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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Islamic jurisprudence">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence<br />(<i>fiqh</i>)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ALFiqh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/125px-ALFiqh.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/188px-ALFiqh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/250px-ALFiqh.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">Ritual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakat">Raka'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turbah" title="Turbah">Turbah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah_prayer" title="Sunnah prayer">Sunnah prayer</a></i> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tahajjud" title="Tahajjud">Tahajjud</a></i>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witr" title="Witr">Witr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nafl_prayer" title="Nafl prayer">Nafl prayer</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ihram_clothing" title="Ihram clothing">clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj"><i>Mut'ah</i></a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj">and <i>Hajj</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Islamic leadership</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-ash-Shura">Majlis-ash-Shura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-faqih</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aman_(Islam)" title="Aman (Islam)">Aman</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Contract</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_halala" title="Nikah halala">Halala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Urfi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Mut‘ah</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Khula" class="mw-redirect" title="Khula">Khula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zihar" title="Zihar">Zihar</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iddah" title="Iddah">Iddah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafa%27ah" title="Kafa'ah">Kafa'ah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_Islam" title="Breastfeeding in Islam">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Islam">Abortion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam#Purification_and_hygiene" title="Sexuality in Islam">Hygiene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Islamic_law" title="Rape in Islamic law">Rape</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_masturbation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and masturbation">Masturbation</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir"><i>Maisir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(gambling)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina"><i>Zina</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(illicit sex)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah"><i>Hirabah</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(unlawful warfare and banditry)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Fasad</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("mischief")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("spreading corruption")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">("sedition")</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm"><i>Rajm</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(stoning)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tazir" title="Tazir"><i>Tazir</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(discretionary)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas"><i>Qisas</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(retaliation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (Islam)"><i>Diya</i>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(compensation)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Adab</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></i>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Bayt al-mal</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam#Hygienical_Jurisprudence" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Hygiene</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual hygienical jurisprudence">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Taharah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masah" title="Masah">Masah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Istinja" title="Istinja">Istinja</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Dietary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabihah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Pork" title="Islamic dietary laws">Pork</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Islamic_and_Jewish_dietary_laws" title="Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws">Comparison with <i>kashrut</i></a></span></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghanimah" title="Ghanimah">Ghanimah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">Hudna</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istijarah" title="Istijarah"><i>Istijarah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(asylum)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_prisoners_of_war" title="Islamic views on prisoners of war">Prisoners of war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fiqh" title="Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fiqh" title="Template talk:Fiqh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Fasād</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فساد</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[fasaːd]</a></span>) is an Arabic word meaning rottenness, corruption, or depravity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an Islamic context it can refer to <i>spreading corruption on Earth</i> or <i>spreading mischief in a <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_world_in_Islam#Dar_al-Islam" title="Divisions of the world in Islam">Muslim land</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> moral corruption against God,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or disturbance of the public peace.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spread of <i>fasad</i> is a major theme in the Quran, and the notion is often contrasted with <i><a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">islah</a></i> (setting things aright).<sup id="cite_ref-study-quran-2-11_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-study-quran-2-11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical Quranic commentators commonly interpreted "corruption in the land" as open disobedience against God or its result.<sup id="cite_ref-study-quran-2-11_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-study-quran-2-11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In certain contexts, classical jurists took it to refer to the legal category of <a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah">Hirabah</a>, comprising armed assault, rape and murder.<sup id="cite_ref-study-quran-5-33_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-study-quran-5-33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some contemporary Muslims view destruction of the natural environment to be among the central meanings of verses referring to <i>fasad</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-study-quran-2-11_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-study-quran-2-11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent decades the term has been used in the legal codes of the Islamic Republics of Pakistan and Iran. In Iran, laws referencing it have been used to prosecute or threaten political opposition figures. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Islamic_scripture">In Islamic scripture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In Islamic scripture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quran">Quran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Quran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spread of <i>fasad</i> is a major theme in the Quran, and the notion is often contrasted with <i>islah</i> (setting things aright).<sup id="cite_ref-study-quran-2-11_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-study-quran-2-11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Terms derived from the verbal root f-s-d appear in a number of Quranic verses. The verb <i>afsad</i> (to cause fasad) appears, for example, in chapter 2 (<a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">Al-Baqara</a>), verse 11-12, </p><blockquote><p>When it is said to them: "Make not mischief on the earth," they say: "Why, we only Want to make peace!" Of a surety, they are the ones who make mischief, but they realise (it) not. – <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D11">2:11</a></p></blockquote> <p>Classical Quranic commentators commonly interpreted spreading "corruption in the land" or "mischief on the earth" as open disobedience against God or its result.<sup id="cite_ref-study-quran-2-11_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-study-quran-2-11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some contemporary Muslims view destruction of the natural environment to be among the central meanings of these verses.<sup id="cite_ref-study-quran-2-11_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-study-quran-2-11-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In chapter 5 (<a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27ida" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ma'ida">Al-Ma'ida</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, verse 33 contains the expression "to strive mischievously in the land" (yas'awna fi-l-ardi fasadan): </p> <blockquote><p>The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger, and <b>strive to spread corruption through the land</b> is: execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land: that is their disgrace in this world, and a heavy punishment is theirs in the Hereafter. – <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D33">5:33</a></p></blockquote> <p>The scope of this verse has been limited by most classical commentators to the armed crimes falling under the legal category of <a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah">Hirabah</a>, which comprises armed robbery, assault (including rape), and murder, particularly of innocent travelers on the road.<sup id="cite_ref-study-quran-5-33_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-study-quran-5-33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "small minority" viewed this verse as applying to apostates in general.<sup id="cite_ref-study-quran-5-33_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-study-quran-5-33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This verse follows verses 26-31 which refer to the incident in which Qabil (<a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a>), son of <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, killed his brother Habil (<a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who cause mischief in the land (yufsiduna fi al-ard) are counted as "the losers" in Al-Baqara, verse 27: </p> <blockquote><p>Those who break the covenant of Allah after ratifying it, and sever that which Allah ordered to be joined, and (who) make <b>mischief in the earth</b>: Those are they who are the losers. –<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D27">2:27</a></p></blockquote> <p>The word "losers" indicates being bereft of something, and can also mean "being lost", in the sense of losing one's way or one's self.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hadiths">Hadiths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hadiths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mischief has a broad meaning in Sahih Bukhari and other texts of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-fahmed_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fahmed-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breaking ties with one's Muslim kith and kin is stated to be a form of <i>fasad</i> in Book 73 of Sahih Bukhari,<sup id="cite_ref-fahmed_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fahmed-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The Prophet said, "Allah created the creations, and when He finished from His creations, Ar-Rahm (womb) said, "(O Allah) at this place I seek refuge with You from all those who sever the ties of kith and kin. Allah said, 'Yes, won't you be pleased that I will keep good relations with the one who will keep good relations with you, and I will sever the relation with the one who will sever the relations with you.' Allah's Apostle added. "Read (in the Qur'an) if you wish, the Statement of Allah: 'Would you then, if you were given the authority, do <b>mischief in the land</b> and sever your ties of kinship? (Surah Muhammad, Chapter 47: Verse 22)' –<i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/073-sbt.php#008.073.016">8:73:16</a></p></blockquote> <p>Sunan Abu Dawud confirms that the required punishment for fasad is execution or crucifixion. </p> <blockquote><p>When the Apostle of Allah cut off (the hands and feet of) those who had stolen his camels and he had their eyes put out by fire (heated nails), Allah reprimanded him on that (action), and Allah, the Exalted, revealed: "The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Apostle and strive with might and main for <b>mischief through the land</b> is execution or crucifixion." –<i><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Abu_Dawood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Abu Dawood">Sunan Abu Dawood</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/038-sat.php#038.4357">38:4357</a></p></blockquote> <p>Sunan Abu Dawud, in 38.4359, states that the punishment for fasad was revealed for <a href="/wiki/Polytheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheists">polytheists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_modern_politics_and_law">In modern politics and law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In modern politics and law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pakistan law includes the principle of fasad-fil-arz (corruption on earth), which allows an offender to be punished (with a sentence of up to 14 years of imprisonment) even if they are forgiven by the victim's party under Qisas and Diyat.<sup id="cite_ref-shahQD_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shahQD-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Islamic revolution in Iran, suspected royalists were purged from the civil service and the army with justifications that employed the Quranic notions of <i>fasad</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">fitna</a></i>. The clerical leadership attempted to present this campaign as analogous to the actions of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>. Acting as the prayer leader of Tehran, Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Hussein-Ali_Montazeri" title="Hussein-Ali Montazeri">Hussein-Ali Montazeri</a> commented that Muhammad was sent by God "to salvage [the inhabitants of Mecca] from corrupted moralities [<i>mafasid akhlaq</i>]". He identified fasad with "plotters, spies and traitors in government offices and institutions" and warned that failure to take action against it would put an end to "the sciences, the arts and progress".<sup id="cite_ref-haggay_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haggay-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a> the offense is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a></i> and is a capital crime. The charge was used by Islamic Republican judicial authorities in the early days of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, resulting in many imprisonments and executions. Possibly more than 8,000 people suffered that fate, ranging from former members of the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah's</a> government, leaders of opposition or terrorist groups, or simply opponents of the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been used against leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">number of occasions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in February 2011 a large majority of members of the Iranian parliament called for the prosecution and execution of Iranian opposition leaders <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Karroubi" title="Mehdi Karroubi">Mehdi Karroubi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mir-Hossein_Mousavi" title="Mir-Hossein Mousavi">Mir-Hossein Mousavi</a> on the charge of mofsed-e-filarz.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt.com_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHans_Wehr,_J._Milton_Cowan1976" class="citation book cs1">Hans Wehr, J. Milton Cowan (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabicenglishdic00wehr_111"><i>A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Spoken Language Services. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabicenglishdic00wehr_111/page/n365">712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Modern+Written+Arabic&rft.pages=712&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Spoken+Language+Services&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Hans+Wehr%2C+J.+Milton+Cowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabicenglishdic00wehr_111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFasad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver Leaman (2013), Controversies in Contemporary Islam, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415676137" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415676137">978-0415676137</a>, Chapter 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver Leaman (2009), Islamic Philosophy, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745645988" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745645988">978-0745645988</a>, pp. 140-141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture, Editors: Coeli Fitzpatrick and Adam Hani Walker, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610691772" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610691772">978-1610691772</a>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-study-quran-2-11-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-study-quran-2-11_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-study-quran-2-11_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-study-quran-2-11_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-study-quran-2-11_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-study-quran-2-11_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-study-quran-2-11_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr,_Seyyed_HosseinDagli,_Caner_K.Dakake,_Maria_MassiLumbard,_Joseph_E.B.2015" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dagli, Caner K.; Dakake, Maria Massi; Lumbard, Joseph E.B.; Rustom, Mohammed. (2015). <i>The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary</i>. HarperCollins (Kindle edition). p. Loc. 3292 (Commentary to 2:11-12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+Quran%3A+A+New+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.pages=Loc.+3292+%28Commentary+to+2%3A11-12%29&rft.pub=HarperCollins+%28Kindle+edition%29&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Nasr%2C+Seyyed+Hossein&rft.au=Dagli%2C+Caner+K.&rft.au=Dakake%2C+Maria+Massi&rft.au=Lumbard%2C+Joseph+E.B.&rft.au=Rustom%2C+Mohammed.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFasad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-study-quran-5-33-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-study-quran-5-33_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-study-quran-5-33_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-study-quran-5-33_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr,_Seyyed_HosseinDagli,_Caner_K.Dakake,_Maria_MassiLumbard,_Joseph_E.B.2015" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dagli, Caner K.; Dakake, Maria Massi; Lumbard, Joseph E.B.; Rustom, Mohammed. (2015). <i>The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary</i>. HarperCollins (Kindle edition). p. Loc. 15198 (Commentary to 5:33).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+Quran%3A+A+New+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.pages=Loc.+15198+%28Commentary+to+5%3A33%29&rft.pub=HarperCollins+%28Kindle+edition%29&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Nasr%2C+Seyyed+Hossein&rft.au=Dagli%2C+Caner+K.&rft.au=Dakake%2C+Maria+Massi&rft.au=Lumbard%2C+Joseph+E.B.&rft.au=Rustom%2C+Mohammed.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFasad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Khalil2003" class="citation cs2">Abu Khalil, Shawqi (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8BziirH6UKMC&q=qabil+and+habil&pg=PA24"><i>Atlas al Quran</i></a>, Dar us Salam, p. 24, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9960-897-54-0" title="Special:BookSources/9960-897-54-0"><bdi>9960-897-54-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+al+Quran&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Dar+us+Salam&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9960-897-54-0&rft.aulast=Abu+Khalil&rft.aufirst=Shawqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BziirH6UKMC%26q%3Dqabil%2Band%2Bhabil%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFasad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman_Al_Mubarakpuri2003" class="citation cs2">Rahman Al Mubarakpuri, Safiur (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzdFxlrRoCQC&q=qabil+and+habil&pg=PA150"><i>Tafsir ibn Kathir</i></a>, Dar us Salam, p. 150, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789960892740" title="Special:BookSources/9789960892740"><bdi>9789960892740</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tafsir+ibn+Kathir&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Dar+us+Salam&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789960892740&rft.aulast=Rahman+Al+Mubarakpuri&rft.aufirst=Safiur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzdFxlrRoCQC%26q%3Dqabil%2Band%2Bhabil%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFasad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr,_Seyyed_HosseinDagli,_Caner_K.Dakake,_Maria_MassiLumbard,_Joseph_E.B.2015" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dagli, Caner K.; Dakake, Maria Massi; Lumbard, Joseph E.B.; Rustom, Mohammed. 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HarperCollins (Kindle edition). p. Loc. 3451 (Commentary to 2:27).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+Quran%3A+A+New+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.pages=Loc.+3451+%28Commentary+to+2%3A27%29&rft.pub=HarperCollins+%28Kindle+edition%29&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Nasr%2C+Seyyed+Hossein&rft.au=Dagli%2C+Caner+K.&rft.au=Dakake%2C+Maria+Massi&rft.au=Lumbard%2C+Joseph+E.B.&rft.au=Rustom%2C+Mohammed.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFasad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fahmed-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fahmed_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fahmed_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fethi Ahmed (2005), The Dilemma of Corruption in Southeast Asia, University Malaya Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983100-2643" title="Special:BookSources/978-983100-2643">978-983100-2643</a>, pp 25-28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Sunan_Abu_Dawood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan Abu Dawood">Sunan Abu Dawood</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/038-sat.php#038.4359">38:4359</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shahQD-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shahQD_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2013" class="citation news cs1">Shah, Waseem Ahmad (September 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1043236">"Pros and cons of Qisas and Diyat law"</a>. dawn.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pros+and+cons+of+Qisas+and+Diyat+law&rft.date=2013-09-16&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Waseem+Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1043236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFasad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haggay-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haggay_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haggay R. (1992), "Crushing the opposition: adversaries of the Islamic Republic of Iran", <i>The Middle East Journal</i>, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 427–428</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranhumanrights.org/2010/01/threat-execution/">Detained Protesters Threatened with Execution</a>, ICHRI, 4 January 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranhumanrights.org/2009/05/oneyearbahai/">Baha’i Leaders Remain Unjustly Detained After One Year</a>, ICHRI, 14 May 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt.com-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt.com_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/16/world/middleeast/16iran.html?hp">Iran Lawmakers Want Opposition Leaders Killed</a>, ALAN COWELL and NEIL MacFARQUHAR, nyt.com, February 15, 2011</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamfrominside.com/Pages/Tafsir/Tafsir(5_33).html">Tafsir Sura 5, Verse 33</a>: Analysis of Qur'anic verses.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fasad&oldid=1257907563">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fasad&oldid=1257907563</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_words_and_phrases_in_Sharia" title="Category:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia">Arabic words and phrases in Sharia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_and_capital_punishment" title="Category:Islam and capital punishment">Islam and capital punishment</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Arabic_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Arabic IPA">Pages with Arabic IPA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 05:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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