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id="toc-Specific_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Specific definitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Historical usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_to_sustainable_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_to_sustainable_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Comparison to sustainable development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_to_sustainable_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Dimensions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dimensions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_of_three_dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_three_dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Development of three dimensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_three_dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hierarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hierarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Hierarchy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hierarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Environmental sustainability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Economic sustainability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Social sustainability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_additional_dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_additional_dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Proposed additional dimensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_additional_dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Cultural sustainability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions_between_dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions_between_dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Interactions between dimensions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interactions_between_dimensions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Interactions between dimensions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Interactions_between_dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_and_economic_dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_and_economic_dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Environmental and economic dimensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_and_economic_dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade-offs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade-offs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Trade-offs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-offs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Measurement tools </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Measurement_tools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Measurement tools subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Measurement_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_impacts_of_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impacts_of_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Environmental impacts of humans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impacts_of_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Economic costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barriers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barriers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Barriers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barriers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Transition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Principles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_steps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_steps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Example steps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_steps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agenda_2030_for_the_Sustainable_Development_Goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agenda_2030_for_the_Sustainable_Development_Goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Agenda 2030 for the Sustainable Development Goals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agenda_2030_for_the_Sustainable_Development_Goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Options_for_overcoming_barriers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Options_for_overcoming_barriers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Options for overcoming barriers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Options_for_overcoming_barriers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Options for overcoming barriers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Options_for_overcoming_barriers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Issues_around_economic_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_around_economic_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Issues around economic growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues_around_economic_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_action_and_local_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_action_and_local_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Government action and local governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_action_and_local_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Global governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses_by_nongovernmental_stakeholders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses_by_nongovernmental_stakeholders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Responses by nongovernmental stakeholders </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Responses_by_nongovernmental_stakeholders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Responses by nongovernmental stakeholders subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Responses_by_nongovernmental_stakeholders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Businesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Businesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Businesses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Businesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Religious communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Individuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessments_and_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessments_and_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Assessments and reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessments_and_reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assessments and reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assessments_and_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impossible_to_reach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impossible_to_reach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Impossible to reach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impossible_to_reach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vagueness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vagueness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Vagueness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vagueness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confusion_and_greenwashing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confusion_and_greenwashing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Confusion and greenwashing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confusion_and_greenwashing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sustainability</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" > 65 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhoubaarheid" title="Volhoubaarheid – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Volhoubaarheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachhaltigkeit" title="Nachhaltigkeit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nachhaltigkeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="استدامة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استدامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostenibilid%C3%A1" title="Sostenibilidá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sostenibilidá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="سوردوروله بیلیرلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوردوروله بیلیرلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="দীর্ঘস্থায়িত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দীর্ঘস্থায়িত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F" title="Устойлівасць навакольнага асяроддзя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Устойлівасць навакольнага асяроддзя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odr%C5%BEivost" title="Održivost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Održivost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostenibilitat" title="Sostenibilitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sostenibilitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udr%C5%BEitelnost" title="Udržitelnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Udržitelnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynaliadwyedd" title="Cynaliadwyedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cynaliadwyedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6redygtighed" title="Bæredygtighed – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bæredygtighed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachhaltigkeit" title="Nachhaltigkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nachhaltigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Βιωσιμότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιωσιμότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostenibilidad" title="Sostenibilidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sostenibilidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%ADripovo" title="Daŭripovo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Daŭripovo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasangarritasun" title="Jasangarritasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jasangarritasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پایایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پایایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durabilit%C3%A9" title="Durabilité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Durabilité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duorsumens" title="Duorsumens – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Duorsumens" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostibilidade" title="Sostibilidade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sostibilidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EC%86%8D_%EA%B0%80%EB%8A%A5%EC%84%B1" title="지속 가능성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지속 가능성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շրջակա միջավայրի կայունություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շրջակա միջավայրի կայունություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="संधारणीयता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संधारणीयता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odr%C5%BEivost" title="Održivost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Održivost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keberlanjutan" title="Keberlanjutan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keberlanjutan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A1lfb%C3%A6rni" title="Sjálfbærni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjálfbærni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostenibilit%C3%A0" title="Sostenibilità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sostenibilità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA" title="קיימות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קיימות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uendelevu" title="Uendelevu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uendelevu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilgtsp%C4%93j%C4%ABba" title="Ilgtspējība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ilgtspējība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Одржливост – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Одржливост" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4" title="സുസ്ഥിരത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുസ്ഥിരത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelestarian" title="Kelestarian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kelestarian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Тогтвортой байдал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тогтвортой байдал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duurzaamheid" title="Duurzaamheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duurzaamheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%81%E7%B6%9A%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7" title="持続可能性 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="持続可能性" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6rekraft" title="Bærekraft – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bærekraft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਪਾਏਦਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਏਦਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%9A%D8%AA_(%D8%B2%D8%BA%D9%85%D9%84)" title="پايښت (زغمل) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پايښت (زغمل)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szanse_na_przetrwanie" title="Szanse na przetrwanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szanse na przetrwanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustentabilidade" title="Sustentabilidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sustentabilidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustenabilitate" title="Sustenabilitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sustenabilitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat%27alliykuy" title="Hat'alliykuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hat'alliykuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Устойчивость окружающей среды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Устойчивость окружающей среды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C3%ABndrueshm%C3%ABria" title="Qëndrueshmëria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qëndrueshmëria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ධරණීයතාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ධරණීයතාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sustainability" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udr%C5%BEate%C4%BEnos%C5%A5_(politick%C3%BD_koncept)" title="Udržateľnosť (politický koncept) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Udržateľnosť (politický koncept)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajnostnost" title="Trajnostnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trajnostnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="بەردەوامی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەردەوامی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Одрживост – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Одрживост" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odr%C5%BEivost" title="Održivost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Održivost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologinen_kest%C3%A4vyys" title="Ekologinen kestävyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ekologinen kestävyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologisk_h%C3%A5llbarhet" title="Ekologisk hållbarhet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ekologisk hållbarhet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustenibilidad" title="Sustenibilidad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sustenibilidad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="பேண்தகுநிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேண்தகுநிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Тотрыклылык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тотрыклылык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%99" title="ความยั่งยืน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความยั่งยืน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCrd%C3%BCr%C3%BClebilirlik" title="Sürdürülebilirlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sürdürülebilirlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Сталість довкілля – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сталість довкілля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%81n_v%E1%BB%AFng" title="Bền vững – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bền vững" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%A1%D7%90%D6%B7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D6%B7%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99)" title="קיימות (סאַסטיינאַביליטי) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קיימות (סאַסטיינאַביליטי)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7" title="可持續性 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="可持續性" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7" title="可持續性 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="可持續性" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q219416#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Societal goal and normative concept</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Unsustainable" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Unsustainable_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsustainable (song)">Unsustainable (song)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visualization_of_pillars_of_sustainability.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Visualization_of_pillars_of_sustainability.webp/290px-Visualization_of_pillars_of_sustainability.webp.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Visualization_of_pillars_of_sustainability.webp/435px-Visualization_of_pillars_of_sustainability.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Visualization_of_pillars_of_sustainability.webp/580px-Visualization_of_pillars_of_sustainability.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Three visual representations of sustainability and its three dimensions: the left image shows sustainability as three intersecting circles. In the top right, it is a nested approach. In the bottom right it is three pillars.<a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a> The schematic with the nested ellipses emphasizes a hierarchy of the dimensions, putting environment as the foundation for the other two.</figcaption></figure> Sustainability is a social goal for people to co-exist on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> over a long period of time. Definitions of this term are disputed and have varied with literature, context, and time.<a href="#cite_note-Ramsey-2015-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a> Sustainability usually has three dimensions (or pillars): environmental, economic, and social.<a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a> Many definitions emphasize the environmental dimension.<a href="#cite_note-Kotze-2022-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bosselmann-2010-4">[4]</a> This can include addressing key <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">environmental problems</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>. The idea of sustainability can guide decisions at the global, national, organizational, and individual levels.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a> A related concept is that of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>, and the terms are often used to mean the same thing.<a href="#cite_note-EB-2022-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> distinguishes the two like this: "Sustainability is often thought of as a long-term goal (i.e. a more sustainable world), while sustainable development refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it."<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2015-7">[7]</a> Details around the economic dimension of sustainability are controversial.<a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a> Scholars have discussed this under the concept of <a href="/wiki/Weak_and_strong_sustainability" title="Weak and strong sustainability">weak and strong sustainability</a>. For example, there will always be tension between the ideas of "welfare and prosperity for all" and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental conservation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kuhlman-2010-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a> so <a href="/wiki/Trade-off" title="Trade-off">trade-offs</a> are necessary. It would be desirable to find ways that <a href="/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">separate economic growth from harming the environment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> This means using fewer resources per unit of output even while growing the economy.<a href="#cite_note-UNEP2011-10">[10]</a> This decoupling reduces the environmental impact of economic growth, such as <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>. Doing this is difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Vaden-2020-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parrique_T-2019-12">[12]</a> Some experts say there is no evidence that such a decoupling is happening at the required scale.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> It is challenging to <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">measure sustainability</a> as the concept is complex, contextual, and dynamic.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Indicators have been developed to cover the environment, society, or the economy but there is no fixed definition of sustainability indicators.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The metrics are evolving and include <a href="/wiki/Ecological_indicator" title="Ecological indicator">indicators</a>, benchmarks and audits. They include <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">sustainability standards and certification</a> systems like <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade">Fairtrade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">Organic</a>. They also involve indices and accounting systems such as corporate <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">sustainability reporting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triple_bottom_line" title="Triple bottom line">Triple Bottom Line accounting</a>. It is necessary to address many barriers to sustainability to achieve a sustainability transition or sustainability transformation.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a>: 34 <a href="#cite_note-Howes-2017-16">[16]</a> Some barriers arise from nature and its complexity while others are extrinsic to the concept of sustainability. For example, they can result from the dominant institutional frameworks in countries. Global issues of sustainability are difficult to tackle as they need global solutions. Existing global organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a> are seen as inefficient in enforcing current global regulations. One reason for this is the lack of suitable <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions" title="International sanctions">sanctioning mechanisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a>: 135–145  Governments are not the only sources of action for sustainability. For example, business groups have tried to integrate ecological concerns with economic activity, seeking <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">sustainable business</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kinsley-1997-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Callenbach-2011-18">[18]</a> Religious leaders have stressed the need for caring for nature and environmental stability. Individuals can also <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">live more sustainably</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a> Some people have criticized the idea of sustainability. One point of criticism is that the concept is vague and only a <a href="/wiki/Buzzword" title="Buzzword">buzzword</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a> Another is that sustainability might be an impossible goal.<a href="#cite_note-Melinda_Harm-20">[20]</a> Some experts have pointed out that "no country is delivering what its citizens need without transgressing the biophysical planetary boundaries".<a href="#cite_note-Stockholm+50-2022-21">[21]</a>: 11  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_usage">Current usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current usage">edit</a>]</div> Sustainability is regarded as a "<a href="/wiki/Normativity" title="Normativity">normative concept</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scoones-2016-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harrington-2016-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramsey-2015-2">[2]</a> This means it is based on what people value or find desirable: "The quest for sustainability involves connecting what is known through scientific study to applications in pursuit of what people want for the future."<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-2016-23">[23]</a> The 1983 UN Commission on Environment and Development (<a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtland Commission</a>) had a big influence on the use of the term sustainability today. The commission's 1987 Brundtland Report provided a definition of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>. The report, <a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future">Our Common Future</a>, defines it as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of <a href="/wiki/Future_generations" title="Future generations">future generations</a> to meet their own needs".<a href="#cite_note-UNGA-1987-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNGA-1987a-25">[25]</a> The report helped bring sustainability into the mainstream of policy discussions. It also popularized the concept of sustainable development.<a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a> Some other key concepts to illustrate the meaning of sustainability include:<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-2016-23">[23]</a> <ul><li>It may be a <a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_concept" title="Fuzzy concept">fuzzy concept</a> but in a positive sense: the goals are more important than the approaches or means applied;</li> <li>It connects with other essential concepts such as resilience, <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">adaptive capacity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability">vulnerability</a>.</li> <li>Choices matter: "it is not possible to sustain everything, everywhere, forever";</li> <li>Scale matters in both space and time, and place matters;</li> <li>Limits exist (see <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">planetary boundaries</a>).</li></ul> In everyday usage, sustainability often focuses on the environmental dimension.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Specific_definitions">Specific definitions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Specific definitions">edit</a>]</div> Scholars say that a single specific definition of sustainability may never be possible. But the concept is still useful.<a href="#cite_note-Ramsey-2015-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harrington-2016-23">[23]</a> There have been attempts to define it, for example: <ul><li>"Sustainability can be defined as the capacity to maintain or improve the state and availability of desirable materials or conditions over the long term."<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-2016-23">[23]</a></li> <li>"Sustainability [is] the long-term viability of a community, set of social institutions, or societal practice. In general, sustainability is understood as a form of intergenerational ethics in which the environmental and economic actions taken by present persons do not diminish the opportunities of future persons to enjoy similar levels of wealth, utility, or welfare."<a href="#cite_note-EB-2022-6">[6]</a></li> <li>"Sustainability means meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a>, we also need social and economic resources. Sustainability is not just environmentalism. Embedded in most definitions of sustainability we also find concerns for social equity and economic development."<a href="#cite_note-McGill-2022-26">[26]</a></li></ul> Some definitions focus on the environmental dimension. The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_English" title="Oxford Dictionary of English">Oxford Dictionary of English</a> defines sustainability as: "the property of being environmentally sustainable; the degree to which a process or enterprise is able to be maintained or continued while avoiding the long-term depletion of natural resources".<a href="#cite_note-Halliday-2016-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_usage">Historical usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historical usage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development#Development_of_the_concept" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development § Development of the concept</a></div> The term sustainability is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word sustinere. "To sustain" can mean to maintain, support, uphold, or endure.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> So sustainability is the ability to continue over a long period of time. In the past, sustainability referred to environmental sustainability. It meant using <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> so that people in the future could continue to rely on them in the long term.<a href="#cite_note-WOR-2019-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-OED-1835-31">[31]</a> The concept of sustainability, or Nachhaltigkeit in German, goes back to <a href="/wiki/Hans_Carl_von_Carlowitz" title="Hans Carl von Carlowitz">Hans Carl von Carlowitz</a> (1645–1714), and applied to <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>. The term for this now would be <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">sustainable forest management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> He used this term to mean the long-term responsible use of a natural resource. In his 1713 work Silvicultura oeconomica,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> he wrote that "the highest art/science/industriousness [...] will consist in such a conservation and replanting of timber that there can be a continuous, ongoing and sustainable use".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The shift in use of "sustainability" from preservation of forests (for future wood production) to broader preservation of environmental resources (to sustain the world for future generations) traces to a 1972 book by Ernst Basler, based on a series of lectures at M.I.T.<a href="#cite_note-Basler-1972-35">[35]</a> The idea itself goes back a very long time: Communities have always worried about the capacity of their environment to sustain them in the long term. Many ancient cultures, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_society" title="Traditional society">traditional societies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> have restricted the use of natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_to_sustainable_development">Comparison to sustainable development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparison to sustainable development">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></div> The terms sustainability and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> are closely related. In fact, they are often used to mean the same thing.<a href="#cite_note-EB-2022-6">[6]</a> Both terms are linked with the "three dimensions of sustainability" concept.<a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a> One distinction is that sustainability is a general concept, while sustainable development can be a policy or organizing principle. Scholars say sustainability is a broader concept because sustainable development focuses mainly on human well-being.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-2016-23">[23]</a> Sustainable development has two linked goals. It aims to meet <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(economics)" title="Human development (economics)">human development</a> goals. It also aims to enable natural systems to provide the <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a> needed for <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economies</a> and society. The concept of sustainable development has come to focus on <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Development">social development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a> for future generations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dimensions">Dimensions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dimensions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_three_dimensions">Development of three dimensions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development of three dimensions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagramme_de_Venn_du_d%C3%A9veloppement_durable.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Diagramme_de_Venn_du_d%C3%A9veloppement_durable.svg/220px-Diagramme_de_Venn_du_d%C3%A9veloppement_durable.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Diagramme_de_Venn_du_d%C3%A9veloppement_durable.svg/330px-Diagramme_de_Venn_du_d%C3%A9veloppement_durable.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Diagramme_de_Venn_du_d%C3%A9veloppement_durable.svg/440px-Diagramme_de_Venn_du_d%C3%A9veloppement_durable.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Sustainability <a href="/wiki/Venn_diagram" title="Venn diagram">Venn diagram</a>, where sustainability is thought of as the area where the three dimensions overlap</figcaption></figure> Scholars usually distinguish three different areas of sustainability. These are the environmental, the social, and the economic. Several terms are in use for this concept. Authors may speak of three pillars, dimensions, components, aspects,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> perspectives, factors, or goals. All mean the same thing in this context.<a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a> The three dimensions paradigm has few theoretical foundations.<a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a> The popular three intersecting circles, or <a href="/wiki/Venn_diagram" title="Venn diagram">Venn diagram</a>, representing sustainability first appeared in a 1987 article by the economist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Barbier" title="Edward Barbier">Edward Barbier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-38">[38]</a> Scholars rarely question the distinction itself. The idea of sustainability with three dimensions is a dominant interpretation in the literature.<a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a> In the Brundtland Report, the environment and development are inseparable and go together in the search for sustainability. It described sustainable development as a global concept linking environmental and social issues. It added sustainable development is important for both <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">industrialized countries</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The 'environment' is where we all live; and 'development' is what we all do in attempting to improve our lot within that abode. The two are inseparable. [...] We came to see that a new development path was required, one that sustained human progress not just in a few pieces for a few years, but for the entire planet into the distant future. Thus 'sustainable development' becomes a goal not just for the 'developing' nations, but for industrial ones as well.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future">Our Common Future</a> (also known as the Brundtland Report), <a href="#cite_note-UNGA-1987-24">[24]</a>: Foreword and Section I.1.10 </cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration</a> from 1992 is seen as "the foundational instrument in the move towards sustainability".<a href="#cite_note-Bosselmann-2022-39">[39]</a>: 29  It includes specific references to ecosystem integrity.<a href="#cite_note-Bosselmann-2022-39">[39]</a>: 31  The plan associated with carrying out the Rio Declaration also discusses sustainability in this way. The plan, <a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21</a>, talks about economic, social, and environmental dimensions:<a href="#cite_note-agenda_1-40">[40]</a>: 8.6  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Countries could develop systems for monitoring and evaluation of progress towards achieving sustainable development by adopting indicators that measure changes across economic, social and environmental dimensions.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">United Nations Conference on Environment & Development – Earth Summit (1992)</a>, <a href="#cite_note-agenda_1-40">[40]</a>: 8.6 </cite></div></blockquote> Agenda 2030 from 2015 also viewed sustainability in this way. It sees the 17 <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (SDGs) with their 169 targets as balancing "the three dimensions of sustainable development, the economic, social and environmental".<a href="#cite_note-:1b-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hierarchy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nested_sustainability-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nested_sustainability-v2.svg/220px-Nested_sustainability-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nested_sustainability-v2.svg/330px-Nested_sustainability-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nested_sustainability-v2.svg/440px-Nested_sustainability-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The diagram with three nested ellipses indicates a hierarchy between the three dimensions of sustainability: both <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> are constrained by <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">environmental limits</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SDG_wedding_cake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/SDG_wedding_cake.jpg/220px-SDG_wedding_cake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/SDG_wedding_cake.jpg/330px-SDG_wedding_cake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/SDG_wedding_cake.jpg/440px-SDG_wedding_cake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2347" /></a><figcaption>The wedding cake model for the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">sustainable development goals</a> is similar to the nested ellipses diagram, where the environmental dimension or system is the basis for the other two dimensions.<a href="#cite_note-Obrecht-2021-43">[43]</a></figcaption></figure> Scholars have discussed how to rank the three dimensions of sustainability. Many publications state that the environmental dimension is the most important.<a href="#cite_note-Kotze-2022-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bosselmann-2010-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Planetary_integrity" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary integrity">Planetary integrity</a> or ecological integrity are other terms for the environmental dimension.) Protecting ecological integrity is the core of sustainability according to many experts.<a href="#cite_note-Bosselmann-2010-4">[4]</a> If this is the case then its environmental dimension sets limits to economic and social development.<a href="#cite_note-Bosselmann-2010-4">[4]</a> The diagram with three nested ellipses is one way of showing the three dimensions of sustainability together with a hierarchy: It gives the environmental dimension a special status. In this diagram, the environment includes society, and society includes economic conditions. Thus it stresses a hierarchy. Another model shows the three dimensions in a similar way: In this SDG wedding cake model, the economy is a smaller subset of the societal system. And the societal system in turn is a smaller subset of the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-Obrecht-2021-43">[43]</a> In 2022 an assessment examined the political impacts of the Sustainable Development Goals. The assessment found that the "integrity of the earth's life-support systems" was essential for sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-Kotze-2022-3">[3]</a>: 140  The authors said that "the SDGs fail to recognize that planetary, people and prosperity concerns are all part of one earth system, and that the protection of planetary integrity should not be a means to an end, but an end in itself".<a href="#cite_note-Kotze-2022-3">[3]</a>: 147  The aspect of environmental protection is not an explicit priority for the SDGs. This causes problems as it could encourage countries to give the environment less weight in their developmental plans.<a href="#cite_note-Kotze-2022-3">[3]</a>: 144  The authors state that "sustainability on a planetary scale is only achievable under an overarching Planetary Integrity Goal that recognizes the biophysical limits of the planet".<a href="#cite_note-Kotze-2022-3">[3]</a>: 161  Other frameworks bypass the compartmentalization of sustainability into separate dimensions completely.<a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_sustainability">Environmental sustainability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Environmental sustainability">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></div> The environmental dimension is central to the overall concept of sustainability. People became more and more aware of environmental pollution in the 1960s and 1970s. This led to discussions on sustainability and sustainable development. This process began in the 1970s with concern for environmental issues. These included natural <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> or natural resources and the human environment. It later extended to all systems that support life on Earth, including human society.<a href="#cite_note-Swart,_R.-2002-44">[44]</a>: 31  Reducing these negative impacts on the environment would improve environmental sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-Swart,_R.-2002-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pollution#History" title="Pollution">Environmental pollution</a> is not a new phenomenon. But it has been only a local or regional concern for most of human history. Awareness of global environmental issues increased in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Swart,_R.-2002-44">[44]</a>: 5 <a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The harmful effects and global spread of pesticides like <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> came under scrutiny in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-silentspring-47">[47]</a> In the 1970s it emerged that <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbons</a> (CFCs) were depleting the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>. This led to the de facto ban of CFCs with the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a> in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a>: 146  In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Arrhenius</a> discussed the effect of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> on the climate (see also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">history of climate change science</a>).<a href="#cite_note-arrhenius-48">[48]</a> Climate change due to human activity became an academic and political topic several decades later. This led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a> in 1988 and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">UNFCCC</a> in 1992. In 1972, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">UN Conference on the Human Environment</a> took place. It was the first UN conference on environmental issues. It stated it was important to protect and improve the human environment.<a href="#cite_note-UN1973-49">[49]</a>: 3 It emphasized the need to protect wildlife and natural habitats:<a href="#cite_note-UN1973-49">[49]</a>: 4  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The natural resources of the earth, including the air, water, land, flora and fauna and [...] natural <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> must be safeguarded for the benefit of present and future generations through careful planning or management, as appropriate.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">UN Conference on the Human Environment</a>, <a href="#cite_note-UN1973-49">[49]</a>: p.4., Principle 2 </cite></div></blockquote> In 2000, the UN launched eight <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a>. The aim was for the global community to achieve them by 2015. Goal 7 was to "ensure environmental sustainability". But this goal did not mention the concepts of social or economic sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a> Specific problems often dominate public discussion of the environmental dimension of sustainability: In the 21st century these problems have included <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity</a> and pollution. Other global problems are loss of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">environmental impacts of animal agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Marine_plastic_pollution" title="Marine plastic pollution">marine plastic pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNEP-2021-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ripple-2017-51">[51]</a> Many people worry about <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human impacts on the environment</a>. These include impacts on the atmosphere, land, and <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Swart,_R.-2002-44">[44]</a>: 21  Human activities now have an impact on Earth's <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. This led <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul Crutzen</a> to call the current <a href="/wiki/Geological_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological epoch">geological epoch</a> the <a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_sustainability">Economic sustainability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economic sustainability">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linia_kontra%C5%AD_Cirkulero.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Linia_kontra%C5%AD_Cirkulero.svg/220px-Linia_kontra%C5%AD_Cirkulero.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Linia_kontra%C5%AD_Cirkulero.svg/330px-Linia_kontra%C5%AD_Cirkulero.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Linia_kontra%C5%AD_Cirkulero.svg/440px-Linia_kontra%C5%AD_Cirkulero.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a> can improve aspects of economic sustainability (left: the 'take, make, waste' linear approach; right: the circular economy approach).</figcaption></figure> The economic dimension of sustainability is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a> This is because the term development within sustainable development can be interpreted in different ways. Some may take it to mean only <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">growth</a>. This can promote an economic system that is bad for the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Wilhelm-2000-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Others focus more on the trade-offs between <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental conservation</a> and achieving welfare goals for <a href="/wiki/Basic_needs" title="Basic needs">basic needs</a> (food, water, health, and shelter).<a href="#cite_note-Kuhlman-2010-8">[8]</a> Economic development can indeed reduce <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">hunger</a> or <a href="/wiki/Energy_poverty" title="Energy poverty">energy poverty</a>. This is especially the case in the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a>. That is why <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_8" title="Sustainable Development Goal 8">Sustainable Development Goal 8</a> calls for economic growth to drive social progress and well-being. Its first target is for: "at least 7 per cent <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> growth per annum in the least developed countries".<a href="#cite_note-UN-2017-56">[56]</a> However, the challenge is to expand economic activities while reducing their environmental impact.<a href="#cite_note-UNEP2011-10">[10]</a>: 8  In other words, humanity will have to find ways how societal progress (potentially by economic development) can be reached without excess strain on the environment. The Brundtland report says <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> causes environmental problems. Poverty also results from them. So addressing environmental problems requires understanding the factors behind world poverty and inequality.<a href="#cite_note-UNGA-1987-24">[24]</a>: Section I.1.8  The report demands a new development path for sustained human progress. It highlights that this is a goal for both developing and industrialized nations.<a href="#cite_note-UNGA-1987-24">[24]</a>: Section I.1.10  UNEP and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a> launched the Poverty-Environment Initiative in 2005 which has three goals. These are reducing extreme poverty, greenhouse gas emissions, and net natural asset loss. This guide to structural reform will enable countries to achieve the SDGs.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>: 11  It should also show how to address the trade-offs between <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> and economic development.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a>: 82  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_sustainability">Social sustainability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Social sustainability">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Gladden_Social_Justice_Park_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Washington_Gladden_Social_Justice_Park_21.jpg/220px-Washington_Gladden_Social_Justice_Park_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Washington_Gladden_Social_Justice_Park_21.jpg/330px-Washington_Gladden_Social_Justice_Park_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Washington_Gladden_Social_Justice_Park_21.jpg/440px-Washington_Gladden_Social_Justice_Park_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> is just one part of social sustainability.</figcaption></figure> The social dimension of sustainability is not well defined.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dogu-2019-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> One definition states that a society is sustainable in social terms if people do not face structural obstacles in key areas. These key areas are health, influence, competence, <a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">impartiality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meaning-making" title="Meaning-making">meaning-making</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Some scholars place social issues at the very center of discussions.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> They suggest that all the domains of sustainability are social. These include <a href="#Environmental_sustainability">ecological</a>, economic, political, and cultural sustainability. These domains all depend on the relationship between the social and the natural. The ecological domain is defined as human embeddedness in the environment. From this perspective, social sustainability encompasses all human activities.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> It goes beyond the intersection of economics, the environment, and the social.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> There are many broad strategies for more sustainable social systems. They include improved education and the political <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">empowerment of women</a>. This is especially the case in developing countries. They include greater regard for <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>. This involves equity between rich and poor both within and between countries. And it includes <a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity">intergenerational equity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen2006-66">[66]</a> Providing more <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">social safety nets</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_adult" title="Vulnerable adult">vulnerable populations</a> would contribute to social sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-Aggarwal-2022-67">[67]</a>: 11  A society with a high degree of social sustainability would lead to livable communities with a good <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> (being fair, diverse, connected and democratic).<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous communities">Indigenous communities</a> might have a focus on particular aspects of sustainability, for example spiritual aspects, community-based governance and an emphasis on place and locality.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_additional_dimensions">Proposed additional dimensions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Proposed additional dimensions">edit</a>]</div> Some experts have proposed further dimensions. These could cover institutional, cultural, political, and technical dimensions.<a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_sustainability">Cultural sustainability</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cultural sustainability">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_sustainability" title="Cultural sustainability">Cultural sustainability</a></div> Some scholars have argued for a fourth dimension. They say the traditional three dimensions do not reflect the complexity of contemporary society.<a href="#cite_note-agenda21culture.net-70">[70]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Agenda_21_for_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Agenda 21 for culture">Agenda 21 for culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Cities_and_Local_Governments" title="United Cities and Local Governments">United Cities and Local Governments</a> argue that sustainable development should include a solid <a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">cultural policy</a>. They also advocate for a cultural dimension in all public policies. Another example was the <a href="/wiki/Circles_of_Sustainability" title="Circles of Sustainability">Circles of Sustainability</a> approach, which included <a href="/wiki/Cultural_sustainability" title="Cultural sustainability">cultural sustainability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions_between_dimensions">Interactions between dimensions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Interactions between dimensions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_and_economic_dimensions">Environmental and economic dimensions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Environmental and economic dimensions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Weak_and_strong_sustainability" title="Weak and strong sustainability">Weak and strong sustainability</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></div> People often debate the relationship between the environmental and economic dimensions of sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-Ayres-1998-72">[72]</a> In academia, this is discussed under the term <a href="/wiki/Weak_and_strong_sustainability" title="Weak and strong sustainability">weak and strong sustainability</a>. In that model, the weak sustainability concept states that capital made by humans could replace most of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">natural capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ayres-1998-72">[72]</a> Natural capital is a way of describing environmental resources. People may refer to it as nature. An example for this is the use of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">environmental technologies</a> to reduce pollution.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The opposite concept in that model is strong sustainability. This assumes that nature provides functions that technology cannot replace.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Thus, strong sustainability acknowledges the need to preserve ecological integrity.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a>: 19  The loss of those functions makes it impossible to recover or repair many resources and ecosystem services. Biodiversity, along with <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertile soils</a>, are examples. Others are clean air, clean water, and regulation of <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">climate systems</a>. Weak sustainability has come under criticism. It may be popular with governments and business but does not ensure the preservation of the earth's ecological integrity.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> This is why the environmental dimension is so important.<a href="#cite_note-Bosselmann-2010-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> illustrated this in 2020. It found that $44 trillion of economic value generation depends on nature. This value, more than half of the world's GDP, is thus vulnerable to nature loss.<a href="#cite_note-WEF-2020-77">[77]</a>: 8  Three large economic sectors are highly dependent on nature: <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Beverage">food and beverages</a>. Nature loss results from many factors. They include <a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">land use change</a>, sea use change and climate change. Other examples are natural resource use, pollution, and <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive alien species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WEF-2020-77">[77]</a>: 11  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade-offs">Trade-offs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Trade-offs">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Trade-off" title="Trade-off">Trade-offs</a> between different dimensions of sustainability are a common topic for debate. Balancing the environmental, social, and economic dimensions of sustainability is difficult. This is because there is often disagreement about the relative importance of each. To resolve this, there is a need to integrate, balance, and reconcile the dimensions.<a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a> For example, humans can choose to make ecological integrity a priority or to compromise it.<a href="#cite_note-Bosselmann-2010-4">[4]</a> Some even argue the Sustainable Development Goals are unrealistic. Their aim of universal human well-being conflicts with the physical limits of Earth and its ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-Stockholm+50-2022-21">[21]</a>: 41  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement_tools">Measurement tools</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Measurement tools">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Sustainability metrics and indices</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sao_Paulo_Profile,_Level_1,_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sao_Paulo_Profile%2C_Level_1%2C_2012.jpg/220px-Sao_Paulo_Profile%2C_Level_1%2C_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sao_Paulo_Profile%2C_Level_1%2C_2012.jpg/330px-Sao_Paulo_Profile%2C_Level_1%2C_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sao_Paulo_Profile%2C_Level_1%2C_2012.jpg/440px-Sao_Paulo_Profile%2C_Level_1%2C_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Urban sustainability analysis of the greater urban area of the city of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> using the '<a href="/wiki/Circles_of_Sustainability" title="Circles of Sustainability">Circles of Sustainability</a>' method of the UN and Metropolis Association<a href="#cite_note-James-2015-78">[78]</a></figcaption></figure><div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Sustainability measurement</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_measurement&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Sustainability measurement</a> is a set of frameworks or indicators used to measure how sustainable something is. This includes processes, products, services and businesses. Sustainability is to quantify.<a href="#cite_note-Sustainability_measurement_:7-79">[79]</a> It may even be impossible to measure as there is no fixed definition.<a href="#cite_note-Sustainability_measurement_:5-80">[80]</a> To measure sustainability, frameworks and indicators consider environmental, social and economic domains. The metrics vary by use case and are still evolving. They include <a href="/wiki/Ecological_indicator" title="Ecological indicator">indicators</a>, benchmarks and audits. They include <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">sustainability standards and certification</a> systems like <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade">Fairtrade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">Organic</a>. They also involve indices and <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">accounting</a>. They can include assessment, appraisal<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and other reporting systems. The metrics are used over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sustainability_measurement_:5-80">[80]</a> For organizations, sustainability measures include corporate <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">sustainability reporting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triple_bottom_line" title="Triple bottom line">Triple Bottom Line accounting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sustainability_measurement_:7-79">[79]</a> For countries, they include estimates of the quality of sustainability governance or quality of life measures, or environmental assessments like the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Sustainability_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Sustainability Index">Environmental Sustainability Index</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a>. Some methods let us track <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> These include the UN <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprints</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impacts_of_humans">Environmental impacts of humans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts of humans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></div> There are several methods to measure or describe human impacts on Earth. They include the ecological footprint, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_debt" title="Ecological debt">ecological debt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">sustainable yield</a>. The idea of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">planetary boundaries</a> is that there are limits to the carrying capacity of the Earth. It is important not to cross these thresholds to prevent irreversible harm to the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Steffen-2015-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> These planetary boundaries involve several environmental issues. These include climate change and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>. They also include types of pollution. These are <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogeochemical">biogeochemical</a> (nitrogen and phosphorus), <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">freshwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">atmospheric aerosols</a>, and chemical pollution.<a href="#cite_note-Steffen-2015-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> (Since 2015 some experts refer to biodiversity loss as change in biosphere integrity. They refer to chemical pollution as introduction of novel entities.) The <a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">IPAT formula</a> measures the environmental impact of humans. It emerged in the 1970s. It states this impact is proportional to <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">human population</a>, affluence and technology.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrlich&Holden2-88">[88]</a> This implies various ways to increase environmental sustainability. One would be human <a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">population control</a>. Another would be to reduce consumption and <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">affluence</a><a href="#cite_note-Wiedmann-2020-89">[89]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy consumption</a>. Another would be to develop innovative or <a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">green technologies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>. In other words, there are two broad aims. The first would be to have fewer consumers. The second would be to have less environmental footprint per consumer. The <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Ecosystem_Assessment" title="Millennium Ecosystem Assessment">Millennium Ecosystem Assessment</a> from 2005 measured 24 ecosystem services. It concluded that only four have improved over the last 50 years. It found 15 are in serious decline and five are in a precarious condition.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>: 6–19  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_costs">Economic costs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economic costs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doughnut-transgressing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Doughnut-transgressing.jpg/220px-Doughnut-transgressing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Doughnut-transgressing.jpg/330px-Doughnut-transgressing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Doughnut-transgressing.jpg/440px-Doughnut-transgressing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2395" data-file-height="2009" /></a><figcaption>The doughnut model, with indicators to what extent the ecological ceilings are overshot and social foundations are not met yet</figcaption></figure> Experts in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">environmental economics</a> have calculated the cost of using public natural resources. One project calculated the damage to ecosystems and biodiversity loss. This was the <a href="/wiki/The_Economics_of_Ecosystems_and_Biodiversity" title="The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity">Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity</a> project from 2007 to 2011.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> An entity that creates environmental and social costs often does not pay for them. The market price also does not reflect those costs. In the end, government policy is usually required to resolve this problem.<a href="#cite_note-Jaeger-92">[92]</a> Decision-making can take future costs and benefits into account. The tool for this is the <a href="/wiki/Social_discount_rate" title="Social discount rate">social discount rate</a>. The bigger the concern for future generations, the lower the social discount rate should be.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Another approach is to put an economic value on ecosystem services. This allows us to assess environmental damage against perceived short-term welfare benefits. One calculation is that, "for every dollar spent on ecosystem restoration, between three and 75 dollars of economic benefits from ecosystem goods and services can be expected".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In recent years, economist <a href="/wiki/Kate_Raworth" title="Kate Raworth">Kate Raworth</a> has developed the concept of <a href="/wiki/Doughnut_(economic_model)" title="Doughnut (economic model)">doughnut economics</a>. This aims to integrate social and environmental sustainability into economic thinking. The social dimension acts as a minimum standard to which a society should aspire. The carrying capacity of the planet acts an outer limit.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Barriers">Barriers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Barriers">edit</a>]</div> There are many reasons why sustainability is so difficult to achieve. These reasons have the name sustainability barriers.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Howes-2017-16">[16]</a> Before addressing these barriers it is important to analyze and understand them.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a>: 34  Some barriers arise from nature and its complexity ("everything is related").<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-2016-23">[23]</a> Others arise from the human condition. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Value-action_gap" title="Value-action gap">value-action gap</a>. This reflects the fact that people often do not act according to their convictions. Experts describe these barriers as intrinsic to the concept of sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2017-96">[96]</a>: 81  Other barriers are extrinsic to the concept of sustainability. This means it is possible to overcome them. One way would be to put a price tag on the consumption of public goods.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2017-96">[96]</a>: 84  Some extrinsic barriers relate to the nature of dominant institutional frameworks. Examples would be where market mechanisms fail for <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">public goods</a>. Existing societies, economies, and cultures encourage increased consumption. There is a structural imperative for growth in <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">competitive market</a> economies. This inhibits necessary societal change.<a href="#cite_note-Wiedmann-2020-89">[89]</a> Furthermore, there are several barriers related to the difficulties of implementing sustainability policies. There are trade-offs between the goals of environmental policies and economic development. Environmental goals include nature conservation. Development may focus on poverty reduction.<a href="#cite_note-Howes-2017-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a>: 65  There are also trade-offs between short-term profit and long-term viability.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2017-96">[96]</a>: 65  Political pressures generally favor the short term over the long term. So they form a barrier to actions oriented toward improving sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2017-96">[96]</a>: 86  Barriers to sustainability may also reflect current trends. These could include <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Short-termism" title="Short-termism">short-termism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2017-96">[96]</a>: 86  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transition">Transition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Transition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Democratic_and_sustainability_transformations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Democratic_and_sustainability_transformations.jpg/220px-Democratic_and_sustainability_transformations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Democratic_and_sustainability_transformations.jpg/330px-Democratic_and_sustainability_transformations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Democratic_and_sustainability_transformations.jpg/440px-Democratic_and_sustainability_transformations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2756" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>Democratic and sustainability transformations: mapping the pathways. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental democracy">Environmental democracy</a> involves achieving sustainability through reform of existing liberal democratic institutions, while ecological democracy seeks to do so through a radical departure from existing democratic institutions.<a href="#cite_note-:1-97">[97]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> While no consensus definition exists, sustainability transformation (or transition) can be understood as “a fundamental, system-wide reorganization across technological, economic and social factors, including paradigms, goals and values”.<a href="#cite_note-:1-97">[97]</a> Sustainability transformation is a process which is complex, multi-dimensional and politically contested. It needs to occur at scales ranging from households and communities to states and regional and <a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">global governance</a> institutions. However, societal transformations are politically contested because different stakeholders may disagree over both the ends that transformation should achieve and the means of achieving those ends. Another reason is that transformations may involve or require disrupting existing configurations of power and resources.<a href="#cite_note-:1-97">[97]</a> There are long-standing debates in research and policy about whether democratic practices are capable of fostering timely, large-scale transformations towards sustainability. While a few scholars argue that large-scale transformation to sustainability will require the rollback of democratic safeguards or the imposition of technocratic or authoritarian rule, a majority of researchers on the democracy-environment nexus argue that <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a> and sustainability transformation are mutually supportive.<a href="#cite_note-:1-97">[97]</a> A sustainability transition requires major change in societies. They must change their fundamental values and organizing principles.<a href="#cite_note-Swart,_R.-2002-44">[44]</a>: 15  These new values would emphasize "the quality of life and material sufficiency, human solidarity and global equity, and affinity with nature and environmental sustainability".<a href="#cite_note-Swart,_R.-2002-44">[44]</a>: 15  A transition may only work if far-reaching lifestyle changes accompany technological advances.<a href="#cite_note-Wiedmann-2020-89">[89]</a> Scientists have pointed out that: "Sustainability transitions come about in diverse ways, and all require civil-society pressure and evidence-based advocacy, political leadership, and a solid understanding of policy instruments, markets, and other drivers."<a href="#cite_note-Ripple-2017-51">[51]</a> There are four possible overlapping processes of transformation. They each have different political dynamics. Technology, markets, government, or citizens can lead these processes.<a href="#cite_note-Scoones-2016-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Environment_Agency" title="European Environment Agency">European Environment Agency</a> defines a sustainability transition as "a fundamental and wide-ranging transformation of a socio-technical system towards a more sustainable configuration that helps alleviate persistent problems such as climate change, pollution, biodiversity loss or resource scarcities."<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a>: 152  The concept of sustainability transitions is similar to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">energy transitions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> One expert argues a sustainability transition must be "supported by a new kind of culture, a new kind of collaboration, [and] a new kind of leadership".<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> It requires a large investment in "new and greener capital goods, while simultaneously shifting capital away from unsustainable systems".<a href="#cite_note-Stockholm+50-2022-21">[21]</a>: 107  In 2024 an interdisciplinary group of experts including <a href="/wiki/Chip_Fletcher" title="Chip Fletcher">Chip Fletcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_J._Ripple" title="William J. Ripple">William J. Ripple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Barnard" title="Phoebe Barnard">Phoebe Barnard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamanamaikalani_Beamer" title="Kamanamaikalani Beamer">Kamanamaikalani Beamer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Field" title="Christopher Field">Christopher Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Karl" title="David Karl">David Karl</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_King_(chemist)" title="David King (chemist)">David King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Mann" title="Michael E. Mann">Michael E. Mann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Oreskes" title="Naomi Oreskes">Naomi Oreskes</a> advocated for a paradigm shift toward genuine sustainability and resource regeneration. They said that "such a transformation is imperative to reverse the tide of biodiversity loss due to overconsumption and to reinstate the security of food and water supplies, which are foundational for the survival of global populations."<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principles">Principles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Principles">edit</a>]</div> It is possible to divide action principles to make societies more sustainable into four types. These are nature-related, personal, society-related and systems-related principles.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a>: 206  <ul><li>Nature-related principles: <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">decarbonize</a>; reduce human environmental impact by efficiency, sufficiency and consistency; be net-positive – build up environmental and societal capital; prefer local, seasonal, plant-based and labor-intensive; <a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">polluter-pays principle</a>; <a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">precautionary principle</a>; and appreciate and celebrate the beauty of nature.</li> <li>Personal principles: practise contemplation, apply policies with caution, celebrate frugality.</li> <li>Society-related principles: grant the least privileged the greatest support; seek mutual understanding, trust and many wins; strengthen social cohesion and collaboration; engage stakeholders; foster education – share knowledge and collaborate.</li> <li>Systems-related principles: apply <a href="/wiki/Systems_thinking" title="Systems thinking">systems thinking</a>; foster diversity; make what is relevant to the public more transparent; maintain or increase option diversity.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_steps">Example steps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Example steps">edit</a>]</div> There are many approaches that people can take to transition to environmental sustainability. These include maintaining ecosystem services, protecting and co-creating common resources, reducing food waste, and promoting dietary shifts towards plant-based foods.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Another is reducing population growth by cutting <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility rates</a>. Others are promoting new <a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">green technologies</a>, and adopting <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> sources while phasing out subsidies to <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ripple-2017-51">[51]</a> In 2017 scientists published an update to the 1992 <a href="/wiki/World_Scientists%27_Warning_to_Humanity" title="World Scientists' Warning to Humanity">World Scientists' Warning to Humanity</a>. It showed how to move towards environmental sustainability. It proposed steps in three areas:<a href="#cite_note-Ripple-2017-51">[51]</a> <ul><li>Reduced consumption: reducing food waste, promoting dietary shifts towards mostly plant-based foods.</li> <li>Reducing the number of consumers: further reducing fertility rates and thus population growth.</li> <li>Technology and nature conservation: there are several related approaches. One is to maintain nature's ecosystem services. Another is promote new green technologies. Another is changing energy use. One aspect of this is to adopt renewable energy sources. At the same time it is necessary to end subsidies to energy production through <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agenda_2030_for_the_Sustainable_Development_Goals">Agenda 2030 for the Sustainable Development Goals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Agenda 2030 for the Sustainable Development Goals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sustainable_Development_Goals.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sustainable_Development_Goals.svg/220px-Sustainable_Development_Goals.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sustainable_Development_Goals.svg/330px-Sustainable_Development_Goals.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sustainable_Development_Goals.svg/440px-Sustainable_Development_Goals.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>United Nations Sustainable Development Goals</figcaption></figure> In 2015, the United Nations agreed the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (SDGs). Their official name is Agenda 2030 for the Sustainable Development Goals. The UN described this programme as a very ambitious and transformational vision. It said the SDGs were of unprecedented scope and significance.<a href="#cite_note-:1b-41">[41]</a>: 3/35  The UN said: "We are determined to take the bold and transformative steps which are urgently needed to shift the world on to a sustainable and resilient path."<a href="#cite_note-:1b-41">[41]</a> The 17 goals and targets lay out transformative steps. For example, the SDGs aim to protect the future of planet Earth. The UN pledged to "protect the planet from degradation, including through sustainable consumption and production, sustainably managing its natural resources and taking urgent action on climate change, so that it can support the needs of the present and future generations".<a href="#cite_note-:1b-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Options_for_overcoming_barriers">Options for overcoming barriers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Options for overcoming barriers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development#Pathways" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development § Pathways</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issues_around_economic_growth">Issues around economic growth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Issues around economic growth">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">Eco-economic decoupling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">Eco-economic decoupling</a> is an idea to resolve tradeoffs between economic growth and environmental conservation. The idea is to "decouple environmental bads from economic goods as a path towards sustainability".<a href="#cite_note-Vaden-2020-11">[11]</a> This would mean "using less resources per unit of economic output and reducing the environmental impact of any resources that are used or economic activities that are undertaken".<a href="#cite_note-UNEP2011-10">[10]</a>: 8  The intensity of <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> emitted makes it possible to measure pressure on the environment. This in turn makes it possible to measure decoupling. This involves following changes in the <a href="/wiki/Emission_intensity" title="Emission intensity">emission intensity</a> associated with economic output.<a href="#cite_note-UNEP2011-10">[10]</a> Examples of absolute long-term decoupling are rare. But some industrialized countries have decoupled GDP growth from production- and consumption-based CO2 emissions.<a href="#cite_note-Wiedenhofer-103">[103]</a> Yet, even in this example, decoupling alone is not enough. It is necessary to accompany it with "sufficiency-oriented strategies and strict enforcement of absolute reduction targets".<a href="#cite_note-Wiedenhofer-103">[103]</a>: 1  One study in 2020 found no evidence of necessary decoupling. This was a <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of 180 scientific studies. It found that there is "no evidence of the kind of decoupling needed for ecological sustainability" and that "in the absence of robust evidence, the goal of decoupling rests partly on faith".<a href="#cite_note-Vaden-2020-11">[11]</a> Some experts have questioned the possibilities for decoupling and thus the feasibility of <a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">green growth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parrique_T-2019-12">[12]</a> Some have argued that decoupling on its own will not be enough to reduce environmental pressures. They say it would need to include the issue of economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-Parrique_T-2019-12">[12]</a> There are several reasons why adequate decoupling is currently not taking place. These are rising energy expenditure, <a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">rebound effects</a>, problem shifting, the underestimated impact of services, the limited potential of recycling, insufficient and inappropriate technological change, and cost-shifting.<a href="#cite_note-Parrique_T-2019-12">[12]</a> The decoupling of economic growth from environmental deterioration is difficult. This is because the entity that causes environmental and social costs does not generally pay for them. So the market price does not express such costs.<a href="#cite_note-Jaeger-92">[92]</a> For example, the cost of packaging into the price of a product. may factor in the cost of packaging. But it may omit the cost of disposing of that packaging. Economics describes such factors as <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externalities</a>, in this case a negative externality.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Usually, it is up to government action or local governance to deal with externalities.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> There are various ways to incorporate environmental and social costs and benefits into economic activities. Examples include: taxing the activity (the <a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">polluter pays</a>); subsidizing activities with positive effects (rewarding <a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">stewardship</a>); and outlawing particular levels of damaging practices (legal limits on pollution).<a href="#cite_note-Jaeger-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_action_and_local_governance">Government action and local governance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Government action and local governance">edit</a>]</div> A textbook on natural resources and environmental economics stated in 2011: "Nobody who has seriously studied the issues believes that the economy's relationship to the natural environment can be left entirely to market forces."<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a>: 15  This means natural resources will be over-exploited and destroyed in the long run without government action. <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> (winner of the 2009<a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel economics prize</a>) expanded on this. She stated that local governance (or self-governance) can be a third option besides the market or the national government.<a href="#cite_note-Anderies-2012-107">[107]</a> She studied how people in small, local communities manage shared natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> She showed that communities using natural resources can establish rules their for use and maintenance. These are resources such as pastures, fishing waters, and forests. This leads to both economic and ecological sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-Anderies-2012-107">[107]</a> Successful self-governance needs groups with frequent communication among participants. In this case, groups can manage the usage of <a href="/wiki/Common_good_(economics)" title="Common good (economics)">common goods</a> without overexploitation.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a>: 117  Based on Ostrom's work, some have argued that: "Common-pool resources today are overcultivated because the different agents do not know each other and cannot directly communicate with one another."<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a>: 117  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_governance">Global governance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Global governance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Launching_of_The_UN_Sustainability_Development_Solution_Network_(SDSN)_Chapter_Indonesia_by_The_President_of_The_Republic_Indonesia_(10111448114).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Launching_of_The_UN_Sustainability_Development_Solution_Network_%28SDSN%29_Chapter_Indonesia_by_The_President_of_The_Republic_Indonesia_%2810111448114%29.jpg/220px-Launching_of_The_UN_Sustainability_Development_Solution_Network_%28SDSN%29_Chapter_Indonesia_by_The_President_of_The_Republic_Indonesia_%2810111448114%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Launching_of_The_UN_Sustainability_Development_Solution_Network_%28SDSN%29_Chapter_Indonesia_by_The_President_of_The_Republic_Indonesia_%2810111448114%29.jpg/330px-Launching_of_The_UN_Sustainability_Development_Solution_Network_%28SDSN%29_Chapter_Indonesia_by_The_President_of_The_Republic_Indonesia_%2810111448114%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Launching_of_The_UN_Sustainability_Development_Solution_Network_%28SDSN%29_Chapter_Indonesia_by_The_President_of_The_Republic_Indonesia_%2810111448114%29.jpg/440px-Launching_of_The_UN_Sustainability_Development_Solution_Network_%28SDSN%29_Chapter_Indonesia_by_The_President_of_The_Republic_Indonesia_%2810111448114%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3558" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Launch of the UN <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Solutions_Network" title="Sustainable Development Solutions Network">Sustainable Development Solutions Network</a> (SDSN) Chapter Indonesia </figcaption></figure> Questions of global concern are difficult to tackle. That is because global issues need global solutions. But existing global organizations (UN, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>, and others) do not have sufficient means.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a>: 135  For example, they lack sanctioning mechanisms to enforce existing global regulations.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a>: 136  Some institutions do not enjoy universal acceptance. An example is the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>. Their agendas are not aligned (for example <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a>, and WTO) And some accuse them of nepotism and mismanagement.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a>: 135–145  <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> international agreements, treaties, and <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental organizations</a> (IGOs) face further challenges. These result in barriers to sustainability. Often these arrangements rely on voluntary commitments. An example is <a href="/wiki/Nationally_Determined_Contribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationally Determined Contribution">Nationally Determined Contributions</a> for climate action. There can be a lack of enforcement of existing national or international regulation. And there can be gaps in regulation for international actors such as multi-national enterprises. Critics of some global organizations say they lack legitimacy and democracy. Institutions facing such criticism include the WTO, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">UNFCCC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G8</a> and <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a>: 135  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses_by_nongovernmental_stakeholders">Responses by nongovernmental stakeholders</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Responses by nongovernmental stakeholders">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Businesses">Businesses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Businesses">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">Environmental, social, and corporate governance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barssee_und_unmittelbare_Umgebung_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Barssee_und_unmittelbare_Umgebung_08.JPG/220px-Barssee_und_unmittelbare_Umgebung_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Barssee_und_unmittelbare_Umgebung_08.JPG/330px-Barssee_und_unmittelbare_Umgebung_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Barssee_und_unmittelbare_Umgebung_08.JPG/440px-Barssee_und_unmittelbare_Umgebung_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3064" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council" title="Forest Stewardship Council">Forest Stewardship Council</a> (FSC) seal for <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood products</a> is meant to indicate <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_products" title="Sustainable products">sustainable production</a> of wood (in a forest in Germany).</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Sustainable business</a> practices integrate ecological concerns with social and economic ones.<a href="#cite_note-Kinsley-1997-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Callenbach-2011-18">[18]</a> One accounting framework for this approach uses the phrase "people, planet, and profit". The name of this approach is the <a href="/wiki/Triple_bottom_line" title="Triple bottom line">triple bottom line</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a> is a related concept. Its goal is to decouple environmental pressure from economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-Ghisellini_11–32-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Growing attention towards sustainability has led to the formation of many organizations. These include the Sustainability Consortium of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Organizational_Learning" title="Society for Organizational Learning">Society for Organizational Learning</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> the Sustainable Business Institute,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Business_Council_for_Sustainable_Development" title="World Business Council for Sustainable Development">World Business Council for Sustainable Development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_sustainability" title="Supply chain sustainability">Supply chain sustainability</a> looks at the environmental and human impacts of products in the supply chain. It considers how they move from raw materials sourcing to production, storage, and delivery, and every transportation link on the way.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_communities">Religious communities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Religious communities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion and environmentalism</a></div> Religious leaders have stressed the importance of caring for nature and environmental sustainability. In 2015 over 150 leaders from various faiths issued a joint statement to the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference">UN Climate Summit in Paris 2015</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> They reiterated a statement made in the Interfaith Summit in New York in 2014:<blockquote>As representatives from different faith and religious traditions, we stand together to express deep concern for the consequences of climate change on the earth and its people, all entrusted, as our faiths reveal, to our common care. Climate change is indeed a threat to life, a precious gift we have received and that we need to care for.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Individuals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Sustainable living</a></div> Individuals can also live in a more sustainable way. They can change their lifestyles, practise <a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">ethical consumerism</a>, and embrace frugality.<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a>: 236  These <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">sustainable living</a> approaches can also make cities more sustainable. They do this by altering the built environment.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Such approaches include <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">sustainable transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">sustainable architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zero_carbon_housing" title="Zero carbon housing">zero emission housing</a>. Research can identify the main issues to focus on. These include flying, meat and dairy products, car driving, and household sufficiency. Research can show how to create cultures of sufficiency, care, solidarity, and simplicity.<a href="#cite_note-Wiedmann-2020-89">[89]</a> Some young people are using activism, litigation, and on-the-ground efforts to advance sustainability. This is particularly the case in the area of climate action.<a href="#cite_note-Aggarwal-2022-67">[67]</a>: 60  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessments_and_reactions">Assessments and reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Assessments and reactions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impossible_to_reach">Impossible to reach</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Impossible to reach">edit</a>]</div> Scholars have criticized the concepts of sustainability and sustainable development from different angles. One was <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Meadows" title="Dennis Meadows">Dennis Meadows</a>, one of the authors of the first report to the Club of Rome, called "<a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">The Limits to Growth</a>". He argued many people deceive themselves by using the Brundtland definition of sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-Wilhelm-2000-53">[53]</a> This is because the needs of the present generation are actually not met today. Instead, economic activities to meet present needs will shrink the options of future generations.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a>: 27  Another criticism is that the paradigm of sustainability is no longer suitable as a guide for transformation. This is because societies are "socially and ecologically self-destructive consumer societies".<a href="#cite_note-Blühdorn_2017_42–61-119">[119]</a> Some scholars have even proclaimed the end of the concept of sustainability. This is because humans now have a significant impact on Earth's climate system and ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-Melinda_Harm-20">[20]</a> It might become impossible to pursue sustainability because of these complex, radical, and dynamic issues.<a href="#cite_note-Melinda_Harm-20">[20]</a> Others have called sustainability a <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> ideal: "We need to keep sustainability as an ideal; an ideal which we might never reach, which might be utopian, but still a necessary one."<a href="#cite_note-Berg-2020-5">[5]</a>: 5  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vagueness">Vagueness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Vagueness">edit</a>]</div> The term is often hijacked and thus can lose its meaning. People use it for all sorts of things, such as saving the planet to recycling your rubbish.<a href="#cite_note-Halliday-2016-27">[27]</a> A specific definition may never be possible. This is because sustainability is a concept that provides a normative structure. That describes what human society regards as good or desirable.<a href="#cite_note-Ramsey-2015-2">[2]</a> But some argue that while sustainability is vague and contested it is not meaningless.<a href="#cite_note-Ramsey-2015-2">[2]</a> Although lacking in a singular definition, this concept is still useful. Scholars have argued that its fuzziness can actually be liberating. This is because it means that "the basic goal of sustainability (maintaining or improving desirable conditions [...]) can be pursued with more flexibility".<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-2016-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confusion_and_greenwashing">Confusion and greenwashing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Confusion and greenwashing">edit</a>]</div> Sustainability has a reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Buzzword" title="Buzzword">buzzword</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Purvis-1">[1]</a> People may use the terms sustainability and sustainable development in ways that are different to how they are usually understood. This can result in confusion and mistrust. So a clear explanation of how the terms are being used in a particular situation is important.<a href="#cite_note-Harrington-2016-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a> is a practice of deceptive marketing. It is when a company or organization provides misleading information about the sustainability of a product, policy, or other activity.<a href="#cite_note-Aggarwal-2022-67">[67]</a>: 26 <a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Investors are wary of this issue as it exposes them to risk.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The reliability of eco-labels is also doubtful in some cases.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">Ecolabelling</a> is a voluntary method of environmental performance certification and labelling for food and consumer products. The most credible eco-labels are those developed with close participation from all relevant stakeholders.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sustainability_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sustainability topics">List of sustainability topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline of sustainability</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainability&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Purvis-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purvis_1-17">r</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPurvisMaoRobinson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Purvis, Ben; Mao, Yong; Robinson, Darren (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11625-018-0627-5">"Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins"</a>. 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Sustainability. 15 (20): 15054. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu152015054">10.3390/su152015054</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050">2071-1050</a>.</cite><span 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<li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future">Our Common Future (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists" title="Category:Sustainability lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmentalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmentalism" title="Template:Environmentalism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmentalism" title="Template talk:Environmentalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmentalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmentalism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmentalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_environmentalism" title="Outline of environmentalism">Outline of environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">Environmental conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_history_of_environmentalism" title="Timeline of history of environmentalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_conflicts" title="List of environmental conflicts">List of environmental conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental organization">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_psychology" title="Environmental psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Philosophical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">Biocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence" title="Earth jurisprudence">Earth jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resacralization_of_nature" title="Resacralization of nature">Resacralization of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconservatism" title="Bioconservatism">Bioconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green syndicalism">Green syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Ecotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_environmentalism" title="Islamic environmentalism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_environmentalism" title="Judaism and environmentalism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship (theology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">Anti-environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_killings" title="List of environmental killings">List of environmental killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_of_the_poor" title="Environmentalism of the poor">Environmentalism of the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Offshoots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fracking_movement" title="Anti-fracking movement">Anti-fracking movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Optimism" title="Earth Optimism">Earth Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">Eco-anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_shame" title="Flight shame">Flight shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Goals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_civilization" title="Ecological civilization">Ecological civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_personhood" title="Environmental personhood">Environmental personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">Environmental, social, and corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Environmentally friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_nature" title="Rights of nature">Rights of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-haul_flight_ban" title="Short-haul flight ban">Short-haul flight ban</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental protests">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_sitting" title="Tree sitting">Tree sitting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Australia" title="Environmental movement in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Environmentalism in Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_China" title="Environmentalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-incinerator_movement_in_China" title="Anti-incinerator movement in China">Anti-incinerator movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_New_Zealand" title="Environmental movement in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_South_Africa" title="Environmental movement in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Switzerland" title="Environmental movement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_direct_action_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_books" title="List of environmental books">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofiction" title="Ecofiction">Ecofiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_conservation" title="Conspicuous conservation">Conspicuous conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmography_of_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmography of environmentalism">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_film_festivals" title="List of environmental film festivals">festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_motorsport" title="Environmentalism in motorsport">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing_and_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfing and environmentalism">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eco_hotel" title="Eco hotel">Eco hotel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_environmental_publications" title="Lists of environmental publications">Publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">Environmentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_protector" class="mw-redirect" title="Water protector">Water protector</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Notable_people" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brower" title="David Brower">David Brower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Cho-nam" title="Ng Cho-nam">Ng Cho-nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_activism_of_Al_Gore" title="Environmental activism of Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold">Aldo Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Mendes" title="Chico Mendes">Chico Mendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dz%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Shōzō Tanaka">Shōzō Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_pro-environmental_behaviour" title="Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour">Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_ethics" title="Lifeboat ethics">Lifeboat ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, 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<li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_toilet" title="Dry toilet">Dry toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)" title="Low-impact development (UK)">Low-impact development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_frills" title="No frills">No frills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-the-grid" title="Off-the-grid">Off-the-grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regift" class="mw-redirect" title="Regift">Regift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement (culture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Sustainable living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sustainable sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWOOF" title="WWOOF">WWOOF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Religious and spiritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detachment (philosophy)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_people" title="Plain people">Plain people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Testimony of simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Secular movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Small house movement">Small house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiny house movement">Tiny house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Berry" title="Wendell Berry">Wendell Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach" title="Ernest Callenbach">Ernest Callenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Elgin" title="Duane Elgin">Duane Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gregg_(social_philosopher)" title="Richard Gregg (social philosopher)">Richard Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hodgkinson" title="Tom Hodgkinson">Tom Hodgkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Hubbard" title="Harlan Hubbard">Harlan Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Kumar" title="Satish Kumar">Satish Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Rosen_(British_filmmaker)" title="Nick Rosen (British filmmaker)">Nick Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Semple" title="Dugald Semple">Dugald Semple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Skene_Keith_(physician)" title="George Skene Keith (physician)">George Skene Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Modern-day adherents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Boyle_(Moneyless_Man)" title="Mark Boyle (Moneyless Man)">Mark Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Greenfield" title="Robin Greenfield">Robin Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Ted Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Pentti Linkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Merkel" title="Jim Merkel">Jim Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suelo" title="Suelo">Suelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral" title="Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral">Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Life_(1975_TV_series)" title="The Good Life (1975 TV series)">The Good Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sledgehammer" title="The Moon and the Sledgehammer">The Moon and the Sledgehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_News" title="Mother Earth News">Mother Earth News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Half" title="The Power of Half">The Power of Half</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_miles" title="Food miles">Food miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">The good life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonophobia" title="Hedonophobia">Hedonophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_living" title="Intentional living">Intentional living</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Gathering" title="Rainbow Gathering">Rainbow Gathering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Itinerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-technology">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Population" title="Template:Population"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Population" title="Template talk:Population"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Population"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_populations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human populations">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Population" title="Category:Population">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/19px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/29px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/21px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/42px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/19px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/29px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/38px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/19px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/29px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/38px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/12px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/19px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/25px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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