ii_imp.htm">"IMP – Interface Message Processor"</a>. Living Internet. 7 January 2000. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+Internet&rft.atitle=IMP+%E2%80%93+Interface+Message+Processor&rft.date=2000-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Finternet%2Fi%2Fii_imp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1967" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Lawrence (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.mpi-sws.org/~gummadi/teaching/sp07/sys_seminar/arpanet.pdf">"Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication"</a> (PDF). Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communications. pp. 3.1–3.6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800001.811680">10.1145/800001.811680</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17409102">17409102</a>. <q>Thus the set of IMP's, plus the telephone lines and data sets would constitute a message switching network</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Multiple+computer+networks+and+intercomputer+communication&rft.btitle=Multiple+Computer+Networks+and+Intercomputer+Communications&rft.pages=3.1-3.6&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F800001.811680&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17409102%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.mpi-sws.org%2F~gummadi%2Fteaching%2Fsp07%2Fsys_seminar%2Farpanet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillies2000-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillies2000_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillies2000_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliesCailliau2000" class="citation book cs1">Gillies, James; Cailliau, Robert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pIH-JijUNS0C&pg=PA25">How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286207-5"><bdi>978-0-19-286207-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Web+was+Born%3A+The+Story+of+the+World+Wide+Web&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-286207-5&rft.aulast=Gillies&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Cailliau%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpIH-JijUNS0C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906091936/http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328">"Inductee Details – Donald Watts Davies"</a>. National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invent.org/honor/inductees/inductee-detail/?IID=328">the original</a> on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inductee+Details+%E2%80%93+Donald+Watts+Davies&rft.pub=National+Inventors+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.invent.org%2Fhonor%2Finductees%2Finductee-detail%2F%3FIID%3D328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCK-41"><a href="#cite_ref-MCK_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambell-Kelly2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cambell-Kelly, Martin (Autumn 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res44.htm">"Pioneer Profiles: Donald Davies"</a>. Computer Resurrection (44). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0958-7403">0958-7403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Resurrection&rft.atitle=Pioneer+Profiles%3A+Donald+Davies&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=44&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0958-7403&rft.aulast=Cambell-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerconservationsociety.org%2Fresurrection%2Fres44.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbate20002-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbate20002_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbate20002_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbate20002_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Abbate" title="Janet Abbate">Abbate, Janet</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BfZxFZpElwC&pg=PA37">Inventing the Internet</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 37–38, 58–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5"><bdi>978-0-2625-1115-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=37-38%2C+58-59&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-2625-1115-5&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9BfZxFZpElwC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brief-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brief_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brief_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet#f5">"Brief History of the Internet"</a>. Internet Society. Retrieved 12 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+History+of+the+Internet&rft.pub=Internet+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetsociety.org%2Finternet%2Fwhat-internet%2Fhistory-internet%2Fbrief-history-internet%23f5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1978" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ece.ucf.edu/~yuksem/teaching/nae/reading/1978-roberts.pdf">"The evolution of packet switching"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 66 (11): 1307–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11141">10.1109/PROC.1978.11141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26876676">26876676</a>. <q>Significant aspects of the network's internal operation, such as routing, flow control, software design, and network control were developed by a BBN team consisting of Frank Heart, Robert Kahn, Severo Omstein, William Crowther, and David Walden</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+packet+switching&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1307-13&rft.date=1978-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26876676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ece.ucf.edu%2F~yuksem%2Fteaching%2Fnae%2Freading%2F1978-roberts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafner2018" class="citation news cs1">Hafner, Katie (25 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/25/technology/frank-heart-who-linked-computers-before-the-internet-dies-at-89.html">"Frank Heart, Who Linked Computers Before the Internet, Dies at 89"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 3 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Frank+Heart%2C+Who+Linked+Computers+Before+the+Internet%2C+Dies+at+89&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F06%2F25%2Ftechnology%2Ffrank-heart-who-linked-computers-before-the-internet-dies-at-89.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hafner1-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Hafner1_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHafnerLyon1996">Hafner & Lyon 1996</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wherewizardsstay00haf_vgj/page/116/mode/2up?q=kahn">116, 149</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-F.E._Froehlich,_A._Kent-47"><a href="#cite_ref-F.E._Froehlich,_A._Kent_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF.E._Froehlich,_A._Kent1990" class="citation book cs1">F.E. Froehlich, A. Kent (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gaRBTHdUKmgC&pg=PA344">The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 1 - Access Charges in the U.S.A. to Basics of Digital Communications</a>. CRC Press. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824729005" title="Special:BookSources/0824729005"><bdi>0824729005</bdi></a>. <q>Although there was considerable technical interchange between the NPL group and those who designed and implemented the ARPANET, the NPL Data Network effort appears to have had little fundamental impact on the design of ARPANET. Such major aspects of the NPL Data Network design as the standard network interface, the routing algorithm, and the software structure of the switching node were largely ignored by the ARPANET designers. There is no doubt, however, that in many less fundamental ways the NPL Data Network had and effect on the design and evolution of the ARPANET.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Froehlich%2FKent+Encyclopedia+of+Telecommunications%3A+Volume+1+-+Access+Charges+in+the+U.S.A.+to+Basics+of+Digital+Communications&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0824729005&rft.au=F.E.+Froehlich%2C+A.+Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgaRBTHdUKmgC%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA096798">ARPANET Information Brochure</a>. May 1980. p. 12. <q>The complete network is formed by interconnecting the nodes through wideband communication lines, normally 50,000 bits per second (50KBPS), supplied by common carriers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ARPANET+Information+Brochure&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1980-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDTIC_ADA096798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bärwolff.de/bbn-arpanet-reports-collection/BBN%20(1970)%20Interface%20Message%20Processors%20for%20the%20ARPA%20Computer%20Network%20(Report%201928,%20Quarterly%20Technical%20Report%204).pdf">BBN Report No. 1928</a> (PDF) (Report). January 1970. <q>we designed and implemented a test program to obtain data on the performance of the fifty kilobit communication circuits</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=BBN+Report+No.+1928&rft.date=1970-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fb%C3%A4rwolff.de%2Fbbn-arpanet-reports-collection%2FBBN%2520%281970%29%2520Interface%2520Message%2520Processors%2520for%2520the%2520ARPA%2520Computer%2520Network%2520%28Report%25201928%2C%2520Quarterly%2520Technical%2520Report%25204%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livinginternet.com/internet/i/ii_imp_walden.htm">"Looking back at the ARPANET effort, 34 years later"</a>. February 2003. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Looking+back+at+the+ARPANET+effort%2C+34+years+later&rft.date=2003-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Finternet%2Fi%2Fii_imp_walden.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbate2000-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Abbate2000_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate2000" class="citation book cs1">Abbate, Janet (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BfZxFZpElwC&pg=PA38">Inventing the Internet</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5"><bdi>978-0-2625-1115-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-2625-1115-5&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9BfZxFZpElwC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeartKahnOrnsteinCrowther1970" class="citation conference cs1">Heart, Frank; <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Kahn, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ornstein" title="Severo Ornstein">Ornstein, Severo</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Crowther_(programmer)" title="William Crowther (programmer)">Crowther, William</a>; Walden, David (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden-family.com/public/1970-imp-afips.pdf">"The Interface Message Processor for the ARPA Computer Network"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the May 5-7, 1970, spring joint computer conference on - AFIPS '70 (Spring). 1970 Spring Joint Computer Conference. p. 565. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1476936.1477021">10.1145/1476936.1477021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9647377">9647377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+Interface+Message+Processor+for+the+ARPA+Computer+Network&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+May+5-7%2C+1970%2C+spring+joint+computer+conference+on+-+AFIPS+%2770+%28Spring%29&rft.pages=565&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1476936.1477021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9647377%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Heart&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Kahn%2C+Robert&rft.au=Ornstein%2C+Severo&rft.au=Crowther%2C+William&rft.au=Walden%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walden-family.com%2Fpublic%2F1970-imp-afips.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1993" class="citation journal cs1">Barber, Derek (Spring 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res05.htm#f">"The Origins of Packet Switching"</a>. The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society (5). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0958-7403">0958-7403</a>. Retrieved 6 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin+of+the+Computer+Conservation+Society&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Packet+Switching&rft.ssn=spring&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0958-7403&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.man.ac.uk%2FCCS%2Fres%2Fres05.htm%23f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise" class="citation web cs1">Wise, Adrian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726104820/https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=551">"Honeywell DDP-516"</a>. Old-Computers.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=551">the original</a> on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Old-Computers.com&rft.atitle=Honeywell+DDP-516&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.old-computers.com%2Fmuseum%2Fcomputer.asp%3Fc%3D551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/10/50-years-ago-today-the-internet-was-born-sort-of/">"50 years ago today, the Internet was born. Sort of"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ArsTechnica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="ArsTechnica.com">ArsTechnica.com</a>. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArsTechnica.com&rft.atitle=50+years+ago+today%2C+the+Internet+was+born.+Sort+of&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2019%2F10%2F50-years-ago-today-the-internet-was-born-sort-of%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate2000" class="citation book cs1">Abbate, Janet (2000). Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 194–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5"><bdi>978-0-2625-1115-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=194-195&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-2625-1115-5&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuttan2006" class="citation book cs1">Ruttan, Vernon W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eopn-pYI1tsC&pg=PA125">Is War Necessary for Economic Growth</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198040651" title="Special:BookSources/9780198040651"><bdi>9780198040651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+War+Necessary+for+Economic+Growth&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780198040651&rft.aulast=Ruttan&rft.aufirst=Vernon+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEopn-pYI1tsC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brief-f5-58"><a href="#cite_ref-brief-f5_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeinerCerfClarkKahn1997" class="citation web cs1">Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.; Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.; Postel, Jon; Roberts, Larry G.; Wolff, Stephen (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet#f5">"Brief History of the Internet"</a>. Internet Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+History+of+the+Internet&rft.pub=Internet+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Leiner&rft.aufirst=Barry+M.&rft.au=Cerf%2C+Vinton+G.&rft.au=Clark%2C+David+D.&rft.au=Kahn%2C+Robert+E.&rft.au=Kleinrock%2C+Leonard&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Daniel+C.&rft.au=Postel%2C+Jon&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Larry+G.&rft.au=Wolff%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetsociety.org%2Finternet%2Fwhat-internet%2Fhistory-internet%2Fbrief-history-internet%23f5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> (footnote 5) </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaran2002" class="citation journal cs1">Baran, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~lixia/papers/Baran2002.pdf">"The beginnings of packet switching: some underlying concepts"</a> (PDF). IEEE Communications Magazine. 40 (7): 42–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCOM.2002.1018006">10.1109/MCOM.2002.1018006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-6804">0163-6804</a>. <q>Essentially all the work was defined by 1961, and fleshed out and put into formal written form in 1962. The idea of hot potato routing dates from late 1960.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Communications+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+beginnings+of+packet+switching%3A+some+underlying+concepts&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=42-48&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMCOM.2002.1018006&rft.issn=0163-6804&rft.aulast=Baran&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.cs.ucla.edu%2F~lixia%2Fpapers%2FBaran2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrand2001" class="citation news cs1">Brand, Stewart (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.03/baran.html">"Founding Father"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. Vol. 9, no. 3. Retrieved 31 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Founding+Father&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2001-03&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwired%2Farchive%2F9.03%2Fbaran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627133802/https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/Archive/Post68/ARPANETMeeting1167.html">"Shapiro: Computer Network Meeting of October 9–10, 1967"</a>. stanford.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/Archive/Post68/ARPANETMeeting1167.html">the original</a> on 27 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Shapiro%3A+Computer+Network+Meeting+of+October+9%E2%80%9310%2C+1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fdept%2FSUL%2Flibrary%2Fextra4%2Fsloan%2Fmousesite%2FArchive%2FPost68%2FARPANETMeeting1167.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambell-Kelly1987" class="citation journal cs1">Cambell-Kelly, Martin (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DataCommunicationsAtTheNationalPhysicalLaboratory/page/n9/mode/2up">"Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975)"</a>. Annals of the History of Computing. 9 (3/4): 239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Data+Communications+at+the+National+Physical+Laboratory+%281965-1975%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=239&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Cambell-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDataCommunicationsAtTheNationalPhysicalLaboratory%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darpa.mil/attachments/DARPA_Directors_Sheet_20201.pdf">"DARPA DIRECTORS, 1958-PRESENT"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DARPA+DIRECTORS%2C+1958-PRESENT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darpa.mil%2Fattachments%2FDARPA_Directors_Sheet_20201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukasik2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lukasik, Stephen J. (2011). "Why the Arpanet Was Built". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 33 (3): 4–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2010.11">10.1109/MAHC.2010.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16076315">16076315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Why+the+Arpanet+Was+Built&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=4-20&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2010.11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16076315%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lukasik&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LINCP-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LINCP_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LINCP_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livinginternet.com/internet/i/ii_ncp.htm">"NCP, Network Control Program"</a>. Living Internet. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+Internet&rft.atitle=NCP%2C+Network+Control+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Finternet%2Fi%2Fii_ncp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinrock,_Leonard1962" class="citation thesis cs1">Kleinrock, Leonard (December 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/11562/33840535.pdf">Message Delay in Communication Nets with Storage</a> (PDF) (Thesis). Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Message+Delay+in+Communication+Nets+with+Storage&rft.inst=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=1962-12&rft.au=Kleinrock%2C+Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.mit.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1721.1%2F11562%2F33840535.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-67"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1982" class="citation thesis cs1">Clarke, Peter (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/35864/2/Clarke-PN-1982-PhD-Thesis.pdf">Packet and circuit-switched data networks</a> (PDF) (PhD thesis). Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Packet+and+circuit-switched+data+networks&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Department+of+Electrical+Engineering%2C+Imperial+College+of+Science+and+Technology%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspiral.imperial.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F10044%2F1%2F35864%2F2%2FClarke-PN-1982-PhD-Thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> "Many of the theoretical studies of the performance and design of the ARPA Network were developments of earlier work by Kleinrock ... Although these works concerned message switching networks, they were the basis for a lot of the ARPA network investigations ... The intention of the work of Kleinrock [in 1961] was to analyse the performance of store and forward networks, using as the primary performance measure the average message delay. ... Kleinrock [in 1970] extended the theoretical approaches of [his 1961 work] to the early ARPA network." </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukasik2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lukasik, Stephen (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5432117">"Why the Arpanet Was Built"</a>. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 33 (3): 4–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2010.11">10.1109/MAHC.2010.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1058-6180">1058-6180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Why+the+Arpanet+Was+Built&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=4-21&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2010.11&rft.issn=1058-6180&rft.aulast=Lukasik&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F5432117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavio2011" class="citation news cs1">Savio, Jessica (1 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailybruin.com/2011/04/01/browsing_history/">"Browsing history: A heritage site has been set up in Boelter Hall 3420, the room the first Internet message originated in"</a>. Daily Bruin. UCLA. Retrieved 6 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Bruin&rft.atitle=Browsing+history%3A+A+heritage+site+has+been+set+up+in+Boelter+Hall+3420%2C+the+room+the+first+Internet+message+originated+in&rft.date=2011-04-01&rft.aulast=Savio&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailybruin.com%2F2011%2F04%2F01%2Fbrowsing_history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillan2019" class="citation web cs1">McMillan, Carolyn (29 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/lo-and-behold-internet">"Lo and behold: The internet"</a>. University of California. Retrieved 2 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+California&rft.atitle=Lo+and+behold%3A+The+internet&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft.aulast=McMillan&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.universityofcalifornia.edu%2Fnews%2Flo-and-behold-internet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2004" class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Chris (2 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308120314/http://www.engineer.ucla.edu/stories/2004/Internet35.htm">"Internet Began 35 Years Ago at UCLA with First Message Ever Sent Between Two Computers"</a>. UCLA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineer.ucla.edu/stories/2004/Internet35.htm">the original</a> on 8 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet+Began+35+Years+Ago+at+UCLA+with+First+Message+Ever+Sent+Between+Two+Computers&rft.pub=UCLA&rft.date=2004-09-02&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineer.ucla.edu%2Fstories%2F2004%2FInternet35.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2019" class="citation web cs1">Weber, Marc (25 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://computerhistory.org/blog/history-of-the-future-october-29-1969-fifty-years-of-a-connected-world/">"The First 50 Years Of Living Online: ARPANET and Internet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> blog.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+History+Museum+blog&rft.atitle=The+First+50+Years+Of+Living+Online%3A+ARPANET+and+Internet&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputerhistory.org%2Fblog%2Fhistory-of-the-future-october-29-1969-fifty-years-of-a-connected-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2018">Evans 2018</a>, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2018">Evans 2018</a>, p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2018">Evans 2018</a>, p. 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHafnerLyon1996">Hafner & Lyon 1996</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livinginternet.com/internet/i/ii_kleinrock.htm">"Leonard Kleinrock Helps Build The ARPANET"</a>. Living Internet. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+Internet&rft.atitle=Leonard+Kleinrock+Helps+Build+The+ARPANET&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Finternet%2Fi%2Fii_kleinrock.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internethalloffame.org/blog/2016/04/25/howard-frank-looks-back-his-role-arpanet-designer">"Howard Frank Looks Back on His Role as an ARPAnet Designer"</a>. Internet Hall of Fame. 25 April 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Howard+Frank+Looks+Back+on+His+Role+as+an+ARPAnet+Designer&rft.date=2016-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internethalloffame.org%2Fblog%2F2016%2F04%2F25%2Fhoward-frank-looks-back-his-role-arpanet-designer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norsar.no/about-us/history/arpanet-article2059-1175.html">"NORSAR becomes the first non-US node on ARPANET, the predecessor to today's Internet"</a>. NORSAR (Norway Seismic Array Research). 24 February 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NORSAR+becomes+the+first+non-US+node+on+ARPANET%2C+the+predecessor+to+today%27s+Internet&rft.pub=NORSAR+%28Norway+Seismic+Array+Research%29&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.norsar.no%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory%2Farpanet-article2059-1175.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirstein1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kirstein, P.T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207092443/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4773/f19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf">"Early experiences with the Arpanet and Internet in the United Kingdom"</a> (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 21 (1): 38–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F85.759368">10.1109/85.759368</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-1547">1934-1547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1558618">1558618</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4773/f19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Early+experiences+with+the+Arpanet+and+Internet+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-44&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1558618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1934-1547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F85.759368&rft.aulast=Kirstein&rft.aufirst=P.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F4773%2Ff19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirstein2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Kirstein" title="Peter T. Kirstein">Kirstein, Peter T.</a> (July–September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ahc/summary/v031/31.3.kirstein.html">"The Early Days of the Arpanet"</a>. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 31 (3): 67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fmahc.2009.35">10.1109/mahc.2009.35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1058-6180">1058-6180</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28461200">28461200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=The+Early+Days+of+the+Arpanet&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=67&rft.date=2009-07%2F2009-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28461200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1058-6180&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fmahc.2009.35&rft.aulast=Kirstein&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fahc%2Fsummary%2Fv031%2F31.3.kirstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-82"><a href="#cite_ref-:11_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1975" class="citation journal cs1">Frank, Ronald A. (22 October 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRo_E812FNcC&pg=PA18">"Security Problems Still Plague Packet-Switched Nets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a>. IDG Enterprise: 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Security+Problems+Still+Plague+Packet-Switched+Nets&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1975-10-22&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Ronald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRo_E812FNcC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeartMcKenzieMcQuillianWalden1978" class="citation techreport cs1">Heart, F.; McKenzie, A.; McQuillian, J.; Walden, D. (4 January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527095942/https://walden-family.com/bbn/arpanet-completion-report.pdf">Arpanet Completion Report</a> (PDF) (Technical report). Burlington, MA: Bolt, Beranek and Newman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Arpanet+Completion+Report&rft.place=Burlington%2C+MA&rft.pub=Bolt%2C+Beranek+and+Newman&rft.date=1978-01-04&rft.aulast=Heart&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=McKenzie%2C+A.&rft.au=McQuillian%2C+J.&rft.au=Walden%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20230527095942%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwalden-family.com%2Fbbn%2Farpanet-completion-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA115440">"III"</a>. A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade (Report). Arlington, VA: <a href="/wiki/BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc.</a> 1 April 1981. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+ARPANET%3A+The+First+Decade&rft.place=Arlington%2C+VA&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Bolt%2C+Beranek+%26+Newman+Inc.&rft.date=1981-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetTRDoc%3FLocation%3DU2%26doc%3DGetTRDoc.pdf%26AD%3DADA115440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> section 2.3.4 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeinerCerfClarkKahn2009" class="citation journal cs1">Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.; Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.; Postel, Jon; Roberts, Larry G.; Wolff, Stephen (7 October 2009). "A brief history of the internet". ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review. 39 (5): 22–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1629607.1629613">10.1145/1629607.1629613</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-4833">0146-4833</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15845974">15845974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGCOMM+Computer+Communication+Review&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+the+internet&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=22-31&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15845974%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0146-4833&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1629607.1629613&rft.aulast=Leiner&rft.aufirst=Barry+M.&rft.au=Cerf%2C+Vinton+G.&rft.au=Clark%2C+David+D.&rft.au=Kahn%2C+Robert+E.&rft.au=Kleinrock%2C+Leonard&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Daniel+C.&rft.au=Postel%2C+Jon&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Larry+G.&rft.au=Wolff%2C+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFby_Vinton_Cerf,_as_told_to_Bernard_Aboba1993" class="citation web cs1">by Vinton Cerf, as told to Bernard Aboba (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170926042220/http://elk.informatik.hs-augsburg.de/tmp/cdrom-oss/CerfHowInternetCame2B.html">"How the Internet Came to Be"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elk.informatik.hs-augsburg.de/tmp/cdrom-oss/CerfHowInternetCame2B.html">the original</a> on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017. <q>We began doing concurrent implementations at Stanford, BBN, and University College London. So effort at developing the Internet protocols was international from the beginning. ... Mar '82 - Norway leaves the ARPANET and become an Internet connection via TCP/IP over SATNET. Nov '82 - UCL leaves the ARPANET and becomes an Internet connection.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Internet+Came+to+Be&rft.date=1993&rft.au=by+Vinton+Cerf%2C+as+told+to+Bernard+Aboba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felk.informatik.hs-augsburg.de%2Ftmp%2Fcdrom-oss%2FCerfHowInternetCame2B.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostel1981" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Postel, Jon</a> (November 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc801">NCP/TCP Transition Plan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0801">10.17487/RFC0801</a>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc801">801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NCP%2FTCP+Transition+Plan&rft.date=1981-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC0801&rft.aulast=Postel&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/museum/ddn-news/ddn-news.n26.1">"ARPANET/MILNET SPLIT - How It Will Happen"</a>. Defense Data Network Newsletter (26). 6 May 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Defense+Data+Network+Newsletter&rft.atitle=ARPANET%2FMILNET+SPLIT+-+How+It+Will+Happen&rft.issue=26&rft.date=1983-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Frfc%2Fmuseum%2Fddn-news%2Fddn-news.n26.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA164353.pdf">"ARPANET INFORMATION BROCHURE (NIC 50003)"</a> (PDF). Defense Communications Agency. December 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARPANET+INFORMATION+BROCHURE+%28NIC+50003%29&rft.pub=Defense+Communications+Agency&rft.date=1985-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA164353.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzieWalden1991" class="citation book cs1">McKenzie, Alex; Walden, Dave (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gaRBTHdUKmgC&pg=PA341">"ARPANET, the Defense Data Network, and Internet"</a>. The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications. Vol. 1. CRC Press. pp. 341–375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2900-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2900-4"><bdi>978-0-8247-2900-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ARPANET%2C+the+Defense+Data+Network%2C+and+Internet&rft.btitle=The+Froehlich%2FKent+Encyclopedia+of+Telecommunications&rft.pages=341-375&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-2900-4&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Walden%2C+Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgaRBTHdUKmgC%26pg%3DPA341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/internet/i/ii_nsfnet.htm">"NSFNET – National Science Foundation Network"</a>. Living Internet. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+Internet&rft.atitle=NSFNET+%E2%80%93+National+Science+Foundation+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Finternet%2Fi%2Fii_nsfnet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeinelSack2014" class="citation book cs1">Meinel, Christoph; Sack, Harald (21 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5O25BAAAQBAJ&q=%22arpanet%22%20%22july%201990%22&pg=PA85">Digital Communication</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-54331-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-54331-9"><bdi>978-3-642-54331-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Communication&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-02-21&rft.isbn=978-3-642-54331-9&rft.aulast=Meinel&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Sack%2C+Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5O25BAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522arpanet%2522%2520%2522july%25201990%2522%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbate-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Abbate_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate2000" class="citation book cs1">Abbate, Janet (2000). <a href="/wiki/Inventing_the_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventing the Internet">Inventing the Internet</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5"><bdi>978-0-2625-1115-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-2625-1115-5&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidney_G._ReedRichard_H._Van_AttaSeymore_J._Deitchman1990" class="citation book cs1">Sidney G. Reed; Richard H. Van Atta; Seymore J. Deitchman, eds. (1990). "XX. ARPANET". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a239925.pdf">DARPA Technical Accomplishments: An Historical Review of DARPA Projects</a> (PDF). Vol. 1. IDA Paper P-2192.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XX.+ARPANET&rft.btitle=DARPA+Technical+Accomplishments%3A+An+Historical+Review+of+DARPA+Projects&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa239925.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> This particular figure was published in 1989 or earlier. </li> <li id="cite_note-G._Schneider,_J._Evans,_K._Pinard-95"><a href="#cite_ref-G._Schneider,_J._Evans,_K._Pinard_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._SchneiderJ._EvansK._Pinard2009" class="citation book cs1">G. Schneider; J. Evans; K. Pinard (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YHwQ9WpvHfEC&pg=PA6">The Internet – Illustrated</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-538-75098-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-538-75098-1"><bdi>978-0-538-75098-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Internet+%E2%80%93+Illustrated&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-538-75098-1&rft.au=G.+Schneider&rft.au=J.+Evans&rft.au=K.+Pinard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYHwQ9WpvHfEC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethw.org/Milestones:Birthplace_of_the_Internet,_1969">"Milestones:Birthplace of the Internet, 1969"</a>. Engineering and Technology History Wiki. 28 November 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engineering+and+Technology+History+Wiki&rft.atitle=Milestones%3ABirthplace+of+the+Internet%2C+1969&rft.date=2023-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FMilestones%3ABirthplace_of_the_Internet%2C_1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethw.org/Milestones:Inception_of_the_ARPANET,_1969">"Milestones:Inception of the ARPANET, 1969"</a>. Engineering and Technology History Wiki. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engineering+and+Technology+History+Wiki&rft.atitle=Milestones%3AInception+of+the+ARPANET%2C+1969&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FMilestones%3AInception_of_the_ARPANET%2C_1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation techreport cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/bbn/imp/BBN1822_Jan1976.pdf">Interface Message Processor: Specifications for the Interconnection of a Host and an IMP</a> (PDF) (Technical report). Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN). Report No. 1822.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Interface+Message+Processor%3A+Specifications+for+the+Interconnection+of+a+Host+and+an+IMP&rft.pub=Bolt+Beranek+and+Newman%2C+Inc.+%28BBN%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2Fbbn%2Fimp%2FBBN1822_Jan1976.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlinson,_Ray" class="citation web cs1">Tomlinson, Ray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060506003539/http://openmap.bbn.com/~tomlinso/ray/firstemailframe.html">"The First Network Email"</a>. BBN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openmap.bbn.com/~tomlinso/ray/firstemailframe.html">the original</a> on 6 May 2006. Retrieved 6 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Network+Email&rft.pub=BBN&rft.au=Tomlinson%2C+Ray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenmap.bbn.com%2F~tomlinso%2Fray%2Ffirstemailframe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHafnerLyon1996">Hafner & Lyon 1996</a>, p. 194: "found that three quarters of all traffic on the ARPANET was email" </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1998" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, P. N. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pne.people.si.umich.edu/PDF/isis_review.pdf">"Virtual Machines, Virtual Infrastructures: The New Historiography of Information Technology"</a> (PDF). Isis essay review. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtual+Machines%2C+Virtual+Infrastructures%3A+The+New+Historiography+of+Information+Technology&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Isis+essay+review&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=P.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpne.people.si.umich.edu%2FPDF%2Fisis_review.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkkad" class="citation web cs1">Akkad, Jay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.cs.ucsb.edu/~almeroth/classes/F04.176A/homework1_good_papers/jay-akkad.html">"The History of Email"</a>. sites.cs.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.cs.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Email&rft.aulast=Akkad&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.cs.ucsb.edu%2F~almeroth%2Fclasses%2FF04.176A%2Fhomework1_good_papers%2Fjay-akkad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate2000" class="citation book cs1">Abbate, Janet (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44962566">Inventing the Internet</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. 106–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5"><bdi>978-0-2625-1115-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44962566">44962566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=106-111&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44962566&rft.isbn=978-0-2625-1115-5&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F44962566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelkey8.3-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Pelkey8.3_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelkey" class="citation book cs1">Pelkey, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyofcomputercommunications.info/section/8.3/CYCLADES-Network-and-Louis-Pouzin-1971-1972/">"8.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971–1972"</a>. Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.3+CYCLADES+Network+and+Louis+Pouzin+1971%E2%80%931972&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurial+Capitalism+and+Innovation%3A+A+History+of+Computer+Communications+1968%E2%80%931988&rft.aulast=Pelkey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofcomputercommunications.info%2Fsection%2F8.3%2FCYCLADES-Network-and-Louis-Pouzin-1971-1972%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hafnerp222-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Hafnerp222_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHafnerLyon1996">Hafner & Lyon 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wherewizardsstay00haf_vgj/page/222/mode/2up">222</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-106"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie2011" class="citation journal cs1">McKenzie, Alexander (2011). "INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 33 (1): 66–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2011.9">10.1109/MAHC.2011.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-1547">1934-1547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206443072">206443072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=INWG+and+the+Conception+of+the+Internet%3A+An+Eyewitness+Account&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-71&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206443072%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1934-1547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2011.9&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-107"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21590765-louis-pouzin-helped-create-internet-now-he-campaigning-ensure-its">"The internet's fifth man"</a>. The Economist. 30 November 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. Retrieved 22 April 2020. <q>In the early 1970s Mr Pouzin created an innovative data network that linked locations in France, Italy and Britain. Its simplicity and efficiency pointed the way to a network that could connect not just dozens of machines, but millions of them. It captured the imagination of Dr Cerf and Dr Kahn, who included aspects of its design in the protocols that now power the internet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+internet%27s+fifth+man&rft.date=2013-11-30&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-quarterly%2F21590765-louis-pouzin-helped-create-internet-now-he-campaigning-ensure-its&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1996/08/04/talking-headers/41be42fa-d4ff-4c7b-9490-3ab441644886/">"TALKING HEADERS"</a>. Washington Post. 7 January 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved 19 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=TALKING+HEADERS&rft.date=2024-01-07&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2Fmagazine%2F1996%2F08%2F04%2Ftalking-headers%2F41be42fa-d4ff-4c7b-9490-3ab441644886%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Still, tapping into the ARPANET to fetch a shaver across international lines was a bit like being a stowaway on an aircraft carrier. The ARPANET was an official federal research facility, after all, and not something to be toyed with. Kleinrock had the feeling that the stunt he'd pulled was slightly out of bounds. 'It was a thrill. I felt I was stretching the Net'. – <a href="#CITEREFHafnerLyon1996">Hafner & Lyon 1996</a>, Chapter 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacy1982" class="citation report cs1">Stacy, Christopher C. (7 September 1982). Getting Started Computing at the AI Lab (Report). MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Working Papers. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F41180">1721.1/41180</a>. WP-235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Getting+Started+Computing+at+the+AI+Lab&rft.series=MIT+Artificial+Intelligence+Laboratory+Working+Papers&rft.date=1982-09-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F41180&rft.aulast=Stacy&rft.aufirst=Christopher+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Steven King (Producer), Peter Chvany (Director/Editor) (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415153815/http://documentary.operationreality.org/2011/08/27/computer-networks-the-heralds-of-resource-sharing">Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documentary.operationreality.org/2011/08/27/computer-networks-the-heralds-of-resource-sharing">the original</a> on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computer+Networks%3A+The+Heralds+of+Resource+Sharing&rft.date=1972&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocumentary.operationreality.org%2F2011%2F08%2F27%2Fcomputer-networks-the-heralds-of-resource-sharing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0789851/">"Scenario"</a>. Benson. Season 6. Episode 20 (132 of 158). 22 February 1985. American Broadcasting Company (ABC), Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benson&rft.series=Season+6.+Episode+20+%28132+of+158%29&rft.date=1985-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0789851%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/7883q9/first-page-of-thomas-pynchon-novel-bleeding-edge">"Behold, the First Page of Thomas Pynchon's New Novel About Post-Bubble, Pre-9/11 New York, 'Bleeding Edge'"</a>. www.vice.com. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vice.com&rft.atitle=Behold%2C+the+First+Page+of+Thomas+Pynchon%27s+New+Novel+About+Post-Bubble%2C+Pre-9%2F11+New+York%2C+%27Bleeding+Edge%27&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2F7883q9%2Ffirst-page-of-thomas-pynchon-novel-bleeding-edge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"Unusual Suspects". The X-Files. Season 5. Episode 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+X-Files&rft.series=Season+5.+Episode+3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Season 2, Episode 11 "2PiR" (stylized "2<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \pi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>π</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \pi }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9be4ba0bb8df3af72e90a0535fabcc17431e540a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.332ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \pi }">R") </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Season 3, Episode 12 "Aletheia" </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2000" class="citation news cs1">Ward, Mark (27 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/994700.stm">"Hacking: A history"</a>. SCI/TECH. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hacking%3A+A+history&rft.date=2000-10-27&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F994700.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2018" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Claire L. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C8ouDwAAQBAJ&q=9780735211759&pg=PP1">Broad Band: The Untold Story of the Women Who Made the Internet</a>. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7352-1175-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7352-1175-9"><bdi>978-0-7352-1175-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broad+Band%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Women+Who+Made+the+Internet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Portfolio%2FPenguin&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7352-1175-9&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Claire+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC8ouDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D9780735211759%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafnerLyon1996" class="citation book cs1">Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wherewizardsstay00haf_vgj">Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-6837-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-6837-4"><bdi>978-0-7434-6837-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Wizards+Stay+Up+Late%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Internet&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7434-6837-4&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft.au=Lyon%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwherewizardsstay00haf_vgj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbergO'Neill1996" class="citation book cs1">Norberg, Arthur L.; O'Neill, Judy E. (1996). Transforming Computer Technology: Information Processing for the Pentagon, 1962–1982. Johns Hopkins University. pp. 153–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6369-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6369-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-6369-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transforming+Computer+Technology%3A+Information+Processing+for+the+Pentagon%2C+1962%E2%80%931982&rft.pages=153-196&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6369-1&rft.aulast=Norberg&rft.aufirst=Arthur+L.&rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+Judy+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA115440.pdf">A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade</a> (PDF) (Report). Arlington, VA: <a href="/wiki/BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc.</a> 1 April 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201013642/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA115440">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+ARPANET%3A+The+First+Decade&rft.place=Arlington%2C+VA&rft.pub=Bolt%2C+Beranek+%26+Newman+Inc.&rft.date=1981-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA115440.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate2000" class="citation book cs1">Abbate, Janet (2000). <a href="/wiki/Inventing_the_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventing the Internet">Inventing the Internet</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventinginterne00abba/page/36">36–111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2625-1115-5"><bdi>978-0-2625-1115-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Internet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=36-111&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-2625-1115-5&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanks2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Banks" title="Michael A. Banks">Banks, Michael A.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onwaytoweb00mich">On the Way to the Web: The Secret History of the Internet and Its Founders</a>. APress/Springer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-0869-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-0869-3"><bdi>978-1-4302-0869-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Way+to+the+Web%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+Internet+and+Its+Founders&rft.pub=APress%2FSpringer+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4302-0869-3&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonwaytoweb00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalus1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Salus" title="Peter H. Salus">Salus, Peter H.</a> (1 May 1995). Casting the Net: from ARPANET to Internet and Beyond. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-87674-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-87674-1"><bdi>978-0-201-87674-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Casting+the+Net%3A+from+ARPANET+to+Internet+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1995-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-201-87674-1&rft.aulast=Salus&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldrop2001" class="citation book cs1">Waldrop, M. Mitchell (23 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dreammachinejcrl00wald">The Dream Machine: J. C. R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal</a>. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-89976-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-89976-0"><bdi>978-0-670-89976-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dream+Machine%3A+J.+C.+R.+Licklider+and+the+Revolution+That+Made+Computing+Personal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2001-08-23&rft.isbn=978-0-670-89976-0&rft.aulast=Waldrop&rft.aufirst=M.+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdreammachinejcrl00wald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/press/museum-celebrates-arpanet-anniversary.html">"The Computer History Museum, SRI International, and BBN Celebrate the 40th Anniversary of First ARPANET Transmission"</a>. Computer History Museum. 27 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Computer+History+Museum%2C+SRI+International%2C+and+BBN+Celebrate+the+40th+Anniversary+of+First+ARPANET+Transmission&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fpress%2Fmuseum-celebrates-arpanet-anniversary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_histories">Oral histories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Oral histories">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn1990" class="citation web cs1">Kahn, Robert E. (24 April 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107387">"Oral history interview with Robert E. Kahn"</a>. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>. Retrieved 15 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Robert+E.+Kahn&rft.place=University+of+Minnesota%2C+Minneapolis&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.date=1990-04-24&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.umn.edu%2F107387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> Focuses on Kahn's role in the development of computer networking from 1967 through the early 1980s. Beginning with his work at BBN, Kahn discusses his involvement as the ARPANET proposal was being written and then implemented, and his role in the public demonstration of the ARPANET. The interview continues into Kahn's involvement with networking when he moves to IPTO in 1972, where he was responsible for the administrative and technical evolution of the ARPANET, including programs in packet radio, the development of a new network protocol (TCP/IP), and the switch to TCP/IP to connect multiple networks.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerf1990" class="citation web cs1">Cerf, Vinton G. (24 April 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107214">"Oral history interview with Vinton Cerf"</a>. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Vinton+Cerf&rft.place=University+of+Minnesota%2C+Minneapolis&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.date=1990-04-24&rft.aulast=Cerf&rft.aufirst=Vinton+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.umn.edu%2F107214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> Cerf describes his involvement with the ARPA network, and his relationships with Bolt Beranek and Newman, Robert Kahn, Lawrence Roberts, and the Network Working Group.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaran1990" class="citation web cs1">Baran, Paul (5 March 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107101">"Oral history interview with Paul Baran"</a>. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Paul+Baran&rft.place=University+of+Minnesota%2C+Minneapolis&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.date=1990-03-05&rft.aulast=Baran&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.umn.edu%2F107101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> Baran describes his work at RAND, and discusses his interaction with the group at ARPA who were responsible for the later development of the ARPANET.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinrock1990" class="citation web cs1">Kleinrock, Leonard (3 April 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107411">"Oral history interview with Leonard Kleinrock"</a>. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Leonard+Kleinrock&rft.place=University+of+Minnesota%2C+Minneapolis&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.date=1990-04-03&rft.aulast=Kleinrock&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.umn.edu%2F107411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> Kleinrock discusses his work on the ARPANET.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1989" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Lawrence G. (4 April 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107608">"Oral history interview with Larry Roberts"</a>. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Larry+Roberts&rft.place=University+of+Minnesota%2C+Minneapolis&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.date=1989-04-04&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.umn.edu%2F107608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukasik1991" class="citation web cs1">Lukasik, Stephen (17 October 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107446">"Oral history interview with Stephen Lukasik"</a>. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Stephen+Lukasik&rft.place=University+of+Minnesota%2C+Minneapolis&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.date=1991-10-17&rft.aulast=Lukasik&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.umn.edu%2F107446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> Lukasik discusses his tenure at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the development of computer networks and the ARPANET.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1990" class="citation web cs1">Frank, Howard (30 March 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107294">"Oral history interview with Howard Frank"</a>. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+Howard+Frank&rft.place=University+of+Minnesota%2C+Minneapolis&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.date=1990-03-30&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.umn.edu%2F107294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> Frank describes his work on the ARPANET, including his interaction with Roberts and the IPT Office.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detailed_technical_reference_works">Detailed technical reference works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Detailed technical reference works">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarillRoberts1966" class="citation conference cs1">Marill, Thomas; <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Roberts, Lawrence G.</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020401051508/http://www.packet.cc/files/toward-coop-net.html">"Toward a cooperative network of time-shared computers"</a>. Proceedings of the November 7-10, 1966, fall joint computer conference (AFIPS '66 (Fall)). Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 425–431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1464291.1464336">10.1145/1464291.1464336</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2051631">2051631</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.packet.cc/files/toward-coop-net.html">the original</a> on 1 April 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Toward+a+cooperative+network+of+time-shared+computers&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+November+7-10%2C+1966%2C+fall+joint+computer+conference+%28AFIPS+%2766+%28Fall%29%29&rft.pages=425-431&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1464291.1464336&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2051631%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marill&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.packet.cc%2Ffiles%2Ftoward-coop-net.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1967" class="citation conference cs1">Roberts, Lawrence G. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020603213900/http://www.packet.cc/files/multi-net-inter-comm.html">"Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication"</a>. Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Operating System Principles (SOSP '67). Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 3.1–3.6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800001.811680">10.1145/800001.811680</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17409102">17409102</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.packet.cc/files/multi-net-inter-comm.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Multiple+computer+networks+and+intercomputer+communication&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+first+ACM+symposium+on+Operating+System+Principles+%28SOSP+%2767%29&rft.pages=3.1-3.6&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F800001.811680&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17409102%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.packet.cc%2Ffiles%2Fmulti-net-inter-comm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesBartlettScantleburyWilkinson1967" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Davies, D.W.</a>; Bartlett, K.A.; Scantlebury, R.A.; Wilkinson, P.T. (1967). "A digital communication network for computers giving rapid response at remote terminals". Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Operating System Principles (SOSP '67). Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 2.1–2.17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800001.811669">10.1145/800001.811669</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15215451">15215451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=A+digital+communication+network+for+computers+giving+rapid+response+at+remote+terminals&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+first+ACM+symposium+on+Operating+System+Principles+%28SOSP+%2767%29&rft.pages=2.1-2.17&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F800001.811669&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15215451%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=D.W.&rft.au=Bartlett%2C+K.A.&rft.au=Scantlebury%2C+R.A.&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+P.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsWessler1970" class="citation conference cs1">Roberts, Lawrence G.; Wessler, Barry D. (1970). "Computer network development to achieve resource sharing". Proceedings of the May 5-7, 1970, Spring Joint Computer Conference (AFIPS '70 (Spring)). Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 543–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1476936.1477020">10.1145/1476936.1477020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9343511">9343511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Computer+network+development+to+achieve+resource+sharing&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+May+5-7%2C+1970%2C+Spring+Joint+Computer+Conference+%28AFIPS+%2770+%28Spring%29%29&rft.pages=543-9&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1476936.1477020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9343511%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+G.&rft.au=Wessler%2C+Barry+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeartKahnOrnsteinCrowther1970" class="citation conference cs1">Heart, Frank; <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Kahn, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ornstein" title="Severo Ornstein">Ornstein, Severo</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Crowther_(programmer)" title="William Crowther (programmer)">Crowther, William</a>; Walden, David (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden-family.com/public/1970-imp-afips.pdf">The Interface Message Processor for the ARPA Computer Network</a> (PDF). 1970 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. Vol. 36. pp. 551–567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1476936.1477021">10.1145/1476936.1477021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=AFIPS+Proc.&rft.atitle=The+Interface+Message+Processor+for+the+ARPA+Computer+Network&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=551-567&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1476936.1477021&rft.aulast=Heart&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Kahn%2C+Robert&rft.au=Ornstein%2C+Severo&rft.au=Crowther%2C+William&rft.au=Walden%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walden-family.com%2Fpublic%2F1970-imp-afips.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrCrockerCerf1970" class="citation conference cs1">Carr, Stephen; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Crocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Crocker">Crocker, Stephen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Cerf, Vinton</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc33">Host-Host Communication Protocol in the ARPA Network</a>. 1970 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. Vol. 36. pp. 589–598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1476936.1477024">10.1145/1476936.1477024</a>. <a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc33">33</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=AFIPS+Proc.&rft.atitle=Host-Host+Communication+Protocol+in+the+ARPA+Network&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=589-598&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1476936.1477024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc33%23id-name%3DRFC&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Crocker%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Cerf%2C+Vinton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fpdf%2Frfc33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrnsteinHeartCrowtherRussell1972" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Severo_Ornstein" title="Severo Ornstein">Ornstein, Severo</a>; Heart, Frank; <a href="/wiki/William_Crowther_(programmer)" title="William Crowther (programmer)">Crowther, William</a>; Russell, S. B.; Rising, H. K.; Michel, A. (1972). The Terminal IMP for the ARPA Computer Network. 1972 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. Vol. 40. pp. 243–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1478873.1478906">10.1145/1478873.1478906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=AFIPS+Proc.&rft.atitle=The+Terminal+IMP+for+the+ARPA+Computer+Network&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=243-254&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1478873.1478906&rft.aulast=Ornstein&rft.aufirst=Severo&rft.au=Heart%2C+Frank&rft.au=Crowther%2C+William&rft.au=Russell%2C+S.+B.&rft.au=Rising%2C+H.+K.&rft.au=Michel%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcQuillanCrowtherCosellWalden1972" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_M._McQuillan" title="John M. McQuillan">McQuillan, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Crowther_(programmer)" title="William Crowther (programmer)">Crowther, William</a>; Cosell, Bernard; Walden, David; Heart, Frank (1972). Improvements in the Design and Performance of the ARPA Network. 1972 Fall Joint Computer Conference part II. AFIPS Proc. Vol. 41. pp. 741–754. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1480083.1480096">10.1145/1480083.1480096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=AFIPS+Proc.&rft.atitle=Improvements+in+the+Design+and+Performance+of+the+ARPA+Network&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=741-754&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1480083.1480096&rft.aulast=McQuillan&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Crowther%2C+William&rft.au=Cosell%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Walden%2C+David&rft.au=Heart%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeartKahnOrnsteinCrowther1970" class="citation conference cs1">Heart, Frank; <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Kahn, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ornstein" title="Severo Ornstein">Ornstein, Severo</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Crowther_(programmer)" title="William Crowther (programmer)">Crowther, William</a>; Walden, David (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walden-family.com/public/1970-imp-afips.pdf">The Interface Message Processor for the ARPA Computer Network</a> (PDF). 1970 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. Vol. 36. pp. 551–567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1476936.1477021">10.1145/1476936.1477021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=AFIPS+Proc.&rft.atitle=The+Interface+Message+Processor+for+the+ARPA+Computer+Network&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=551-567&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1476936.1477021&rft.aulast=Heart&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Kahn%2C+Robert&rft.au=Ornstein%2C+Severo&rft.au=Crowther%2C+William&rft.au=Walden%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walden-family.com%2Fpublic%2F1970-imp-afips.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrCrockerCerf1970" class="citation conference cs1">Carr, Stephen; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Crocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Crocker">Crocker, Stephen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Cerf, Vinton</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/pdf/rfc33">Host-Host Communication Protocol in the ARPA Network</a>. 1970 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. Vol. 36. pp. 589–598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1476936.1477024">10.1145/1476936.1477024</a>. <a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc33">33</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=AFIPS+Proc.&rft.atitle=Host-Host+Communication+Protocol+in+the+ARPA+Network&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=589-598&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1476936.1477024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc33%23id-name%3DRFC&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Crocker%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Cerf%2C+Vinton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fpdf%2Frfc33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrnsteinHeartCrowtherRussell1972" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Severo_Ornstein" title="Severo Ornstein">Ornstein, Severo</a>; Heart, Frank; <a href="/wiki/William_Crowther_(programmer)" title="William Crowther (programmer)">Crowther, William</a>; Russell, S. B.; Rising, H. K.; Michel, A. (1972). The Terminal IMP for the ARPA Computer Network. 1972 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. Vol. 40. pp. 243–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1478873.1478906">10.1145/1478873.1478906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=AFIPS+Proc.&rft.atitle=The+Terminal+IMP+for+the+ARPA+Computer+Network&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=243-254&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1478873.1478906&rft.aulast=Ornstein&rft.aufirst=Severo&rft.au=Heart%2C+Frank&rft.au=Crowther%2C+William&rft.au=Russell%2C+S.+B.&rft.au=Rising%2C+H.+K.&rft.au=Michel%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinlerPostel1976" class="citation book cs1">Feinler, E.; Postel, J. (1976). ARPANET Protocol Handbook. SRI International. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2817630">2817630</a>. NTIS ADA027964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ARPANET+Protocol+Handbook&rft.pub=SRI+International&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2817630&rft.aulast=Feinler&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Postel%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinlerPostel1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_J._Feinler" title="Elizabeth J. Feinler">Feinler, Elizabeth J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">Postel, Jonathan B.</a> (January 1978). ARPANET Protocol Handbook. Menlo Park: Network Information Center (NIC), SRI International. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000EN742K">B000EN742K</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7955574">7955574</a>. NIC 7104, NTIS ADA052594.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ARPANET+Protocol+Handbook&rft.place=Menlo+Park&rft.pub=Network+Information+Center+%28NIC%29%2C+SRI+International&rft.date=1978-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7955574&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000EN742K%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Feinler&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+J.&rft.au=Postel%2C+Jonathan+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinlerLandsberdenMcGinnis1976" class="citation book cs1">Feinler, E.J.; Landsberden, J.M.; McGinnis, A.C. (1976). ARPANET Resource Handbook. Stanford Research Institute. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1110650114">1110650114</a>. NTIS ADA040452.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ARPANET+Resource+Handbook&rft.pub=Stanford+Research+Institute&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1110650114&rft.aulast=Feinler&rft.aufirst=E.J.&rft.au=Landsberden%2C+J.M.&rft.au=McGinnis%2C+A.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>NTIS documents may be available from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/">"National Technical Reports Library"</a>. NTIS National Technical Information Service. U.S. Department of Commerce. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NTIS+National+Technical+Information+Service&rft.atitle=National+Technical+Reports+Library&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrl.ntis.gov%2FNTRL%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Roberts, Larry</a> (November 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324033133/http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html">"The Evolution of Packet Switching"</a>. Proceedings of the IEEE. 66 (11): 1307–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11141">10.1109/PROC.1978.11141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26876676">26876676</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Packet+Switching&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1307-13&rft.date=1978-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPROC.1978.11141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26876676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.packet.cc%2Ffiles%2Fev-packet-sw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1986" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Roberts, Larry</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324032800/http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html">"The ARPANET & Computer Networks"</a>. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on The history of personal workstations (HPW '86). Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 51–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F12178.12182">10.1145/12178.12182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-176-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-176-4"><bdi>978-0-89791-176-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24271168">24271168</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+ARPANET+%26+Computer+Networks&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+ACM+Conference+on+The+history+of+personal+workstations+%28HPW+%2786%29&rft.pages=51-58&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24271168%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F12178.12182&rft.isbn=978-0-89791-176-4&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.packet.cc%2Ffiles%2Farpanet-computernet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:ARPANET" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:ARPANET">ARPANET</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419173051/http://som.csudh.edu/cis/lpress/history/arpamaps/">"ARPANET Maps 1969 to 1977"</a>. <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Dominguez_Hills" title="California State University, Dominguez Hills">California State University, Dominguez Hills</a> (CSUDH). 4 January 1978. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://som.csudh.edu/cis/lpress/history/arpamaps/">the original</a> on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARPANET+Maps+1969+to+1977&rft.pub=California+State+University%2C+Dominguez+Hills+%28CSUDH%29&rft.date=1978-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsom.csudh.edu%2Fcis%2Flpress%2Fhistory%2Farpamaps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalden2003" class="citation web cs1">Walden, David C. (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/internet/i/ii_imp_walden.htm">"Looking back at the ARPANET effort, 34 years later"</a>. Living Internet. East Sandwich, Massachusetts. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Living+Internet&rft.atitle=Looking+back+at+the+ARPANET+effort%2C+34+years+later&rft.date=2003-02&rft.aulast=Walden&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Finternet%2Fi%2Fii_imp_walden.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/exhibits/internet_history/">"Images of ARPANET from 1964 onwards"</a>. The Computer History Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Images+of+ARPANET+from+1964+onwards&rft.pub=The+Computer+History+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fexhibits%2Finternet_history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> Timeline.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.html">"Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>. Retrieved 3 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Baran+and+the+Origins+of+the+Internet&rft.pub=RAND+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fbaran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinrock" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Kleinrock, Leonard</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/internet_first_words.html">"The Day the Infant Internet Uttered its First Words"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Day+the+Infant+Internet+Uttered+its+First+Words&rft.pub=UCLA&rft.aulast=Kleinrock&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lk.cs.ucla.edu%2Finternet_first_words.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"> Personal anecdote of the first message ever sent over the ARPANET</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dougengelbart.org/firsts/internet.html">"Doug Engelbart's Role in ARPANET History"</a>. 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doug+Engelbart%27s+Role+in+ARPANET+History&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dougengelbart.org%2Ffirsts%2Finternet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldrop2008" class="citation web cs1">Waldrop, Mitch (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915113839/http://www.darpa.mil/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2554">"DARPA and the Internet Revolution"</a>. 50 years of Bridging the Gap. DARPA. pp. 78–85. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darpa.mil/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=2554">the original</a> on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=50+years+of+Bridging+the+Gap&rft.atitle=DARPA+and+the+Internet+Revolution&rft.pages=78-85&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Waldrop&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darpa.mil%2FWorkArea%2FDownloadAsset.aspx%3Fid%3D2554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320025302/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMvASPzXE-M">"Robert X Cringely: A Brief History of the Internet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMvASPzXE-M">the original</a> on 20 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Robert+X+Cringely%3A+A+Brief+History+of+the+Internet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DoMvASPzXE-M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AARPANET" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Research_and_education_computer_networks_in_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_research_and_education_networks" title="Template:American research and education networks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_research_and_education_networks" title="Template talk:American research and education networks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_research_and_education_networks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American research and education networks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Research_and_education_computer_networks_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education computer networks in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_research_and_education_network" title="National research and education network">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Rede_Nacional_de_Ensino_e_Pesquisa" title="Rede Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa">RNP</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/CANARIE" title="CANARIE">CANARIE</a></li> <li>Mexico: <a href="/wiki/CUDI" title="CUDI">CUDI</a></li> <li>Latin America: <a href="/wiki/RedCLARA" title="RedCLARA">RedCLARA</a></li> <li>USA: <a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Sciences_Network" title="Energy Sciences Network">ESnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACORN-NL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACORN-NL (page does not exist)">ACORN-NL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACORN-NS" title="ACORN-NS">ACORN-NS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">NS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybera" title="Cybera">Cybera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">AB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCNET&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCNET (page does not exist)">BCNET</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Research_Network&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manitoba Research Network (page does not exist)">MRNet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORION_(research_and_education_network)" title="ORION (research and education network)">ORION</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_d%27informations_scientifiques_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Réseau d'informations scientifiques du Québec">RISQ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Research_Network" title="Saskatchewan Research Network">SRNet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_for_Education_Network_Initiatives_in_California" title="Corporation for Education Network Initiatives in California">CalREN</a> (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Education_Network" title="Connecticut Education Network">CEN</a> (<a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">CT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Century_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Century Network">ICN</a> (<a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">MI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYSERNet" title="NYSERNet">NYSERNet</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OARnet" title="OARnet">OARnet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSHEAN" title="OSHEAN">OSHEAN</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">RI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Education_Network" title="Utah Education Network">UEN</a> (<a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">UT</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene_Network" title="Abilene Network">Abilene</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Data_Network" title="Defense Data Network">DDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSNET" title="CSNET">CSNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Chicago" title="Gigabit Chicago">Gigabit Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Seattle" title="Gigabit Seattle">Gigabit Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEARnet" title="NEARnet">NEARnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIPRNet" title="NIPRNet">NIPRNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRNET" title="PRNET">PRNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATNET" title="SATNET">SATNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SURAnet" title="SURAnet">SURAnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high-speed_Backbone_Network_Service" title="Very high-speed Backbone Network Service">vBNS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_research_and_education_network" title="National research and education network">National research and education network</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency_(DARPA)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C8DDF2; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DARPA" title="Template:DARPA"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DARPA" title="Template talk:DARPA"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DARPA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DARPA"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency_(DARPA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C8DDF2; line-height:1.2em;">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Execution_Office" title="Adaptive Execution Office">Adaptive Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Technologies_Office_(DARPA)" title="Biological Technologies Office (DARPA)">Biological Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Sciences_Office" title="Defense Sciences Office">Defense Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Innovation_Office" title="Information Innovation Office">Information Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsystems_Technology_Office" title="Microsystems Technology Office">Microsystems Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Technology_Office_(DARPA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Technology Office (DARPA)">Strategic Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tactical_Technology_Office_(DARPA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tactical Technology Office (DARPA) (page does not exist)">Tactical Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C8DDF2; line-height:1.2em;">Directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_W._Johnson_(DARPA_director)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roy W. Johnson (DARPA director) (page does not exist)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austin_W._Betts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austin W. Betts (page does not exist)">Betts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ruina" title="Jack Ruina">Ruina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sproull" title="Robert Sproull">Sproull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Herzfeld" title="Charles M. Herzfeld">Herzfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhardt_Rechtin" title="Eberhardt Rechtin">Rechtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Lukasik" title="Stephen J. Lukasik">Lukasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">Heilmeier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_R._Fossum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert R. Fossum (page does not exist)">Fossum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_S._Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert S. Cooper (page does not exist)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Duncan_(engineer)" title="Robert C. Duncan (engineer)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_S._Colladay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ray S. Colladay (page does not exist)">Colladay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Craig_I._Fields&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Craig I. Fields (page does not exist)">Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Reis" title="Victor H. Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_L._Denman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gary L. Denman (page does not exist)">Denman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verne_L._%22Larry%22_Lynn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verne L. "Larry" Lynn (page does not exist)">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_L._%22Frank%22_Fernandez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando L. "Frank" Fernandez (page does not exist)">Fernandez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Tether" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony J. Tether">Tether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_E._Dugan" title="Regina E. Dugan">Dugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arati_Prabhakar" title="Arati Prabhakar">Prabhakar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_H._Walker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven H. Walker (page does not exist)">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Coleman" title="Victoria Coleman">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefanie_Tompkins" title="Stefanie Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C8DDF2; line-height:1.2em;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_All_Demos" title="The Mother of All Demos">The Mother of All Demos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_AGILE" title="Project AGILE">Project AGILE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakey_the_robot" title="Shakey the robot">Shakey the robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen_Movie_Map" title="Aspen Movie Map">Aspen Movie Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARPA_Network_Challenge" title="DARPA Network Challenge">Network Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge" title="DARPA Grand Challenge">Grand Challenge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C8DDF2;"><div>Annual budget <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>2.8 billion    Employees 240    Website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darpa.mil/">www.darpa.mil</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a> and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/19px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/29px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/38px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177524#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177524#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177524#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143870950">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/794081/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7680810-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85007410">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294980805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&oldid=1258009692">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&oldid=1258009692</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ARPANET" title="Category:ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_inventions" title="Category:American inventions">American inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Internet" title="Category:History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer-related_introductions_in_1969" title="Category:Computer-related introductions in 1969">Computer-related introductions in 1969</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_properties_established_in_1969" title="Category:Internet properties established in 1969">Internet properties established in 1969</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_properties_disestablished_in_1990" title="Category:Internet properties disestablished in 1990">Internet properties disestablished in 1990</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1969_establishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1969 establishments in the United States">1969 establishments in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Internet in the United States">Internet in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990_disestablishments_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1990 disestablishments in the United States">1990 disestablishments in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="Category:History of the University of California, Los Angeles">History of the University of California, Los Angeles</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_October_2020" title="Category:Use American English from October 2020">Use American English from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2020">Use dmy dates from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_timeline_metadata" title="Category:Pages with timeline metadata">Pages with timeline metadata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2022">Articles needing additional references from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_June_2014" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from June 2014">Articles lacking reliable references from June 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 17:47 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARPANET&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d67bf974d-6gzlt","wgBackendResponseTime":210,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.755","walltime":"2.137","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18790,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":468940,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":41210,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":530641,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1740.955 1 -total"," 37.44% 651.788 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.62% 254.568 60 Template:Cite_web"," 8.69% 151.360 34 Template:Cite_book"," 7.07% 123.145 5 Template:Annotated_link"," 6.72% 116.942 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.51% 113.297 4 Template:Navbox"," 4.89% 85.066 1 Template:American_research_and_education_networks"," 4.87% 84.735 8 Template:Harvnb"," 4.22% 73.517 13 Template:Cite_conference"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.071","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25275484,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbbate2000\"] = 7,\n [\"CITEREFAkkad\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanks2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaran1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaran2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarber1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBidgoli2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrand2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._HempsteadW._Worthington2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCambell-Kelly1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCambell-Kelly2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrCrockerCerf1970\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCerf1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCerfKahn1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoffmanOdlyzco2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesBartlettScantleburyWilkinson1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF.E._Froehlich,_A._Kent1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinlerLandsberdenMcGinnis1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinlerPostel1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinlerPostel1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFidlerMundy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG._SchneiderJ._EvansK._Pinard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilliesCailliau2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHafner2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHafnerLyon1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeartKahnOrnsteinCrowther1970\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHeartMcKenzieMcQuillianWalden1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaacson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahn1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirstein1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirstein2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinrock\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinrock,_Leonard1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinrock1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeinerCerfClarkKahn1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeinerCerfClarkKahn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLievrouw2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukasik1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukasik2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMarillRoberts1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkoff1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenzie2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenzieWalden1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMillan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcQuillanCrowtherCosellWalden1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeinelSack2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorbergO\u0026#039;Neill1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neill1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrnsteinHeartCrowtherRussell1972\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPelkey\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPostel1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPress\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Oppliger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1967\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1978\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsWessler1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuttan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalus1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavio2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScantlebury2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidney_G._ReedRichard_H._Van_AttaSeymore_J._Deitchman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithMillerNorton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStacy1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomlinson,_Ray\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalden2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldrop2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldrop2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldrop2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWise\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFby_Vinton_Cerf,_as_told_to_Bernard_Aboba1993\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"American research and education networks\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 5,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite ietf\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite tech report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 60,\n [\"Cn\"] = 8,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DARPA\"] = 1,\n [\"For multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Gaps\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 8,\n [\"IETF RFC\"] = 8,\n [\"Infobox telecommunications network\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet history timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Refimprove section\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 2,\n [\"Telecommunications\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","24.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","11.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","8.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","4.8"],["gsub","40","3.2"],["wikisource_url_make \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:609\u003E","40","3.2"],["date","40","3.2"],["safe_join \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:899\u003E","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::redirectTarget","40","3.2"],["[others]","380","30.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-gn5ss","timestamp":"20241127201331","ttl":272806,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"ARPANET","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ARPANET","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q177524","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q177524","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-06-26T03:40:31Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T17:47:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bf\/Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png","headline":"early packet switching network"}</script> </body> </html>