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Quran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hadith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hadith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Hadith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hadith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greater_and_lesser_jihad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greater_and_lesser_jihad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Greater and lesser jihad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greater_and_lesser_jihad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defensive_and_offensive_lesser_jihad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defensive_and_offensive_lesser_jihad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Defensive and offensive lesser jihad </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Defensive_and_offensive_lesser_jihad-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Defensive and offensive lesser jihad subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Defensive_and_offensive_lesser_jihad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rules_of_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_of_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Rules of warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules_of_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Classical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Muslim_conquests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Muslim_conquests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Early Muslim conquests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Muslim_conquests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-classical_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-classical_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Post-classical usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-classical_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonialism_and_modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonialism_and_modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Colonialism and modernism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonialism_and_modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Post-colonialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Terrorism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abdullah_Azzam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdullah_Azzam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Abdullah Azzam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdullah_Azzam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Shia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_jurisprudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_jurisprudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Islamic jurisprudence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_jurisprudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Usage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Usage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muslim_public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Muslim public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_struggles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_struggles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Other struggles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_struggles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_by_some_non-Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_by_some_non-Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Usage by some non-Muslims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_by_some_non-Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Other groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ahmadiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmadiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Ahmadiyya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmadiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quranist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quranist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Quranist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quranist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jihad</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" > 100 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djihad" title="Djihad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Djihad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="جهاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchihad" title="Alchihad – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alchihad" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="জিহাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জিহাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yihad" title="Yihad – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yihad" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihad" title="Cihad – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cihad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="جیهاد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جیهاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="জিহাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জিহাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Йыһат (ғазауат) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йыһат (ғазауат)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="जेहाद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जेहाद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Джихад – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джихад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%97%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྗེས་ཧ་སྒྲིའམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྗེས་ཧ་སྒྲིའམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEihad" title="Džihad – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Džihad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gihad" title="Gihad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gihad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyihad" title="Dyihad – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dyihad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEih%C3%A1d" title="Džihád – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džihád" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dschihad" title="Dschihad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dschihad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEihaad" title="Džihaad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Džihaad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τζιχάντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζιχάντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yihad" title="Yihad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yihad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cihado" title="Ĝihado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝihado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="جهاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جهاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djihad" title="Djihad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Djihad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jioh%C3%A1d" title="Jiohád – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jiohád" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xihad" title="Xihad – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xihad" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6" title="જિહાદ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જિહાદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%ED%95%98%EB%93%9C" title="지하드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지하드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadi" title="Jihadi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jihadi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%AB%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Ջիհադ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջիհադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="जिहाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जिहाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEihad" title="Džihad – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Džihad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jih%C4%81d" title="Jihād – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jihād" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93" title="ג'יהאד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יהאד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜಿಹಾದ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಿಹಾದ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯიჰადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯიჰადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Жиһад – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жиһад" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadi" title="Jihadi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jihadi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AEhad" title="Cîhad – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cîhad" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Жыхад – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жыхад" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gihad" title="Gihad – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gihad" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEih%C4%81ds" title="Džihāds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džihāds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEihadas" title="Džihadas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džihadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzsih%C3%A1d" title="Dzsihád – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dzsihád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihady" title="Jihady – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jihady" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D" title="ജിഹാദ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജിഹാദ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="جهاد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جهاد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9F%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျီဟက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျီဟက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ジハード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジハード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihod" title="Jihod – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jihod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਜਿਹਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਿਹਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="جہاد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جہاد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCihad" title="Dżihad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżihad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Джихад – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джихад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhihadi" title="Xhihadi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhihadi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A" title="ජිහාද් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජිහාද්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="جھاد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جھاد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEih%C3%A1d" title="Džihád – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Džihád" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEihad" title="Džihad – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Džihad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihaad" title="Jihaad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jihaad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="جیھاد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جیھاد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Џихад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џихад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEihad" title="Džihad – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Džihad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜிகாத் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜிகாத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B8%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Җиһад – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җиһад" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D" title="జిహాద్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జిహాద్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="ญิฮาด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ญิฮาด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Ҷиҳод – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷиҳод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihat" title="Cihat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cihat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Джихад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джихад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="جہاد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جہاد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jihad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%88%B0" title="聖戰 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="聖戰" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7" title="吉哈德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="吉哈德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93" title="דזשיהאד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשיהאד" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Struggle of a religious kind in Islam</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jihad_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jihad (disambiguation)">Jihad (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Islamic jurisprudence">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:ALFiqh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/125px-ALFiqh.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/188px-ALFiqh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ALFiqh.png/250px-ALFiqh.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ibadah" title="Ibadah">Ritual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakat">Raka'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbah" title="Turbah">Turbah</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sunnah_prayer" title="Sunnah prayer">Sunnah prayer</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Tarawih" title="Tarawih">Tarawih</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tahajjud" title="Tahajjud">Tahajjud</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witr" title="Witr">Witr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafl_prayer" title="Nafl prayer">Nafl prayer</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ihram_clothing" title="Ihram clothing">clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj">Mut'ah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawaf">Tawaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_of_Hajj" title="Mut'ah of Hajj">and Hajj</a>)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Islamic leadership</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis-ash-Shura">Majlis-ash-Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-faqih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aman_(Islam)" title="Aman (Islam)">Aman</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_halala" title="Nikah halala">Halala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Urfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Mut‘ah</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khula" class="mw-redirect" title="Khula">Khula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihar" title="Zihar">Zihar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddah" title="Iddah">Iddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafa%27ah" title="Kafa'ah">Kafa'ah</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_Islam" title="Breastfeeding in Islam">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Islam">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam#Purification_and_hygiene" title="Sexuality in Islam">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Islamic_law" title="Rape in Islamic law">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_masturbation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and masturbation">Masturbation</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Maisir  (gambling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina  (illicit sex)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah">Hirabah  (unlawful warfare and banditry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad">Fasad  ("mischief")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofsed-e-filarz" title="Mofsed-e-filarz">Mofsed-e-filarz</a>  ("spreading corruption")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a>  ("sedition")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajm">Rajm  (stoning)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tazir" title="Tazir">Tazir  (discretionary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas">Qisas  (retaliation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya (Islam)">Diya  (compensation)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Adab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisab" title="Nisab">Nisab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Bayt al-mal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam#Hygienical_Jurisprudence" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Hygiene</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual hygienical jurisprudence">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Taharah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">Ihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masah" title="Masah">Masah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istinja" title="Istinja">Istinja</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Dietary</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Intoxicants" title="Islamic dietary laws">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws#Pork" title="Islamic dietary laws">Pork</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Islamic_and_Jewish_dietary_laws" title="Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws">Comparison with kashrut</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanimah" title="Ghanimah">Ghanimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">Hudna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istijarah" title="Istijarah">Istijarah (asylum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_prisoners_of_war" title="Islamic views on prisoners of war">Prisoners of war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fiqh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:whitesmoke; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Practices and concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishhad" title="Istishhad">Istishhad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Shahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Widow_(Chechnya)" title="Black Widow (Chechnya)">Shahidka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inghimasi" title="Inghimasi">Inghimasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_video" title="Martyrdom video">Martyrdom video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_video" title="Beheading video">Beheading video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_flag" title="Jihadist flag">Jihadist flag</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Notable jihadist organisations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tehrik-i-Taliban_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan">Pakistani Taliban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayat_Tahrir_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayat Tahrir al-Sham">Hayat Tahrir al-Sham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in Africa</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb and Sahel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in Asia</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_Islamic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="East Turkestan Islamic Movement">East Turkestan Islamic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_insurgency_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro insurgency in the Philippines">Moro insurgency in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Arabs" title="Afghan Arabs">Arab mujahideen in Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="background:whitesmoke"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:whitesmoke; border-top:#aaa 1px solid; font-size: 110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jihadism in the West</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism in Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Islamic terrorism in the Balkans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">Islamism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_extremism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist extremism in the United States">Jihadist extremism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Foreign fighters in the Bosnian War">Foreign fighters in Bosnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_mujahideen" title="Bosnian mujahideen">Bosnian mujahideen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_and_Iraqi_Civil_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars">Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homegrown_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Homegrown terrorism">Homegrown terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_tourism" title="Jihadi tourism">Jihadi tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Template:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jihadism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jihadism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Jihad (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/dʒɪˈhɑːd/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جِهَاد, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: jihād <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[dʒiˈhaːd]</a>) is an Arabic word that means "exerting", "striving", or "struggling", particularly with a praiseworthy aim.<a href="#cite_note-ODI-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-OEIP-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> In an Islamic context, it encompasses almost any effort to make personal and social life conform with <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>'s guidance, such as an <a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">internal struggle</a> against evil in oneself, efforts to build a good Muslim community (<a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a>), and struggle to defend <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODI-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-OEIP-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeLong-Bas_2018-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In non-Muslim societies, the term is most often <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">associated with warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> Jihad is classified into inner ("greater") jihad, which involves a struggle against one's own passions and impulses, and outer ("lesser") jihad, which is further subdivided into jihad of the pen/tongue (debate or persuasion) and jihad of the sword (warfare).<a href="#cite_note-DeLong-Bas_2018-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bonner-7">[7]</a>: 13 <a href="#cite_note-ER-8">[8]</a> Much of Muslim opinion considers inner jihad to have primacy over outer jihad, although many Western scholars disagree. The analysis of a large survey from 2002 reveals considerable nuance in the conceptions of jihad held by Muslims around the world, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">righteous living</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">promoting peace</a> to <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">fighting against the opponents of Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gallop-9">[9]</a> The word jihad appears frequently in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> referring to both religious and spiritual struggle and to war and physical struggle,<a href="#cite_note-11">[a]</a> often in the idiomatic expression "striving in the path of God (al-jihad fi sabil <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>)",<a href="#cite_note-morgan2010-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-MIC-13">[12]</a> conveying a sense of self-exertion.<a href="#cite_note-Esposito-14">[13]</a>: 54  In the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a>, jihad refers predominantly to warfare. Greater jihad refers to spiritual and moral struggle, and has traditionally been emphasized in <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> circles.<a href="#cite_note-DeLong-Bas_2018-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-ER-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-EI2-3">[3]</a> The sense of jihad as armed resistance was first used in the context of <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_by_Meccans" title="Persecution of Muslims by Meccans">persecution faced by Muslims when Muhammad was at Mecca</a>, when the community had two choices: further emigration (<a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">hijrah</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Muslim%E2%80%93Quraysh_War" title="Muslim–Quraysh War">war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Esposito-14">[13]</a>: 30  The Qur'an justifies war in self-defense or in response to aggression towards other Muslims, however the <a href="/wiki/Sword_Verse" title="Sword Verse">sword verses</a> have historically been interpreted to renounce other verses and justify offensive war against unbelievers, forcibly converting <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">polytheistic pagans</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a>: 46  A <a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">set of rules pertaining to jihad</a> were developed, including prohibitions on harming those who are not engaged in combat, on killing animals such as horses, and on unnecessary destruction of enemy property.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> In the twentieth century, the notion of jihad lost its jurisprudential relevance and instead gave rise to ideological and political discourse.<a href="#cite_note-DeLong-Bas_2018-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-hallaq334-19">[18]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">modernist Islamic scholars</a> have emphasized the defensive and non-military aspects of jihad, some <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a> have advanced aggressive interpretations that go beyond the classical texts.<a href="#cite_note-hallaq334-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jalal_2009-20">[19]</a> The term has gained additional attention in recent decades through its use by various <a href="/wiki/Insurgent" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgent">insurgent</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorist</a> individuals and organizations.<a href="#cite_note-DeLong-Bas_2018-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Badara_2017-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a>: 93 <a href="#cite_note-Jalal_2009-20">[19]</a> Today, the word jihad is often used without religious connotations, like the English <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ODI-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-OEIP-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_literary_origins">Etymology and literary origins</h2></div> The term jihad is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic root">Arabic root</a> jahada, meaning "to exert strength and effort, to use all means in order to accomplish a task". In its expanded sense, it can be fighting the enemies of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, as well as adhering to religious teachings, enjoining good and forbidding evil.<a href="#cite_note-Oz-23">[22]</a> The peaceful sense of "efforts towards the moral uplift of society or towards the spread of Islam" can be known as "jihad of the tongue" or "jihad of the pen", as opposed to "jihad of the sword".<a href="#cite_note-Jihād-24">[23]</a> It is used as a term in <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> (Islamic jurisprudence) mostly in the latter sense, while in <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> mostly in the sense of fighting the nafs al-ammara, which is the <a href="/wiki/Psychological_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological state">psychological state</a> of succumbing to one's own desires.<a href="#cite_note-Oz-23">[22]</a> Spiritual and moral jihad is generally emphasized in pious and mystical circles.<a href="#cite_note-Jihād-24">[23]</a> The Hans Wehr <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Modern_Written_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic">Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic</a> defines the term as "fight, battle; jihad, <a href="/wiki/Holy_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy war">holy war</a> (against the <a href="/wiki/Infidels" class="mw-redirect" title="Infidels">infidels</a>, as a religious duty)".<a href="#cite_note-hanswehr-25">[24]</a> However, given the range of meanings, it is incorrect to equate it simply with "holy war".<a href="#cite_note-Jihād-24">[23]</a> The notion of jihad has its origins in the Islamic idea that the whole humankind will embrace Islam.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] In the Qur'an and in later Muslim usage, jihad is commonly followed by the expression fi sabil illah, "in the path of God."<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abdel-Haleem" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Abdel-Haleem">Muhammad Abdel-Haleem</a> stated that it indicates "the way of truth and justice, including all the teachings it gives on the justifications and the conditions for the conduct of war and peace."<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>, the term jihad is used for a struggle for causes, both religious and <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a>. It is sometimes used without religious connotation, with a meaning similar to the English word "<a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusade</a>" (as in "a crusade against drugs").<a href="#cite_note-OISO-29">[28]</a> Jihad is used commonly in Arabic countries, in the neutral sense of "a struggle for a noble cause", as a unisex name given to children.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Nonetheless, jihad is usually used in the religious sense and its beginnings trace to the Qur'an and the words and actions of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peters-jihad-OEIW-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berkey-2003-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quran">Quran</h3></div> Jihad is mentioned in four places in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> as a noun, while its derived verb is used in twenty-four places. <a href="/wiki/Mujahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujahid">Mujahid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Active_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Active participle">active participle</a> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Jihadist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist">jihadist</a>", is mentioned in two verses.<a href="#cite_note-Oz-23">[22]</a> In some of these mentions (see <a href="/wiki/At-Tawbah" title="At-Tawbah">At-Tawbah</a> 9/41, 44, 81, 86), it is understood that the word jihad directly refers to war, and in others, jihad is used in the sense of "the effort to live in accordance with Allah's will".<a href="#cite_note-Oz-23">[22]</a> Qur'anic exhortations to jihad have been <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">interpreted</a> by Islamic scholars both in the combative and non-combative sense.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Ahmed al-Dawoody wrote that there seventeen references to or derivatives of jihad occur altogether forty-one times in eleven <a href="/wiki/Meccan_surah" title="Meccan surah">Meccan</a> texts and thirty <a href="/wiki/Medinan_surah" title="Medinan surah">Medinan</a> ones, with 28 mentions related to religious belief or spiritual struggle and 13 mentions related to warfare or physical struggle.<a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 56  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hadith">Hadith</h3></div> There are also many <a href="/wiki/Hadiths" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiths">hadiths</a> (records of the teachings, deeds and sayings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) about jihad, typically under the headings of kitab al-jihad (book of jihad) or faza'il al-jihad (virtues of jihad) in hadith collections or as the subject of independent works.<a href="#cite_note-Oz-23">[22]</a> Of the 199 hadith references to jihad in the <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih Bukhari">Bukhari</a> collection of hadith, all assume that jihad means warfare.<a href="#cite_note-bukhari-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Streusand-1997-35">[34]</a> Among reported sayings of Muhammad involving jihad are: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The best Jihad is the word of Justice in front of the oppressive sultan.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>cited by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nuhaas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Nuhaas">Ibn Nuhaas</a> and narrated by Ibn Habbaan<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hashim1-38">[37]</a></cite></div></blockquote> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Messenger of Allah was asked about the best jihad. He said: "The best jihad is the one in which your horse is slain and your blood is spilled."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>cited by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nuhaas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Nuhaas">Ibn Nuhaas</a> and narrated by Ibn Habbaan<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Ibn Nuhaas cited a <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> from <a href="/wiki/Musnad_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a>, where Muhammad stated that the highest kind jihad is "The person who is killed whilst spilling the last of his blood" (Ahmed 4/144).<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Muhammad also said, “I cannot find anything” as meritorious as jihad; he further likened jihad to “praying ceaselessly and fasting continuously”.<a href="#cite_note-1t4-41">[40]</a>: 70, 145 <a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Muhammad said that “if it were not a hardship for the Muslims, I would never idle behind from a raiding party going out to fight in the path of Allah.... I [would] love to raid in the path of Allah and be killed, to raid again and be killed, and to raid again and be killed”.<a href="#cite_note-1t4-41">[40]</a>: 147  Muhammad also said that "Lining up for battle in the path of Allah [jihad] is worthier than 60 years of worship".<a href="#cite_note-1t4-41">[40]</a>: 151  Muhammad claimed that any Muslim who refused to fight in jihad “will be tortured like no other sinful human” in hell with confirmation from Qur'an 8:15-16.<a href="#cite_note-1t4-41">[40]</a>: 71 <a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> In another hadith Muhammad said, “the sword wipes away all sins” and “being killed in the path of Allah washes away impurity”.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-1t4-41">[40]</a>: 183  According to another hadith,<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> supporting one's parents is an example of jihad.<a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 76  It has been reported that Muhammad considered performing <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a> well to be the best jihad for Muslim women.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 58  The hadith emphasize jihad as one of the means to <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>. All sins (except debt) would be forgiven for the one who dies in it.<a href="#cite_note-Bonney04-47">[46]</a>: 34–35  Participation in jihad had to be voluntary and intention must be pure, for jihad is only waged for the sake of God not for material wealth.<a href="#cite_note-Bonney04-47">[46]</a>: 34–35  On the contrary, jihad required man to put both his life and wealth at risk.<a href="#cite_note-Bonney04-47">[46]</a>: 34–35  Jihad is ranked as one of the highest good deeds; according to one hadith it is the third-best deed after <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">prayer</a> and being good to one's parents.<a href="#cite_note-Bonney04-47">[46]</a>: 35  One hadith exempts military jihad on men whose parents are alive, as serving one's parents is considered a superior jihad.<a href="#cite_note-Bonney04-47">[46]</a>: 35  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greater_and_lesser_jihad">Greater and lesser jihad</h2></div> Tradition distinguishes the "greater jihad" (inner struggle against sinful behavior) from the "lesser jihad" (military sense).<a href="#cite_note-DeLong-Bas_2018-5">[5]</a> Early Islamic thought considered non-violent interpretations of jihad, especially for those Muslims who could not partake in warfare in distant lands.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Most classical writings use the term "jihad" in the military sense.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-1988-49">[48]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicallanguag00lewi_680/page/n80">72</a>  The tradition differentiating between the "greater and lesser jihad" is not included in any of the authoritative compilations of Hadith. In consequence, some Islamists dismiss it as not authentic.<a href="#cite_note-Peters-jihad-50">[49]</a>: 116  The most commonly cited hadith for "greater jihad" is:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <blockquote>A number of fighters came to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and he said "You have come from the 'lesser jihad' to the 'greater jihad'." The fighters asked "what is the greater jihad?" Muhammad replied, "It is the struggle against one's passions."<a href="#cite_note-bbcislam-51">[50]</a></blockquote> This passage was cited in The History of Baghdad by <a href="/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Baghdadi" title="Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi">Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi</a>, an 11th-century Islamic scholar.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Streusand-greater-53">[52]</a> This reference gave rise to the practice of distinguishing "greater" and "lesser" jihad.<a href="#cite_note-bbcislam-51">[50]</a> Islamic scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani" title="Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani">Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani</a> consider the hadith to have a weak <a href="/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad">chain of transmission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> The concept has had "enormous influence" in Islamic mysticism (<a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Kadri12-55">[54]</a>: 78–79 <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKadri2012103According_to_al-Ghazali,_he_[the_Prophet]_had_told_Muslims_after_their_first_major_military_victory_at_Badr_that_their_struggle_(jihad)_was_not_won:_they_had_only_won_a_'lesser_struggle',_while_the_greater_struggle_to_fortify_their_spiritual_defenses_still_lay_ahead._56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadri2012103According_to_al-Ghazali,_he_[the_Prophet]_had_told_Muslims_after_their_first_major_military_victory_at_Badr_that_their_struggle_(jihad)_was_not_won:_they_had_only_won_a_'lesser_struggle',_while_the_greater_struggle_to_fortify_their_spiritual_defenses_still_lay_ahead.-56">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a> lists four kinds of jihad fi sabilillah (struggle in the cause of God): <ul><li>Jihad of the heart (jihad bil qalb/nafs) is concerned with combatting <a href="/wiki/The_devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The devil">the devil</a> and in the attempt to escape his persuasion to evil. This type of jihad was regarded[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] as the greater jihad (al-jihad al-akbar).</li> <li>Jihad by the tongue (jihad bil lisan) (also jihad by the word, jihad al-qalam) is concerned with speaking the truth and spreading the word of Islam with one's tongue.</li> <li>Jihad by the hand (jihad bil yad) refers to choosing to do what is right and to combat injustice and what is wrong with action.</li> <li>Jihad by the sword (jihad bis saif) refers to qital fi sabilillah (armed fighting in the way of God, or <a href="/wiki/Holy_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy war">holy war</a>), the most common usage by <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> Muslims and offshoots of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Khadduri-57">[56]</a>: 56 </li></ul> A related hadith tradition that has "found its way into popular Muslim literature",<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> and which has been said to "embody the Muslim mindset" of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate#Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Abbasid Caliphate"> Islamic Golden Age</a> (the period from the mid-8th century to mid-13th century following the relocation of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> capital from <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>),<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> is: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The ink of the scholar is more holy than the blood of the martyr."</blockquote> The belief in the veracity of this hadith was a contributing factor in the efforts by successive <a href="/wiki/Caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphs">caliphs</a> to subsidize translations of "<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> science and philosophy texts",<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> and the saying continues to be heavily emphasised in certain Islamic traditions advocating intellectualism over violence, for example in <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> where it is central to one of two key lessons in the work Tuhfat al-fudala by 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Baba">Ahmed Baba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> In general, however, fewer people today are aware of the hadith, which suffers from "a general lack of knowledge", according to <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ahmed" title="Akbar Ahmed">Akbar Ahmed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> According to classical Islamic scholars like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a>, jihad is against four types of enemies: the lower self (<a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">nafs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, the unbelievers, and the hypocrites. The first two types of jihad are purely peaceful spiritual struggles. According to Ibn Qayyim, "Jihad against the lower self precedes jihad against external enemies." Confirming the central importance of the spiritual aspect of jihad, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> wrote:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Jihad against the lower self and whims is the foundation of jihad against the unbelievers and hypocrites, for a Muslim cannot wage jihad against them unless he has waged jihad against himself and his desires first, before he goes out against them."<a href="#cite_note-yaqeeninstitute.org-64">[63]</a></blockquote> Engaging in the greater jihad does not preclude engaging in the lesser jihad. <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Jilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani">Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani</a> recommended his followers to pursue both the greater and the lesser jihads.<a href="#cite_note-handbook295-65">[64]</a> At least one important contemporary <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> figure, <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a>, wrote a treatise on the "Greater Jihad" (i.e., internal/personal struggle against sin).<a href="#cite_note-Khomeini-greater-66">[65]</a> Robert W. Schaefer discussed jihad and gazavat in the context of the Caucasus: "Gazavat was the jihad of its day. Gazavat meant putting yourself on the right path (what Muslims refer to as the lesser jihad) as well as expelling the invader (what is referred to as greater jihad)."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defensive_and_offensive_lesser_jihad">Defensive and offensive lesser jihad</h2></div> Classical scholars considered various justifications for jihad, including waging it defensively vs offensively. Scholarly opinions carried significant weight with Muslim leaders. Scholars paid more attention to conduct of war (<a href="/wiki/Jus_in_bello" class="mw-redirect" title="Jus in bello">jus in bello</a>) than justification of war (<a href="/wiki/Jus_ad_bellum" title="Jus ad bellum">jus ad bellum</a>).<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-AEF99-69">[68]</a>: 150–151  The decision of when to wage war was often viewed as a political decision best left to political authorities.<a href="#cite_note-AEF01-70">[69]</a>: 30 <a href="#cite_note-AEF99-69">[68]</a>: 150–151  Two justifications for jihad were given: defensive war against external aggression, or an offensive or preemptive attack against an enemy state.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a>: 18–19  According to the majority of jurists, the <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a> (justifications for war) are restricted to aggression against Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 78–79 <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbou_El_Fadl200129-72">[71]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">fitna</a>—<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">persecution of Muslims</a> because of their religious belief.<a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 78–79  They hold that unbelief in itself is not a justification for war. These jurists therefore maintain that only combatants are to be fought; noncombatants such as women, children, clergy, the aged, the insane, farmers, serfs, the blind, and so on are not to be killed in war.<a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 78–79  Thus, the Hanafī Ibn Najīm stated: "the reason for jihād in our [the Hanafīs] view is kawnuhum harbā ‛alaynā [literally, their being at war against us]."<a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 78–79 <a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafī</a> jurists al-Shaybānī state that "although unbelief in God is one of the greatest sins, it is between the individual and his God the Almighty and the punishment for this sin is to be postponed to the dār al-jazā’, (the abode of reckoning, the Hereafter)."<a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 78–79  Al-Sarakhsī says something similar.<a href="#cite_note-AEF99-69">[68]</a>: 152  Offensive jihad involved forays into enemy territory either for conquest, thus enlarging the Muslim political order, or to dissuade the enemy from attacking Muslim lands.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Shia and <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> theories of jihad are similar,<a href="#cite_note-Peters-jihad-OEIW-31">[30]</a> except that Shias consider offensive jihad to be valid only under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>, who is currently believed to be in <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">occultation</a> but will return.<a href="#cite_note-kohlberg-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCAP-76">[75]</a> However, defensive jihad is permissible in Shia Islam before the Mahdi's return.<a href="#cite_note-kohlberg-75">[74]</a> In fact, Shia scholars emphasized it was a religious duty for Shia to defend all Muslims (including Sunni Muslims) from outside invaders.<a href="#cite_note-Prism10-77">[76]</a>: 152  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rules_of_warfare">Rules of warfare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules of war in Islam">Rules of war in Islam</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">They might be our enemies but they are human beings. They consist of civil population comprising of women and children; how can one kill, loot and plunder them?<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>, Najh Al-Balagha<a href="#cite_note-Prism10-77">[76]</a>: 155 </cite></div></blockquote> Rules prohibit attacking or molesting non-combatants, including women, children under the age of <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, elderly men, people with disabilities and those who are sick.<a href="#cite_note-V15-78">[77]</a>: 33–35 <a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 78  Diplomats, merchants and peasants are similarly immune from being attacked.<a href="#cite_note-V15-78">[77]</a>: 33–35 <a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 134  Monks are presumed to be non-combatants and thus have immunity; places of worship should not be attacked.<a href="#cite_note-V15-78">[77]</a>: 33–35  Even if the enemy disregarded the immunity of noncombatants, Muslims could not respond in kind.<a href="#cite_note-handbook295-65">[64]</a> However, these categories lose their immunity should they participate in fighting, planning, or supplying the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-V15-78">[77]</a>: 33–35  Some jurists argued that immunity was more related to noncombatant status than being in a certain demographic class. For example, <a href="/wiki/Muhaqqiq_al-Hilli" title="Muhaqqiq al-Hilli">Muhaqqiq al-Hilli</a> opined that only old men are only immune from being killed if they neither fight, nor take a role in military decision making.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Prism10-77">[76]</a>: 154  Up until the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, Muslim jurists disallowed the use of <a href="/wiki/Mangonels" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangonels">mangonels</a> because the weapon killed indiscriminately with the potential of harming noncombatants. During the Crusades this ruling was reversed out of military need.<a href="#cite_note-Cook05-79">[78]</a>: 55–56  Jurists grappled with the question of attacking an enemy that used women, children or Muslims as <a href="/wiki/Human_shields" class="mw-redirect" title="Human shields">human shields</a>. Most jurists held that it was permissible to attack the enemy in cases of <a href="/wiki/Military_necessity" title="Military necessity">military necessity</a>, but steps should be taken to direct the attack towards combatants to avoid the human shield.<a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 117  Abu Hanifa argued that if Muslims stopped combat for fear of killing noncombatants, then such a rule would make fighting impossible, as every city had civilians.<a href="#cite_note-handbook295-65">[64]</a> Mutilating the enemy dead is prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a>: 101  Two rulings on destruction of enemy property conflict. In one military battle, Prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> ordered the destruction of an enemy's palm trees as a means of ending a siege without bloodshed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> prohibited destruction of trees, buildings and livestock.<a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 126–128  Most jurists did not allow unnecessary destruction of enemy property,<a href="#cite_note-handbook295-65">[64]</a> but allowed it in cases of military necessity, such as destroying buildings in which the enemy is taking shelter.<a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 126–128  Some jurists allowed destruction if it would weaken the enemy or win the war.<a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 126–128  Many jurists cautioned against "unnecessary devastation", not just out of humanitarian concerns, but practical ones: it is more useful to capture an enemy's property than to destroy it.<a href="#cite_note-V15-78">[77]</a>: 39  Islamic scholars prohibited killing animals, unless due to military necessity (such as killing horses in battle). This is because, unlike property, animals feel pain.<a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 126–128  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_expeditions_of_Muhammad" title="List of expeditions of Muhammad">List of expeditions of Muhammad</a></div> In pre-Islamic Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a> raided enemy tribes and settlements to collect spoils. According to some scholars (such as James Turner Johnson), while Islamic leaders "instilled into the hearts of the warriors the belief" in jihad "holy war" and ghaza (raids), the "fundamental structure" of this Bedouin warfare "remained, ... raiding to collect booty".<a href="#cite_note-johnson-147-81">[80]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Berkey" title="Jonathan Berkey">Jonathan Berkey</a>, the Qur'an's statements in support of jihad may have originally been directed against Muhammad's local enemies, the pagans of Mecca or the Jews of Medina, but these same statements could be redirected once new enemies appeared.<a href="#cite_note-Berkey2003-82">[81]</a> According to scholar Majid Khadduri, it was the shift in focus to the conquest and spoils collecting of non-Bedouin unbelievers and away from traditional inter-Bedouin tribal raids, that may have made it possible for Islam to expand and to avoid self-destruction.<a href="#cite_note-Khadduri-1955-62-83">[82]</a>: 60  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical">Classical</h3></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara_256" title="Al-Baqara 256">Al-Baqara 256</a> "there is no compulsion in religion".<a href="#cite_note-qref|2|256-84">[83]</a> The primary aim of jihad as warfare is not the conversion of non-Muslims to Islam by force, but rather the expansion and defense of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EIO-djihad-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peters-1977-3-86">[85]</a> There could be truces before this was achieved, but no permanent peace.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-87">[86]</a>: 9–10  One who died "on the path of God" was a martyr (<a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">shahid</a>), whose sins were remitted and who secured "immediate entry to paradise".<a href="#cite_note-OCAP-76">[75]</a> According with <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, "from an early date Muslim law laid down" jihad in the military sense as "one of the principal obligations" of both "the head of the Muslim state", who declared jihad, and the Muslim community.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-87">[86]</a> According to legal historian Sadakat Kadri, Islamic jurists first developed classical doctrine of jihad "towards the end of the eighth century", using the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Naskh_(tafsir)" title="Naskh (tafsir)">naskh</a> (that God gradually improved His revelations over the course of Muhammed's mission). They subordinated Qur'anic verses emphasizing harmony to the more "confrontational" verses of Muhammad's later years and linked verses on exertion (jihad) to those of fighting (qital).<a href="#cite_note-Kadri12-55">[54]</a>: 1501  Muslims jurists of the eighth century divided the world into three divisions, dar al-Islam/dar al-‛adl/dar al-salam (house of Islam/house of justice/house of peace), dar al-harb/dar al-jawr (house of war/house of injustice, oppression), and dar al-sulh/dar al-‛ahd/dār al-muwada‛ah (house of peace/house of covenant/house of reconciliation).<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> The eighth century jurist <a href="/wiki/Sufyan_al-Thawri" title="Sufyan al-Thawri">Sufyan al-Thawri</a> (d. 778) headed what <a href="/wiki/Majid_Khadduri" title="Majid Khadduri">Khadduri</a> called a pacifist school, which maintained that jihad was only a defensive war.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a>: 36ff <a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 90  He stated that the jurists who held this position, among whom he refers to <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> jurists <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Awza%27i" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i">al-Awza‛i</a> (d. 774) and <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> (d. 795), and other early jurists, "stressed that tolerance should be shown unbelievers, especially scripturaries and advised the Imam to prosecute war only when the inhabitants of the dar al-harb came into conflict with Islam."<a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 80 <a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a>: 58  The duty of Jihad was a collective one (<a href="/wiki/Fard_al-kifaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Fard al-kifaya">fard al-kifaya</a>). It was to be directed only by the caliph who might delay it when convenient, negotiating truces for up to ten years at a time.<a href="#cite_note-Kadri12-55">[54]</a>: 150–51  Within classical <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a>, during the first few centuries after the prophet's death,<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> jihad consisted of wars against unbelievers, <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostated</a>, and was the only form of permissible warfare.<a href="#cite_note-Khadduri-57">[56]</a>: 74–80  <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a> stated that fighting rebels and bandits was legitimate, though not a form of jihad,<a href="#cite_note-lewis-2004-31-93">[92]</a> and that while the classical perception and presentation of jihad was warfare in the field against a foreign enemy, internal jihad "against an infidel renegade, or otherwise illegitimate regime was not unknown."<a href="#cite_note-lewis-237-94">[93]</a>) However, some argue martyrdom is never automatic, because it is God's province to judge who is worthy of that designation.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a>: 222–223  Classical manuals of Islamic jurisprudence often contained a section called Book of Jihad, with <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules of war in Islam">rules governing the conduct of war</a> covered at great length. Such rules include treatment of nonbelligerents, women, children (also cultivated or residential areas),<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a>: 205–08 <a href="#cite_note-Bonner-7">[7]</a>: 3  and division of spoils.<a href="#cite_note-Bonner-7">[7]</a>: 99  Such rules offered protection for civilians.<a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-97">[96]</a> Spoils include <a href="/wiki/Ghanimah" title="Ghanimah">Ghanimah</a> (spoils obtained by actual fighting), and fai (obtained without fighting i.e. when the enemy surrenders or flees).<a href="#cite_note-chaudhry-spoils-98">[97]</a> The first documentation of the law of jihad was written by 'Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hasan_al-Shaybani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Shaybani">Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Shaybani</a>. (It grew out of debates that surfaced following Muhammad's death.<a href="#cite_note-Peters-jihad-OEIW-31">[30]</a>) Although some Islamic scholars have differed on the implementation of Jihad, the consensus amongst them is that jihad always includes armed struggle against persecution and oppression.<a href="#cite_note-jihad-ghamidi-99">[98]</a> Both <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Qayyim">Ibn Qayyim</a> asserted that <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> never initiated hostilities and that all the wars he engaged in were primarily defensive. He never forced non-Muslims to Islam and upheld the truces with non-Muslims so long as they did not violate them. Ibn Taymiyya's views on Jihad are explained in his treatise titled Qāʿidah mukhtaṣarah fī qitāl al-kuffār wa muhādanatuhum wa taḥrīm qatlahum li mujarrad kufrihim. (An abridged rule on fighting the unbelievers and making truces with them, and the prohibition of killing them merely because of their unbelief). According to Ibn Taymiyya, human blood is inviolable by default, except "by right of justice". Although Ibn Taymiyya authorised offensive Jihad ( Jihad al-Talab) against enemies who threaten Muslims or obstruct their citizens from freely accepting Islam, unbelief (<a href="/wiki/Kufr" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufr">Kufr</a>) by itself is not a justification for violence, whether against individuals or stated. According to Ibn Taymīyah, jihad is a legitimate reaction to military aggression by unbelievers and not merely due to religious differences. Ibn Taymiyya wrote:<blockquote>"As for the transgressor who does not fight, there are no texts in which Allah commands him to be fought. Rather, the unbelievers are only fought on the condition that they wage war, as is practiced by the majority of scholars and is evident in the Book and Sunnah."<a href="#cite_note-yaqeeninstitute.org-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-mqz-100">[99]</a>: 265 </blockquote> As important as jihad was, it is not considered one of the "<a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">pillars of Islam</a>". According to one scholar (<a href="/wiki/Majid_Khadduri" title="Majid Khadduri">Majid Khadduri</a>, this is because the five pillars are individual obligations, but jihad is a "collective obligation" of the Muslim community meant to be carried out by the Islamic state. This was the belief of "all jurists, with almost no exception", but did not apply to defense of the Muslim community from a sudden attack, in which case jihad was an "individual obligation" of all believers, including women and children.<a href="#cite_note-Khadduri-1955-60-101">[100]</a>: 60  Scholars had previously claimed it was the responsibility of a centralized government to organize jihad. But this changed as the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliph">Abbasid caliph</a> weakened.<a href="#cite_note-OEIP_combat-102">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mawardi" title="Al-Mawardi">Al-Mawardi</a> allowed local governors to wage jihad on the caliph's behalf. This decentralization of jihad became especially pressing after the Crusades. <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Tahir_al-Sulami" title="Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami">Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami</a> argued that all Muslims were responsible for waging wars of self-defense.<a href="#cite_note-OEIP_combat-102">[101]</a> Al-Sulami encouraged Muslim rulers from distant lands to assist Muslims who were under attack.<a href="#cite_note-OEIP_combat-102">[101]</a> Classical Shia doctrine maintained defensive jihad was always permissible, but offensive jihad required the presence of the Imam. An exception to this, during medieval times, was when the first Fatimid caliph <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah</a> claimed to be the representative of the Imam and claimed the right to launch offensive jihad.<a href="#cite_note-Prism10-77">[76]</a>: 157  After the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasions">Mongol invasions</a>, Shia scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhaqqiq_al-Hilli" title="Muhaqqiq al-Hilli">Muhaqqiq al-Hilli</a> claimed that defensive war was not just permissible but praiseworthy, even obligatory. If a Muslim could not take part in the defense then he should, at least, send material support. This remained the case even if the Muslims were ruled by an unjust ruler.<a href="#cite_note-Prism10-77">[76]</a>: 153  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Muslim_conquests">Early Muslim conquests</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early Muslim conquests</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/350px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/525px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg/700px-Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Age of the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliphs</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Expansion under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, 622–632/A.H. 1–11</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Expansion during the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun Empire">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, 632–661/A.H. 11–40</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Expansion during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, 661–750/A.H. 40–129</div></figcaption></figure> In the early era that inspired classical Islam (<a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun Empire">Rashidun Caliphate</a>) and lasted less than a century, jihad spread the realm of Islam to include millions of subjects, and an area extending "from the borders of India and China to the Pyrenees and the Atlantic".<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-87">[86]</a>: 4  The role of religion in these early conquests is debated. Medieval Arabic authors claimed the conquests were commanded by God, and presented them as orderly and disciplined, under the command of the caliph.<a href="#cite_note-Bonner-7">[7]</a>: 60–61  Many modern historians question whether hunger and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, rather than jihad, was a motivating force in the conquests. Historian <a href="/wiki/William_Montgomery_Watt" class="mw-redirect" title="William Montgomery Watt">William Montgomery Watt</a> argued, "Most of the participants in the [early Islamic] expeditions probably thought of nothing more than booty ... There was no thought of spreading the religion of Islam."<a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 87  Similarly, Edward J. Jurji argues that the motivations of the Arab conquests were certainly not "the propagation of Islam....Military advantage, economic desires, [and] the attempt to strengthen the hand of the state and enhance its sovereignty...are some of the determining factors."<a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 76  Some recent explanations cite both material and religious causes in the conquests.<a href="#cite_note-Bonner-7">[7]</a>: 62–63  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-classical_usage">Post-classical usage</h3></div> According to some authors,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] the more spiritual definitions of jihad developed sometime after the 150 years of jihad wars and Muslim territorial expansion, and particularly after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">Mongol invaders sacked Baghdad</a> and overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb">Hamilton Gibb</a> stated, "in the historic [Muslim] Community the concept of jihad had gradually weakened and at length it had been largely reinterpreted in terms of Sufi ethics."<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a>: 117  notes that "despite the theoretical importance of the idea of jihad in classical Islamic juristic thought", by the time of the Abbasids, the concept was no longer central to <a href="/wiki/Statecraft" class="mw-disambig" title="Statecraft">statecraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-johnson-147-81">[80]</a> Rudolph Peters wrote that with the stagnation of Islamic expansionism, the concept of jihad became internalized as a moral or spiritual struggle.<a href="#cite_note-Peters-jihad-50">[49]</a>: 187, note 52  Earlier classical works on fiqh emphasized jihad as war for God's religion, Peters claimed. Later Islamic scholars like Ibn al-Amir al-San'ani, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shibli_Nomani" title="Shibli Nomani">Shibli Nomani</a>, etc. emphasized the defensive aspect of jihad, distinguishing between defensive jihad ( jihad al-daf) and offensive jihad (jihad al-talab or jihad of choice ). They refuted the notion of consensus that jihad al-talab was a communal obligation(fard kifaya). In support of this view, these scholars referred to the works of classical scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Jassas" title="Al-Jassas">Al-Jassas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a>. According to Ibn Taymiyya, the reason for jihad against non-Muslims is not their disbelief, but the threat they pose to Muslims. Citing Ibn Taymiyya, scholars including Rashid Rida, Al San'ani, and Qaradawi argued that unbelievers need not be fought unless they pose a threat to Muslims. Thus, jihad is obligatory only as defensive warfare to respond to aggression or "perfidy" against the Muslim community, and that the "normal and desired state" between Islamic and non-Islamic territories was one of "peaceful coexistence". This was similar to the Western "<a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war</a>" concept.<a href="#cite_note-mqz-100">[99]</a>: 71, 72, 227, 228, 263–265, 286, 315 <a href="#cite_note-Peters-jihad-50">[49]</a>: 150  Similarly 18th-century scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> defined jihad as a defensive military action to protect the Muslim community, and emphasized its defensive aspect in synchrony with later 20th century Islamic writers.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a>: 230, 235, 241  Today, some Muslim authors only recognize as legitimate wars fought for the purpose of territorial defense as well as wars fought for the defense of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religious freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peters-jihad-50">[49]</a>: 125  Ibn Taymiyyah's hallmark themes included the permissibility of overthrowing a ruler who is classified as an unbeliever due to a failure to adhere to Islamic law, the absolute division of the world into dar al-kufr and dar al-Islam, labeling anyone not adhering to one's particular interpretation of Islam as an unbeliever, and the call for warfare against <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Non-Muslims</a>, particularly Jews and Christians.<a href="#cite_note-DeLong-Bas2004-106">[105]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wahhabiislamfrom0000delo/page/256">256</a>  Ibn Taymiyyah recognized "the possibility of a jihad against `heretical` and `deviant` Muslims within dar al-Islam. He identified as heretical and deviant Muslims anyone who propagated innovations (bida') contrary to the Qur'an and Sunna ... legitimated jihad against anyone who refused to abide by Islamic law or revolted against the true Muslim authorities." He used a broad definition of what constituted aggression or rebellion against Muslims, which would make jihad "not only permissible but necessary."<a href="#cite_note-DeLong-Bas2004-106">[105]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wahhabiislamfrom0000delo/page/252">252</a>  Ibn Taymiyyah paid careful attention to the questions of martyrdom and the benefits of jihad: "It is in jihad that one can live and die in ultimate happiness, both in this world and in the Hereafter. Abandoning it means losing entirely or partially both kinds of happiness."<a href="#cite_note-Peters-jihad-50">[49]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jihadinclassical00pete/page/48">48</a>  Bernard Lewis stated that while most Islamic theologians in the classical period (750–1258 CE) understood jihad to be a military endeavor,<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-1988-49">[48]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicallanguag00lewi_680/page/n80">72</a>  after Islamic conquest stagnated and the caliphate divided into smaller stated, "irresistible and permanent jihad came to an end". As jihad became unfeasible it was "postponed from historic to messianic time."<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-revolt-107">[106]</a> Even when the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> carried on a new holy war of expansion in the seventeenth century, "the war was not universally pursued". They made no attempt to recover Spain or Sicily.<a href="#cite_note-jt1-108">[107]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] By the 1500s, it had become accepted that the permanent state of relations between dar al-Islam and dar al-harb was that of peace.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail">Shah Ismail</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> tried to claim the right to wage offensive jihad, particularly against the Ottomans. However, Shia ulama did not permit that, maintaining the classical position that the true Imam could wage such a war. During the Qajar period, Shia ulama adopted the position that the Shah was responsible for national security. They authorized the Perso-Russian wars in the 19th century as jihad.<a href="#cite_note-Prism10-77">[76]</a>: 158–159  In the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> under the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> and his son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a>, had declared jihads against Sikh Misls in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> region, often to consolidate territory and continue Afghan their region, efforts under Ahmad Shah failed, while Timur Shah had succeeded.<a href="#cite_note-Fayz-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonialism_and_modernism">Colonialism and modernism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fula_jihad_states_map_general_c1830.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fula_jihad_states_map_general_c1830.png/220px-Fula_jihad_states_map_general_c1830.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fula_jihad_states_map_general_c1830.png/330px-Fula_jihad_states_map_general_c1830.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fula_jihad_states_map_general_c1830.png/440px-Fula_jihad_states_map_general_c1830.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fula_jihads" title="Fula jihads">Fulani jihad states</a> of West Africa, c. 1830</figcaption></figure> When Europeans began to colonize the Muslim world, jihad was one of the first responses.<a href="#cite_note-Bonner-7">[7]</a>: 157–158  <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdelkader</a> organized a jihad in Algeria against French domination, tapping into existing Sufi networks.<a href="#cite_note-Bonner-7">[7]</a>: 157–158  Other wars were often declared to be jihad: the <a href="/wiki/Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi">Senussi</a> religious order declared jihad against <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italian control of Libya</a> in 1912, and the "<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad">Mahdi</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad#Advance_of_the_rebellion" title="Muhammad Ahmad">jihad</a> against <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egyptians</a> in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-OCAP-76">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a> argued that peaceful coexistence should be the normal state between Muslim and non-Muslim stated, citing verses in the Qur'an that allowed war only in self-defense.<a href="#cite_note-OEIP-2">[2]</a> However, this view left open jihad against colonialism, which was seen as an attack on Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-OEIP-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Ahmad_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Ahmad Khan">Sayyid Ahmad Khan</a> argued that jihad was limited to cases of <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a>, and since the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> allowed <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, jihad against the British was unnecessary.<a href="#cite_note-Bonner-7">[7]</a>: 159–160  Instead, Khan formulated jihad as recovering <a href="/wiki/Islamic_golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic golden age">past Muslim scientific progress</a> to modernize the Muslim world.<a href="#cite_note-Bonner-7">[7]</a>: 159–160  A concept that played a role in anti-colonial jihad (or lack thereof) was the belief in <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to Islamic <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a>, a messianic figure named Mahdi will one day appear and restore justice on earth. This belief sometimes discouraged Muslims from conducting jihad, instead inducing them to wait. Such messages were circulated in Algeria to undermine <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdelkader</a>'s jihad against the French.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Alternatively, this belief could be a powerful mobilizing force when someone proclaimed to be the Mahdi. Mahdist rebellions happened in India (1810), Egypt (1865) and Sudan (1881).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_story_of_the_greatest_nations;_a_comprehensive_history,_extending_from_the_earliest_times_to_the_present,_founded_on_the_most_modern_authorities,_and_including_chronological_summaries_and_(14596551060).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_story_of_the_greatest_nations%3B_a_comprehensive_history%2C_extending_from_the_earliest_times_to_the_present%2C_founded_on_the_most_modern_authorities%2C_and_including_chronological_summaries_and_%2814596551060%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_story_of_the_greatest_nations%3B_a_comprehensive_history%2C_extending_from_the_earliest_times_to_the_present%2C_founded_on_the_most_modern_authorities%2C_and_including_chronological_summaries_and_%2814596551060%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_story_of_the_greatest_nations%3B_a_comprehensive_history%2C_extending_from_the_earliest_times_to_the_present%2C_founded_on_the_most_modern_authorities%2C_and_including_chronological_summaries_and_%2814596551060%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Charging <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Omdurman" title="Battle of Omdurman">Battle of Omdurman</a> in 1898</figcaption></figure> With the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a>, a new "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a>" movement arose, with different interpretations of Islam that increased emphasis on jihad. The <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a> movement that spread across the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a> starting in the 18th century emphasized jihad as armed struggle.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fula_jihads" title="Fula jihads">Fula jihads</a> in West Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries led to the establishment of various states, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a>. None of these movements were victorious.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-87">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a> lasted for a century until it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> and incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Colonial Nigeria</a> in 1903.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_jihad_by_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of jihad by the Ottoman Empire">called for a "Great Jihad" Muslims against Allied powers during World War I</a>, hopes and fears emerged that non-Turkish Muslims would side with Ottoman Turkey, but the appeal did not unite the Muslim world,<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-revolt-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-jt1-108">[107]</a>: 24  and Muslims did not turn on their non-Muslim commanders in the Allied forces.<a href="#cite_note-Ardic-2012-192-112">[111]</a> (The war led to the end of the caliphate as the Ottoman Empire allied with the war's losers and surrendered. Post-war capitulations were overturned by secularist <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal">Mustafa Kemal</a>, who later abolished the caliphate.)<a href="#cite_note-Kadri12-55">[54]</a>: 157  Prior to the Iranian revolution in 1922, Shiite cleric <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Al-Khalissi" title="Mehdi Al-Khalissi">Mehdi Al-Khalissi</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> prohibiting Iraqis from participating in the Iraqi elections, as the Iraqi government had been established by foreign powers. He later played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_revolt_of_1920" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi revolt of 1920">Iraqi revolt of 1920</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Between 1918 and 1919 in the Shia holy city of <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> the League of the Islamic Awakening was established by religious scholars, tribal chiefs, and landlords who assassinated a British officer in the hopes of sparking a similar rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the revolt, Ayatollah Muhammad Taqi Shirazi, father of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_al-Husayni_al-Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad al-Husayni al-Shirazi">Mohammad al-Husayni al-Shirazi</a> and grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Hussaini_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadiq Hussaini Shirazi">Sadiq Hussaini Shirazi</a>, declared British rule impermissible and called for jihad against European occupations in the Middle East.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-colonialism">Post-colonialism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism of Islamism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> played an increasing role in the Muslim world in the 20th century, especially following the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis#20th_century" title="Financial crisis">economic crises of the 1970s and 1980s</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> One of the first Islamist groups, the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, emphasized physical struggle and <a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">martyrdom</a> in its creed: "God is our objective; the Qur'an is our constitution; the Prophet is our leader; struggle (jihad) is our way; and death for the sake of God is the highest of our aspirations."<a href="#cite_note-sacred-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-slogan-116">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a> emphasized jihad of the sword, and called on Egyptians to jihad against the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, <a href="#cite_note-Banna78-117">[116]</a>: 150, 155  (the first influential scholar since the 1857 India uprising to do so).<a href="#cite_note-Kadri12-55">[54]</a>: 158  The group called for jihad against <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in the 1940s,<a href="#cite_note-Al-Khatib-118">[117]</a> and its Palestinian branch, <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, called for jihad against Israel during the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abū_ʻAmr-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-miller-387-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hamas_Covenant-121">[120]</a> Modern Muslim thought had been focused on when to go to war (<a href="/wiki/Jus_ad_bellum" title="Jus ad bellum">jus ad bellum</a>), not paying much attention on conduct during war (<a href="/wiki/Jus_in_bello" class="mw-redirect" title="Jus in bello">jus in bello</a>). This was because most Muslim theorists viewed <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a> as consistent with Islamic requirements. However, Muslims later discussed conduct during war in response to <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> groups who targeted civilians.<a href="#cite_note-hashmi-122">[121]</a>: [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1jcCwXo3CCgC&pg=PA14 ">https://books.google.com/books?id=1jcCwXo3CCgC&pg=PA14 </a> According to <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_F._Peters" title="Rudolph F. Peters">Rudolph F. Peters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natana_J._DeLong-Bas" title="Natana J. DeLong-Bas">Natana J. DeLong-Bas</a>, the new "fundamentalist" movement brought a reinterpretation of Islam and their own writings on jihad. These writings tended to be less involved with the different of schools of Islamic law, or in solutions for all potential situations. "They emphasize more the moral justifications and the underlying ethical values of the rules, than the detailed elaboration of those rules." They also tended to ignore the distinction between Greater and Lesser jihad because it distracted Muslims "from the development of the combative spirit they believe is required to rid the Islamic world of Western influences".<a href="#cite_note-DeLong-Bas2004-106">[105]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wahhabiislamfrom0000delo/page/240">240–41</a> <a href="#cite_note-Peters-jihad-50">[49]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jihadinclassical00pete/page/127">127</a>  Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists were often influenced by the ideas of Ibn Taymiyyah, and Egyptian journalist <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sayyid_Qutb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sayyid_Qutb.jpg/160px-Sayyid_Qutb.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Sayyid_Qutb.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a>, Islamist author and influential leader of the Muslim Brotherhood</figcaption></figure> Qutb preached in his book <a href="/wiki/Ma%27alim_fi_al-Tariq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'alim fi al-Tariq">Milestones</a> that jihad, “is not a temporary phase but a permanent war ... Jihad for freedom cannot cease until the Satanic forces are put to an end and the religion is purified for God in toto.”<a href="#cite_note-Milestones-123">[122]</a>: 125–26 <a href="#cite_note-DeLong-Bas2004-106">[105]</a>: 264  Qutb focused on martyrdom and jihad, adding the theme of treachery and enmity towards Islam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27alim_fi_al-Tariq#Western_and_Jewish_Conspiracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'alim fi al-Tariq">Christians and especially Jews</a>. If non-Muslims were waging a "war against Islam", jihad against them was defensive, not offensive. He insisted that Christians and Jews were <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">mushrikeen</a> (not monotheists) because (he alleged) they gave their priests or rabbis "authority to make laws, obeying laws which were made by them [and] not permitted by God" and "obedience to laws and judgments is a sort of worship".<a href="#cite_note-Milestones-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Symon-124">[123]</a> Later ideologue, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_abd-al-Salam_Faraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj">Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj</a>, departed from some of Qutb's teachings. While Qutb felt that jihad was a proclamation of "liberation for humanity" (in which humanity has the free choice between Islam and unbelief), Faraj saw jihad as a mean of conquering the world and reestablishing the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cook05-79">[78]</a>: 107–108  Faraj legitimized lying, attacking by night (even accidentally killing innocents), and destroying trees of the infidel.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cook05-79">[78]</a>: 190, 192  His ideas influenced Egyptian Islamist extremist groups,<a href="#cite_note-Gerges-126">[125]</a>: 9  and <a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a>, later the leader of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gerges-126">[125]</a>: 11  During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a>, and although it was predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>, Afghanistan's <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Afghanistan" title="Shia Islam in Afghanistan">Shiite population</a> took arms against the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> government and allied <a href="/wiki/Soviet_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet forces">Soviet forces</a> and the nation's Sunnis and were collectively referred to as the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen#Afghanistan" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a>. Shiite jihadists in Afghanistan were known as the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Eight" title="Tehran Eight">Tehran Eight</a> and received support from the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian government">Iranian government</a> in fighting the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Communist Afghan government</a> and allied Soviet forces in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terrorism">Terrorism</h4></div> Many Muslims, including scholars like <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaradawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qaradawi">al-Qaradawi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayyid_Tantawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sayyid Tantawi (page does not exist)">Sayyid Tantawi</a>, denounced Islamic terrorist attacks against <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilians</a>, seeing them as contrary to rules of jihad that prohibit targeting <a href="/wiki/Noncombatant" class="mw-redirect" title="Noncombatant">noncombatants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OEIP_combat-102">[101]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in 2001, the United States blamed <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabian</a> <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, triggering bin Laden, who in turn on October 7 issued a televised message, declaring "Allah had blessed a vanguard group of Muslims, the spearhead of Islam, to destroy America." American and British forces were deployed around Afghanistan, and <a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">Mullah</a> <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammad Omar</a>, also the Commander to the Faithful of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, in turn called the world's Muslims to join him in jihad.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a>: 2  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abdullah_Azzam">Abdullah Azzam</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Azzam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Azzam">Abdullah Azzam</a></div> In the 1980s <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Azzam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Azzam">Abdullah Azzam</a> advocated waging jihad against the "unbelievers".<a href="#cite_note-Riedel-130">[129]</a> Azzam issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> calling for jihad against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet occupation of Afghanistan</a>, declaring it an obligation for all able-bodied Muslims to repel invaders. His fatwa was endorsed by others, including <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Baz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz">Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Azzam saw Afghanistan as the beginning of jihad to repel unbelievers from many countries—the <a href="/wiki/Former_Soviet_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Soviet Republics">southern Soviet Republics</a> of Central Asia, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, Spain, and especially his home country of Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dCnb4uR63EC&pg=PA130">130</a>  The Soviet defeat in Afghanistan is said to have "amplified the jihadist tendency from a fringe phenomenon to a major force in the Muslim world."<a href="#cite_note-Commins-133">[132]</a>: 174  Many fighters returned to their home countries to continue jihad, participating in insurgencies and later creating a "transnational jihadist stream."<a href="#cite_note-Commins-133">[132]</a>: 156–57  Azzam also argued for a broader interpretation of who it was permissible to kill, which may have influenced students such as bin Laden.<a href="#cite_note-jt1-108">[107]</a> He argued, based on his interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, that it is a sin to not wage offensive jihad against the <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">unbelievers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_world_in_Islam#Dar_al-harb" title="Divisions of the world in Islam">non-Muslim lands</a>, continuing until only those who submit to Islam remain; expelling unbelievers from <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_world_in_Islam#Dar_al-Islam" title="Divisions of the world in Islam">Muslim lands</a>, contrastingly, is defensive jihad.<a href="#cite_note-Azzam-DOTML-134">[133]</a> In February 1998, bin Laden put a "Declaration of the World Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews and the Crusaders" in the Al-Quds al-Arabi newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-OBL-jihad-135">[134]</a> He later organised the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> against the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia">Shia</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, jihad is one of the ten <a href="/wiki/Practices_of_the_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Practices of the Religion">Practices of the Religion</a><a href="#cite_note-practices-136">[135]</a> (though not one of the five pillars). Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> Shi'a doctrine differed from that of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> on the concept of jihad, with jihad seen as a "lesser priority" in Shia theology and "armed activism" by Shias "limited to a person's immediate geography".<a href="#cite_note-nationalae-137">[136]</a> Because of their history of oppression, Shias also associated jihad with certain passionate features, notably in the remembrance of <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_M._Ayoub" title="Mahmoud M. Ayoub">Mahmoud M. Ayoub</a> says: <blockquote>In Islamic tradition jihad or the struggle in the way of God, whether as armed struggle, or any form of opposition of the wrong, is generally regarded as one of the essential requirements of a person's faith as a Muslim. Shi'î tradition carried this requirement a step further, making jihad one of the pillars or foundations (arkan) of religion. If, therefore, <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a>'s struggle against the Umayyad regime must be regarded as an act of jihad, then, In the mind of devotees, the participation of the community in his suffering and its ascent to the truth of his message must also be regarded as an extension of the holy struggle of the Imam himself. The hadith from which we took the title of this chapter stated this point very clearly. <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a> is said to have declared to <a href="/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi" title="Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi">al-Mufaddal</a>, one of his closest disciples, 'The sigh of the sorrowful for the wrong done us is an act of praise (<a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">tasbih</a>) [of God], his sorrow for us is an act of worship, and his keeping of our secret is a struggle (jihad) in the way of God'; the Imâm then added, 'This <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> should be inscribed in letters of gold'.<a href="#cite_note-WDG-138">[137]</a>: 142 </blockquote> and <blockquote>Hence, the concept of jihad (holy struggle) gained a deeper and more personal meaning. Whether through weeping, the composition and recitation of poetry, showing compassion and doing good to the poor or carrying arms, the Shi'i Muslim saw himself helping the Imam in his struggle against the wrong (<a href="/wiki/Zulm" title="Zulm">zulm</a>) and gaining for himself the same merit (<a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">thawab</a>) of those who actually fought and died for him. The <a href="/wiki/Ta%27ziyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'ziyah">ta'ziyah</a>, in its broader sense the sharing of the entire life of the suffering family of Muhammad, has become for the Shi'i community the true meaning of compassion.<a href="#cite_note-WDG-138">[137]</a>: 148 </blockquote> In the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>, Shia and Sunni fighters waged jihad against each other.<a href="#cite_note-RF17-139">[138]</a> In Yemen, the <a href="/wiki/Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi">Houthi</a> Movement used appeals to jihad as part of their ideology as well as their recruitment.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_jurisprudence">Islamic jurisprudence</h2></div> Observers have noted the evolution in the rules of jihad—from the original "classical" doctrine to that of 21st century <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kadri12-55">[54]</a>: 172  According to <a href="/wiki/Legal_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal historian">legal historian</a> Sadarat Kadri,<a href="#cite_note-Kadri12-55">[54]</a>: 172  during the last few centuries, incremental changes in Islamic legal doctrine (developed by Islamists who otherwise condemn any <a href="/wiki/Bid%E2%80%98ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bid‘ah">bid‘ah</a> (innovation) in religion), "normalized" what was once "unthinkable".<a href="#cite_note-Kadri12-55">[54]</a>: 172  "The very idea that <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> might blow themselves up for God was unheard of before 1983, and it was not until the early 1990s that anyone anywhere had justified killing innocent Muslims who were not on a battlefield."<a href="#cite_note-Kadri12-55">[54]</a>: 175  The first or the "classical" doctrine of jihad which was developed towards the end of the 8th century, emphasized the jihad of the sword (jihad bil-saif) rather than the "jihad of the heart",<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-1988-49">[48]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicallanguag00lewi_680/page/n80">72</a>  but it contained many legal restrictions developed from interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, such as detailed rules involving "the initiation, the conduct, the termination" of jihad, the treatment of prisoners, the distribution of booty, etc. Absent a sudden attack on the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a>, jihad was not a "personal obligation" (fard ayn); instead it was a "collective one" (<a href="/wiki/Fard_al-kifaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Fard al-kifaya">fard al-kifaya</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Khadduri-1955-60-101">[100]</a> which had to be discharged "in the way of God" (fi sabil Allah),<a href="#cite_note-Kadri12-55">[54]</a>: 150  and could only be launched by the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>, "whose discretion over its conduct was all but absolute."<a href="#cite_note-Kadri12-55">[54]</a>: 150–51  (This was designed in part to avoid incidents like the <a href="/wiki/Khawarij" class="mw-redirect" title="Khawarij">Kharijia</a>'s jihad against and killing of <a href="/wiki/Ali_as_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali as Caliph">Caliph Ali</a>, once <a href="/wiki/Takfir" title="Takfir">they deemed</a> that <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">he was no longer a Muslim</a>). <a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Martyrdom</a> resulting from an attack on the enemy with no concern for your own safety was praiseworthy, but dying by your own hand (as opposed to the enemy's) merited a special place in <a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Hell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ARSI-BL-xii-141">[140]</a> The collective obligation to jihad is sometimes simplified as "offensive jihad" in Western texts.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theologian</a> Abu Abdullah al-Muhajir has been identified as the key theorist and <a href="/wiki/Ideologue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideologue">ideologue</a> behind modern jihadist violence.<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_2016-143">[142]</a> His theological and legal justifications influenced <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> as well as jihadi terrorist groups, including <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_2016-143">[142]</a> Zarqawi used a manuscript of al-Muhajir's ideas at AQI training camps that were later deployed by ISIS, referred to as The Jurisprudence of Jihad or The Jurisprudence of Blood.<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_2016-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChrisStout-145">[144]</a> The book has been described as rationalising "the murder of non-combatants" by Mark Towsend, citing Salah al-Ansari of <a href="/wiki/Quilliam_(think_tank)" title="Quilliam (think tank)">Quilliam</a>, who noted: "There is a startling lack of study and concern regarding this abhorrent and dangerous text The Jurisprudence of Blood in almost all Western and Arab scholarship".<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-144">[143]</a> Charlie Winter of <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> describes it as a "theological playbook used to justify the group's abhorrent acts".<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_2016-143">[142]</a> He stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Ranging from ruminations on the merits of beheading, torturing, or burning prisoners to thoughts on assassination, siege warfare, and the use of biological weapons, Muhajir's intellectual legacy is a crucial component of the <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideology of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">literary corpus of ISIS</a>—and, indeed, whatever comes after it—a way to render practically anything permissible, provided, that is, it can be spun as beneficial to the jihad. [...] According to Muhajir, <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack#Islam" title="Suicide attack">committing suicide to kill people</a> is not only a theologically sound act, but a commendable one, too, something to be cherished and celebrated regardless of its outcome. [...] neither Zarqawi nor his inheritors have looked back, liberally using Muhajir's work to normalize the use of suicide tactics in the time since, such that they have become the single most important military and terrorist method—defensive or offensive—used by ISIS today. The way that Muhajir theorized it was simple—he offered up a theological fix that allows any who desire it to sidestep the Koranic injunctions against suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_2016-143">[142]</a></blockquote> Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Chris_Stout_(psychologist)" title="Chris Stout (psychologist)">Chris E. Stout</a> claimed that jihadists regard their actions as "for the greater good"; that they are in a "weakened in the earth" situation that renders <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a> a valid resort.<a href="#cite_note-ChrisStout-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div> The term 'jihad' has accrued both violent and non-violent meanings. According to <a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">John Esposito</a>, it can simply mean striving to live a moral and virtuous life, spreading and defending Islam as well as fighting injustice and oppression, among other things.<a href="#cite_note-JLE02-146">[145]</a>: 26  The relative importance of the two forms of jihad is a matter of controversy. Rudoph Peters wrote that, in the contemporary world, traditionalist Muslims understand jihad from classical works on <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">modernist Muslims</a> regard jihad as a <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">just war</a> in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> and emphasize its defensive aspects; and fundamentalists view it as an expansion of Islam and realization of Islamic ideals.<a href="#cite_note-Peters-jihad-50">[49]</a>: 150  David Cook wrote that Muslims understood jihad in a military sense, in both classical and contemporary texts. Cook located the idea that jihad is primarily non-violent in Sufi texts and the Western scholars who study them, or from Muslim apologists.<a href="#cite_note-Cook05-79">[78]</a>: 165–166  <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> stated that its surveys show that the concept of jihad among Muslims "is considerably more nuanced than the single sense in which Western commentators invariably invoke the term".<a href="#cite_note-gallop-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_public_opinion">Muslim public opinion</h3></div> A <a href="/wiki/The_Gallup_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gallup Organization">Gallup</a> poll asked Muslims in eight countries to define jihad. In Lebanon, Kuwait, Jordan, and Morocco, the most frequent response was to "duty toward God", a "divine duty", or a "worship of God", with no military connotations. In Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and Indonesia, many of the responses includes "sacrificing one's life for the sake of Islam/God/a just cause" or "fighting against the opponents of Islam".<a href="#cite_note-gallop-9">[9]</a> Other common meanings of "jihad" in the Muslim world include "a commitment to hard work", "promoting peace", and "living the principles of Islam".<a href="#cite_note-gallop-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a>: 20ff  The terminology was also applied to the fight for <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">women's liberation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_struggles">Other struggles</h3></div> Shia Muslim scholar <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_M._Ayoud" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmoud M. Ayoud">Mahmoud M. Ayoud</a> stated, "The goal of true jihad is to attain a harmony between Islam (submission), iman (faith), and ihsan (righteous living)." Jihad is a process encompassing both individual and <a href="/wiki/Social_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reform">social reform</a>, this is called jihad fi sabil Allah ("struggle in the way of God"), and can be undertaken following the Qur'an (jihad bi-al-qur'an).<a href="#cite_note-Ayoud-149">[148]</a> According to Ayoud the greatest jihad is the struggle of every Muslim against social, moral, and political evils. However, depending on social and political circumstances, jihad may be regarded as a sixth fundamental obligation (<a href="/wiki/Farid" title="Farid">farid</a>) incumbent on the entire Muslim community (<a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a>) when their integrity is in danger, in this case jihad becomes an "absolute obligation" (fard 'ayn), or when social and religious reform is gravely hampered. Otherwise it is a "limited obligation" (fard kifayah), incumbent upon those who are directly involved. These rules apply to armed struggle or "jihad of the sword".<a href="#cite_note-Ayoud-149">[148]</a> In modern times, Pakistani scholar and professor <a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Malik" title="Fazlur Rahman Malik">Fazlur Rahman Malik</a> used the term to describe the struggle to establish a "just moral-social order",<a href="#cite_note-FR09-150">[149]</a>: 63–64  while President <a href="/wiki/Habib_Bourguiba" title="Habib Bourguiba">Habib Bourguiba</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> used it to describe the struggle for economic development in that country.<a href="#cite_note-Peters-jihad-50">[49]</a>: 116–17  According to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, a third meaning of jihad is the struggle to build a good society.<a href="#cite_note-BBCjihad-151">[150]</a> In a commentary of the hadith <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a>, entitled al-Minhaj, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval Islamic</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Sharaf_al-Nawawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi">Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi</a> stated, "one of the collective duties of the community as a whole (fard kifaya) is to lodge a valid protest, to solve problems of religion, to have knowledge of Divine Law, to command what is right and forbid wrong conduct".<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> Scholar Natana J. DeLong-Bas lists a number of types of "jihad" that have been proposed by Muslims: <ul><li>educational jihad (jihad al-tarbiyyah);</li> <li>missionary jihad or calling the people to Islam (jihad al-da'wah)<a href="#cite_note-DeLong-Bas2004-106">[105]</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wahhabiislamfrom0000delo/page/240">240–41</a> </li></ul> Other "types" mentioned include: <ul><li>"Intellectual" jihad (similar to missionary jihad).<a href="#cite_note-whyislam-153">[152]</a></li> <li>"Economic" jihad (doing good involving money such as spending within one's means, helping the "poor and the downtrodden")<a href="#cite_note-whyislam-153">[152]</a> Bourguiba used jihad to describe the struggle for economic development.<a href="#cite_note-Streusand-greater-53">[52]</a> Iran has a <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jihad_for_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Jihad for Agriculture">Ministry of Jihad for Agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jalal_2009-20">[19]</a>: 240 </li> <li>Jihad Al-Nikah, or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_jihad" title="Sexual jihad">sexual jihad</a>, "refers to women joining the jihad by offering sex to fighters to boost their morale".<a href="#cite_note-strait-154">[153]</a> The term originated from a fatwa believed to have been fabricated by the Syrian government to discredit its opponents, and the prevalence of this phenomenon has been disputed.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Usage_by_some_non-Muslims">Usage by some non-Muslims</h4></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> used various ad hoc definitions of jihad in indictments of individuals involved in terrorist activities: <ul><li>"As used in this First Superseding Indictment, jihad is the Arabic word meaning 'holy war'. In this context, jihad refers to the use of violence, including paramilitary action against persons, governments deemed to be enemies of the fundamentalist version of Islam."<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a></li> <li>"As used in this Superseding Indictment, 'violent jihad' or 'jihad' include planning, preparing for, and engaging in, acts of physical violence, including murder, maiming, kidnapping, and hostage-taking."<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> in the indictment against several individuals including <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Padilla_(prisoner)" class="mw-redirect" title="José Padilla (prisoner)">José Padilla</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a>: "Fighting and warfare might sometimes be necessary, but it was only a minor part of the whole jihad or struggle".<a href="#cite_note-Robinson-159">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Rodinson" title="Maxime Rodinson">Maxime Rodinson</a>: "Jihad is a propagandistic device which, as need be, resorts to armed struggle—two ingredients common to many ideological movements".<a href="#cite_note-MR21-160">[159]</a>: 351 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_R._Barber" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin R. Barber">Benjamin R. Barber</a> used the term jihad to point out the resistant movement by fundamentalist ethnic groups who want to protect their traditions, heritage and identity from globalization (which he refers to as '<a href="/wiki/McWorld" title="McWorld">McWorld</a>').<a href="#cite_note-BB92-161">[160]</a>: 53–65 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_groups">Other groups</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_view_on_Jihad" title="Ahmadiyya view on Jihad">Ahmadiyya view on Jihad</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> Islam, jihad is primarily one's personal inner struggle and should not be used violently for political motives. Violence is only to be used to protect religion and one's own life in extreme situations of persecution.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quranist">Quranist</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranists</a> do not believe that the word jihad means holy war. They believe it means to struggle, or to strive. They believe it can incorporate both military and non-military aspects. When it refers to the military aspect, it is understood primarily to be defensive warfare.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">Islam and war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic military jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism_and_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadism and hip-hop">Jihadism and hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Cool" title="Jihad Cool">Jihad Cool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkhemet_Mitzvah" title="Milkhemet Mitzvah">Milkhemet Mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad" class="mw-disambig" title="Islamic Jihad">Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Seventeen derivatives of jihad occur altogether forty-one times (eleven Meccan texts and thirty Medinan ones), with the following five meanings: striving because of religious belief (21), war (12), non-Muslim parents exerting pressure, that is, jihād, to make their children abandon Islam (2), solemn oaths (5), and physical strength (1).<a href="#cite_note-AD11-10">[10]</a>: 56  </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ODI-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Esposito, John L., ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903062853/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1199">"Jihad"</a>. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1199">the original</a> on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jihad&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe1199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEIP-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEIP_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIP_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIP_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIP_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIP_2-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersCook2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Peters, Rudolph; Cook, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t349/e0057">"Jihād"</a>. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199739356.001.0001">10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199739356" title="Special:BookSources/9780199739356"><bdi>9780199739356</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123114402/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001/acref-9780199739356-e-0263">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jih%C4%81d&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Politics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%3Aoiso%2F9780199739356.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199739356&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft.au=Cook%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft349%2Fe0057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyan1965" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tyan, E. (1965). "D̲j̲ihād". In <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a>; Lewis, B.; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0189">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0189</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=D%CC%B2j%CC%B2ih%C4%81d&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0189&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rft.aulast=Tyan&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2014" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Roy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5XPMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA173">What is Islamic philosophy?</a>. Routledge. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317814047" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317814047"><bdi>978-1317814047</bdi></a>. <q>jihad Literally 'struggle' which has many meanings, though most frequently associated with war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Islamic+philosophy%3F&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317814047&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5XPMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeLong-Bas_2018-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeLong-Bas_2018_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeLong-Bas_2018_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeLong-Bas_2018_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeLong-Bas_2018_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeLong-Bas_2018_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeLong-Bas_2018_5-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLong-Bas2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Natana_J._DeLong-Bas" title="Natana J. DeLong-Bas">DeLong-Bas, Natana J.</a> (22 February 2018) [10 May 2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0045.xml">"Jihad"</a>. Oxford Bibliographies – Islamic Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195390155-0045">10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0045</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629215212/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0045.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jihad&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bibliographies+%E2%80%93+Islamic+Studies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195390155-0045&rft.aulast=DeLong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195390155%2Fobo-9780195390155-0045.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöweringCrone2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Böwering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia, eds. (2013). "Jihad". The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, NJ</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <q>Literally meaning "struggle", jihad may be associated with almost any activity by which Muslims attempt to bring personal and social life into a pattern of conformity with the guidance of God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jihad&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonner-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonner_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonner_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonner_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonner_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonner_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonner_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonner_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonner_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonner_7-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner2006" class="citation book cs1">Bonner, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qxq7eykoJgoC">Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400827381" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400827381"><bdi>978-1400827381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+in+Islamic+History%3A+Doctrines+and+Practice&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1400827381&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxq7eykoJgoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ER-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ER_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ER_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Peters, Rudolph (2005). "Jihad". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference. p. 4917.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jihad&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=4917&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gallop-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gallop_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallop_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallop_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gallop_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="3_December_2002" class="citation web cs1">Burkholder, Richard (3 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/7333/jihad-holy-war-internal-spiritual-struggle.aspx">"Jihad – 'Holy War', or Internal Spiritual Struggle?"</a>. gallup.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161152/http://www.gallup.com/poll/7333/jihad-holy-war-internal-spiritual-struggle.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jihad+%E2%80%93+%27Holy+War%27%2C+or+Internal+Spiritual+Struggle%3F&rft.pub=gallup.com&rft.date=2002-12-03&rft.aulast=Burkholder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F7333%2Fjihad-holy-war-internal-spiritual-struggle.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AD11-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AD11_10-19">t</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Dawoody2011" class="citation book cs1">Al-Dawoody, Ahmed (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamiclawwarjus00alda">The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230111608" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230111608"><bdi>978-0230111608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Law+of+War%3A+Justifications+and+Regulations&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0230111608&rft.aulast=Al-Dawoody&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamiclawwarjus00alda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-morgan2010-12"><a href="#cite_ref-morgan2010_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2010" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Diane (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg">Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg/page/87">87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313360251" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313360251"><bdi>978-0313360251</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Islam%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Belief+and+Practice&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0313360251&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialislamco0000morg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIC-13"><a href="#cite_ref-MIC_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeri2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josef_W._Meri" title="Josef W. Meri">Meri, Josef W.</a>, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BFZsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA419">"Jihad"</a>. Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-041596690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-041596690-0"><bdi>978-041596690-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jihad&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-041596690-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBFZsBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esposito-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, John L.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat00espo">Islam: The Straight Path</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195043983" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195043983"><bdi>978-0195043983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Straight+Path&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0195043983&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamstraightpat00espo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/war.shtml">"Islam and war"</a>. BBC. 13 August 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Islam+and+war&rft.date=2009-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fislamethics%2Fwar.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-FasiHrbek1988" class="citation book cs1">al-Fasi, Muhammad; Hrbek, Ivan (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000077953">"The coming of Islam and the expansion of the Muslim empire"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000184282">General History of Africa: Volume 3</a>. UNESCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+coming+of+Islam+and+the+expansion+of+the+Muslim+empire&rft.btitle=General+History+of+Africa%3A+Volume+3&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=al-Fasi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft.au=Hrbek%2C+Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000077953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Lewis2001" class="citation web cs1">Bernard Lewis (27 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1001547201928681240">"Jihad vs. Crusade"</a>. Opinionjournal.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816162048/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1001547201928681240">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jihad+vs.+Crusade&rft.pub=Opinionjournal.com&rft.date=2001-09-27&rft.au=Bernard+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB1001547201928681240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankinship2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Yahya_Blankinship" title="Khalid Yahya Blankinship">Blankinship, Khalid Yahya</a> (2011). "Parity of Muslim and Western Concepts of Just War". The Muslim World. 101 (3): 416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2011.01384.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.2011.01384.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-1913">1478-1913</a>. <q>In classical Muslim doctrine on war, likewise, genuine non-combatants are not to be harmed. These include women, minors, servants and slaves who do not take part in the fighting, the blind, monks, hermits, the aged, those physically unable to fight, the insane, the delirious, farmers who do not fight, traders, merchants, and contractors. The main criterion distinguishing combatants from non-combatants is that the latter do not fight and do not contribute to the war effort.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=Parity+of+Muslim+and+Western+Concepts+of+Just+War&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=416&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.2011.01384.x&rft.issn=1478-1913&rft.aulast=Blankinship&rft.aufirst=Khalid+Yahya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hallaq334-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hallaq334_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hallaq334_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallaq2009" class="citation book cs1">Hallaq, Wael B. (16 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVJsAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA334">Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 334–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86147-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86147-2"><bdi>978-0-521-86147-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shar%C4%AB%27a%3A+Theory%2C+Practice%2C+Transformations&rft.pages=334-38&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-04-16&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86147-2&rft.aulast=Hallaq&rft.aufirst=Wael+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVJsAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jalal_2009-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jalal_2009_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jalal_2009_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jalal_2009_20-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal" title="Ayesha Jalal">Jalal, Ayesha</a> (30 June 2009). "Islam Subverted? Jihad as Terrorism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7VVWhi9jGIC">Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 239–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2F9780674039070-007">10.4159/9780674039070-007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03907-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03907-0"><bdi>978-0-674-03907-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152941120">152941120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islam+Subverted%3F+Jihad+as+Terrorism&rft.btitle=Partisans+of+Allah%3A+Jihad+in+South+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=239-240&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152941120%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2F9780674039070-007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03907-0&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7VVWhi9jGIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Badara_2017-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Badara_2017_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadaraNagata2017" class="citation journal cs1">Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15730255-12314024">"Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arab_Law_Quarterly" title="Arab Law Quarterly">Arab Law Quarterly</a>. 31 (4). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 305–335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15730255-12314024">10.1163/15730255-12314024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0255">1573-0255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Modern+Extremist+Groups+and+the+Division+of+the+World%3A+A+Critique+from+an+Islamic+Perspective&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=305-335&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15730255-12314024&rft.issn=1573-0255&rft.aulast=Badara&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft.au=Nagata%2C+Masaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F15730255-12314024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cook_(historian)" title="David Cook (historian)">Cook, David</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SqE2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93">"Radical Islam and Contemporary Jihad Theory"</a>. 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University of California Press. pp. 93–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24203-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24203-6"><bdi>978-0-520-24203-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10">10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015010201">2015010201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radical+Islam+and+Contemporary+Jihad+Theory&rft.btitle=Understanding+Jihad&rft.pages=93-127&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fj.ctv1xxt55.10%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015010201&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24203-6&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSqE2DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oz-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oz_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oz_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oz_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oz_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oz_23-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzel1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Özel, Ahmed (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cihad">"Jihad"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islam_Ansiklopedisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam Ansiklopedisi">Islam Ansiklopedisi</a> (in Turkish). 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Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02002-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02002-2"><bdi>978-3-447-02002-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Modern+Written+Arabic&rft.pages=142&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-3-447-02002-2&rft.aulast=Wehr&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTak55pG-_IC%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyan1967" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tyan, Emile (1967). Lewis, B.; Pellat, Charles; Schatcht, J. 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Brill. p. 538. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09739-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09739-1"><bdi>978-90-04-09739-1</bdi></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mB-qzwEACAAJ&pg=PA538">https://books.google.com/books?id=mB-qzwEACAAJ&pg=PA538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=538&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09739-1&rft.aulast=Tyan&rft.aufirst=Emile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmB-qzwEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> For a listing of all appearances in the Qur'an of jihad and related words, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GrGNtwAACAAJ&pg=PA587">al-Mu'jam al-mufahras li-alfaz al-Qur'an al-karim</a> (in Arabic). دار حديث،. 1988. pp. 182–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=al-Mu%27jam+al-mufahras+li-alfaz+al-Qur%27an+al-karim&rft.pages=182-83&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%8C&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGrGNtwAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassis2023" class="citation book cs1">Kassis, Hanna E. (3 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RKbeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA587">A Concordance of the Qur'an</a>. Univ of California Press. pp. 587–588. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-34261-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-34261-3"><bdi>978-0-520-34261-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concordance+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.pages=587-588&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2023-11-03&rft.isbn=978-0-520-34261-3&rft.aulast=Kassis&rft.aufirst=Hanna+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRKbeEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdel_Haleem2001" class="citation book cs1">Abdel Haleem, Muhammed (2001). Understanding the Qurʼan : Themes and Style. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860640094" title="Special:BookSources/9781860640094"><bdi>9781860640094</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56728422">56728422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Qur%CA%BCan+%3A+Themes+and+Style&rft.place=London&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56728422&rft.isbn=9781860640094&rft.aulast=Abdel+Haleem&rft.aufirst=Muhammed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OISO-29"><a href="#cite_ref-OISO_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903062853/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1199">"Oxford Islamic Studies Online"</a>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1199">the original</a> on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe1199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeales2018" class="citation news cs1">Seales, Rebecca (5 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42009219">"'My wife can never call my name in public'"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27My+wife+can+never+call+my+name+in+public%27&rft.date=2018-07-05&rft.aulast=Seales&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-42009219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters-jihad-OEIW-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters-jihad-OEIW_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters-jihad-OEIW_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters-jihad-OEIW_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Peters, Rudolph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121021514/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/MainSearch.html">"Jihād"</a>. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/MainSearch.html">the original</a> on 21 November 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jih%C4%81d&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2FMainSearch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkey-2003-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Berkey-2003_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkey2003" class="citation book cs1">Berkey, Jonathan P. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mLV6lo4mvj0C">The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58813-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58813-3"><bdi>978-0-521-58813-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Islam%3A+Religion+and+Society+in+the+Near+East%2C+600-1800&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58813-3&rft.aulast=Berkey&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmLV6lo4mvj0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsma_Afsaruddin2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asma_Afsaruddin" title="Asma Afsaruddin">Asma Afsaruddin</a> (2013). Striving in the Path of God Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Striving+in+the+Path+of+God+Jihad+and+Martyrdom+in+Islamic+Thought&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Asma+Afsaruddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bukhari-34"><a href="#cite_ref-bukhari_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibn_Ismāʻīl_Bukhārī1981" class="citation book cs1">ibn Ismāʻīl Bukhārī, Muḥammad (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tB9quQEACAAJ">Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī: The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al-Bukhari</a>. Vol. v4. Translated by Muhsin Khan, Muhammad. Medina: Dar al-Fikr. pp. 34–204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%B9%A2a%E1%B8%A5%C4%AB%E1%B8%A5+Al-Bukh%C4%81r%C4%AB%3A+The+Translation+of+the+Meanings+of+Sahih+Al-Bukhari&rft.place=Medina&rft.pages=34-204&rft.pub=Dar+al-Fikr&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=ibn+Ism%C4%81%CA%BB%C4%ABl+Bukh%C4%81r%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtB9quQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988">. Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreusand1997" class="citation journal cs1">Streusand, Douglas E. (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/357/what-does-jihad-mean">"What Does Jihad Mean?"</a>. Middle East Quarterly: 9–17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140908145532/http://www.meforum.org/357/what-does-jihad-mean">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014. <q>In hadith collections, jihad means armed action; for example, the 199 references to jihad in the most standard collection of hadith, Sahih al-Bukhari, all assume that jihad means warfare.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Quarterly&rft.atitle=What+Does+Jihad+Mean%3F&rft.pages=9-17&rft.date=1997-09&rft.aulast=Streusand&rft.aufirst=Douglas+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F357%2Fwhat-does-jihad-mean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Streusand-1997-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Streusand-1997_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreusand1997" class="citation journal cs1">Streusand, Douglas E. (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/357/what-does-jihad-mean">"What Does Jihad Mean?"</a>. Middle East Quarterly. 4 (3): 9–17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701081937/http://www.meforum.org/357/what-does-jihad-mean">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 12 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Quarterly&rft.atitle=What+Does+Jihad+Mean%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=9-17&rft.date=1997-09&rft.aulast=Streusand&rft.aufirst=Douglas+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F357%2Fwhat-does-jihad-mean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul-Kareem2011" class="citation web cs1">Abdul-Kareem, Ibrahim (28 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110226122709/http://www.khilafah.com/index.php/analysis/middle-east/11132-protestors-lose-their-fear-of-the-egyptian-regime-and-perform-the-best-jihad-the-word-of-justice-in-front-of-the-oppressive-ruler">"Protestors lose their fear of the Egyptian regime and perform the best jihad – the word of justice in front of the oppressive ruler"</a>. The Khilafah. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khilafah.com/index.php/analysis/middle-east/11132-protestors-lose-their-fear-of-the-egyptian-regime-and-perform-the-best-jihad-the-word-of-justice-in-front-of-the-oppressive-ruler">the original</a> on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Khilafah&rft.atitle=Protestors+lose+their+fear+of+the+Egyptian+regime+and+perform+the+best+jihad+%E2%80%93+the+word+of+justice+in+front+of+the+oppressive+ruler&rft.date=2011-01-28&rft.aulast=Abdul-Kareem&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khilafah.com%2Findex.php%2Fanalysis%2Fmiddle-east%2F11132-protestors-lose-their-fear-of-the-egyptian-regime-and-perform-the-best-jihad-the-word-of-justice-in-front-of-the-oppressive-ruler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShehata2011" class="citation web cs1">Shehata, Ali (1 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muslimmatters.org/2011/02/01/reflections-on-the-protests-in-egypt/">"Reflections on the Protests in Egypt"</a>. MuslimMatters.org. Retrieved 9 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MuslimMatters.org&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+Protests+in+Egypt&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft.aulast=Shehata&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuslimmatters.org%2F2011%2F02%2F01%2Freflections-on-the-protests-in-egypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hashim1-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Hashim1_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashim_Kamali2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hashim_Kamali" title="Mohammad Hashim Kamali">Hashim Kamali, Mohammad</a> (2008). Shari'ah Law: An Introduction. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851685653" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851685653"><bdi>978-1851685653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shari%27ah+Law%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1851685653&rft.aulast=Hashim+Kamali&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbi_Zakaryya_Al_Dimashqi_Al_Dumyati2016" class="citation book cs1">Abi Zakaryya Al Dimashqi Al Dumyati (23 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheBookOfJihadByIbnNuhass">The Book of Jihad</a>. Translated by Yamani, Noor. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheBookOfJihadByIbnNuhass/page/n43">107</a>. Retrieved 9 August 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Jihad&rft.pages=107&rft.date=2016-10-23&rft.au=Abi+Zakaryya+Al+Dimashqi+Al+Dumyati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheBookOfJihadByIbnNuhass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbi_Zakaryya_Al_Dimashqi_Al_Dumyati2016" class="citation book cs1">Abi Zakaryya Al Dimashqi Al Dumyati (23 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheBookOfJihadByIbnNuhass">The Book of Jihad</a>. Translated by Yamani, Noor. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheBookOfJihadByIbnNuhass/page/n177">177</a>. Retrieved 9 August 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Jihad&rft.pages=177&rft.date=2016-10-23&rft.au=Abi+Zakaryya+Al+Dimashqi+Al+Dumyati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheBookOfJihadByIbnNuhass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1t4-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1t4_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1t4_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1t4_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1t4_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1t4_41-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1T4yAQAAQBAJ">The Intensification and Reorientation of Sunni Jihad Ideology in the Crusader Period</a>. BRILL. 3 December 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004242791" title="Special:BookSources/9789004242791"><bdi>9789004242791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Intensification+and+Reorientation+of+Sunni+Jihad+Ideology+in+the+Crusader+Period&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012-12-03&rft.isbn=9789004242791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1T4yAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan2004" class="citation book cs1">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (24 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CD9IdzJ4fFQC">Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812218892" title="Special:BookSources/0812218892"><bdi>0812218892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconquest+and+Crusade+in+Medieval+Spain&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2004-02-24&rft.isbn=0812218892&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCD9IdzJ4fFQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/en/al-anfal/15-16">"Surah Al-Anfal - 15-16"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surah+Al-Anfal+-+15-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquran.com%2Fen%2Fal-anfal%2F15-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LuzFSDvKXJ4C">Understanding Jihad</a>. University of California Press. 23 May 2005. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520931879" title="Special:BookSources/9780520931879"><bdi>9780520931879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Jihad&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005-05-23&rft.isbn=9780520931879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLuzFSDvKXJ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari:5972">5972</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2784">2784</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonney04-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonney04_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonney04_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonney04_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonney04_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonney04_47-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonney2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bonney" title="Richard Bonney">Bonney, Richard</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Mcf0AEACAAJ">Jihad: From Qu'ran to Bin Laden</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+From+Qu%27ran+to+Bin+Laden&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bonney&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Mcf0AEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Lewis, Bernard, <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_of_Islam" title="The Crisis of Islam">The Crisis of Islam</a>, 2001 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crisisofislam00bern/page/33">Chapter 2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-1988-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-1988_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-1988_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-1988_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1991" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (11 June 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NXCTjv2oFtUC">The Political Language of Islam</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47693-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47693-3"><bdi>978-0-226-47693-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Language+of+Islam&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991-06-11&rft.isbn=978-0-226-47693-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNXCTjv2oFtUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters-jihad-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters-jihad_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters-jihad_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters-jihad_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters-jihad_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters-jihad_50-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters-jihad_50-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters-jihad_50-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters-jihad_50-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1996" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Rudolph (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm4XnNtI_1wC">Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam: A Reader</a>. 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Retrieved 4 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jihad&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fbeliefs%2Fjihad_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Fayd_al-Qadir" title="Fayd al-Qadir">Fayd al-Qadir</a> vol. 4 p. 511 </li> <li id="cite_note-Streusand-greater-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Streusand-greater_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Streusand-greater_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreusand1997" class="citation journal cs1">Streusand, Douglas E. (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/357/what-does-jihad-mean">"What Does Jihad Mean?"</a>. Middle East Quarterly. iv (3): 9–17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140908145532/http://www.meforum.org/357/what-does-jihad-mean">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Quarterly&rft.atitle=What+Does+Jihad+Mean%3F&rft.volume=iv&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=9-17&rft.date=1997-09&rft.aulast=Streusand&rft.aufirst=Douglas+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F357%2Fwhat-does-jihad-mean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunnah.org/tasawwuf/jihad004.html">"Sunnah.org"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609212254/http://www.sunnah.org/tasawwuf/jihad004.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunnah.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunnah.org%2Ftasawwuf%2Fjihad004.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kadri12-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kadri12_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadri12_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadri12_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadri12_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadri12_55-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadri12_55-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadri12_55-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadri12_55-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadri12_55-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadri12_55-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadri12_55-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadri2012" class="citation book cs1">Kadri, Sadakat (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC">Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. pp. 150–151, 157, 172–175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0099523277" title="Special:BookSources/978-0099523277"><bdi>978-0099523277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law+from+the+Deserts+of+Ancient+Arabia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=150-151%2C+157%2C+172-175&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0099523277&rft.aulast=Kadri&rft.aufirst=Sadakat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztCRZOhJ10wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKadri2012103According_to_al-Ghazali,_he_[the_Prophet]_had_told_Muslims_after_their_first_major_military_victory_at_Badr_that_their_struggle_(jihad)_was_not_won:_they_had_only_won_a_'lesser_struggle',_while_the_greater_struggle_to_fortify_their_spiritual_defenses_still_lay_ahead.-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKadri2012103According_to_al-Ghazali,_he_[the_Prophet]_had_told_Muslims_after_their_first_major_military_victory_at_Badr_that_their_struggle_(jihad)_was_not_won:_they_had_only_won_a_'lesser_struggle',_while_the_greater_struggle_to_fortify_their_spiritual_defenses_still_lay_ahead._56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKadri2012">Kadri 2012</a>, pp. 103, According to al-Ghazali, he [the Prophet] had told Muslims after their first major military victory at Badr that their struggle (jihad) was not won: they had only won a 'lesser struggle', while the greater struggle to fortify their spiritual defenses still lay ahead.. </li> <li id="cite_note-Khadduri-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khadduri_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khadduri_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhadduri2006" class="citation book cs1">Khadduri, Majid (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UHWd6gLZsFIC">War and Peace in the Law of Islam</a>. 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The Rise of Experimental Biology. Humana Press. pp. 57–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-59259-163-3_8">10.1007/978-1-59259-163-3_8</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59259-163-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59259-163-3"><bdi>978-1-59259-163-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamic+Science&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.pages=57-63&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-59259-163-3_8&rft.isbn=978-1-59259-163-3&rft.aulast=Lutz&rft.aufirst=Peter+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%252F978-1-59259-163-3_8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare2012" class="citation news cs1">Ware, Rudolph (31 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/timbuktu-the-ink-of-schol_b_1847749">"Timbuktu: The Ink of Scholars and the Blood of Martyrs"</a>. Huffington Post. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Timbuktu%3A+The+Ink+of+Scholars+and+the+Blood+of+Martyrs&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Ftimbuktu-the-ink-of-schol_b_1847749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiagne2008" class="citation book cs1">Diagne, Souleymane Bachir (2008). "Towards an intellectual history of West Africa: The meaning of Timbuktu". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517012523/https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/item/2152/Meanings_Timbuktu.pdf">The meanings of Timbuktu</a> (PDF). HRSC Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780796922045" title="Special:BookSources/9780796922045"><bdi>9780796922045</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/item/2152/Meanings_Timbuktu.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 May 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+an+intellectual+history+of+West+Africa%3A+The+meaning+of+Timbuktu&rft.btitle=The+meanings+of+Timbuktu&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=HRSC+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780796922045&rft.aulast=Diagne&rft.aufirst=Souleymane+Bachir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.uct.ac.za%2Fbitstream%2Fitem%2F2152%2FMeanings_Timbuktu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse2015" class="citation news cs1">Morse, Felicity (13 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-30803391">"The pen, the sword and the Prophet"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+pen%2C+the+sword+and+the+Prophet&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=Felicity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fnewsbeat-30803391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yaqeeninstitute.org-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yaqeeninstitute.org_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-yaqeeninstitute.org_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yaqeeninstitute.org/amp/justin-parrott/jihad-in-islam-just-war-theory-in-the-quran-and-sunnah">"Jihad in Islam: Just War Theory in the Qur'an and Sunnah"</a>. Yaqeeninstitute.org. 15 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119003851/https://yaqeeninstitute.org/amp/justin-parrott/jihad-in-islam-just-war-theory-in-the-quran-and-sunnah">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yaqeeninstitute.org&rft.atitle=Jihad+in+Islam%3A+Just+War+Theory+in+the+Qur%27an+and+Sunnah&rft.date=2020-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyaqeeninstitute.org%2Famp%2Fjustin-parrott%2Fjihad-in-islam-just-war-theory-in-the-quran-and-sunnah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbook295-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-handbook295_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook295_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook295_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook295_65-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosmanJones2009" class="citation book cs1">Cosman, Madeleine Pelner; Jones, Linda Gale (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Jf5t1vFw1QC&pg=PA295">Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, 3-Volume Set</a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 295–296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0907-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0907-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-0907-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+the+Medieval+World%2C+3-Volume+Set&rft.pages=295-296&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0907-7&rft.aulast=Cosman&rft.aufirst=Madeleine+Pelner&rft.au=Jones%2C+Linda+Gale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Jf5t1vFw1QC%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khomeini-greater-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Khomeini-greater_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhomeini2012" class="citation web cs1">Khomeini, Ruhollah (27 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/jihad-al-akbar-the-greatest-jihad-combat-with-the-self-imam-khomeini">"Jihad al-Akbar, The Greatest Jihad: Combat with the Self"</a>. al-Islam.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903111819/http://www.al-islam.org/jihad-al-akbar-the-greatest-jihad-combat-with-the-self-imam-khomeini">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jihad+al-Akbar%2C+The+Greatest+Jihad%3A+Combat+with+the+Self&rft.pub=al-Islam.org&rft.date=2012-09-27&rft.aulast=Khomeini&rft.aufirst=Ruhollah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fjihad-al-akbar-the-greatest-jihad-combat-with-the-self-imam-khomeini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2010" class="citation book cs1">Schaefer, Robert W. (22 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vbrOEAAAQBAJ">The Insurgency in Chechnya and the North Caucasus: From Gazavat to Jihad</a>. Praeger Security International. Santa Barbara, California: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313386350" title="Special:BookSources/9780313386350"><bdi>9780313386350</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Insurgency+in+Chechnya+and+the+North+Caucasus%3A+From+Gazavat+to+Jihad&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.series=Praeger+Security+International&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2010-10-22&rft.isbn=9780313386350&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvbrOEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaderin2021" class="citation book cs1">Baderin, Mashood A. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_98eEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119">Islamic Law: A Very Short Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 119. <q>Similar to contemporary international law, there are more rules relating to jus in bello than to jus ad bellum under Islamic laws of war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Law%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Baderin&rft.aufirst=Mashood+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_98eEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEF99-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AEF99_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEF99_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEF99_69-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbou_El_Fadl1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Abou El Fadl, Khaled</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1999.tb03675.x">"The rules of killing at war: An inquiry into classical sources"</a>. The Muslim World. 89 (2): 144–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1999.tb03675.x">10.1111/j.1478-1913.1999.tb03675.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+World&rft.atitle=The+rules+of+killing+at+war%3A+An+inquiry+into+classical+sources&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=144-157&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1999.tb03675.x&rft.aulast=Abou+El+Fadl&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-1913.1999.tb03675.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEF01-70"><a href="#cite_ref-AEF01_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbou_El_Fadl2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Abou El Fadl, Khaled</a> (2001). "Islam and the Theology of Power". Middle East Report (221): 28–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1559337">10.2307/1559337</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1559337">1559337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Report&rft.atitle=Islam+and+the+Theology+of+Power&rft.issue=221&rft.pages=28-33&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1559337&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1559337%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Abou+El+Fadl&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalil2017" class="citation book cs1">Khalil, Mohammad Hassan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BFZsBgAAQBAJ">Jihad, Radicalism, and the New Atheism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108377263">10.1017/9781108377263</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108421546" title="Special:BookSources/9781108421546"><bdi>9781108421546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%2C+Radicalism%2C+and+the+New+Atheism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108377263&rft.isbn=9781108421546&rft.aulast=Khalil&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBFZsBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbou_El_Fadl200129-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbou_El_Fadl200129_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbou_El_Fadl2001">Abou El Fadl 2001</a>, p. 29: "the majority [of jurists] argued that non-Muslims should only be fought against if they pose a danger to Muslims" </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Ibn Najīm, Al-Bahr al-Rā’iq, Vol. 5, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMairaj_Syed2013" class="citation book cs1">Mairaj Syed (2013). 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Just War in Religion and Politics. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. p. 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jihad+in+Classical+Islamic+Legal+and+Moral+Thought&rft.btitle=Just+War+in+Religion+and+Politics&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Mairaj+Syed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kohlberg-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kohlberg_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kohlberg_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlberg1976" class="citation web cs1">Kohlberg, Etan (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atharebartar.com/en/development-imami-shii-doctrine-jihad-2/">"The Development of the Imami Shi'i Doctrine of Jihad"</a>. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgen Laendischen Gesellschaft. pp. 64–86, esp. pp. 78–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+the+Imami+Shi%27i+Doctrine+of+Jihad&rft.pages=64-86%2C+esp.+pp.+78-86&rft.pub=Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+Morgen+Laendischen+Gesellschaft&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Kohlberg&rft.aufirst=Etan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatharebartar.com%2Fen%2Fdevelopment-imami-shii-doctrine-jihad-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCAP-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCAP_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCAP_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCAP_76-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates2012" class="citation book cs1">Coates, David, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W_BMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16">The Oxford Companion to American Politics, Volume 2</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199764310" title="Special:BookSources/9780199764310"><bdi>9780199764310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+American+Politics%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199764310&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW_BMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prism10-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prism10_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prism10_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prism10_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prism10_77-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prism10_77-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prism10_77-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrism2010" class="citation book cs1">Howard M. Hensel, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Prism-of-Just-War-Asian-and-Western-Perspectives-on-the-Legitimate/Hensel/p/book/9780754675105">The Prism of Just War: Asian and Western Perspectives on the Legitimate Use of Military Force</a>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754675105" title="Special:BookSources/9780754675105"><bdi>9780754675105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prism+of+Just+War%3A+Asian+and+Western+Perspectives+on+the+Legitimate+Use+of+Military+Force&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780754675105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FThe-Prism-of-Just-War-Asian-and-Western-Perspectives-on-the-Legitimate%2FHensel%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780754675105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-V15-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-V15_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-V15_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-V15_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-V15_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-V15_78-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanhullebusch2015" class="citation book cs1">Vanhullebusch, Matthias (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/31941">War and Law in the Islamic World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill publishers">Brill publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004298248" title="Special:BookSources/9789004298248"><bdi>9789004298248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Law+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Brill+publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789004298248&rft.aulast=Vanhullebusch&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F31941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook05-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cook05_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook05_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook05_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook05_79-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cook_(historian)" title="David Cook (historian)">Cook, David</a> (2015) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SqE2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93">"Radical Islam and Contemporary Jihad Theory"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s7EwDwAAQBAJ">Understanding Jihad</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 93–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24448-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24448-1"><bdi>978-0-520-24448-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10">10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015010201">2015010201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radical+Islam+and+Contemporary+Jihad+Theory&rft.btitle=Understanding+Jihad&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=93-127&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fj.ctv1xxt55.10%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015010201&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24448-1&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSqE2DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsay2009" class="citation book cs1">Kelsay, John (2009). Arguing the Just War in Islam. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674032347" title="Special:BookSources/9780674032347"><bdi>9780674032347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arguing+the+Just+War+in+Islam&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674032347&rft.aulast=Kelsay&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnson-147-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnson-147_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnson-147_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2010" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, James Turner (1 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IoEjpRsvuzUC&pg=PA148">Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions</a>. Penn State Press. pp. 147–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0271042145" title="Special:BookSources/978-0271042145"><bdi>978-0271042145</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 September 2014. <q>Islam ... instilled into the hearts of the warriors the belief that a war against the followers of another faith was a holy war ... The fundamental structure of bedouin warfare remained, however, that of raiding to collect booty. ... another element in the normative understanding of jihad as religiously sanctioned war ... [was] the ghaza, `<a href="/wiki/Razzia_(military)" title="Razzia (military)">razzia</a> or raid.` ... Thus the standard form of desert warfare, periodic raids by the nomadic tribes against one another and the settled areas, was transformed into a centrally directed military movement and given and ideological rationale.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+War+Idea+in+Western+and+Islamic+Traditions&rft.pages=147-48&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0271042145&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=James+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIoEjpRsvuzUC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkey2003-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Berkey2003_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkey2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Berkey" title="Jonathan Berkey">Berkey, Jonathan Porter</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formationofislam0000berk">The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formationofislam0000berk/page/73">73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521588133" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521588133"><bdi>978-0521588133</bdi></a>. <q>The Koran is not a squeamish document, and it exhorts the believers to jihad. Verses such as "Do not follow the unbelievers, but struggle against them mightily" (25.52) and "fight [those who have been given a revelation] who do not believe in God and the last day" (9.29) may originally have been directed against Muhammad's local enemies, the pagans of Mecca or the Jews of Medina, but they could be redirected once a new set of enemies appeared.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Islam%3A+Religion+and+Society+in+the+Near+East%2C+600%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0521588133&rft.aulast=Berkey&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fformationofislam0000berk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khadduri-1955-62-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Khadduri-1955-62_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhadduri1955">Khadduri 1955</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128192525/http://www.actforamericaeducation.com/downloads/All_Files_by_Type/khadduri.pdf">"Book II - The Law of War: The Jihad - Chapter V. Doctrine of Jihad"</a> (PDF). War and Peace in the Law of Islam. pp. 55–73. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actforamericaeducation.com/downloads/All_Files_by_Type/khadduri.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015. <q>The importance of the jihad in Islam lay in shifting the focus of attention of the tribes from their interribal warfare to the outside word; Islam outlawed all forms of war except the jihad, that is the war in Allah's path. It would indeed, have been very difficult for the Islamic state to survive had it not been for the doctrine of the jihad, replacing tribal raids, and directing that enormous energy of the tribes from an inevitable internal conflict to unite and fight against the outside world in the name of the new faith.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+II+-+The+Law+of+War%3A+The+Jihad+-+Chapter+V.+Doctrine+of+Jihad&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace+in+the+Law+of+Islam&rft.pages=55-73&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factforamericaeducation.com%2Fdownloads%2FAll_Files_by_Type%2Fkhadduri.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qref|2|256-84"><a href="#cite_ref-qref|2|256_84-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=256">2:256</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIO-djihad-85"><a href="#cite_ref-EIO-djihad_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lQpd0AEACAAJ">"Djihād"</a>. Encyclopedia of Islam Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Djih%C4%81d&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlQpd0AEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters-1977-3-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Peters-1977-3_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1977" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Rudolph (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm4XnNtI_1wC\page=3">Jihad in Mediaeval and Modern Islam: The Chapter on Jihad from Averroes' Legal Handbook 'Bidåayat Al-mudjtahid' and the Treatise 'Koran and Fighting' by the Late Shaykh-al-Azhar, Maòhmåud Shaltåut</a>. BRILL. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04854-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04854-6"><bdi>978-90-04-04854-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+in+Mediaeval+and+Modern+Islam%3A+The+Chapter+on+Jihad+from+Averroes%27+Legal+Handbook+%27Bid%C3%A5ayat+Al-mudjtahid%27+and+the+Treatise+%27Koran+and+Fighting%27+by+the+Late+Shaykh-al-Azhar%2C+Ma%C3%B2hm%C3%A5ud+Shalt%C3%A5ut&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04854-6&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLm4XnNtI_1wC%5Cpage%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_87-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_87-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1994" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (27 October 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=br74_99YqSIC">Islam and the West</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802393-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802393-7"><bdi>978-0-19-802393-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+West&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994-10-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-802393-7&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbr74_99YqSIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed_Al-2011b" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed Al- (28 March 2011b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XfFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations</a>. Springer. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230118089" title="Special:BookSources/9780230118089"><bdi>9780230118089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Law+of+War%3A+Justifications+and+Regulations&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011-03-28&rft.isbn=9780230118089&rft.au=Ahmed+Al-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XfFAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZawātī2001" class="citation book cs1">Zawātī, Ḥilmī M (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isjihadjustwar00zawa/page/50">Isw+bm Jihād a Just War?: War, Peace, and Human Rights Under Islamic and Public International Law</a>. Studies in religion and society. Vol. 53. Lewiston, N.Y.: E. Mellen Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isjihadjustwar00zawa/page/50">50</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0773473041" title="Special:BookSources/0773473041"><bdi>0773473041</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47283206">47283206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isw%2Bbm+Jih%C4%81d+a+Just+War%3F%3A+War%2C+Peace%2C+and+Human+Rights+Under+Islamic+and+Public+International+Law&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+N.Y.&rft.series=Studies+in+religion+and+society&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=E.+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47283206&rft.isbn=0773473041&rft.aulast=Zaw%C4%81t%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=%E1%B8%A4ilm%C4%AB+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisjihadjustwar00zawa%2Fpage%2F50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhadduri1940" class="citation book cs1">Khadduri, Majid (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ejBHAAAAIAAJ">The Law of War and Peace in Islam: A Study in Muslim International Law</a>. London: Luzac & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24254931">24254931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+War+and+Peace+in+Islam%3A+A+Study+in+Muslim+International+Law&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Luzac+%26+Co&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24254931&rft.aulast=Khadduri&rft.aufirst=Majid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DejBHAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Shaybani1966" class="citation book cs1">Al-Shaybani, Muhammad Ibn al-H. (1966). The Islamic Law of Nations: Shaybani's Siyar. Translated by Khadduri, [Majid. Johns Hopkins Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Law+of+Nations%3A+Shaybani%27s+Siyar.&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Al-Shaybani&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Ibn+al-H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Noth" title="Albrecht Noth">Albrecht Noth</a>, "Der Dschihad: sich mühen für Gott. In: Gernot Rotter, Die Welten des Islam: neunundzwanzig Vorschläge, das Unvertraute zu verstehen" (Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1993), p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-2004-31-93"><a href="#cite_ref-lewis-2004-31_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2004" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kE9LmS6QvacC">The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror</a>. Random House Publishing Group. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812967852" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812967852"><bdi>978-0812967852</bdi></a>. <q>According to Islamic law, it is lawful to wage war against four types of enemies: infidels, apostates, rebels, and bandits. Although all four types of war are legitimate, only the first two count as jihad.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+Islam%3A+Holy+War+and+Unholy+Terror&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0812967852&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkE9LmS6QvacC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-237-94"><a href="#cite_ref-lewis-237_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2000" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CjAABdA9z18C&pg=PA237">The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years</a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 237–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684807126" title="Special:BookSources/9780684807126"><bdi>9780684807126</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East%3A+A+Brief+History+of+the+Last+2%2C000+Years&rft.pages=237-38&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780684807126&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCjAABdA9z18C%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Khaled Abou El Fadl</a> martyrdom is within God's exclusive province; only God can assess the intentions of individuals and the justness of their cause, and ultimately, whether they deserve the status of being a martyr. The Qur'anic text does not recognize the idea of unlimited warfare, and it does not consider the simple fact that one of the belligerents is Muslim to be sufficient to establish the justness of a war. Moreover, according to the Qur'an, war might be necessary, and might even become binding and obligatory, but it is never a moral and ethical good. The Qur'an does not use the word jihad to refer to warfare or fighting; such acts are referred to as qital. While the Qur'an's call to jihad is unconditional and unrestricted, such is not the case for qital. Jihad is a good in and of itself, while qital is not. Source: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbou_El_Fadl2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Abou El Fadl, Khaled</a> (23 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcVOJYyT9aAC">The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists</a>. HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061189036" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061189036"><bdi>978-0061189036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Theft%3A+Wrestling+Islam+from+the+Extremists&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2007-01-23&rft.isbn=978-0061189036&rft.aulast=Abou+El+Fadl&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZcVOJYyT9aAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamidullah2011" class="citation book cs1">Hamidullah, Muhammad (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PHFvjl11z08C">The Muslim Conduct of State</a>. The Other Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-5062-88-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-5062-88-9"><bdi>978-967-5062-88-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Conduct+of+State&rft.pub=The+Other+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-967-5062-88-9&rft.aulast=Hamidullah&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHFvjl11z08C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-97"><a href="#cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Dawoody2013" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Dawoody, Ahmed (27 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec3.12071">"Armed Jihad in the Islamic Legal Tradition"</a>. Religion Compass. 7 (11): 476–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frec3.12071">10.1111/rec3.12071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143395594">143395594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Compass&rft.atitle=Armed+Jihad+in+the+Islamic+Legal+Tradition&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=476-484&rft.date=2013-08-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Frec3.12071&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143395594%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Al-Dawoody&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcompass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Frec3.12071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chaudhry-spoils-98"><a href="#cite_ref-chaudhry-spoils_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhry" class="citation web cs1">Chaudhry, Muhammad Sharif. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimtents.com/shaufi/b17/b176.htm">"Dynamics of Islamic Jihad, Spoils of War"</a>. Muslim Tents. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411053917/http://www.muslimtents.com/shaufi/b17/b176.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muslim+Tents&rft.atitle=Dynamics+of+Islamic+Jihad%2C+Spoils+of+War&rft.aulast=Chaudhry&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Sharif&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimtents.com%2Fshaufi%2Fb17%2Fb176.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jihad-ghamidi-99"><a href="#cite_ref-jihad-ghamidi_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhamidi2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Javed_Ahmed_Ghamidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Javed Ahmed Ghamidi">Ghamidi, Javed</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.javedahmadghamidi.com/renaissance/view/the-islamic-law-of-jihad-part-1-2">"The Islamic Law of Jihad"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mizan" title="Mizan">Mizan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al-Mawrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mawrid">Dar ul-Ishraq</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52901690">52901690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Islamic+Law+of+Jihad&rft.btitle=Mizan&rft.pub=Dar+ul-Ishraq&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52901690&rft.aulast=Ghamidi&rft.aufirst=Javed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.javedahmadghamidi.com%2Frenaissance%2Fview%2Fthe-islamic-law-of-jihad-part-1-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mqz-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mqz_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mqz_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQASIM_ZAMAN2012" class="citation book cs1">QASIM ZAMAN, MUHAMMAD (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf0fAwAAQBAJ">Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09645-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09645-5"><bdi>978-1-107-09645-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Islamic+Thought+in+a+Radical+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-09645-5&rft.aulast=QASIM+ZAMAN&rft.aufirst=MUHAMMAD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUf0fAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khadduri-1955-60-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khadduri-1955-60_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khadduri-1955-60_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhadduri1955">Khadduri 1955</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128192525/http://www.actforamericaeducation.com/downloads/All_Files_by_Type/khadduri.pdf">"5. Doctrine of Jihad"</a> (PDF). War and Peace in the Law of Islam. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actforamericaeducation.com/downloads/All_Files_by_Type/khadduri.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015. <q>[Unlike the five pillars of Islam, jihad was to be enforced by the state.] ... 'unless the Muslim community is subjected to a sudden attack and therefore all believers, including women and children are under the obligation to fight—[jihad of the sword] is regarded by all jurists, with almost no exception, as a collective obligation of the whole Muslim community,' meaning that 'if the duty is fulfilled by a part of the community it ceases to be obligatory on others'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.+Doctrine+of+Jihad&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace+in+the+Law+of+Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factforamericaeducation.com%2Fdownloads%2FAll_Files_by_Type%2Fkhadduri.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEIP_combat-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEIP_combat_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIP_combat_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIP_combat_102-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIP_combat_102-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroucek2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Broucek, James (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V7CUngEACAAJ">"Combat"</a>. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Combat&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+Politics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Broucek&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV7CUngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> The early Muslim era of expansion (632–750 CE, or the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate#Rashidun_(632–661)" title="Caliphate">Rashidun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> eras) preceded the "classical era" (750–1258 CE) which coincided with the beginning and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibb1969" class="citation book cs1">Gibb, H.A.R. (Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen) (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w4iWqgTzvp8C">Mohammedanism</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohammedanism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=H.A.R.+%28Hamilton+Alexander+Rosskeen%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw4iWqgTzvp8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeLong-Bas2004">DeLong-Bas 2004</a> "In Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's writings, jihad is a special and specific type of warfare, which can be declared only by the religious leader (imam) and whose purpose is the defense of the Muslim community from aggression." .. "What Shaltut calls for here is not only a defensive response but also the right to live peacefully without fear for life, home, or possessions, all of which is consistent with Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's assertion of jihad as a defensive activity designed to restore order and preserve life and property."... "Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's definition of jihad is restricted to a defensive military action designed to protect and preserve the Muslim community and its right to practice its faith".. "For Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, jihad is always a defensive military action. Here he is synchronous with Islamic modernist writers, who narrow the confines of jihad to defensive action.."}} </li> <li id="cite_note-DeLong-Bas2004-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeLong-Bas2004_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeLong-Bas2004_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeLong-Bas2004_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeLong-Bas2004_106-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeLong-Bas2004_106-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLong-Bas2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Natana_J._DeLong-Bas" title="Natana J. DeLong-Bas">DeLong-Bas, Natana J.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wahhabiislamfrom0000delo">Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad</a> (First ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195169911" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195169911"><bdi>978-0195169911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabi+Islam%3A+From+Revival+and+Reform+to+Global+Jihad&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0195169911&rft.aulast=DeLong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwahhabiislamfrom0000delo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-revolt-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-revolt_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-revolt_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Lewis, Bernard (19 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/11/19/the-revolt-of-islam">"The Revolt of Islam"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904075017/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/11/19/the-revolt-of-islam">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Revolt+of+Islam&rft.date=2001-11-19&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2001%2F11%2F19%2Fthe-revolt-of-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jt1-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jt1_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jt1_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jt1_108-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2012" class="citation book cs1">Gold, Dore (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jT1xbK2EGRcC&pg=PA24">Hatred's Kingdom: How Saudi Arabia Supports the New Global Terrorism</a>. Regnery Publishing. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hatred%27s+Kingdom%3A+How+Saudi+Arabia+Supports+the+New+Global+Terrorism&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Dore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjT1xbK2EGRcC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fayz-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Fayz_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Katib_Hazarah2012" class="citation journal cs1">Muhammad Katib Hazarah, Fayz (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-afghanistan-fayz-muhammad-katib-hazarahs-siraj-al-tawarikh-by-r.-/page/n255/mode/2up?view=theater">"The History Of Afghanistan Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah's Sirāj Al Tawārīkh By R. D. Mcchesney, M. M. Khorrami"</a>. AAF: 61. Retrieved 11 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAF&rft.atitle=The+History+Of+Afghanistan+Fay%C5%BC+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+K%C4%81tib+Haz%C4%81rah%27s+Sir%C4%81j+Al+Taw%C4%81r%C4%ABkh+By+R.+D.+Mcchesney%2C+M.+M.+Khorrami&rft.pages=61&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Muhammad+Katib+Hazarah&rft.aufirst=Fayz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-history-of-afghanistan-fayz-muhammad-katib-hazarahs-siraj-al-tawarikh-by-r.-%2Fpage%2Fn255%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGold2012">Gold 2012</a>, pp. 7–8 "... the revival of jihad, and its prioritization as a religious value, is found in the works of high-level Saudi religious officials like former chief justice Sheikh Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Humaid: `Jihad is a great deed indeed [and] there is no deed whose reward and blessing is as that of it, and for this reason, it is the best thing one can volunteer for." </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalola2009" class="citation book cs1">Falola, Toyin (25 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-Jp1t2n4sC">Colonialism and Violence in Nigeria</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00339-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00339-3"><bdi>978-0-253-00339-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism+and+Violence+in+Nigeria&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009-09-25&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00339-3&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHd-Jp1t2n4sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ardic-2012-192-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Ardic-2012-192_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdic2012" class="citation book cs1">Ardic, Nurullah (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAXNxxkJKYsC&pg=PA192">Islam and the Politics of Secularism: The Caliphate and Middle Eastern ...</a> Routledge. pp. 192–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136489846" title="Special:BookSources/9781136489846"><bdi>9781136489846</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Politics+of+Secularism%3A+The+Caliphate+and+Middle+Eastern+...&rft.pages=192-93&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136489846&rft.aulast=Ardic&rft.aufirst=Nurullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZAXNxxkJKYsC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol8-no1/islamic-revolution-1920-iraq-zuhayr-sulayman/islamic-revolution-1920-iraq">"The Islamic Revolution of 1920"</a>. al-islam.org. 27 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Revolution+of+1920&rft.pub=al-islam.org&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fal-tawhid%2Fvol8-no1%2Fislamic-revolution-1920-iraq-zuhayr-sulayman%2Fislamic-revolution-1920-iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Slooten2005" class="citation journal cs1">Van Slooten, Pippi (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14631370500333013">"Dispelling Myths About Islam and Jihad"</a>. Peace Review. 17 (2–3): 289–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14631370500333013">10.1080/14631370500333013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-2659">1040-2659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace+Review&rft.atitle=Dispelling+Myths+About+Islam+and+Jihad&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=289-294&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14631370500333013&rft.issn=1040-2659&rft.aulast=Van+Slooten&rft.aufirst=Pippi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F14631370500333013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sacred-115"><a href="#cite_ref-sacred_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjaminSimon2002" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Daniel; Simon, Steven (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofsacredterro00benj">The Age of Sacred Terror</a>. New York: Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofsacredterro00benj/page/57">57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375508592" title="Special:BookSources/9780375508592"><bdi>9780375508592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Sacred+Terror&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780375508592&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Simon%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofsacredterro00benj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-slogan-116"><a href="#cite_ref-slogan_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp">"Article eight of the Hamas Covenant. The Slogan of the Islamic Resistance Movement"</a>. Yale Law School. Avalon Project. Yale Law School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110307133603/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2014. <q>Allah is its target, the Prophet is its model, the Koran its constitution: Jihad is its path and death for the sake of Allah is the loftiest of its wishes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+Law+School.+Avalon+Project&rft.atitle=Article+eight+of+the+Hamas+Covenant.+The+Slogan+of+the+Islamic+Resistance+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fhamas.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banna78-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Banna78_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBannā1978" class="citation book cs1">Bannā, Ḥasan al- (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OyQ9AAAACAAJ">Five Tracts of Hasan Al-Banna (1906-1949): A Selection from the Majmu'at at Rasail Al-Iman Al-Shahid Hasan Al-Banna</a>. Translated by Wendell, Charles. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-608-15367-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-608-15367-4"><bdi>978-0-608-15367-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Tracts+of+Hasan+Al-Banna+%281906-1949%29%3A+A+Selection+from+the+Majmu%27at+at+Rasail+Al-Iman+Al-Shahid+Hasan+Al-Banna&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-608-15367-4&rft.aulast=Bann%C4%81&rft.aufirst=%E1%B8%A4asan+al-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOyQ9AAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Khatib-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Khatib_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Khatib2012" class="citation book cs1">Al-Khatib, Ibrahim (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6RdWFL8sbpIC&pg=PA14">The Muslim Brotherhood and Palestine: Letters To Jerusalem</a>. scribedigital.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780410395" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780410395"><bdi>978-1780410395</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 September 2014. <q>The Muslim Brothers believed a well-planned Jihad to be the only means to liberate Palestine. Its press confirmed that Jihad became an individual obligation upon every Muslim ... [who would] gain one of the two desirable goals (i.e. gaining victory or dying martyrs). The jurists of the Group issued a fatwa during the 1948 War that Muslims had to postpone pilgrimage and offer their money for Jihad (in Palestine) instead.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Brotherhood+and+Palestine%3A+Letters+To+Jerusalem&rft.pub=scribedigital.com&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1780410395&rft.aulast=Al-Khatib&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6RdWFL8sbpIC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abū_ʻAmr-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Abū_ʻAmr_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbū_ʻAmr1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ziy%C4%81d_Ab%C5%AB_%CA%BBAmr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyād Abū ʻAmr">Abū ʻAmr, Z.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTG5sdLHD8C&pg=PA23">Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and .</a> Indiana University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253208668" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253208668"><bdi>978-0253208668</bdi></a>. <q>According to the [Muslim Brotherhood] society, the jihad for Palestine will start after the completion of the Islamic transformation of Palestinian society, the completion of the process of Islamic revival, and the return to Islam in the region. Only then can the call for jihad be meaningful, because the Palestinians cannot along liberate Palestine without the help of other Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Fundamentalism+in+the+West+Bank+and+Gaza%3A+Muslim+Brotherhood+and+..&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0253208668&rft.aulast=Ab%C5%AB+%CA%BBAmr&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjrTG5sdLHD8C%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-miller-387-120"><a href="#cite_ref-miller-387_120-0">^</a> But according to <a href="/wiki/Judith_Miller" title="Judith Miller">Judith Miller</a>, the MB changed its mind with the intifada. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2011" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Judith (19 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tH_ThgVEoAcC&pg=PA387">God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East</a>. Simon & Schuster. p. 387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439129418" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439129418"><bdi>978-1439129418</bdi></a>. <q>Sheikh Yasin had initially argued in typical Muslim Brotherhood tradition that violent jihad against Israel would be counterproductive until Islamic regimes had been established throughout the Muslim realm. But the outbreak of the Intifada changed his mind: Islamic reconquest would have to start rather than end with jihad in Palestine. So stated the Hamas covenant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Has+Ninety-Nine+Names%3A+Reporting+from+a+Militant+Middle+East&rft.pages=387&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft.isbn=978-1439129418&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtH_ThgVEoAcC%26pg%3DPA387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamas_Covenant-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamas_Covenant_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp">"Hamas Covenant 1988"</a>. Yale Law School Avalon Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110307133603/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2014. <q>[part of Article 13 of the Covenant] There is no solution for the Palestinian question except through Jihad. Initiatives, proposals and international conferences are all a waste of time and vain endeavors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+Law+School+Avalon+Project&rft.atitle=Hamas+Covenant+1988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fhamas.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hashmi-122"><a href="#cite_ref-hashmi_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashmi2012" class="citation book cs1">Hashmi, Sohail H. (3 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1jcCwXo3CCgC">Just Wars, Holy Wars, and Jihads: Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Encounters and Exchanges</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975503-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975503-5"><bdi>978-0-19-975503-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+Wars%2C+Holy+Wars%2C+and+Jihads%3A+Christian%2C+Jewish%2C+and+Muslim+Encounters+and+Exchanges&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2012-07-03&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975503-5&rft.aulast=Hashmi&rft.aufirst=Sohail+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1jcCwXo3CCgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milestones-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milestones_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milestones_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQutb" class="citation book cs1">Qutb, Sayyid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.izharudeen.com/uploads/4/1/2/2/4122615/milestones_www.izharudeen.com.pdf">Milestones</a> (PDF). pp. 82, 60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813061043/http://www.izharudeen.com/uploads/4/1/2/2/4122615/milestones_www.izharudeen.com.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milestones&rft.pages=82%2C+60&rft.aulast=Qutb&rft.aufirst=Sayyid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.izharudeen.com%2Fuploads%2F4%2F1%2F2%2F2%2F4122615%2Fmilestones_www.izharudeen.com.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Symon-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Symon_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymon2001" class="citation news cs1">Symon, Fiona (16 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1603178.stm">"Analysis: The roots of jihad"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140907115409/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1603178.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014. <q>For Qutb, all non-Muslims were infidels—even the so-called "people of the book", the Christians and Jews—and he predicted an eventual clash of civilisations between Islam and the west.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+The+roots+of+jihad&rft.date=2001-10-16&rft.aulast=Symon&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F1603178.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen1986" class="citation book cs1">Jansen, Johannes J. G. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O8trAAAAIAAJ">The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat's Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-916340-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-916340-5"><bdi>978-0-02-916340-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Neglected+Duty%3A+The+Creed+of+Sadat%27s+Assassins+and+Islamic+Resurgence+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-02-916340-5&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Johannes+J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO8trAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> Includes a facsimile of al-Farida al-gha'iba (The Neglected Duty) by Muhammad 'Abd al-Salam Faraj. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerges-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerges_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerges_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerges2009" class="citation book cs1">Gerges, Fawaz A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TgYo05-2F7EC&pg=PA29">The far enemy: why Jihad went global</a> (reprint 2010 ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521519359" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521519359"><bdi>978-0521519359</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+far+enemy%3A+why+Jihad+went+global&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=reprint+2010&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0521519359&rft.aulast=Gerges&rft.aufirst=Fawaz+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTgYo05-2F7EC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War">"Afghan War | History & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 24 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Afghan+War+%26%23124%3B+History+%26+Facts&rft.date=2023-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FAfghan-War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodson2001" class="citation book cs1">Goodson, Larry P. (10 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good">Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban</a>. University of Washington Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistansendl00good/page/147">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295980508" title="Special:BookSources/9780295980508"><bdi>9780295980508</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%27s+Endless+War%3A+State+Failure%2C+Regional+Politics%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+Taliban&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2001-08-10&rft.isbn=9780295980508&rft.aulast=Goodson&rft.aufirst=Larry+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafghanistansendl00good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepel2002" class="citation book cs1">Kepel, Gilles (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tttzgNKFAI8C">Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01090-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01090-1"><bdi>978-0-674-01090-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01090-1&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtttzgNKFAI8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riedel-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Riedel_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedel2011" class="citation web cs1">Riedel, Bruce (11 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2011/09/11-riedel">"The 9/11 Attacks' Spiritual Father"</a>. Brooking. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021192758/http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2011/09/11-riedel">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 6 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+9%2F11+Attacks%27+Spiritual+Father&rft.pub=Brooking&rft.date=2011-09-11&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fresearch%2Fopinions%2F2011%2F09%2F11-riedel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchard2010" class="citation book cs1">Blanchard, Christopher M (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J0WWUQBl2PwC&pg=PA27">Saudi Arabia: Background and U. S. Relations</a>. DIANE Publishing. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-2838-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-2838-9"><bdi>978-1-4379-2838-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3A+Background+and+U.+S.+Relations&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=2010-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4379-2838-9&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ0WWUQBl2PwC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Lawrence (8 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dCnb4uR63EC">The Looming Tower</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26608-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26608-8"><bdi>978-0-307-26608-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Looming+Tower&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006-08-08&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26608-8&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8dCnb4uR63EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Commins-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Commins_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Commins_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommins2005" class="citation book cs1">Commins, David (20 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cNuRDwAAQBAJ">The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-780-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-780-1"><bdi>978-0-85771-780-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Mission+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2005-12-20&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-780-1&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcNuRDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azzam-DOTML-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Azzam-DOTML_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzzam" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Azzam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Azzam">Azzam, Abdullah</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EDoeN1r3PjQC">Defense of the Muslim Lands: The first Obligation After Iman</a>. Islamic Books. Retrieved 8 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defense+of+the+Muslim+Lands%3A+The+first+Obligation+After+Iman&rft.pub=Islamic+Books&rft.aulast=Azzam&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEDoeN1r3PjQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OBL-jihad-135"><a href="#cite_ref-OBL-jihad_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Bernard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20049126">"License to Kill: Usama Bin Ladin's Declaration of Jihad"</a>. Foreign Affairs. 77 (6): 14–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20049126">10.2307/20049126</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20049126">20049126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=License+to+Kill%3A+Usama+Bin+Ladin%27s+Declaration+of+Jihad&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=14-19&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20049126&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20049126%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20049126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-practices-136"><a href="#cite_ref-practices_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/invitation-to-islam-moustafa-al-qazwini/part-2-islamic-practices">"Part 2: Islamic Practices"</a>. al-Islam.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140907022817/http://www.al-islam.org/invitation-to-islam-moustafa-al-qazwini/part-2-islamic-practices">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+2%3A+Islamic+Practices&rft.pub=al-Islam.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Finvitation-to-islam-moustafa-al-qazwini%2Fpart-2-islamic-practices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationalae-137"><a href="#cite_ref-nationalae_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan" class="citation news cs1">Hassan, Hassan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/the-rise-of-shia-jihadism-in-syria-will-fuel-sectarian-fires">"The rise of Shia jihadism in Syria will fuel sectarian fires"</a>. The National. No. 5 June 2013. Abu Dhabi. Retrieved 27 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+Shia+jihadism+in+Syria+will+fuel+sectarian+fires&rft.issue=5+June+2013&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fthenationalconversation%2Fcomment%2Fthe-rise-of-shia-jihadism-in-syria-will-fuel-sectarian-fires&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDG-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WDG_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WDG_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyoub2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Ayoub, Mahmoud M.</a> (26 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpaPWv5Iyd8C">Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080331-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080331-0"><bdi>978-3-11-080331-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redemptive+Suffering+in+Islam%3A+A+Study+of+the+Devotional+Aspects+of+Ashura+in+Twelver+Shi%27ism&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011-07-26&rft.isbn=978-3-11-080331-0&rft.aulast=Ayoub&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpaPWv5Iyd8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RF17-139"><a href="#cite_ref-RF17_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabiFriedman2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rabi, Uzi; Friedman, Brandon (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0030438717300340">"Weaponizing Sectarianism in Iraq and Syria"</a>. Orbis. 61 (3): 423–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.orbis.2017.04.003">10.1016/j.orbis.2017.04.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orbis&rft.atitle=Weaponizing+Sectarianism+in+Iraq+and+Syria&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=423-438&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.orbis.2017.04.003&rft.aulast=Rabi&rft.aufirst=Uzi&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0030438717300340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedefensepost.com/2019/06/20/yemen-houti-child-soldiers-noammar-al-eryani/">"Houthis recruit 50,000 Yemen child soldiers in 3 months, minister says"</a>. The Defense Post. 20 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Defense+Post&rft.atitle=Houthis+recruit+50%2C000+Yemen+child+soldiers+in+3+months%2C+minister+says&rft.date=2019-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedefensepost.com%2F2019%2F06%2F20%2Fyemen-houti-child-soldiers-noammar-al-eryani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARSI-BL-xii-141"><a href="#cite_ref-ARSI-BL-xii_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2003" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (2003) [1967]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sRVmL_h_PcsC">The Assassins, a radical sect in Islam</a>. Basic Books. p. xi–xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786724550" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786724550"><bdi>978-0786724550</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assassins%2C+a+radical+sect+in+Islam&rft.pages=xi-xii&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0786724550&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsRVmL_h_PcsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsZuhur2008" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Richard; Zuhur, Sherifa (12 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA553">The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 553. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851098422" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851098422"><bdi>978-1851098422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and&rft.pages=553&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft.isbn=978-1851098422&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Zuhur%2C+Sherifa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYAd8efHdVzIC%26pg%3DPA553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlantic_2016-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_2016_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_2016_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_2016_143-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_2016_143-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_2016_143-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-SaudWinter2016" class="citation magazine cs1">al-Saud, Abdullah K.; Winter, Charlie (4 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/12/isis-muhajir-syria/509399/">"Abu Abdullah al-Muhajir: The Obscure Theologian Who Shaped ISIS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Washington, D.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140424/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/12/isis-muhajir-syria/509399/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Abu+Abdullah+al-Muhajir%3A+The+Obscure+Theologian+Who+Shaped+ISIS&rft.date=2016-12-04&rft.aulast=al-Saud&rft.aufirst=Abdullah+K.&rft.au=Winter%2C+Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2016%2F12%2Fisis-muhajir-syria%2F509399%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2018" class="citation news cs1">Townsend, Mark (12 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/12/isis-jihadist-manual-analysed-rebutted-by-islamic-scholar">"The core Isis manual that twisted Islam to legitimise barbarity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180609090007/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/12/isis-jihadist-manual-analysed-rebutted-by-islamic-scholar">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+core+Isis+manual+that+twisted+Islam+to+legitimise+barbarity&rft.date=2018-05-12&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fmay%2F12%2Fisis-jihadist-manual-analysed-rebutted-by-islamic-scholar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChrisStout-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChrisStout_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChrisStout_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStout2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Stout_(psychologist)" title="Chris Stout (psychologist)">Stout, Chris</a> (9 June 2018) [24 May 2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QvHeDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">"The Psyhchology of Terrorism"</a>. Terrorism, Political Violence, and Extremism: New Psychology to Understand, Face, and Defuse the Threat. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440851926" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440851926"><bdi>978-1440851926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Psyhchology+of+Terrorism&rft.btitle=Terrorism%2C+Political+Violence%2C+and+Extremism%3A+New+Psychology+to+Understand%2C+Face%2C+and+Defuse+the+Threat&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2018-06-09&rft.isbn=978-1440851926&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQvHeDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JLE02-146"><a href="#cite_ref-JLE02_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2002" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GAIMtgEACAAJ">Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam</a>. Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unholy+War%3A+Terror+in+the+Name+of+Islam&rft.pub=Carnegie+Council+for+Ethics+in+International+Affairs&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGAIMtgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspositoMogahed2007" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L.; Mogahed, Dalia (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9NxDCwAAQBAJ">Who Speaks For Islam?: What a Billion Muslims Really Think</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59562-017-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59562-017-0"><bdi>978-1-59562-017-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Speaks+For+Islam%3F%3A+What+a+Billion+Muslims+Really+Think&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59562-017-0&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft.au=Mogahed%2C+Dalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9NxDCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-BatalKristen_BrustadAbbas_Al-Tonsi2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Al-Batal, Mahmoud; Kristen Brustad; Abbas Al-Tonsi (2006). "6 "من رائدات الحركة النسائية العربية" (One of the Pioneers of the Arabic Feminist Movement)". Al-Kitaab fii Tacllum al-cArabiyya, Part II (in Arabic and English) (2 ed.). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Press" title="Georgetown University Press">Georgetown University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589010963" title="Special:BookSources/978-1589010963"><bdi>978-1589010963</bdi></a>. <q>To struggle or exert oneself for a cause........جاهََدَ، يجاهِد، الجهاد</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6+%22%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9%22+%28One+of+the+Pioneers+of+the+Arabic+Feminist+Movement%29&rft.btitle=Al-Kitaab+fii+Ta%3Csup%3Ec%3C%2Fsup%3Ellum+al-%3Csup%3Ec%3C%2Fsup%3EArabiyya%2C+Part+II&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1589010963&rft.aulast=Al-Batal&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud&rft.au=Kristen+Brustad&rft.au=Abbas+Al-Tonsi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayoud-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ayoud_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayoud_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyoub2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_M._Ayoub" title="Mahmoud M. 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University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-70286-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-70286-5"><bdi>978-0-226-70286-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+Themes+of+the+Qur%27an%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009-06-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-70286-5&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Fazlur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiCXWnDIaxsIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCjihad-151"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCjihad_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/jihad_1.shtml">"Jihad"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426225745/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/jihad_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2012. 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Retrieved 16 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Sectarian+War+in+Syria+Introduced+New+Gender-Based+Crimes&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft.aulast=Zawati&rft.aufirst=Hilmi+M.&rft.au=Chair+of+the+Center+for+Justice+and+Accountability&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fhilmi-m-zawati%2Fsectarian-war-in-syria-in_b_9236606.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051227172402/http://www.milnet.com/2nd-indictment-hayat-dist-court.pdf">"Hamid and Umer Hayat 2nd-indictment California"</a> (PDF). 22 September 2005. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005. 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Retrieved 5 May 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Caner Taslaman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canertaslaman.com/2011/11/the-rhetoric-of-%E2%80%9Cterror%E2%80%99%E2%80%99-and-the-rhetoric-of-%E2%80%9Cjihad%E2%80%9D-a-philosophical-and-theological-evaluation/">The Rhetoric of "Terror" and the Rhetoric of "Jihad"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703214912/http://www.canertaslaman.com/2011/11/the-rhetoric-of-%E2%80%9Cterror%E2%80%99%E2%80%99-and-the-rhetoric-of-%E2%80%9Cjihad%E2%80%9D-a-philosophical-and-theological-evaluation/">Archived</a> 3 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, canertaslaman.com. Retrieved 28 April 2013 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Dawoody2011" class="citation book cs1">Al-Dawoody, Ahmed (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamiclawwarjus00alda">The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations</a>. 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The Islamic Texts Society Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1903682838" title="Special:BookSources/978-1903682838"><bdi>978-1903682838</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rissc.jo/books/War-Peace-Islam.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace+in+Islam%3A+The+Uses+and+Abuses+of+Jihad&rft.pub=The+Islamic+Texts+Society+Cambridge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1903682838&rft.aulast=H.R.H.+Prince&rft.aufirst=Ghazi+Muhammad&rft.au=Ibrahim%2C+Kalin&rft.au=Mohammad+Hashim%2C+Kamali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frissc.jo%2Fbooks%2FWar-Peace-Islam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Peters" title="Rudolph Peters">Rudolph Peters</a> (2015). Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Colonialism%3A+The+Doctrine+of+Jihad+in+Modern+History&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Rudolph+Peters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner2006" class="citation book cs1">Bonner, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qxq7eykoJgoC">Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400827381" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400827381"><bdi>978-1400827381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+in+Islamic+History%3A+Doctrines+and+Practice&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1400827381&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxq7eykoJgoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadigan2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Madigan, Daniel (2001). "Book". In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00027">10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00027&rft.aulast=Madigan&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharon" title="Moshe Sharon">Sharon, Moshe</a> (2004). "People of the Book". In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00319">10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=People+of+the+Book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00319&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajda1960–2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vajda" title="Georges Vajda">Vajda, Georges</a> (1960–2007). "Ahl al-Kitāb". In <a href="/wiki/Peri_Bearman" title="Peri Bearman">Bearman, P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C.E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W.P.</a> (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0383">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahl+al-Kit%C4%81b&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.date=1960%2F2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0383&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmoretti1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Biancamaria_Scarcia_Amoretti" title="Biancamaria Scarcia Amoretti">Amoretti, Biancamaria Scarcia</a> (1974). Tolleranza e guerra santa nell'Islam. Firenze: Scuola aperta/Sansoni.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolleranza+e+guerra+santa+nell%27Islam&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pub=Scuola+aperta%2FSansoni&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Amoretti&rft.aufirst=Biancamaria+Scarcia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDajani-ShakeelMessierEhrenkreutz1991" class="citation book cs1">Dajani-Shakeel, Hadia; Messier, Ronald A.; Ehrenkreutz, Andrew S. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zC0sAQAAIAAJ">The Jihād and Its Times</a>. Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies, University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932098-24-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932098-24-5"><bdi>978-0-932098-24-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jih%C4%81d+and+Its+Times&rft.pub=Center+for+Near+Eastern+and+North+African+Studies%2C+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-932098-24-5&rft.aulast=Dajani-Shakeel&rft.aufirst=Hadia&rft.au=Messier%2C+Ronald+A.&rft.au=Ehrenkreutz%2C+Andrew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzC0sAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLong-Bas2010" class="citation book cs1">DeLong-Bas, Natana, ed. (1 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-w2ooBibjQC">Jihad: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-980400-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-980400-9"><bdi>978-0-19-980400-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+Oxford+Bibliographies+Online+Research+Guide&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-980400-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da-w2ooBibjQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirestone1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Firestone" title="Reuven Firestone">Firestone, Reuven</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FXc8DwAAQBAJ">Jihād: The Origin of Holy War in Islam</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512580-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512580-1"><bdi>978-0-19-512580-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jih%C4%81d%3A+The+Origin+of+Holy+War+in+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512580-1&rft.aulast=Firestone&rft.aufirst=Reuven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFXc8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashmi2012" class="citation book cs1">Hashmi, Sohail H. (16 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9g8WDAAAQBAJ">Just Wars, Holy Wars, and Jihads: Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Encounters and Exchanges</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975504-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975504-2"><bdi>978-0-19-975504-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+Wars%2C+Holy+Wars%2C+and+Jihads%3A+Christian%2C+Jewish%2C+and+Muslim+Encounters+and+Exchanges&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-08-16&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975504-2&rft.aulast=Hashmi&rft.aufirst=Sohail+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9g8WDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988">* <a href="/wiki/John_Kelsay" title="John Kelsay">John Kelsay</a>: Just War and Jihad New York: Greenwood Press, 1991.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaher2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Maher" title="Shiraz Maher">Maher, Shiraz</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MXsQDgAAQBAJ">Salafi-Jihadism: The History of an Idea</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190651121" title="Special:BookSources/9780190651121"><bdi>9780190651121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salafi-Jihadism%3A+The+History+of+an+Idea&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780190651121&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.aufirst=Shiraz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMXsQDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumadāra1994" class="citation book cs1">Majumadāra, Suhāsa (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jkHYAAAAMAAJ">Jihād: The Islamic Doctrine of Permanent War</a>. Voice of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85990-19-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85990-19-4"><bdi>978-81-85990-19-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jih%C4%81d%3A+The+Islamic+Doctrine+of+Permanent+War&rft.pub=Voice+of+India&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-85990-19-4&rft.aulast=Majumad%C4%81ra&rft.aufirst=Suh%C4%81sa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjkHYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik1986" class="citation book cs1">Malik, S. K. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wolfpangloss.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/malik-quranic-concept-of-war.pdf">The Qur'anic Concept of War</a> (PDF). Himalayan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170020202" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170020202"><bdi>978-8170020202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27anic+Concept+of+War&rft.pub=Himalayan+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-8170020202&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=S.+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwolfpangloss.files.wordpress.com%2F2008%2F02%2Fmalik-quranic-concept-of-war.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9173217">"A Hanafi treatise on rebellion and ğihād in the Ottoman age (XVII c.)"</a>. Eurasian Studies. II (2): 215–26. December 2003. Retrieved 8 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Hanafi+treatise+on+rebellion+and+%C4%9Fih%C4%81d+in+the+Ottoman+age+%28XVII+c.%29&rft.volume=II&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215-26&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9173217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2006" class="citation journal cs1">McGregor, A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/JCS/article/view/219">"Jihad and the Rifle Alone: 'Abdullah 'Azzam and the Islamist Revolution"</a>. Journal of Conflict Studies. 23 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Studies&rft.atitle=Jihad+and+the+Rifle+Alone%3A+%27Abdullah+%27Azzam+and+the+Islamist+Revolution&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.unb.ca%2Findex.php%2FJCS%2Farticle%2Fview%2F219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Alfred Morabia, Le Ğihâd dans l'Islâm médiéval. "Le combat sacré" des origines au XIIe siècle, Albin Michel, Paris 1993</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasood_Ashraf_Raja2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Masood_Ashraf_Raja" title="Masood Ashraf Raja">Masood Ashraf Raja</a> (2009). "Jihad in Islam: Colonial Encounter, the Neoliberal Order, and the Muslim Subject of Resistance". The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences. 26 (4): 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Islamic+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Jihad+in+Islam%3A+Colonial+Encounter%2C+the+Neoliberal+Order%2C+and+the+Muslim+Subject+of+Resistance&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Masood+Ashraf+Raja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rothman, Norman C. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol79/iss79/7">"Jihad: Peaceful Applications for Society and the Individual"</a>. Comparative Civilizations Review. 79 (7).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Civilizations+Review&rft.atitle=Jihad%3A+Peaceful+Applications+for+Society+and+the+Individual&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Rothman&rft.aufirst=Norman+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fccr%2Fvol79%2Fiss79%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJihad" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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[\"CITEREFArdic2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsma_Afsaruddin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyoub2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyoub2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzzam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB.A._Robinson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBadaraNagata2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaderin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBannā1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarber2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjaminSimon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerkey2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBernard_Lewis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanchard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlankinship2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonner2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBonney2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroucek2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBöweringCrone2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaudhry\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoates2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommins2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosmanJones2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDajani-ShakeelMessierEhrenkreutz1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeLong-Bas2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeLong-Bas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeLong-Bas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiagne2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwardsZuhur2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspositoMogahed2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalola2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirestone1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerges2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhamidi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhaziKalinKamali2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibb1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGold2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallaq2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamidullah2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHashim_Kamali2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHashmi2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHassan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJalal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJansen1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKadri2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKassis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelsay2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKepel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhadduri1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhadduri1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhadduri2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalil2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhomeini2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohlberg1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLutz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadigan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaher2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMairaj_Syed2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumadāra1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalik1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalik2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasood_Ashraf_Raja2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGregor2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeri2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorse2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhammad_Katib_Hazarah2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Callaghan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersCook2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrism2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQASIM_ZAMAN2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQutb\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabiFriedman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiedel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodinson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaefer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeales2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaykh_Hisham_KabbaniShaykh_Seraj_HendricksShaykh_Ahmad_Hendricks\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShehata2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStout2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStreusand1997\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSymon2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTownsend2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyan1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyan1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVajda1960–2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Slooten2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanhullebusch2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWare2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWehr1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZawatiChair_of_the_Center_for_Justice_and_Accountability2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZawātī2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-FasiHrbek1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-SaudWinter2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFibn_Ismāʻīl_Bukhārī1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzel1993\"] = 1,\n [\"IAWKT\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 2,\n [\"-\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"CN\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 100,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 27,\n [\"Citehadith\"] = 2,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Commonscat-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Fiqh\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 75,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Jihadism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-protected\"] = 1,\n [\"Qref\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 123,\n [\"Rquote\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiversity-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","17.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","11.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","10.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","9.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.2"],["type","60","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","2.1"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","2.1"],["[others]","560","29.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-w92j9","timestamp":"20241122140526","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Jihad","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jihad","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q44311","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q44311","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-12T19:10:22Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T19:07:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/03\/ALFiqh.png","headline":"Arabic word which literally means striving or struggling, especially with a praiseworthy aim"}</script> </body> </html>