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<li id="toc-Forestry_as_a_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forestry_as_a_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Forestry as a science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forestry_as_a_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silvology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silvology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Silvology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silvology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dendrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dendrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Dendrology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dendrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_diversity_in_forestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_diversity_in_forestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Genetic diversity in forestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_diversity_in_forestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forest_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forest_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Forest management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forest_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_forestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_forestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Urban forestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_forestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forestry_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forestry_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Forestry education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forestry_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Forestry education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Forestry_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_forestry_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_forestry_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>History of forestry education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_forestry_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forestry_education_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forestry_education_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Forestry education today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forestry_education_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuing_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuing_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Continuing education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuing_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noted_silvologists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noted_silvologists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Noted silvologists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noted_silvologists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Forestry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosbou" title="Bosbou – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bosbou" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A9" title="حراجة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حراجة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inxenier%C3%ADa_de_montes" title="Inxeniería de montes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inxeniería de montes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%9F%C9%99_t%C9%99s%C9%99rr%C3%BCfat%C4%B1" title="Meşə təsərrüfatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meşə təsərrüfatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বনবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বনবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Урмансылыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Урмансылыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лесаводства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лесаводства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="फारेस्ट्री – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फारेस्ट्री" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyensyang_pangkadlagan" title="Siyensyang pangkadlagan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Siyensyang pangkadlagan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лесовъдство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лесовъдство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umarstvo" title="Šumarstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šumarstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginyeria_forestal" title="Enginyeria forestal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enginyeria forestal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesnictv%C3%AD" title="Lesnictví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lesnictví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coedwigaeth" title="Coedwigaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coedwigaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skovbrug" title="Skovbrug – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skovbrug" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forstwirtschaft" title="Forstwirtschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Forstwirtschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metsandus" title="Metsandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metsandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δασολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δασολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenier%C3%ADa_de_montes" title="Ingeniería de montes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ingeniería de montes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbara_mastrumado" title="Arbara mastrumado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arbara mastrumado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baso-ingeniaritza" title="Baso-ingeniaritza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baso-ingeniaritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جنگل‌داری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگل‌داری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresterie" title="Foresterie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Foresterie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraoiseacht" title="Foraoiseacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Foraoiseacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enxe%C3%B1ar%C3%ADa_de_montes" title="Enxeñaría de montes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enxeñaría de montes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%84%EC%97%85" title="임업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="임업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Forestry" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Անտառաբուծություն (բուսաբուծություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտառաբուծություն (բուսաբուծություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="वानिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वानिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umarstvo" title="Šumarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šumarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehutanan" title="Kehutanan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kehutanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B3gr%C3%A6kt" title="Skógrækt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skógrækt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienze_forestali" title="Scienze forestali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scienze forestali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="יערנות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יערנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesy%C5%84stw%C3%B2" title="Lesyństwò – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lesyństwò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Токойчулук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Токойчулук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_saltuaria" title="Res saltuaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res saltuaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C5%BEsaimniec%C4%ABba" title="Mežsaimniecība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mežsaimniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%A1kininkyst%C4%97" title="Miškininkystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Miškininkystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Шумарство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шумарство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhutanan" title="Perhutanan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perhutanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="သစ်လုပ်ငန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သစ်လုပ်ငန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvicultuur" title="Silvicultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Silvicultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%A5%AD" title="林業 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="林業" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skogbruk" title="Skogbruk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skogbruk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skogbruk" title="Skogbruk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skogbruk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBrmonshunoslik" title="Oʻrmonshunoslik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻrmonshunoslik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4" title="ਜੰਗਲਾਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੰਗਲਾਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ځنګلپوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځنګلپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooldbo" title="Wooldbo – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wooldbo" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C5%9Bnictwo_(nauka)" title="Leśnictwo (nauka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leśnictwo (nauka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenharia_florestal" title="Engenharia florestal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Engenharia florestal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sach%27a_kamay" title="Sach'a kamay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sach'a kamay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лесоводство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лесоводство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="වන සංවර්ධන විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වන සංවර්ධන විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Forestry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesn%C3%A9_hospod%C3%A1rstvo" title="Lesné hospodárstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lesné hospodárstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozdarstvo" title="Gozdarstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gozdarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Шумарство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шумарство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umarstvo" title="Šumarstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šumarstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mets%C3%A4talous" title="Metsätalous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metsätalous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skogsbruk" title="Skogsbruk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skogsbruk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agham_pangkagubatan" title="Agham pangkagubatan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Agham pangkagubatan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="காட்டியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காட்டியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Урманчылык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Урманчылык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="వన్య శాస్త్రము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వన్య శాస్త్రము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89" title="การป่าไม้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การป่าไม้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormanc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Ormancılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ormancılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toka%C3%BD_in%C5%BEenerligi" title="Tokaý inženerligi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tokaý inženerligi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Лісівництво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лісівництво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m_nghi%E1%BB%87p" title="Lâm nghiệp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lâm nghiệp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%A5%AD" title="林業 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="林業" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%9A" title="林业 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="林业" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%A5%AD" title="林業 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="林業" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AA%C5%9Feci" title="Mêşeci – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mêşeci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%9A" title="林业 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="林业" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38112#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Science and craft of managing woodlands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the scientific field of forestry. For the American racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Forestry_(horse)" title="Forestry (horse)">Forestry (horse)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TJ_harvesteri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/TJ_harvesteri.jpg/220px-TJ_harvesteri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/TJ_harvesteri.jpg/330px-TJ_harvesteri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/TJ_harvesteri.jpg/440px-TJ_harvesteri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Timberjack" title="Timberjack">Timberjack</a> wheeled harvester stacking cut timber in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Forestry</b> is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodlands</a> for associated resources for human and <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmental</a> benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-dictionaryofforestry_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionaryofforestry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forestry is practiced in <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> and natural <a href="/wiki/Stand_level_modelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand level modelling">stands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The science of forestry has elements that belong to the biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">Forest management</a> plays an essential role in the creation and modification of habitats and affects <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a> provisioning.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern forestry generally embraces a broad range of concerns, in what is known as multiple-use management, including: the provision of <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>, fuel wood, <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife habitat">wildlife habitat</a>, natural <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water quality management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a>, landscape and community protection, employment, aesthetically appealing <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> management, <a href="/wiki/Watershed_management" title="Watershed management">watershed management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">erosion control</a>, and preserving forests as "<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sink" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide sink">sinks</a>" for <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. </p><p>Forest ecosystems have come to be seen as the most important component of the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forestry has emerged as a vital <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>. A practitioner of forestry is known as a <a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">forester</a>. Another common term is silviculturist. <a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a> is narrower than forestry, being concerned only with forest plants, but is often used synonymously with forestry. </p><p>All people depend upon forests and their biodiversity, some more than others.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forestry is an important economic segment in various industrial countries,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as forests provide more than 86 million green jobs and support the livelihoods of many more people.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in Germany, forests cover nearly a third of the land area,<sup id="cite_ref-bwi2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bwi2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wood is the most important <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">renewable resource</a>, and forestry supports more than a million jobs and about €181 billion of value to the German economy each year.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worldwide, an estimated 880 million people spend part of their time collecting fuelwood or producing charcoal, many of them women.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (February 2023)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> Human populations tend to be low in areas of low-income countries with high <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> and high forest biodiversity, but poverty rates in these areas tend to be high.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 252 million people living in forests and savannahs have incomes of less than US$1.25 per day.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science">Science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forestry_as_a_science">Forestry as a science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forestry as a science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the past centuries, <a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">forestry</a> was regarded as a separate science. With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental science</a>, there has been a reordering in the applied sciences. In line with this view, forestry is a primary land-use science comparable with <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under these headings, the fundamentals behind the management of natural forests comes by way of natural ecology. Forests or tree plantations, those whose primary purpose is the extraction of forest products, are planned and managed to utilize a mix of ecological and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_in_agriculture" title="Biodiversity in agriculture">agroecological</a> principles.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many regions of the world there is considerable conflict between forest practices and other societal priorities such as water quality, watershed preservation, sustainable fishing, conservation, and species preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silvology">Silvology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Silvology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silvology (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sylva_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sylva (disambiguation)"><i>silva</i> or <i>sylva</i></a>, "forests and woods"; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">-λογία</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/-logy" title="-logy">-logia</a></i>, "science of" or "study of") is the biological science of studying <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodlands</a>, incorporating the understanding of natural forest <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, and the effects and development of silvicultural practices. The term complements <a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">silviculture</a>, which deals with the art and practice of forest management.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silvology is seen as a single science for forestry and was first used by Professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roelof_A.A._Oldeman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roelof A.A. Oldeman (page does not exist)">Roelof A.A. Oldeman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wageningen_University_%26_Research" title="Wageningen University & Research">Wageningen University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It integrates the study of forests and forest ecology, dealing with single <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> <a href="/wiki/Autecology" title="Autecology">autecology</a> and natural <a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">forest ecology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dendrology">Dendrology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dendrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dendrology&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_morphology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leaf_morphology.svg/350px-Leaf_morphology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leaf_morphology.svg/525px-Leaf_morphology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leaf_morphology.svg/700px-Leaf_morphology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="1985" /></a><figcaption>Leaf shape is a common method used to identify trees.</figcaption></figure> <table role="presentation" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0; 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color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_97x197" style="position:absolute; left:97px; top:197px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_184x197" style="position:absolute; left:184px; top:197px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_270x197" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:197px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_10x304" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:304px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_97x304" style="position:absolute; left:97px; top:304px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_184x304" style="position:absolute; left:184px; top:304px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_270x304" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:304px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Prunus_avium" title="Prunus avium">Cherry</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_10x411" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:411px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pyrus_communis" title="Pyrus communis">Pear</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_97x411" style="position:absolute; left:97px; top:411px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_184x411" style="position:absolute; left:184px; top:411px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tilia_cordata" title="Tilia cordata">Linden</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_270x411" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:411px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">δένδρον</span>, <i>dendron</i>, "tree"; and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">-λογία</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/-logy" title="-logy">-logia</a></i>, <i>science of</i> or <i>study of</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Xylology" title="Xylology">xylology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ξύλον</span>, <i>ksulon</i>, "wood") is the science and study of <a href="/wiki/Woody_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Woody plants">woody plants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">lianas</a>), specifically, their taxonomic classifications.<sup id="cite_ref-Dendrology_:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dendrology_:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no sharp boundary between <a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">plant taxonomy</a> and dendrology; woody plants not only belong to many different plant <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>, but these families may be made up of both woody and non-woody members. Some families include only a few woody <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>. Dendrology, as a discipline of industrial forestry, tends to focus on identification of economically useful woody plants and their taxonomic interrelationships. As an academic course of study, dendrology will include all woody plants, native and non-native, that occur in a region. A related discipline is the study of sylvics, which focuses on the <a href="/wiki/Autecology" title="Autecology">autecology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> and species. </p> In the past, dendrology included the study of the natural history of woody species in specific regions, but this aspect is now considered part of <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>. The field also plays a role in conserving rare or <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dendrology_:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dendrology_:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_diversity_in_forestry">Genetic diversity in forestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genetic diversity in forestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">provenance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Forest_reproductive_material" title="Forest reproductive material">forest reproductive material</a> used to plant forests has a great influence on how the trees develop, hence why it is important to use forest reproductive material of good quality and of high <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vries15_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vries15-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More generally, all forest management practices, including in <a href="/wiki/Silviculture#Regeneration" title="Silviculture">natural regeneration systems</a>, may impact the genetic diversity of trees. </p><p>The term <dfn>genetic diversity</dfn> describes the differences in <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">DNA sequence</a> between individuals as distinct from variation caused by environmental influences. The unique genetic composition of an individual (its <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotype</a>) will determine its performance (its <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a>) at a particular site.<sup id="cite_ref-konnert15_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-konnert15-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">Genetic diversity</a> is needed to maintain the vitality of forests and to provide <a href="/wiki/Ecological_resilience" title="Ecological resilience">resilience</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a>. Genetic diversity also ensures that forest trees can survive, adapt and evolve under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, genetic diversity is the foundation of biological diversity at species and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> levels. <a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">Forest genetic resources</a> are therefore important to consider in forest management.<sup id="cite_ref-vries15_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vries15-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetic diversity in <a href="/wiki/Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Forests">forests</a> is threatened by <a href="/wiki/Forest_fires" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fires">forest fires</a>, pests and diseases, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a>, poor silvicultural practices and inappropriate use of forest reproductive material. </p><p>About 98 million hectares of forest were affected by fire in 2015; this was mainly in the tropical domain, where fire burned about 4 percent of the total forest area in that year. More than two-thirds of the total forest area affected was in Africa and South America. Insects, diseases and severe weather events damaged about 40 million hectares of forests in 2015, mainly in the temperate and boreal domains.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the marginal populations of many tree species are facing new threats due to the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vries15_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vries15-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most countries in Europe have recommendations or guidelines for selecting species and provenances that can be used in a given site or zone.<sup id="cite_ref-konnert15_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-konnert15-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forest_management">Forest management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Forest management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">Forest management</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forest_management&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_outdoors_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Great_outdoors_06.jpg/220px-Great_outdoors_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Great_outdoors_06.jpg/330px-Great_outdoors_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Great_outdoors_06.jpg/440px-Great_outdoors_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Sustainable forest management balances local socioeconomic, cultural, and ecological needs and constraints.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">Forest management</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Topic_outline_of_forestry#Branches_of_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic outline of forestry">branch</a> of forestry concerned with overall administrative, legal, economic, and social aspects, as well as scientific and technical aspects, such as <a href="#Silviculture">silviculture</a>, <a href="#Forest_protection">forest protection</a>, and <a href="#Forest_regulation">forest regulation</a>. This includes management for timber, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_recreation" title="Outdoor recreation">recreation</a>, urban values, <a href="/wiki/Watershed_management" title="Watershed management">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>, inland and nearshore fisheries, <a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">wood products</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">plant genetic resources</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Nontimber_forest_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontimber forest products">forest resource values</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Management objectives can be for conservation, utilisation, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">timber</a> extraction, <a href="#Afforestation">planting</a> and <a href="#Reforestation">replanting</a> of different <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">species</a>, building and maintenance of roads and pathways through forests, and preventing <a href="#Wildfires">fire</a>. </p> Many tools like remote sensing, <a href="/wiki/GIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS">GIS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">photogrammetry</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modelling have been developed to improve <a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">forest inventory</a> and management planning.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientific research plays a crucial role in helping forest management. For example, <a href="/wiki/Climate_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate modeling">climate modeling</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Forest_management_Anderegg_Wu_Acil_et_al_2022_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest_management_Anderegg_Wu_Acil_et_al_2022-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forest_management_Windisch_Davin_Seneviratne_2021_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest_management_Windisch_Davin_Seneviratne_2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forest_management_Benedek_&_Fertő_2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest_management_Benedek_&_Fertő_2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> research,<sup id="cite_ref-Forest_management_Zhang_&_Wei_2021_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest_management_Zhang_&_Wei_2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forest_management_Prevedello_Winck_Weber_et_al_2019_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest_management_Prevedello_Winck_Weber_et_al_2019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> research,<sup id="cite_ref-Forest_management_Windisch_Davin_Seneviratne_2021_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest_management_Windisch_Davin_Seneviratne_2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forest_management_Anderegg_Wu_Acil_et_al_20226_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest_management_Anderegg_Wu_Acil_et_al_20226-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forest_management_Portmann_Beyerle_Davin_et_al_2022_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest_management_Portmann_Beyerle_Davin_et_al_2022-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GIS applications,<sup id="cite_ref-Forest_management_Zhang_&_Wei_20215_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest_management_Zhang_&_Wei_20215-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forest_management_AbdulBaqi2022_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest_management_AbdulBaqi2022-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and long-term monitoring<sup id="cite_ref-Forest_management_Benedek_&_Fertő_2013_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest_management_Benedek_&_Fertő_2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forest_management_Prevedello_Winck_Weber_et_al_20195_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest_management_Prevedello_Winck_Weber_et_al_20195-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> help assess and improve forest management, ensuring its effectiveness and success.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urban_forestry">Urban forestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Urban forestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urban_forestry&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-04-21_Tree_trimming_on_Gregson_St_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/2008-04-21_Tree_trimming_on_Gregson_St_1.jpg/300px-2008-04-21_Tree_trimming_on_Gregson_St_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/2008-04-21_Tree_trimming_on_Gregson_St_1.jpg/450px-2008-04-21_Tree_trimming_on_Gregson_St_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/2008-04-21_Tree_trimming_on_Gregson_St_1.jpg/600px-2008-04-21_Tree_trimming_on_Gregson_St_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>Tree pruning in <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Professional_tree_climber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Professional_tree_climber.jpg/300px-Professional_tree_climber.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Professional_tree_climber.jpg/450px-Professional_tree_climber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c6/Professional_tree_climber.jpg/600px-Professional_tree_climber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Professional Tree Climber (arborist: Zack Weiler) climbing a willow tree in Port Elgin, ON. Canada</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISA_Certified_Municipal_Arborist,_James_Kinder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ISA_Certified_Municipal_Arborist%2C_James_Kinder.jpg/220px-ISA_Certified_Municipal_Arborist%2C_James_Kinder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ISA_Certified_Municipal_Arborist%2C_James_Kinder.jpg/330px-ISA_Certified_Municipal_Arborist%2C_James_Kinder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ISA_Certified_Municipal_Arborist%2C_James_Kinder.jpg/440px-ISA_Certified_Municipal_Arborist%2C_James_Kinder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>James Kinder, an <a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Arboriculture" title="International Society of Arboriculture">ISA</a> Certified Municipal <a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a> examining a Japanese Hemlock at <a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Arboretum" title="Hoyt Arboretum">Hoyt Arboretum</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a> is the care and management of single <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> and tree <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> settings for the purpose of improving the <a href="/wiki/Urban_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban environment">urban environment</a>. Urban forestry involves both planning and management, including the programming of care and maintenance operations of the urban forest.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urban forestry advocates the role of trees as a critical part of the <a href="/wiki/Urban_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban infrastructure">urban infrastructure</a>. Urban foresters plant and maintain trees, support appropriate tree and <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a> preservation, conduct research and promote the many benefits trees provide. Urban forestry is practiced by municipal and commercial <a href="/wiki/Arborists" class="mw-redirect" title="Arborists">arborists</a>, municipal and utility foresters, environmental policymakers, <a href="/wiki/City_planner" class="mw-redirect" title="City planner">city planners</a>, consultants, educators, researchers and community activists.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forestry_education">Forestry education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Forestry education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_forestry_education">History of forestry education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History of forestry education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_schools_of_forestry" title="List of historic schools of forestry">List of historic schools of forestry</a></div> <p>The first dedicated forestry school was established by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ludwig_Hartig" title="Georg Ludwig Hartig">Georg Ludwig Hartig</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hungen" title="Hungen">Hungen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wetterau" title="Wetterau">Wetterau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, in 1787, though forestry had been taught earlier in central Europe, including at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Giessen" title="University of Giessen">University of Giessen</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt">Hesse-Darmstadt</a>. </p><p>In Spain, the first forestry school was the Forest Engineering School of Madrid (<a href="/wiki/Escuela_T%C3%A9cnica_Superior_de_Ingenieros_de_Montes" class="mw-redirect" title="Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes">Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes</a>), founded in 1844. </p><p>The first in North America, the <a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Forest_School" title="Biltmore Forest School">Biltmore Forest School</a> was established near <a href="/wiki/Asheville" class="mw-redirect" title="Asheville">Asheville</a>, North Carolina, by <a href="/wiki/Carl_A._Schenck" title="Carl A. Schenck">Carl A. Schenck</a> on September 1, 1898, on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Vanderbilt_II" title="George Washington Vanderbilt II">George W. Vanderbilt's</a> <a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Estate" title="Biltmore Estate">Biltmore Estate</a>. Another early school was the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_New_York_State_College_of_Forestry" title="History of the New York State College of Forestry">New York State College of Forestry</a>, established at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> just a few weeks later, in September 1898. </p><p>Early 19th century North American foresters went to Germany to study forestry. Some early German foresters also emigrated to North America. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> the first forestry school was established in Brazil, in <a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%A7osa,_Minas_Gerais" title="Viçosa, Minas Gerais">Viçosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, in 1962, and moved the next year to become a faculty at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Paran%C3%A1" title="Federal University of Paraná">Federal University of Paraná</a>, in Curitiba.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forestry_education_today">Forestry education today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Forestry education today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">List of forestry universities and colleges</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_technical_schools" title="List of forestry technical schools">List of forestry technical schools</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burn9582.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Burn9582.JPG/220px-Burn9582.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Burn9582.JPG/330px-Burn9582.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Burn9582.JPG 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prescribed_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescribed burning">Prescribed burning</a> is used by foresters to reduce fuel loads.</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, forestry education typically includes training in general <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">soil science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">forest management</a>. Education in the basics of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> is often considered an advantage. Professional skills in conflict resolution and communication are also important in training programs.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, forestry education is imparted in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges#India" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">agricultural universities</a> and in Forest Research Institutes (deemed universities). Four year degree programmes are conducted in these universities at the undergraduate level. Masters and Doctorate degrees are also available in these universities. </p><p>In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">postsecondary</a> forestry education leading to a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a> or <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a> is accredited by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_American_Foresters" title="Society of American Foresters">Society of American Foresters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada the Canadian Institute of Forestry awards silver rings to graduates from accredited university BSc programs, as well as college and technical programs.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many European countries, training in forestry is made in accordance with requirements of the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Forest_Research_Organizations" title="International Union of Forest Research Organizations">International Union of Forest Research Organizations</a> is the only international organization that coordinates forest science efforts worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuing_education">Continuing education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Continuing education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to keep up with changing demands and environmental factors, forestry education does not stop at graduation. Increasingly, forestry professionals engage in regular training to maintain and improve on their management practices. An increasingly popular tool are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marteloscopes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marteloscopes (page does not exist)">marteloscopes</a>; one hectare large, rectangular forest sites where all trees are numbered, mapped and recorded. </p><p>These sites can be used to do virtual <a href="/wiki/Thinning" title="Thinning">thinnings</a> and test one's wood quality and volume estimations as well as tree <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iplus.efi.int/marteloscopes-data.html">microhabitats</a>. This system is mainly suitable to regions with small-scale multi-functional forest management systems </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forest_management#History" title="Forest management">Forest management § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">List of forestry journals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sylva_paper_1662.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sylva_paper_1662.jpg/220px-Sylva_paper_1662.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sylva_paper_1662.jpg/330px-Sylva_paper_1662.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sylva_paper_1662.jpg/440px-Sylva_paper_1662.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption>The first book edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Sylva,_or_A_Discourse_of_Forest-Trees_and_the_Propagation_of_Timber" title="Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber">Sylva</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Forestry literature is the books, journals and other publications about forestry. </p><p>The first major works about forestry in the English language included <a href="/wiki/Roger_Taverner" title="Roger Taverner">Roger Taverner</a>'s <i>Booke of Survey</i> (1565), <a href="/wiki/John_Manwood" title="John Manwood">John Manwood</a>'s <i>A Brefe Collection of the Lawes of the Forrest</i> (1592) and <a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sylva,_or_A_Discourse_of_Forest-Trees_and_the_Propagation_of_Timber" title="Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber">Sylva</a></i> (1662).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noted_silvologists">Noted silvologists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Noted silvologists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Hemery" title="Gabriel Hemery">Gabriel Hemery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ditters_von_Dittersdorf" title="Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf">Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/28px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/42px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/56px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" title="Outline of forestry">Outline of forestry</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Forests" title="International Year of Forests">International Year of Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes" title="List of forest research institutes">List of forest research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">List of forestry journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_technical_schools" title="List of forestry technical schools">List of forestry technical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">List of forestry universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="#Early_journals_which_are_still_present">List of historic journals of forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_forests_of_the_United_States" title="List of national forests of the United States">List of national forests of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_nonindustrial_forest_land" title="Private nonindustrial forest land">Nonindustrial private forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forestry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dictionaryofforestry-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dictionaryofforestry_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019122343/http://dictionaryofforestry.org/dict/term/forestry">"SAFnet Dictionary | Definition For [forestry]"</a>. Dictionaryofforestry.org. 2008-10-22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionaryofforestry.org/dict/term/forestry">the original</a> on 2013-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/CA8753EN/CA8753EN.pdf"><i>Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings</i></a>, FAO, FAO. </p><p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. 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Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief</i></a>, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP. </p><p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry" title="Template:Forestry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forestry" title="Template talk:Forestry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forestry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Forestry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles" title="Index of forestry articles">Index</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area" title="List of countries by forest area">Forest areas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Ministries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes" title="List of forest research institutes">Research institutes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Colleges</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">Journals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" 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portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/16px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/24px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/16px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/24px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/32px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry" title="Category:Forestry">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" title="Outline of forestry">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry_by_country" title="Template:Forestry by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forestry_by_country" title="Template talk:Forestry by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forestry_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Forestry</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area" title="List of countries by forest area">Forest areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_by_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation by region">deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes" title="List of forest research institutes">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_technical_schools" title="List of forestry technical schools">Technical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">Timber mafia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_in_Africa" title="Category:Forestry in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Chad" title="Forestry in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Ethiopia" title="Forestry in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Ghana" title="Forestry in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Sudan" title="Forestry in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Uganda" title="Forestry in Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GrouseMountainBC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GrouseMountainBC.JPG/120px-GrouseMountainBC.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GrouseMountainBC.JPG/180px-GrouseMountainBC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GrouseMountainBC.JPG/240px-GrouseMountainBC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Argentina" title="Forestry in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Canada" title="Forestry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Chile" title="Forestry in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_in_Asia" title="Category:Forestry in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Bangladesh" title="Forestry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Bhutan" title="Forestry in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan#Forestry" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Syria" title="Forestry in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Taiwan" title="Forestry in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Turkey" title="Forests in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_in_Europe" title="Category:Forestry in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Estonia" title="Forestry in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_industry_in_Finland" title="Forest industry in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Germany" title="Forests of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Poland" title="Forests of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Romania" title="Forestry in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Spain" title="Forestry in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_in_Turkey" title="Forests in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Scotland" title="Forestry in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_in_Oceania" title="Category:Forestry in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Tasmania" title="Forestry in Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_New_Zealand" title="Forestry in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forest_Service" title="Canadian Forest Service">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Forest_Corporation_(Chile)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Forest Corporation (Chile)">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Forest_and_Nature_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Forest and Nature Agency">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Forest_Service" title="Kenya Forest Service">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Forestry_Commission_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="National Forestry Commission of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Forestry_Authority" title="Papua New Guinea Forestry Authority">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romsilva" title="Romsilva">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Forest_Service" title="Korea Forest Service">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Forest_Conservation_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Department of Forest Conservation (Sri Lanka)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_and_Nature_Conservation_Agency" title="Forestry and Nature Conservation Agency">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_by_country" title="Category:Forestry by country">Category</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_by_continent" title="Category:Forestry by continent">by continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_agencies" title="Category:Forestry agencies">agencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry_tools_and_equipment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry_tools" title="Template:Forestry tools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forestry_tools" title="Template talk:Forestry tools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry_tools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry tools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forestry_tools_and_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Forestry</a> <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planting</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caulk_boots" title="Caulk boots">Caulk boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoe_(tool)#Types" title="Hoe (tool)">Hoedad</a> (hoedag)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groasis_Waterboxx" title="Groasis Waterboxx">Groasis Waterboxx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattock" title="Mattock">Mattock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottiputki" title="Pottiputki">Pottiputki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_trainer" title="Root trainer">Root trainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_trap" title="Seed trap">Seed trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting_bar" title="Tree planting bar">Tree planting bar</a> (dibble bar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_shelter" title="Tree shelter">Tree shelter</a> (Tuley tube)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_spade" title="Tree spade">Tree spade</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Using_a_DTApe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Using_a_DTApe.JPG/70px-Using_a_DTApe.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Using_a_DTApe.JPG/105px-Using_a_DTApe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Using_a_DTApe.JPG/140px-Using_a_DTApe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Mensuration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_scanning" title="3D scanning">3D scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_gauge" title="Angle gauge">Angle gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltmore_stick" title="Biltmore stick">Biltmore stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_(unit)#Other_instruments" title="Chain (unit)">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruising_rod" title="Cruising rod">Cruising rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diameter_tape" title="Diameter tape">Diameter tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemispherical_photography" title="Hemispherical photography">Hemispherical photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Increment_borer" title="Increment borer">Increment borer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinding_telemeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangefinding telemeter">Rangefinder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder" title="Laser rangefinder">laser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtome" title="Microtome">Microtome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relascope" title="Relascope">Relascope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_caliper" title="Tree caliper">Tree caliper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_prism" title="Wedge prism">Wedge prism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_suppression_equipment_and_personnel" title="Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel">Fire suppression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_firefighting" title="Aerial firefighting">Aerial firefighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DC-10_Air_Tanker" title="DC-10 Air Tanker">DC-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle#Forest_fire_detection" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driptorch" title="Driptorch">Driptorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_flapper_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire flapper (tool)">Fire flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_rake" title="Fire rake">Fire rake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant#Forest-fire_fighting" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helitack" title="Helitack">Helitack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLeod_(tool)" title="McLeod (tool)">McLeod</a> (rakehoe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_(tool)" title="Pulaski (tool)">Pulaski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billhook" title="Billhook">Billhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadaxe" title="Broadaxe">Broadaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_hook" class="mw-redirect" title="Brush hook">Brush hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froe" title="Froe">Froe</a> (shake axe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchet" title="Hatchet">Hatchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_splitter" title="Log splitter">Log splitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marking_axe" title="Marking axe">Marking axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitting_maul" title="Splitting maul">Splitting maul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_safety_clothing" title="Chainsaw safety clothing">safety clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_safety_features" title="Chainsaw safety features">safety features</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragsaw" title="Dragsaw">Dragsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_saw" title="Head saw">Head saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_edger" title="Lumber edger">Lumber edger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polesaw" title="Polesaw">Polesaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_sawmill" title="Portable sawmill">Portable sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resaw" title="Resaw">Resaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-man_saw" title="Two-man saw">Two-man saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cant_hook" title="Cant hook">Cant hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feller_buncher" title="Feller buncher">Feller buncher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forwarder" title="Forwarder">Forwarder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-devil" title="Go-devil">Go-devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvester_(forestry)" title="Harvester (forestry)">Harvester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli-logging" title="Heli-logging">Helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Log truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_Steam_Log_Hauler" title="Lombard Steam Log Hauler">Lombard Steam Log Hauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peavey_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peavey (tool)">Peavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickaroon" title="Pickaroon">Pickaroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_pole" title="Pike pole">Pike pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skid_cone" title="Skid cone">Skid cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidder" title="Skidder">Skidder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Winch" title="Washington Winch">Washington Winch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_donkey" title="Steam donkey">Steam donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarder" title="Yarder">Yarder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swing_yarder" title="Swing yarder">swing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denailer" title="Denailer">Denailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood_processor" title="Firewood processor">Firewood processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Forest railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_mulching" title="Forestry mulching">Forestry mulcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_compass" title="Hand compass">Hand compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_(hand_tool)#Forestry_hook" title="Hook (hand tool)">Hand hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_debarker" title="Hydraulic debarker">Hydraulic debarker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house_moulder" title="Log house moulder">Log house moulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_pond" title="Log pond">Log pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_flume" title="Log flume">Log flume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">Machete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_grinder" title="Stump grinder">Stump grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_baler" title="Tree baler">Tree tyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsakat">Tsakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoopie_sling" title="Whoopie sling">Whoopie sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiln#Wood-drying_kiln" title="Kiln">Wood-drying kiln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchipper" title="Woodchipper">Woodchipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b>Categories</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_tools" title="Category:Forestry tools">tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry_equipment" title="Category:Forestry equipment">equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b>Commons</b> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forestry_tools" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Forestry tools">tools</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Forestry_machines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Forestry machines">equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject Forestry</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_tools" title="Template:Types of tools">Types of tools</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleaning_tools" title="Template:Cleaning tools">Cleaning</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cutting_and_abrasive_tools" title="Template:Cutting and abrasive tools">Cutting and abrasive</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry_tools" title="Template:Forestry tools">Forestry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Garden_tools" title="Template:Garden tools">Garden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hand_tools" title="Template:Hand tools">Hand</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Kitchen_tools" title="Template:Kitchen tools">Kitchen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Machine_and_metalworking_tools" title="Template:Machine and metalworking tools">Machine and metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Masonry_tools" title="Template:Masonry tools">Masonry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Measuring_and_alignment_tools" title="Template:Measuring and alignment tools">Measuring and alignment</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mining_equipment" title="Template:Mining equipment">Mining</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Power_tools" title="Template:Power tools">Power</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile_tools" title="Template:Textile tools">Textile</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking">Woodworking</a></dd></dl> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deforestation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deforestation" title="Template:Deforestation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deforestation" title="Template talk:Deforestation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deforestation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deforestation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deforestation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_by_continent" title="Deforestation by continent">Deforestation by continent</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Angola" title="Deforestation in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Ethiopia" title="Deforestation in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Kenya" title="Deforestation in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Madagascar" title="Deforestation in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Nigeria" title="Deforestation in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASAburningbrazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deforestation in Brazil"><img alt="Deforestation in Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NASAburningbrazil.jpg/120px-NASAburningbrazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NASAburningbrazil.jpg/180px-NASAburningbrazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NASAburningbrazil.jpg/240px-NASAburningbrazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="433" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in the Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation of the Amazon Rainforest">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Brazil" title="Deforestation in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li>Canada (<a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_British_Columbia" title="Deforestation in British Columbia">British Columbia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Central_America" title="Deforestation in Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Colombia" title="Deforestation in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Costa_Rica" title="Deforestation in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Haiti" title="Deforestation in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mexico#Environmental_conditions" title="Geography of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_United_States" title="Deforestation in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Borneo" title="Deforestation in Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Cambodia" title="Deforestation in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China#Deforestation" title="Environmental issues in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_India" title="Deforestation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Borneo#Indonesian_Borneo" title="Deforestation in Borneo">Kalimantan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Laos" title="Deforestation in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Malaysia" title="Deforestation in Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Borneo#Malaysian_Borneo" title="Deforestation in Borneo">East Malaysia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Myanmar" title="Deforestation in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Nepal" title="Deforestation in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Deforestation in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Taiwan" title="Deforestation in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Thailand" title="Deforestation in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Vietnam" title="Deforestation in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_by_region#Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation by region">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_clearing_in_Australia" title="Land clearing in Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Victoria" title="Deforestation in Victoria">Victoria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_New_Zealand" title="Deforestation in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Deforestation in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Deforestation_by_region" title="Category:Deforestation by region">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deforestation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deforestation">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject Forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_change" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change" title="Template:Climate change"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climate_change" title="Template talk:Climate change"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climate_change" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climate change"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_change" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Climate change adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_accounting" title="Carbon accounting">Carbon accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">from wetlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_energy_supply_and_consumption" title="World energy supply and consumption">World energy supply and consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_policy_and_politics" title="History of climate change policy and politics">History of climate change policy and politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_climate_change_science" title="History of climate change science">History of climate change science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a></li> <li>Years in climate change <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_climate_change" title="2019 in climate change">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_climate_change" title="2020 in climate change">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_climate_change" title="2021 in climate change">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_climate_change" title="2022 in climate change">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_climate_change" title="2023 in climate change">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_climate_change" title="2024 in climate change">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Effects_and_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects and issues</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrupt_climate_change" title="Abrupt climate change">Abrupt climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation" title="Atlantic meridional overturning circulation">Atlantic meridional overturning circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">Coastal flooding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_heatwave" title="Marine heatwave">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans" title="Effects of climate change on oceans">Oceans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">heat content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">temperature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Impacts_of_climate_change" title="Permafrost">Permafrost thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat of glaciers since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_creep" title="Season creep">Season creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Water cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and wildfires">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_biomes" title="Effects of climate change on biomes">Biomes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_birds" title="Climate change and birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_invasive_species" title="Climate change and invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life#Climate_change" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_plant_biodiversity" title="Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity">Plant biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Social and economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_children" title="Climate change and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_crime" title="Climate change and crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_depopulated_due_to_climate_change" title="List of areas depopulated due to climate change">Depopulation of settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmarks_destroyed_or_damaged_by_climate_change" title="List of landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_climate_change" title="Disability and climate change">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economic impacts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and insurance in the United States">U.S. insurance industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_gender" title="Climate change and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_mental_health" title="Effects of climate change on mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_climate_change" title="Human rights and climate change">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases" title="Climate change and infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_climate_change" title="Psychological impact of climate change">Psychological impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_security" title="Climate security">Security and conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_change_regions" title="Template:Climate change regions">By country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Americas" title="Climate change in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Caribbean" title="Climate change in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_small_island_countries" title="Effects of climate change on small island countries">Small island countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_by_country" title="Category:Climate change by country">by individual country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mitigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Mitigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_analysis_of_climate_change" title="Economic analysis of climate change">Economics and finance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_budget" title="Carbon budget">Carbon budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_(carbon_offset_standard)" title="Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)">Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_price" title="Carbon price">Carbon price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_debt" title="Climate debt">Climate debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk_insurance" title="Climate risk insurance">Climate risk insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-benefits_of_climate_change_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-benefits of climate change mitigation">Co-benefits of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_climate_change_mitigation" title="Economics of climate change mitigation">Economics of climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Climate_Fund" title="Green Climate Fund">Green Climate Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">Net zero emissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Preserving and enhancing<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Carbon dioxide removal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_air_capture" title="Direct air capture">Direct air capture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_farming" title="Carbon farming">Carbon farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li>Forest management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#Forestry" title="Carbon sequestration">forestry for carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDD_and_REDD%2B" title="REDD and REDD+">REDD and REDD+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">Land use, land-use change, and forestry</a> (LULUCF and AFOLU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Personal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_adaptation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adaptation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_action_on_climate_change" title="Business action on climate change">Business action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration" title="Climate emergency declaration">Climate emergency declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_Strike_for_Climate" class="mw-redirect" title="School Strike for Climate">School Strike for Climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_governance" title="Climate governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_on_climate_change" title="Public opinion on climate change">Public opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_climate_change" title="Women in climate change">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation_strategies_on_the_German_coast" title="Climate change adaptation strategies on the German coast">Adaptation strategies on the German coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_capacity" title="Adaptive capacity">Adaptive capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem-based_adaptation" title="Ecosystem-based adaptation">Ecosystem-based adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">Managed retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adaptation_Fund" title="The Adaptation Fund">The Adaptation Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action" title="National Adaptation Programme of Action">National Adaptation Programme of Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">Climate crisis (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_spiral" title="Climate spiral">Climate spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_education" title="Climate change education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_popular_culture" title="Climate change in popular culture">Popular culture depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_art" title="Climate change art">art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warming_stripes" title="Warming stripes">Warming stripes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">International agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Mechanisms_under_Article_6_of_the_Paris_Agreement" title="Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement">Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationally_determined_contribution" title="Nationally determined contribution">Nationally determined contributions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">Sustainable Development Goal 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Background_and_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background and theory</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">Global surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_temperature_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental temperature record">Instrumental temperature record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_temperature_measurement" title="Satellite temperature measurement">Satellite temperature measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">permafrost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_sensitivity" title="Climate sensitivity">Climate sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_feedback" title="Cloud feedback">Cloud feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud forcing">Cloud forcing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_anvil_temperature_hypothesis" title="Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis">Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosphere" title="Cryosphere">Cryosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_event_attribution" title="Extreme event attribution">Extreme event attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change feedbacks">Feedbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">Global warming potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustrative_model_of_greenhouse_effect_on_climate_change" title="Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change">Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">Orbital forcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">Radiative forcing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">Research and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">Climate change scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_model" title="Climate model">Climate model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project" title="Coupled Model Intercomparison Project">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">Representative Concentration Pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways" title="Shared Socioeconomic Pathways">Shared Socioeconomic Pathways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate 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