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href="#Activism_and_political_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Activism and political life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activism_and_political_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Activism and political life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Activism_and_political_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1972–1977:_Start_of_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1972–1977:_Start_of_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1972–1977: Start of activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1972–1977:_Start_of_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1977–1979:_Personal_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1977–1979:_Personal_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1977–1979: Personal problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1977–1979:_Personal_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1979–1982:_Political_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1979–1982:_Political_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1979–1982: Political problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1979–1982:_Political_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_Belt_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_Belt_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Green Belt Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_Belt_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Government intervention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Push_for_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Push_for_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Push for democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Push_for_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_to_parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_to_parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Election to parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_to_parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>2004 Nobel Peace Prize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AIDS_conspiracy_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AIDS_conspiracy_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>AIDS conspiracy theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AIDS_conspiracy_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005–2011:_Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005–2011:_Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>2005–2011: Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005–2011:_Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wangarĩ_Maathai_Forest_Champion_Award" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wangarĩ_Maathai_Forest_Champion_Award"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Wangarĩ Maathai Forest Champion Award</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wangarĩ_Maathai_Forest_Champion_Award-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Posthumous recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Selected publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wangarĩ Maathai</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Маатаи, Вангари – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Маатаи, Вангари" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="وانجاري ماثاي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وانجاري ماثاي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87" title="ওয়াঙ্গেরি মাথেই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়াঙ্গেরি মাথেই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Вангари Маатаи – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вангари Маатаи" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%96" title="Вангары Маатаі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вангары Маатаі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%96" title="Вангары Маатаі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вангары Маатаі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Уангари Маатаи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уангари Маатаи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཝང་གྷ་རི་མཱ་ཐཱི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཝང་གྷ་རི་མཱ་ཐཱི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathaiov%C3%A1" title="Wangari Maathaiová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wangari Maathaiová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B9" title="Ουανγκάρι Μαατάι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουανγκάρι Μαατάι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Muta_Maathai" title="Wangari Muta Maathai – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Wangari Muta Maathai" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="وانگاری ماآتای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وانگاری ماآتای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Muta_Maathai" title="Wangari Muta Maathai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wangari Muta Maathai" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%95%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC_%EB%A7%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4" title="왕가리 마타이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="왕가리 마타이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai" title="Wangarĩ Maathai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wangarĩ Maathai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AB" title="Վանգարի Մաատաի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վանգարի Մաատաի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="वंगारी मथाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वंगारी मथाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99" title="ואנגרי מאטאיי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ואנגרי מאטאיי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="ვანგარი მაატაი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვანგარი მაატაი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Вангари Маатаи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вангари Маатаи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangari_Maatai" title="Vangari Maatai – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vangari Maatai" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="वाङ्गारी माथाई – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वाङ्गारी माथाई" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Вангари Матаи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вангари Матаи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D" title="വങ്കാരി മാതായ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വങ്കാരി മാതായ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="वंगारी मथाई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वंगारी मथाई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%89" title="وانجارى ماثاى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وانجارى ماثاى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဝမ်ဂါရီ မတ်ထိုင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝမ်ဂါရီ မတ်ထိုင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="वाङ्गारी माथाई – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वाङ्गारी माथाई" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4" title="ワンガリ・マータイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワンガリ・マータイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਵੰਗਾਰੀ ਮਥਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੰਗਾਰੀ ਮਥਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="وانگڑائی ماتھائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وانگڑائی ماتھائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="وانګاري ماثای – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وانګاري ماثای" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Маатаи, Вангари – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маатаи, Вангари" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A6%D9%BF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="ونگاري مئٿائي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ونگاري مئٿائي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathaiov%C3%A1" title="Wangari Maathaiová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wangari Maathaiová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="وانگاری ماتای – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وانگاری ماتای" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vangari_Matai" title="Vangari Matai – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vangari Matai" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="வாங்கரி மாத்தாய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாங்கரி மாத்தாய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8D" title="వంగారి మాథాయ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వంగారి మాథాయ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa%C5%8Bari_Muta_Maathai" title="Waŋari Muta Maathai – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Waŋari Muta Maathai" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Маатаи, Вангари – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Маатаи, Вангари" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%97" title="Вангарі Маатаї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вангарі Маатаї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="ونگری ماتھی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ونگری ماتھی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Muta_Maathai" title="Wangari Muta Maathai – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Wangari Muta Maathai" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%BA%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A1%94%E4%BC%8A" title="旺加里·马塔伊 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="旺加里·马塔伊" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%BA%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E9%A6%AC%E5%A1%94%E4%BC%8A" title="旺加里馬塔伊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="旺加里馬塔伊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%BA%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%A1%94%E4%BC%8A" title="旺加里·马塔伊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="旺加里·马塔伊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Wangari Maathai" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46795#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai" title="View the content page [c]" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangari_Maathai&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Kenyan environmental and political activist (1940–2011)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Maathai" redirects here. For the Kenyan supermarket chain, see <a href="/wiki/Maathai_Supermarkets" title="Maathai Supermarkets">Maathai Supermarkets</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Wangarĩ Muta Maathai</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wangari_Maathai_in_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wangari_Maathai_in_2001.jpg/220px-Wangari_Maathai_in_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wangari_Maathai_in_2001.jpg/330px-Wangari_Maathai_in_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wangari_Maathai_in_2001.jpg/440px-Wangari_Maathai_in_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="751" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Maathai in 2005</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Wangarĩ Muta</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1940-04-01</span>)</span>1 April 1940<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Ihithe, <a href="/wiki/Tetu,_Kenya" title="Tetu, Kenya">Tetu</a>, Kenya</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 September 2011<span style="display:none">(2011-09-25)</span> (aged 71) <sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, Kenya</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nairobi" title="University of Nairobi">University of Nairobi</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_College" title="Benedictine College">Benedictine College</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Giessen" title="University of Giessen">University of Giessen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Environmentalist, political activist, writer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Green_Belt_Movement" title="Green Belt Movement">Green Belt Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wanjira_Mathai" title="Wanjira Mathai">Wanjira Mathai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Livelihood_Award" title="Right Livelihood Award">Right Livelihood Award</a> (1984)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (2004)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Indira Gandhi Peace Prize">Indira Gandhi Peace Prize</a> (2006)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Wangari_Maathai_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_1_Jul_2007_b007rd3j.flac" title="File:Wangari Maathai BBC Radio4 Desert Island Discs 1 Jul 2007 b007rd3j.flac">Wangarĩ Muta Maathai's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="Wangari_Maathai_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_1_Jul_2007_b007rd3j.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Wangari_Maathai_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_1_Jul_2007_b007rd3j.flac/Wangari_Maathai_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_1_Jul_2007_b007rd3j.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Wangari_Maathai_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_1_Jul_2007_b007rd3j.flac/Wangari_Maathai_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_1_Jul_2007_b007rd3j.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Wangari_Maathai_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_1_Jul_2007_b007rd3j.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">recorded July 2007</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wangarĩ Maathai</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ð/: 'th' in 'this'">ð</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 1 April 1940 – 25 September 2011) was a Kenyan social, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political</a> activist who founded the <a href="/wiki/Green_Belt_Movement" title="Green Belt Movement">Green Belt Movement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-greenbelt_obit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenbelt_obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenbelt_bio_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenbelt_bio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an environmental non-governmental organization focused on the planting of trees, <a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">environmental conservation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>. In 2004 she became the first African woman to win the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a beneficiary of <a href="/wiki/The_Kennedy_Airlift" title="The Kennedy Airlift">the Kennedy Airlift</a>, she studied in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, earning a bachelor's degree from <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_College" title="Benedictine College">Mount St. Scholastica</a> and a master's degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>. She went on to become the first woman in East and Central Africa to become a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a>, receiving her Ph.D. from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nairobi" title="University of Nairobi">University of Nairobi</a> in Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-LibraryOfCongress_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LibraryOfCongress-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, she got the <a href="/wiki/Right_Livelihood_Award" title="Right Livelihood Award">Right Livelihood Award</a> for "converting the Kenyan ecological debate into mass action for reforestation." Wangari Maathai was an elected member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Kenya">Parliament of Kenya</a> and, between January 2003 and November 2005, served as Assistant Minister for Environment and Natural Resources in the government of President <a href="/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki" title="Mwai Kibaki">Mwai Kibaki</a>. She was an Honorary Councillor of the <a href="/wiki/World_Future_Council" title="World Future Council">World Future Council</a>. As an academic and the author of several books, Maathai was not only an activist but also an intellectual who has made significant contributions to thinking about ecology, development, gender, and African cultures and religions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuhonja2020[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuhonja2020[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maathai died of complications from <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</a> on 25 September 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maathai was born on 1 April 1940 in the village of Ihithe, <a href="/wiki/Nyeri_District" title="Nyeri District">Nyeri District</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Province_(Kenya)" title="Central Province (Kenya)">central highlands</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Kenya">colony of Kenya</a>. Her family was <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a>, the most populous <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic groups of Kenya">ethnic group in Kenya</a>, and had lived in the area for several generations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai20063_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai20063-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1943, Maathai's family relocated to a white-owned farm in the <a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_Province" title="Rift Valley Province">Rift Valley</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Nakuru" title="Nakuru">Nakuru</a>, where her father had found work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200614–15_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200614–15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in 1947, she returned to Ihithe with her mother, as two of her brothers were attending primary school in the village, and there was no schooling available on the farm where her father worked. Her father remained at the farm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200629_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200629-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterward, at the age of eight years, she joined her brothers at Ihithe Primary School. </p><p>At eleven years, Maathai moved to St. Cecilia's Intermediate Primary School, a <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding school</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Nyeri#Religion" title="Nyeri">Mathari Catholic Mission</a> in Nyeri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200653_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200653-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maathai studied at St. Cecilia's for four years. During this time, she became fluent in English and converted to Catholicism. She was involved with the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a>, whose members attempted "to serve God by serving fellow human beings."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200660–61_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200660–61-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studying at St. Cecilia's, she was sheltered from the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Mau Mau uprising">Mau Mau uprising</a>, which forced her mother to move from their homestead to an emergency village in Ihithe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200663–69_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200663–69-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When she completed her studies there in 1956, she was rated first in her class, and was granted admission to the only Catholic high school for girls in Kenya, <a href="/wiki/Loreto_High_School,_Limuru" title="Loreto High School, Limuru">Loreto High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Limuru" title="Limuru">Limuru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200669_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200669-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the end of East African colonialism approached, Kenyan politicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mboya" title="Tom Mboya">Tom Mboya</a>, were proposing ways to make education in <a href="/wiki/Western_world#Modern_definitions" title="Western world">Western nations</a> available to promising students. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, then a <a href="/wiki/United_States_senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States senator">United States senator</a>, agreed to fund such a program through the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr._Foundation" title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation</a>, initiating what became known as <a href="/wiki/The_Kennedy_Airlift" title="The Kennedy Airlift">the Kennedy Airlift</a> or Airlift Africa. Maathai became one of some 300 Kenyans selected to study in the United States in September 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200673–74_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200673–74-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She received a scholarship to study at Mount St. Scholastica College (now <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_College" title="Benedictine College">Benedictine College</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Atchison,_Kansas" title="Atchison, Kansas">Atchison, Kansas</a>, where she <a href="/wiki/Academic_major" title="Academic major">majored</a> in biology, with <a href="/wiki/Academic_minor" title="Academic minor">minors</a> in chemistry and German.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200679_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200679-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After receiving her Bachelor of Science degree in 1964, she studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> for a master's degree in biology. Her graduate studies there were funded by the <a href="/wiki/Africa-America_Institute" title="Africa-America Institute">Africa-America Institute</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200692_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200692-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and during her time in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, she first experienced <a href="/wiki/Environmental_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental restoration">environmental restoration</a>, when local environmentalists pushed to rid the city of air <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200693–94_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200693–94-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1966, Maathai received her MSc in biological sciences,<sup id="cite_ref-UNCCD_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCCD-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was appointed to a position as <a href="/wiki/Research_assistant" title="Research assistant">research assistant</a> to a professor of zoology at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nairobi" title="University of Nairobi">University College of Nairobi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200694–95_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200694–95-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon returning to Kenya, Maathai dropped her forename, preferring to be known by her birth name, Wangarĩ Muta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200696_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200696-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When she arrived at the university to start her new job, she was informed that it had been given to someone else. Maathai believed this was because of gender and tribal bias.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006101_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006101-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a two-month job search, Professor Reinhold Hofmann, from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Giessen" title="University of Giessen">University of Giessen</a> in Germany, offered her a job as a research assistant in the <a href="/wiki/Microanatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Microanatomy">microanatomy</a> section of the newly established Department of Veterinary Anatomy in the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University College of Nairobi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006102_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006102-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1966, she met Mwangi Mathai, another Kenyan who had studied in America, who would later become her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006105_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006105-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also rented a small shop in the city and established a general store, at which her sisters worked. In 1967, at the urging of Professor Hofmann, she travelled to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Giessen" title="University of Giessen">University of Giessen</a> in Germany in pursuit of a doctorate. She studied both at Giessen and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a>. </p><p>In the spring of 1969, she returned to <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> to continue her studies at the University College of Nairobi as an assistant lecturer. In May, she and Mwangi Mathai married.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006106–109_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006106–109-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, she became pregnant with her first child, and her husband campaigned for a seat in <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Kenya">Parliament</a>, narrowly losing. During the election, Tom Mboya, who had been instrumental in founding the program which sent her overseas, was assassinated. This led to President <a href="/wiki/Kenyatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyatta">Kenyatta</a> effectually ending multi-party democracy in Kenya. Shortly after, her first son, Waweru, was born.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006109–111_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006109–111-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, she became the first <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">Eastern African</a> woman to receive a Ph.D., her doctorate in veterinary anatomy,<sup id="cite_ref-UNCCD_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCCD-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the University College of Nairobi, which became the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nairobi" title="University of Nairobi">University of Nairobi</a> the following year. She completed her <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a> on the development and differentiation of gonads in bovines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006112_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006112-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her daughter, <a href="/wiki/Wanjira_Mathai" title="Wanjira Mathai">Wanjira</a>, was born in December 1971. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activism_and_political_life">Activism and political life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Activism and political life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1972–1977:_Start_of_activism"><span id="1972.E2.80.931977:_Start_of_activism"></span>1972–1977: Start of activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1972–1977: Start of activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maathai continued to teach at Nairobi, becoming a senior lecturer in anatomy in 1975, chair of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy in 1976, and associate professor in 1977. She was the first woman in Nairobi appointed to any of these positions.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelBio_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelBio-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, she campaigned for equal benefits for the women working on the staff of the university, going so far as trying to turn the academic staff association of the university into a union, to negotiate for benefits. The courts denied this bid, but many of her demands for equal benefits were later met.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006114–118_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006114–118-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to her work at the University of Nairobi, Maathai became involved in several civic organisations in the early 1970s. She was a member of the Nairobi branch of the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Kenya Red Cross Society</a>, becoming its director in 1973. She was a member of the Kenya Association of University Women. Following the establishment of the Environment Liaison Centre in 1974, Maathai was asked to be a member of the local board, eventually becoming board chair. The Environment Liaison Centre worked to promote the participation of non-governmental organisations in the work of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP), whose headquarters was established in Nairobi following the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">United Nations Conference on the Human Environment</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> in 1972. Maathai also joined the National Council of Women of Kenya (NCWK).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006119–122_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006119–122-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through her work at these various volunteer associations, it became evident to Maathai that the root of most of Kenya's problems was <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006124–125_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006124–125-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, Maathai's family expanded to include her third child, son Muta. Her husband campaigned again for a seat in Parliament, hoping to represent the <a href="/wiki/Langata_Constituency" title="Langata Constituency">Lang'ata constituency</a>, and won. During his campaign, he had promised to find jobs to limit the rising unemployment in Kenya. These promises led Maathai to connect her ideas of environmental restoration to providing jobs for the unemployed and led to the founding of Envirocare Ltd., a business that involved the planting of trees to conserve the environment, involving ordinary people in the process. This led to the planting of her first tree nursery, collocated with a government tree nursery in <a href="/wiki/Karura_Forest" title="Karura Forest">Karura Forest</a>. Envirocare ran into multiple problems, primarily dealing with funding, and ultimately failed. However, through conversations concerning Envirocare and her work at the Environment Liaison Centre, UNEP made it possible to send Maathai to the first <a href="/wiki/Habitat_I" title="Habitat I">UN conference on human settlements</a>, known as Habitat I, in June 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006125–129_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006125–129-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, Maathai spoke to the NCWK concerning her attendance at Habitat I. She proposed further tree planting, which the council supported. On 5 June 1977, marking World Environment Day, the NCWK marched in a procession from <a href="/wiki/Kenyatta_International_Conference_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyatta International Conference Centre">Kenyatta International Conference Centre</a> in downtown Nairobi to Kamukunji Park on the outskirts of the city, where they planted seven trees in honour of historical community leaders. This was the first event of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Belt_Movement" title="Green Belt Movement">Green Belt Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006130–132_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006130–132-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maathai encouraged the women of Kenya to plant tree nurseries throughout the country, searching nearby forests for seeds to grow trees native to the area. She agreed to pay the women a small stipend for each seedling which was later planted elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006134–137_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006134–137-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her 2010 book, <i>Replenishing the Earth: Spiritual Values for Healing Ourselves and the World</i>, she discussed the impact of the Green Belt Movement, explaining that the group's civic and environmental seminars stressed "the importance of communities taking responsibility for their actions and mobilizing to address their local needs," and adding, "We all need to work hard to make a difference in our neighborhoods, regions, and countries, and in the world as a whole. That means making sure we work hard, collaborate, and make ourselves better agents to change."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this book, she explicitly engages with religious traditions, including the indigenous Kikuyu religion and Christianity, mobilizing them as resources for environmental thinking and activism.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1977–1979:_Personal_problems"><span id="1977.E2.80.931979:_Personal_problems"></span>1977–1979: Personal problems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1977–1979: Personal problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maathai and her husband, Mwangi Mathai, separated in 1977. After a lengthy separation, Mwangi filed for divorce in 1979. He was said to have believed that Wangari was "too strong-minded for a woman" and that he was "unable to control her".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to naming her as "cruel" in court filings, he publicly accused her of adultery with another Member of Parliament,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTNairobiJournal_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTNairobiJournal-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in turn was thought to cause his high blood pressure and the judge ruled in Mwangi's favour. Shortly after the trial, in an interview with <i>Viva</i> magazine, Maathai referred to the judge as either incompetent or corrupt.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTNairobiJournal_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTNairobiJournal-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interview later led the judge to charge Maathai with contempt of court. She was found guilty and sentenced to six months in jail.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After three days in Lang'ata Women's Prison in Nairobi, her lawyer formulated a statement that the court found sufficient for her release. Shortly after the divorce, her former husband sent a letter via his lawyer demanding that Maathai drop his surname. She chose to add an extra "a" instead of changing her name.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006139–151_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006139–151-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The divorce had been costly, and with lawyers' fees and the loss of her husband's income, Maathai found it difficult to provide for herself and their children on her university wages. An opportunity arose to work for the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Commission_for_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Commission for Africa">Economic Commission for Africa</a> through the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. As this job required extended travel throughout Africa and was based primarily in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka,_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusaka, Zambia">Lusaka, Zambia</a>, she was unable to bring her children with her. Maathai chose to send them to her ex-husband and take the job. While she visited them regularly, they lived with their father until 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006151–155_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006151–155-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1979–1982:_Political_problems"><span id="1979.E2.80.931982:_Political_problems"></span>1979–1982: Political problems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1979–1982: Political problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1979, shortly after the divorce, Maathai ran for the position of chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Women_of_Kenya" title="National Council of Women of Kenya">National Council of Women of Kenya</a> (NCWK), an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella organisation">umbrella organisation</a> consisting of many women's organisations in the country. The newly-elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kenya" title="President of Kenya">President of Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi" title="Daniel arap Moi">Daniel arap Moi</a>, tried to limit the amount of influence those of the Kikuyu ethnicity held in the country, including in volunteer civic organisations such as the NCWK. She lost this election by three votes, but was overwhelmingly chosen to be the vice-chairman of the organisation. The following year, Maathai again ran for chairman of the NCWK. Again she was opposed, she believes, by the government. When it became apparent that Maathai was going to win the election, <a href="/wiki/Maendeleo_Ya_Wanawake" title="Maendeleo Ya Wanawake">Maendeleo Ya Wanawake</a>, a member organisation which represented a majority of Kenya's rural women and whose leader was close to Arap Moi, withdrew from the NCWK. Maathai was then elected chairman of the NCWK unopposed. However, Maendeleo Ya Wanawake came to receive a majority of the financial support for women's programs in the country, and NCWK was left virtually bankrupt. Future funding was much more difficult to come by, but the NCWK survived by increasing its focus on the environment and making its presence and work known. Maathai continued to be reelected to serve as chairman of the organization every year until she retired from the position in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006156–160_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006156–160-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982, the Parliamentary seat representing her home region of Nyeri was open, and Maathai decided to campaign for the seat. As required by law, she resigned from her position with the University of Nairobi to campaign for office. The courts decided that she was ineligible to run for office because she had not re-registered to vote in the last presidential election in 1979. Maathai believed this to be false and illegal, and brought the matter to court. The court was to meet at nine in the morning, and if she received a favorable ruling, was required to present her candidacy papers in Nyeri by three in the afternoon that day. The judge disqualified her from running on a technicality: as before, they claimed she should have re-registered to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_2017_Vulnerability_and_Empowerment_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer_2017_Vulnerability_and_Empowerment-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When she requested her job back, she was denied. As she lived in university housing and was no longer a staff member, she was evicted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006160–163_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006160–163-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_Belt_Movement">Green Belt Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Green Belt Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Green_Belt_Movement" title="Green Belt Movement">Green Belt Movement</a></div> <p>Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement in 1977 in response to the environmental concerns raised by rural Kenyan women.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She moved into a small home she had purchased years before, and focused on the NCWK before becoming employed again. In the course of her work through the NCWK, she had the opportunity to partner with the executive director of the Norwegian Forestry Society, Wilhelm Elsrud. Maathai became the coordinator. Along with the partnership with the Norwegian Forestry Society, the movement had also received "seed money" from the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Women. These funds allowed for the expansion of the movement, for hiring additional employees to oversee the operations, and for continuing to pay a small stipend to the women who planted seedlings throughout the country. It allowed her to refine the operations of the movement, paying a small stipend to the women's husbands and sons who were literate and able to keep accurate records of seedlings planted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006168–173_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006168–173-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UN held the third global women's conference in Nairobi. During the conference, Maathai arranged seminars and presentations to describe the work the Green Belt Movement was doing in Kenya. She escorted delegates to see nurseries and plant trees. She met Peggy Snyder, the head of UNIFEM, and <a href="/wiki/Helvi_Sipil%C3%A4" title="Helvi Sipilä">Helvi Sipilä</a>, the first woman appointed a UN assistant secretary general. The conference helped to expand funding for the Green Belt Movement and led to the movement's establishing itself outside Kenya. In 1986, with funding from UNEP, the movement expanded throughout Africa and led to the foundation of the Pan-African Green Belt Network. Forty-five representatives from fifteen African countries travelled to Kenya over the next three years to learn how to set up similar programs in their own countries to combat desertification, deforestation, water crises, and rural hunger. The attention the movement received in the media led to Maathai's being honored with numerous awards. The government of Kenya, however, demanded that the Green Belt Movement separate from the NCWK, believing the latter should focus solely on women's issues, not the environment. Therefore, in 1987, Maathai stepped down as chairperson of the NCWK and focused on the newly separate non-governmental organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006175–179_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006175–179-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_intervention">Government intervention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Government intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the latter half of the 1980s, the Kenyan government came down against Maathai and the Green Belt Movement. The single-party regime opposed many of the movement's positions regarding democratic rights. The government invoked a colonial-era law prohibiting groups of more than nine people from meeting without a government license. In 1988, the Green Belt Movement carried out pro-democracy activities such as registering voters for the election and pressing for constitutional reform and freedom of expression. The government carried out electoral fraud in the elections to maintain power, according to Maathai.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006180–183_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006180–183-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1989, Maathai learned of a plan to construct the 60-storey Kenya Times Media Trust Complex in <a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Park" title="Uhuru Park">Uhuru Park</a>. The complex was intended to house the headquarters of KANU, the <i><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Times" title="Kenya Times">Kenya Times</a></i> newspaper, a trading center, offices, an auditorium, galleries, shopping malls, and parking spaces for 2,000 cars. The plan also included a large statue of President Daniel Arap Moi. Maathai wrote many letters in protest to, among others, the <i>Kenya Times</i>, the Office of the President, the Nairobi city commission, the provincial commissioner, the minister for environment and natural resources, the executive directors of UNEP and the Environment Liaison Centre International, the executive director of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO), the ministry of public works, and the permanent secretary in the department of international security and administration all received letters. She wrote to Sir John Johnson, the British high commissioner in Nairobi, urging him to intervene with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maxwell" title="Robert Maxwell">Robert Maxwell</a>, a major shareholder in the project, equating the construction of a tower in Uhuru Park to such construction in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a> or <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> and maintaining that it could not be tolerated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006184–188_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006184–188-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>When I see Uhuru Park and contemplate its meaning, I feel compelled to fight for it so that my grandchildren may share that dream and that joy of freedom as they one day walk there. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="center-aligned" style="">Wangarĩ Muta Maathai – <i>Unbowed</i>, p. 192.</cite></div> </div> <p>The government refused to respond to her inquiries and protests, instead responding through the media that Maathai was "a crazy woman"; that denying the project in Uhuru Park would take more than a small portion of public parkland; and proclaiming the project as a "fine and magnificent work of architecture" opposed by only the "ignorant few". On 8 November 1989, Parliament expressed outrage at Maathai's actions, complaining of her letters to foreign organisations and calling the Green Belt Movement a bogus organisation and its members "a bunch of divorcees". They suggested that if Maathai was so comfortable writing to Europeans, perhaps she should go live in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006190–193_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006190–193-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Maathai's protests, as well as popular protest growing throughout the city, the ground was broken at Uhuru Park for construction of the complex on 15 November 1989. Maathai sought an injunction in the Kenya High Court to halt construction, but the case was thrown out on 11 December. In his first public comments peonhe project, President Daniel Arap Moi stated that those who opposed the project had "insects in their heads". On 12 December, in Uhuru Park, during a speech celebrating independence from the British, President Moi suggested Maathai be a proper woman in the African tradition and respect men and be quiet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006196_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006196-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was forced by the government to vacate her office, and the Green Belt Movement was moved into her home. The government audited the Green Belt Movement in an apparent attempt to shut it down. Despite the government's efforts, her protests and the media coverage the government's response garnered led foreign investors to cancel the project in January 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Ecologist_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecologist-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006193–203_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006193–203-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1992, it came to the attention of Maathai and other pro-democracy activists that a list of people were targeted for assassination and that a government-sponsored coup was possible. Maathai's name was on the list. The pro-democracy group, known as the <a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Restoration_of_Democracy%E2%80%93Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum for the Restoration of Democracy–Kenya">Forum for the Restoration of Democracy</a> (FORD), presented its information to the media, calling for a general election. Later that day, Maathai received a warning that one of their members had been arrested. Maathai decided to barricade herself in her home. Shortly thereafter, police arrived and surrounded the house. She was besieged for three days before police cut through the bars she had installed on her windows, came in, and arrested her. She and the other pro-democracy activists who had been arrested were charged with spreading malicious rumors, sedition, and treason. After a day and a half in jail, they were brought to a hearing and released on bail. A variety of international organisations and eight senators (including <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward M. Kennedy">Edward M. Kennedy</a>) put pressure on the Kenyan government to substantiate the charges against the pro-democracy activists or risk damaging relations with the United States. In November 1992, the Kenyan government dropped the charges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006208–215_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006208–215-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 February 1992, while released on bail, Maathai and others took part in a <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a> in a corner of Uhuru Park, which they labeled Freedom Corner, to pressure the government to release <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>. After four days of hunger strike, on 3 March 1992, the police forcibly removed the protesters. Maathai and three others were knocked unconscious by police and hospitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTLikeaTree_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTLikeaTree-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heads_of_State_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of State of Kenya">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi" title="Daniel arap Moi">Daniel arap Moi</a> called her "a mad woman" and "a threat to the order and security of the country".<sup id="cite_ref-EAN_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAN-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack drew international criticism. The <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a> said it was "deeply concerned" by the violence and by the forcible removal of the hunger strikers.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTViolence_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTViolence-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the prisoners were not released, the protesters – mostly mothers of those in prison – moved their protest to All Saints Cathedral, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Kenya" title="Anglican Church of Kenya">Anglican Archbishop in Kenya</a>, across from Uhuru Park. The protest there continued, with Maathai contributing frequently, until early 1993 when the prisoners were finally released.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006217–225_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006217–225-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, Maathai was recognized with various awards internationally, but the Kenyan government did not appreciate her work. In 1991 she received the <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Environmental_Prize" title="Goldman Environmental Prize">Goldman Environmental Prize</a> in San Francisco and the <a href="/wiki/Hunger_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunger Project">Hunger Project</a>'s Africa Prize for Leadership in London. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> aired a three-minute segment about the Goldman prize, but when it aired in Kenya, that segment was cut out. In June 1992, during the long protest at Uhuru Park, both Maathai and President arap Moi travelled to <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> for the UN Conference on Environment and Development (<a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit</a>). The Kenyan government accused Maathai of inciting women and encouraging them to strip at Freedom Corner, urging that she not be allowed to speak at the summit. Despite this, Maathai was chosen to be a chief spokesperson at the summit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006226–228_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006226–228-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Push_for_democracy">Push for democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Push for democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first multi-party <a href="/wiki/1992_Kenyan_general_election" title="1992 Kenyan general election">election of Kenya, in 1992</a>, Maathai strove to unite the opposition and for fair elections in Kenya. The Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD) had fractured into <a href="/wiki/FORD-Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="FORD-Kenya">FORD-Kenya</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Oginga_Odinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Oginga Odinga">Oginga Odinga</a>) and <a href="/wiki/FORD-Asili" class="mw-redirect" title="FORD-Asili">FORD-Asili</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Matiba" title="Kenneth Matiba">Kenneth Matiba</a>); former <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of Kenya">vice president</a> <a href="/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki" title="Mwai Kibaki">Mwai Kibaki</a> had left the ruling <a href="/wiki/Kenya_African_National_Union" title="Kenya African National Union">Kenya African National Union</a> (KANU) party, and formed the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Kenya)" title="Democratic Party (Kenya)">Democratic Party</a>. Maathai and many others believed such a fractured opposition would lead to KANU's retaining control of the country, so they formed the Middle Ground Group in an effort to unite the opposition. Maathai was chosen to serve as its chairperson. Also during the election, Maathai and like-minded opposition members formed the Movement for Free and Fair Elections. Despite their efforts, the opposition did not unite, and the ruling KANU party used intimidation and state-held media to win the election, retaining control of parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006230–235_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006230–235-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:300px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>It is often difficult to describe to those who live in a free society what life is like in an authoritarian regime. You don't know who to trust. You worry that you, your family, or your friends will be arrested and jailed without due process. The fear of political violence or death, whether through direct assassinations or targeted "accidents", is constant. Such was the case in Kenya, especially during the 1990s. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="center-aligned" style="">Wangarĩ Muta Maathai – <i>Unbowed</i>, p. 206.</cite></div> </div> <p>The following year, ethnic clashes occurred throughout Kenya. Maathai believed they were incited by the government, who had warned of stark consequences to <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party democracy">multi-party democracy</a>. Maathai travelled with friends and the press to areas of violence in order to encourage them to cease fighting. With the Green Belt Movement she planted "trees of peace", but before long her actions were opposed by the government. The conflict areas were labeled as "no go zones", and in February 1993 the president claimed that Maathai had masterminded a distribution of leaflets inciting <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyus</a> to attack <a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_people" title="Kalenjin people">Kalenjins</a>. After her friend and supporter Dr. Makanga was kidnapped, Maathai chose to go into hiding. While in hiding, Maathai was invited to a meeting in Tokyo of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Cross_International" title="Green Cross International">Green Cross International</a>, an environmental organisation recently founded by former Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>. When Maathai responded that she could not attend as she did not believe the government would allow her to leave the country and she was in hiding, Gorbachev pressured the government of Kenya to allow her to travel freely. President arap Moi denied limiting her travel, and she was allowed to leave the country, although too late for the meeting in Tokyo. Maathai was again recognized internationally, and she flew to Scotland to receive the Edinburgh Medal in April 1993. In May she went to Chicago to receive the <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> International Women's Leadership Award, and in June she attended the UN's <a href="/wiki/World_Conference_on_Human_Rights" title="World Conference on Human Rights">World Conference on Human Rights</a> in Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006235–252_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006235–252-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1997_Kenyan_general_election" title="1997 Kenyan general election">elections of 1997</a>, Maathai again wished to unite the opposition in order to defeat the ruling party. In November, less than two months before the election, she decided to run for parliament and for president as a candidate of the <a href="/wiki/Mazingira_Green_Party_of_Kenya" title="Mazingira Green Party of Kenya">Liberal Party</a>. Her intentions were widely questioned in the press; many believed she should simply stick to running the Green Belt Movement and stay out of politics. On the day of the election, a rumour that Maathai had withdrawn from the election and endorsed another candidate was printed in the media. Maathai garnered few votes and lost the election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006254–259_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006254–259-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 1998, Maathai learned of a government plan to privatize large areas of public land in the Karura Forest, just outside Nairobi, and give it to political supporters. Maathai protested this through letters to the government and the press. She went with the Green Belt Movement to Karura Forest, planting trees and protesting the destruction of the forest. On 8 January 1999, a group of protesters including Maathai, six opposition MPs, journalists, international observers, and Green Belt members and supporters returned to the forest to plant a tree in protest. The entry to the forest was guarded by a large group of men. When she tried to plant a tree in an area that had been designated to be cleared for a golf course, the group was attacked. Many of the protesters were injured, including Maathai, four MPs, some of the journalists, and German environmentalists. When she reported the attack to the police, they refused to return with her to the forest to arrest her attackers. However, the attack had been filmed by Maathai's supporters, and the event provoked international outrage.<sup id="cite_ref-Ecologist_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecologist-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006261–270_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006261–270-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Student protests broke out throughout Nairobi, and some of these groups were violently broken up by the police. Protests continued until 16 August 1999, when the president announced that he was banning all allocation of public land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006270–271_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006270–271-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, the government again planned to take public forest land and give it to its supporters. While protesting this and collecting <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petition</a> signatures on 7 March 2001, in Wang'uru village near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a>, Maathai was again arrested. The following day, following international and popular protest at her arrest, she was released without being charged. On 7 July 2001, shortly after planting trees at Freedom Corner in Uhuru Park in Nairobi to commemorate <a href="/wiki/Saba_Saba_Day" title="Saba Saba Day">Saba Saba Day</a>, Maathai was again arrested. Later that evening, she was again released without being charged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006280–284_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006280–284-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2002, Maathai returned to teaching as the Dorothy McCluskey Visiting Fellow for Conservation at the <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Forestry_and_Environmental_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies">School of Forestry and Environmental Studies</a>. She remained there until June 2002, teaching a course on sustainable development focused on the work of the Green Belt Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006284–285_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006284–285-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_to_parliament">Election to parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Election to parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wangari_Maathai_social_forum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Wangari_Maathai_social_forum.jpg/220px-Wangari_Maathai_social_forum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Wangari_Maathai_social_forum.jpg/330px-Wangari_Maathai_social_forum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Wangari_Maathai_social_forum.jpg/440px-Wangari_Maathai_social_forum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Wangari Maathai speaks about deforestation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon her return to Kenya, Maathai again campaigned for parliament in the <a href="/wiki/2002_Kenyan_general_election" title="2002 Kenyan general election">2002 elections</a>, this time as a candidate of the <a href="/wiki/National_Rainbow_Coalition" title="National Rainbow Coalition">National Rainbow Coalition</a>, the umbrella organisation which finally united the opposition. On 27 December 2002, the Rainbow Coalition defeated the ruling party <a href="/wiki/Kenya_African_National_Union" title="Kenya African National Union">Kenya African National Union</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Tetu_Constituency" title="Tetu Constituency">Tetu Constituency</a> Maathai won with an overwhelming 98% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006286–289_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006286–289-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2003, she was appointed Assistant Minister in the Ministry for Environment and Natural Resources and served in that capacity until November 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-UNCCD_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNCCD-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She founded the <a href="/wiki/Mazingira_Green_Party_of_Kenya" title="Mazingira Green Party of Kenya">Mazingira Green Party of Kenya</a> in 2003 to allow candidates to run on a platform of conservation as embodied by the Green Belt Movement. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Green_Parties_of_Africa" title="Federation of Green Parties of Africa">Federation of Green Parties of Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Global_Greens" title="Global Greens">Global Greens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006260_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006260-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize">2004 Nobel Peace Prize</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2004 Nobel Peace Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wangarĩ Maathai was awarded the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize for her "contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maathai was the first African woman to win the prestigious award.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who in the preceding year "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses". Between 1901 and 2018, only 52 Nobel Prize awards were given to women, while 852 Nobel Prize awards have been given to men. Through her significant efforts, Wangari Maathai became the first African woman, and the first environmentalist, to win the Peace Prize. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Maathai stood up courageously against the former oppressive regime in Kenya. Her unique forms of action have contributed to drawing attention to political oppression—nationally and internationally. She has served as inspiration for many in the fight for democratic rights and has especially encouraged women to better their situation.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a>, in a statement announcing her as the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> winner.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="AIDS_conspiracy_theory">AIDS conspiracy theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: AIDS conspiracy theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Controversy arose when it was reported by Kenyan newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Standard_(Kenya)" title="The Standard (Kenya)">The Standard</a></i> that Maathai had claimed HIV/AIDS was "<a href="/wiki/Operation_INFEKTION" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation INFEKTION">deliberately created by Western scientists</a> to decimate the African population."<sup id="cite_ref-rferl.org_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rferl.org-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maathai denied making the allegations, but <i>The Standard</i> has stood by its reports.<sup id="cite_ref-rferl.org_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rferl.org-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In a 2004 interview with <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine, in response to questions concerning that report, Maathai replied: "I have no idea who created AIDS and whether it is a biological agent or not. But I do know things like that don't come from the moon. I have always thought that it is important to tell people the truth, but I guess there is some truth that must not be too exposed," and when asked what she meant, she continued, "I'm referring to AIDS. I am sure people know where it came from. And I'm quite sure it did not come from the monkeys."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response she issued the following statement: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have warned people against false beliefs and misinformation such as attributing this disease to a curse from God or believing that sleeping with a virgin cures the infection. These prevalent beliefs in my region have led to an upsurge in rape and violence against children. It is within this context, also complicated by the cultural and religious perspective, that I often speak. I have therefore been shocked by the ongoing debate generated by what I am purported to have said. It is therefore critical for me to state that I neither say nor believe that the virus was developed by white people or white powers in order to destroy the African people. Such views are wicked and destructive.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2005–2011:_Later_life"><span id="2005.E2.80.932011:_Later_life"></span>2005–2011: Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2005–2011: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GordonBrownWangariMaathai.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/GordonBrownWangariMaathai.JPG/220px-GordonBrownWangariMaathai.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/GordonBrownWangariMaathai.JPG/330px-GordonBrownWangariMaathai.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/GordonBrownWangariMaathai.JPG/440px-GordonBrownWangariMaathai.JPG 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Maathai in Nairobi with <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> (and later <a href="/wiki/British_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a>) <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> in 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maathai_and_Obama_in_Nairobi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Maathai_and_Obama_in_Nairobi.jpg/220px-Maathai_and_Obama_in_Nairobi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Maathai_and_Obama_in_Nairobi.jpg/330px-Maathai_and_Obama_in_Nairobi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Maathai_and_Obama_in_Nairobi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Maathai and then U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> in 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Following a trip to Japan in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maathai became an enthusiastic proponent of the waste-reduction philosophy of <i><a href="/wiki/Mottainai" title="Mottainai">mottainai</a></i>, a Japanese term of Buddhist origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinefuchi2018156–157_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinefuchi2018156–157-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 March 2005, Maathai was elected the first president of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">Economic, Social and Cultural Council</a> and was appointed a goodwill ambassador for an initiative aimed at protecting the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a> Forest Ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006295_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006295-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, she was one of the eight flag-bearers at the <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006</a> <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics_Opening_Ceremony#Words_and_Symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony">Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony</a>. Also on 21 May 2006, she was awarded an honorary doctorate by and gave the commencement address at <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_College" title="Connecticut College">Connecticut College</a>. She supported the International Year of Deserts and Desertification program. In November 2006, she spearheaded the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Billion_Tree_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Billion Tree Campaign">United Nations Billion Tree Campaign</a>. Maathai was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Women%27s_Initiative" title="Nobel Women's Initiative">Nobel Women's Initiative</a> along with sister Nobel Peace laureates <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA_Tum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigoberta Menchú Tum">Rigoberta Menchú Tum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams_(Nobel_laureate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Betty Williams (Nobel laureate)">Betty Williams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Corrigan_Maguire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mairead Corrigan Maguire">Mairead Corrigan Maguire</a>. Six women representing North America and South America, Europe, the Middle East and Africa decided to bring together their experiences in a united effort for peace with justice and equality. It is the goal of the Nobel Women's Initiative to help strengthen work being done in support of women's rights around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2006, then <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> traveled to Kenya. His father was educated in America through the same program as Maathai. She and the Senator met and planted a tree together in Uhuru Park in Nairobi. Obama called for freedom of the press to be respected, saying, "Press freedom is like tending a garden; it continually has to be nurtured and cultivated. The citizenry has to value it because it's one of those things that can slip away if we're not vigilant." He deplored global ecological losses, singling out President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s refusal to join the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> (UNFCCC) and its subsidiary, the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maathai was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_National_Unity_(Kenya)" title="Party of National Unity (Kenya)">Party of National Unity</a>'s primary elections for its parliamentary candidates in November 2007 and chose to instead run as the candidate of a smaller party.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/2007_Kenyan_parliamentary_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Kenyan parliamentary election">December 2007 parliamentary election</a>. She called for a recount of votes in the presidential election (officially won by <a href="/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki" title="Mwai Kibaki">Mwai Kibaki</a>, but disputed by the opposition) in her constituency, saying that both sides should feel the outcome was fair and that there were indications of fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, she published "The Challenge for Africa" with her insights into the strengths and weaknesses of governance in Africa, her own experiences, and the centrality of environmental protection to Africa's future. </p><p>In June 2009, Maathai was named as one of PeaceByPeace.com's first peace heroes.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until her death in 2011, Maathai served on the Eminent Advisory Board<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Association of European Parliamentarians with Africa (<a href="/wiki/AWEPA" class="mw-redirect" title="AWEPA">AWEPA</a>). </p><p>Wangarĩ Maathai died on 25 September 2011 of complications arising from <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</a> while receiving treatment at a Nairobi hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-Death_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her remains were cremated and buried at the Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies in Nairobi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wangarĩ_Maathai_Forest_Champion_Award"><span id="Wangar.C4.A9_Maathai_Forest_Champion_Award"></span>Wangarĩ Maathai Forest Champion Award</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wangarĩ Maathai Forest Champion Award"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, the Collaborative Partnership on Forests <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Forum_on_Forests" title="United Nations Forum on Forests">CPF</a>, an international consortium of 14 organisations, secretariats and institutions working on international forest issues, launched the inaugural Wangarĩ Maathai Forest Champion Award. </p><p>Winners have included: </p> <ul><li>2012 – Narayan Kaji Shrestha, with an honourable mention to Kurshida Begum<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Martha_Isabel_%22Pati%22_Ruiz_Corzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha Isabel "Pati" Ruiz Corzo">Martha Isabel "Pati" Ruiz Corzo</a>, with an honourable mention to <a href="/wiki/Chut_Wutty" title="Chut Wutty">Chut Wutty</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2015 – Gertrude Kabusimbi Kenyangi<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2017 – Maria Margarida Ribeiro da Silva, a Brazilian forestry activist<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2019 – Léonidas Nzigiyimpa, a Burundian forestry activist<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2022 – <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Ndjebet" title="Cécile Ndjebet">Cécile Ndjebet</a>, a Cameroonian activist<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous_recognition">Posthumous recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Posthumous recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaathaiMemorialGardenPitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/MaathaiMemorialGardenPitt.jpg/220px-MaathaiMemorialGardenPitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/MaathaiMemorialGardenPitt.jpg/330px-MaathaiMemorialGardenPitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/MaathaiMemorialGardenPitt.jpg/440px-MaathaiMemorialGardenPitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>Wangarĩ Maathai memorial trees and garden at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2012, Wangarĩ Gardens opened in Washington, DC.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wangarĩ Gardens is 2.7 acre community garden project for local residents which consists of over 55 garden allotments. This community garden honours the legacy of Wangarĩ Maathai and her mission for community engagement and environmental protection. The Wangarĩ Gardens consist of a community garden, youth garden, outdoor classroom, pollinator hive and public fruit tree orchard, vegetable garden, herb garden, berry garden and strawberry patch. Within the garden complex there are personal garden plots and public gardens. The personal plots are available to residents living within 1.5 miles of the community garden. Personal plot holders are required to contribute 1 hour monthly to the maintenance of the public gardens. The public gardens and orchard are maintained by plot holders and volunteers, and are open to everyone to enjoy and harvest. The Wangarĩ Gardens has no direct affiliation with the Green Belt Movement or the Wangarĩ Maathai Foundation but was inspired by Wangarĩ Maathai and her work and passion for the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 September 2013, the Wangarĩ Maathai Trees and Garden was dedicated on the lawn of the University of Pittsburgh's <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Learning" title="Cathedral of Learning">Cathedral of Learning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memorial includes two <a href="/wiki/Red_maple" class="mw-redirect" title="Red maple">red maples</a> symbolizing Maathai's "commitment to the environment, her founding of the Green Belt Movement, and her roots in Kenya and in Pittsburgh" and a flower garden planted in a circular shape that representing her "global vision and dedication to the women and children of the world" with an ornamental maple tree in the middle signifying "how one small seed can change the world".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 April 2013, Google celebrated Wangari Maathai’s 73rd Birthday with a doodle.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, at what would have been her 50-year reunion, her Mount St. Scholastica classmates and Benedictine College unveiled a statue of the Nobel laureate at her alma mater's Atchison, Kansas campus.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, with the renovation of the Westerman Hall of Science and Engineering, the college added a mural of Maathai and other scientists to the front entryway of the building. </p><p>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> published the <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novel</a> <i>Wangari Maathai and the Green Belt Movement</i> as part of their UNESCO Series on Women in African History.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an artistic and visual interpretation intended for private or public use in classrooms,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it tells the story of Maathai and the movement she started.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2016, Forest Road in Nairobi was renamed to Wangarĩ Maathai Road for her efforts to oppose several attempts to degrade forests and public parks through the Green Belt Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In September 2022, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, DC</a>–based educational publisher, Science Naturally, included Dr. Maathai in their <i>Women in Botany</i> book in the Science Wide Open series for children.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brief excerpt:</p><blockquote><p>"Dr. Wangari started the <a href="/wiki/Green_Belt_Movement" title="Green Belt Movement">Green Belt Movement</a> to change things. She taught women in Kenya how to grow trees from seeds, and the women were paid to plant trees all around the country."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4bDghrBcXzUC"><i>The Green Belt Movement: Sharing the Approach and the Experience</i></a>. Lantern Books. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590560402" title="Special:BookSources/978-1590560402"><bdi>978-1590560402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Green+Belt+Movement%3A+Sharing+the+Approach+and+the+Experience&rft.pub=Lantern+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1590560402&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4bDghrBcXzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangar%C4%A9+Maathai" class="Z3988"></span>; (1985)</li> <li><i>The bottom is heavy too: even with the Green Belt Movement : the Fifth Edinburgh Medal Address</i> (1994)</li> <li><i>Bottle-necks of development in Africa</i> (1995)</li> <li><i>The Canopy of Hope: My Life Campaigning for Africa, Women, and the Environment</i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unbowed:_A_Memoir" title="Unbowed: A Memoir">Unbowed: A Memoir</a></i> (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307492333" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307492333">978-0307492333</a></li> <li><i>Reclaiming rights and resources women, poverty and environment</i> (2007)</li> <li><i>Rainwater Harvesting</i> (2008)</li> <li><i>State of the world's minorities 2008: events of 2007</i> (2008)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=491pIPi13vEC"><i>The Challenge for Africa</i></a>. Anchor Books. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307390288" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307390288"><bdi>978-0307390288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+for+Africa&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0307390288&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D491pIPi13vEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangar%C4%A9+Maathai" class="Z3988"></span>; (2009)</li> <li><i>Moral Ground: Ethical Action for a Planet in Peril</i>. (2010) chapter <a href="/wiki/Michael_P._Nelson" title="Michael P. Nelson">Nelson, Michael P.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Dean_Moore" title="Kathleen Dean Moore">Kathleen Dean Moore</a> (eds.). Trinity University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1595340665" title="Special:BookSources/978-1595340665">978-1595340665</a></li> <li><i>Replenishing the Earth</i> (2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307591142" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307591142">978-0307591142</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Right_Livelihood_Award" title="Right Livelihood Award">Right Livelihood Award</a></li> <li>1986: Better World Society</li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Global_500_Roll_of_Honour" title="Global 500 Roll of Honour">Global 500 Roll of Honour</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Environmental_Prize" title="Goldman Environmental Prize">Goldman Environmental Prize</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_Project" title="The Hunger Project">The Hunger Project</a>'s Africa Prize for Leadership<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Medal" title="Edinburgh Medal">Edinburgh Medal</a> (for "Outstanding contribution to Humanity through Science")</li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> Leadership Award</li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_College" title="Benedictine College">Benedictine College</a> Offeramus Medal<sup id="cite_ref-catholickey.org_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholickey.org-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1994: The Golden Ark Award</li> <li>2001: The Juliet Hollister Award</li> <li>2003: Global Environment Award, <a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Non-Governmental_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations">World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations</a></li> <li>2004: Conservation Scientist Award from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li> <li>2004: J. Sterling Morton Award</li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Petra_Kelly#Legacy" title="Petra Kelly">Petra Kelly Prize</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Prize" title="Sophie Prize">Sophie Prize</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a></li> <li>2006: Doctor of Public Service (honorary degree), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/World_Citizenship_Award" title="World Citizenship Award">World Citizenship Award</a></li> <li>2007: Livingstone Medal from <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Scottish Geographical Society">Royal Scottish Geographical Society</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Prize" title="Indira Gandhi Prize">Indira Gandhi Prize</a></li> <li>2007: Cross of the Order of St. Benedict<sup id="cite_ref-catholickey.org_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholickey.org-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2008: The Elizabeth Blackwell Award from <a href="/wiki/Hobart_and_William_Smith_Colleges" title="Hobart and William Smith Colleges">Hobart and William Smith Colleges</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_-_Chairman%27s_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="NAACP Image Award - Chairman's Award">NAACP Image Award - Chairman's Award</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2009: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a> of Japan<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/The_Nichols-Chancellor%27s_Medal" title="The Nichols-Chancellor's Medal">The Nichols-Chancellor's Medal</a> awarded by <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a> (honorary degree), <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a>, New York<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2020: The Perfect World Award by <a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_World_Foundation" title="The Perfect World Foundation">The Perfect World Foundation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nobel_Prize_laureates" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Nobel Prize laureates">Black Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">List of female Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottainai" title="Mottainai">Mottainai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_International_Conference_on_African_Development" title="Tokyo International Conference on African Development">Tokyo International Conference on African Development</a> (TICAD-IV), 2008.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Environment_%26_Development_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Environment & Development Organization">Women's Environment & Development Organization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/africarenewal/web-features/wangari-maathai-woman-trees-dies">"Wangari Maathai, the woman of trees, dies"</a>. <i>Africa Renewal</i>. 17 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africa+Renewal&rft.atitle=Wangari+Maathai%2C+the+woman+of+trees%2C+dies&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fafricarenewal%2Fweb-features%2Fwangari-maathai-woman-trees-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangar%C4%A9+Maathai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenbelt_obit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greenbelt_obit_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2011" class="citation news cs1">Rice, Xan (26 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenbeltmovement.org/wangari-maathai">"Wangari Maathai, Nobel peace prize winner, dies at 71"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023210710/http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/wangari-maathai">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wangari+Maathai%2C+Nobel+peace+prize+winner%2C+dies+at+71&rft.date=2011-09-26&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Xan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenbeltmovement.org%2Fwangari-maathai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangar%C4%A9+Maathai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenbelt_bio-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greenbelt_bio_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/wangari-maathai/biography">"Biography | The Green Belt Movement"</a>. <i>www.greenbeltmovement.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180524004349/http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/wangari-maathai/biography">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.greenbeltmovement.org&rft.atitle=Biography+%7C+The+Green+Belt+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenbeltmovement.org%2Fwangari-maathai%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangar%C4%A9+Maathai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2011" class="citation news cs1">Rice, Xan (26 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/26/wangari-maathai-nobel-winner-dies">"Wangari Maathai, Nobel Peace Prize Winner Dies"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413114647/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/26/wangari-maathai-nobel-winner-dies">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wangari+Maathai%2C+Nobel+Peace+Prize+Winner+Dies&rft.date=2011-09-26&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Xan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fsep%2F26%2Fwangari-maathai-nobel-winner-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangar%C4%A9+Maathai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LibraryOfCongress-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LibraryOfCongress_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/n87875843">Wangari Maathai</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuhonja2020[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuhonja2020[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuhonja2020">Muhonja 2020</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusila2020" class="citation book cs1">Musila, Grace (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1148322483"><i>Wangari Maathai's Registers of freedom</i></a>. Grace A. Musila. Cape Town: HSRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0796925749" title="Special:BookSources/978-0796925749"><bdi>978-0796925749</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1148322483">1148322483</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510215830/https://www.worldcat.org/title/wangari-maathais-registers-of-freedom/oclc/1148322483">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wangari+Maathai%27s+Registers+of+freedom&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=HSRC+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1148322483&rft.isbn=978-0796925749&rft.aulast=Musila&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1148322483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangar%C4%A9+Maathai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenbeltmovement.org/wangari-maathai">"Wangari Maathai | The Green Belt Movement"</a>. <i>www.greenbeltmovement.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023210710/http://www.greenbeltmovement.org/wangari-maathai">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.greenbeltmovement.org&rft.atitle=Wangari+Maathai+%7C+The+Green+Belt+Movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenbeltmovement.org%2Fwangari-maathai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangar%C4%A9+Maathai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai20063-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai20063_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200614–15-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200614–15_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200629-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200629_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200653-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200653_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200660–61-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200660–61_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200663–69-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200663–69_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, pp. 63–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200669-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200669_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200673–74-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200673–74_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200679-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200679_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200692-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200692_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200693–94-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200693–94_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNCCD-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNCCD_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCCD_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNCCD_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unccd.int/IYDD/documents/iydd_docs/WANGARIMAATHAICV.pdf">UNCCD profile of Wangari Maathai</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927152236/http://www.unccd.int/IYDD/documents/iydd_docs/WANGARIMAATHAICV.pdf">Archived</a> 27 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 10 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200694–95-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200694–95_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai200696-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai200696_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006101-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006101_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006102-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006102_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006105-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006105_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006106–109-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006106–109_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, pp. 106–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006109–111-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006109–111_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, pp. 109–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006112-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006112_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NobelBio-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NobelBio_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2004/maathai-bio.html">Wangari Maathai, the Nobel Peace Prize 2004</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814214500/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2004/maathai-bio.html">Archived</a> 14 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 24 February 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006114–118-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006114–118_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, pp. 114–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006119–122-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006119–122_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, pp. 119–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006124–125-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006124–125_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, pp. 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006125–129-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006125–129_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, pp. 125–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006130–132-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006130–132_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, pp. 130–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006134–137-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006134–137_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, pp. 134–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, Laurie. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecontemplativetraveler.wordpress.com/2016/10/09/god-is-green-as-well-as-good-how-nobel-laureate-wangari-maathai-changed-the-world/">God Is Green as Well as Good: How Nobel Laureate Wangari Maathai Changed the World One Tree at a Time</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115175632/https://thecontemplativetraveler.wordpress.com/2016/10/09/god-is-green-as-well-as-good-how-nobel-laureate-wangari-maathai-changed-the-world/">Archived</a> 15 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>The Contemplative Traveler</i>, 9 October 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Klinken2021" class="citation journal cs1">van Klinken, Adriaan (24 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23277408.2021.1922129">"Wangari Maathai's Environmental Bible as an African Knowledge: Eco-spirituality, Christianity, and Decolonial Thought"</a>. <i>Eastern African Literary and Cultural Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">156–</span>175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23277408.2021.1922129">10.1080/23277408.2021.1922129</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2327-7408">2327-7408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eastern+African+Literary+and+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Wangari+Maathai%27s+Environmental+Bible+as+an+African+Knowledge%3A+Eco-spirituality%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Decolonial+Thought&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.date=2021-05-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23277408.2021.1922129&rft.issn=2327-7408&rft.aulast=van+Klinken&rft.aufirst=Adriaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F23277408.2021.1922129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangar%C4%A9+Maathai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTNairobiJournal-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTNairobiJournal_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTNairobiJournal_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perlez, Jane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/06/world/nairobi-journal-skyscraper-s-enemy-draws-a-daily-dose-of-scorn.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"Nairobi Journal; Skyscraper's Enemy Draws a Daily Dose of Scorn"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820102221/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/06/world/nairobi-journal-skyscraper-s-enemy-draws-a-daily-dose-of-scorn.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">Archived</a> 20 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 6 December 1989. Retrieved 16 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/books/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7939651">"Conservation and Feminism: Africa's Greenheart."</a> <i>The Economist</i>, 21 September 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006139–151-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006139–151_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, pp. 139–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006151–155-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006151–155_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, pp. 151–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006156–160-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaathai2006156–160_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaathai2006">Maathai 2006</a>, pp. 156–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer_2017_Vulnerability_and_Empowerment-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_2017_Vulnerability_and_Empowerment_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2017" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Eric (24 May 2017). <i>Gender Justice and Development: Vulnerability and Empowerment: Volume II</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pitt+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Pitt+Dedicates+Trees%2C+Garden+in+Honor+of+Wangari+Maathai&rft.date=2013-09-23&rft.aulast=Masset&rft.aufirst=Cara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.pitt.edu%2Fstory%2Fpitt-dedicates-trees-garden-honor-wangari-maathai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangar%C4%A9+Maathai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurweb.com/story/eur48577.cfm">NAACP sets a date for image awards: Nominees to be announced in January; ceremony to be held following month</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109041354/http://www.eurweb.com/story/eur48577.cfm">Archived</a> 9 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mba, Ngozi (22 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamati.com/online/lifestyle/nominees-for-40th-naacp-image-awards-unveiled/">Nominees for 40th NAACP Image Awards Unveiled</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307085859/http://jamati.com/online/lifestyle/nominees-for-40th-naacp-image-awards-unveiled">Archived</a> 7 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamati.com">Jamati Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125085449/http://jamati.com/">Archived</a> 25 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 24 February 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100518052510/http://www.mfa.go.ke/mfacms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=364&Itemid=62">"Japan confers highest decoration on Professor Wangari Maathai"</a>. Nairobi, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Republic of Kenya</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Kenya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kenya)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.go.ke/mfacms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=364&Itemid=62">the original</a> on 18 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Japan+confers+highest+decoration+on+Professor+Wangari+Maathai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.go.ke%2Fmfacms%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D364%26Itemid%3D62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangar%C4%A9+Maathai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101118062006/http://kenyarep-jp.com/news/09/090504_e.html">"Professor Wangari Maathai was awarded 'Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Embassy of the Republic of Kenya in Japan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kenyarep-jp.com/news/09/090504_e.html">the original</a> on 18 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Wangari+Maathai+was+awarded+%27Grand+Cordon+of+the+Order+of+the+Rising+Sun%27&rft.pub=Embassy+of+the+Republic+of+Kenya+in+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenyarep-jp.com%2Fnews%2F09%2F090504_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangar%C4%A9+Maathai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Patterson2011" class="citation web cs1">Jim Patterson (12 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2011/05/senior-day-maathai/">"Nobel prize-winner tells seniors to be agents of change"</a>. <i>news.vanderbilt.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517222901/http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2011/05/senior-day-maathai/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.vanderbilt.edu&rft.atitle=Nobel+prize-winner+tells+seniors+to+be+agents+of+change&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft.au=Jim+Patterson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.vanderbilt.edu%2F2011%2F05%2Fsenior-day-maathai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangar%C4%A9+Maathai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.syr.edu/five-candidates-to-receive-honorary-degrees-at-159th-commencement-exercises-78198">"Syracuse University webpage"</a>. 11 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423110054/http://news.syr.edu/five-candidates-to-receive-honorary-degrees-at-159th-commencement-exercises-78198/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syracuse+University+webpage&rft.date=2013-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.syr.edu%2Ffive-candidates-to-receive-honorary-degrees-at-159th-commencement-exercises-78198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangar%C4%A9+Maathai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinefuchi2018" class="citation book cs1">Kinefuchi, Etsuko (25 October 2018). Mutua, Eddah M.; González, Alberto; Wolbert, Anke (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sn9yDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Rhetorical Legacy of Wangari Maathai: Planting the Future</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-7113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-7113-5"><bdi>978-1-4985-7113-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetorical+Legacy+of+Wangari+Maathai%3A+Planting+the+Future&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-7113-5&rft.aulast=Kinefuchi&rft.aufirst=Etsuko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsn9yDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangar%C4%A9+Maathai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaathai2006" class="citation book cs1">Maathai, Wangari (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ot_gq-YkT8QC"><i>Unbowed: A Memoir</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0307263487" title="Special:BookSources/0307263487"><bdi>0307263487</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unbowed%3A+A+Memoir&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0307263487&rft.aulast=Maathai&rft.aufirst=Wangari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOt_gq-YkT8QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangar%C4%A9+Maathai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhonja2020" class="citation book cs1">Muhonja, Besi Brillian (2020). <i>Radical utu : critical ideas and ideals of Wangari Muta Maathai</i>. Athens, Ohio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0896805071" title="Special:BookSources/978-0896805071"><bdi>978-0896805071</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1155925037">1155925037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+utu+%3A+critical+ideas+and+ideals+of+Wangari+Muta+Maathai&rft.place=Athens%2C+Ohio&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1155925037&rft.isbn=978-0896805071&rft.aulast=Muhonja&rft.aufirst=Besi+Brillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWangar%C4%A9+Maathai" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Namulundah Florence, <i>Wangari Maathai: Visionary, Environmental Leader, Political Activist</i>, Lantern, 2015.</li> <li>Wangari Maathai, <i>The Greenbelt Movement: Sharing the Approach and the Experience</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lantern_Books" title="Lantern Books">Lantern Books</a>, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/159056040X" title="Special:BookSources/159056040X">159056040X</a></li> <li>Wangari Maathai, <i>The Canopy of Hope: My Life Campaigning for Africa, Women, and the Environment</i>, Lantern Books, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1590560027" title="Special:BookSources/1590560027">1590560027</a></li> <li>Wangari Maathai, <i>Bottom is Heavy Too: Edinburgh Medal Lecture</i>, Edinburgh UP, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0748605185" title="Special:BookSources/0748605185">0748605185</a></li> <li>Picture book (fr.), Franck Prévot (text) & Aurélia Fronty (illustrations), <i>Wangari Maathai, la femme qui plante des millions d'arbres</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rue_du_monde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rue du monde (page does not exist)">Rue du monde</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_du_monde" class="extiw" title="fr:Rue du monde">fr</a>]</span>, 2011 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2355041587" title="Special:BookSources/978-2355041587">978-2355041587</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wangar%C4%A9_Maathai" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Wangarĩ Maathai">Wangarĩ Maathai</a> at Wikiquote</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External media</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Audio</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onbeing.org/program/planting-future/142">Wangari Maathai — Planting the Future</a>, <i>On Being</i>, 29 September 2011</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Video</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2004/maathai-lecture.html">Maathai Nobel Prize lecture</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climate-change.tv/dr-wangari-muta-maathai.html">Climate Change TV</a> Video interview with Dr Wangari Muta Maathai. Filmed during the Conference of the Parties meeting in Poznan, Poland, December 2008</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gleeds.tv/index.cfm?category=46">Wangari Maathai presents a talk as a part of the Architecture and Climate Change lecture series held by the Royal Institute of British Architects</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/documentaries/2009/06/090629_forum_280609.shtml">Audio: Wangari Maathai in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion programme</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Forum_(BBC_World_Service)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Forum (BBC World Service)"><i>The Forum</i></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedirtmovie.org/videos/">Video: Wangari Maathai tells the story of the Hummingbird</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://takingrootfilm.com/">Taking Root: The Vision of Wangari Maathai documentary film</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wangarimaathai.org/">Official Site: The Wangari Maathai Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenbeltmovement.com">The Green Belt Movement and Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090707123921/http://www.unep.org/billiontreecampaign/">Wangari Maathai and the Billion Tree Campaign</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705092307/http://www.imow.org/wpp/stories/viewStory?storyId=1239">Feature on Wangari Maathai by the International Museum of Women</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?29320">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713183858/http://www.lanternbooks.com/blog/entry.php?id=676">The Lantern Books Blog: Lantern and Wangari Maathai (Video)</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leeandlow.com/books/381/hc/seeds_of_change_planting_a_path_to_peace">Seeds of change planting a path to peace</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobelwomensinitiative.org">Nobel Women's Initiative</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/783">Wangarĩ Maathai</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46795#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award" title="NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award">NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown_(U.S._Secretary_of_Commerce)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Brown (U.S. Secretary of Commerce)">Ron Brown</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> and Joseph Madison (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_McGruder" title="Aaron McGruder">Aaron McGruder</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews_Band" title="Dave Matthews Band">The Dave Matthews Band</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Neville_Brothers" title="The Neville Brothers">The Neville Brothers</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Perry" title="Tyler Perry">Tyler Perry</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Hughes" title="Cathy Hughes">Cathy Hughes</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Howard" title="Michelle Howard">Michelle Howard</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Whitaker" title="Forest Whitaker">Forest Whitaker</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bree_Newsome" title="Bree Newsome">Brittany "Bree" Newsome</a> / Justice League NYC / Concerned Student 1950 Collective at the University of Missouri / The University of Mississippi NAACP College Chapter / Rev. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Otis_Moss_III" title="Otis Moss III">Otis Moss III</a> / Rev. Dr. Howard-John Wesley / Rev. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Harrison_Bryant" title="Jamal Harrison Bryant">Jamal Harrison Bryant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jussie_Smollett" title="Jussie Smollett">Jussie Smollett</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ogletree" title="Charles Ogletree">Charles Ogletree</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lucy_(labor_leader)" title="William Lucy (labor leader)">William Lucy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">Rev. James Lawson</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennie_Thompson" title="Bennie Thompson">Bennie Thompson</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Gorman" title="Amanda Gorman">Amanda Gorman</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize136" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1901 Nobel Peace Prize">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1914</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1923</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1928</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1932</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1939</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1943</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1948</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1955</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1956</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1966 Nobel Peace Prize">1966</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1972</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award)</i> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2004 Nobel Prize in Literature">2004</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a> (Austria)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a> (Kenya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David Gross</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Hugh David Politzer</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_E._Kydland" title="Finn E. Kydland">Finn E. Kydland</a> (Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1999_Nobel_Prizes" title="1999 Nobel Prizes">1999</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2000_Nobel_Prizes" title="2000 Nobel Prizes">2000</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prizes" title="2001 Nobel Prizes">2001</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Prizes" title="2002 Nobel Prizes">2002</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Prizes" title="2003 Nobel Prizes">2003</a></dd> <dd><b>2004 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prizes" title="2005 Nobel Prizes">2005</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prizes" title="2006 Nobel Prizes">2006</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Prizes" title="2007 Nobel Prizes">2007</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Prizes" title="2008 Nobel Prizes">2008</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prizes" title="2009 Nobel Prizes">2009</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmentalism521" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmentalism" title="Template:Environmentalism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmentalism" title="Template talk:Environmentalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmentalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmentalism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmentalism521" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ADD8E6; text-decoration: inherit;">Environmentalism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_environmentalism" title="Outline of environmentalism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ADD8E6; text-decoration: inherit;">Outline of environmentalism</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">Environmental conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_history_of_environmentalism" title="Timeline of history of environmentalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_conflicts" title="List of environmental conflicts">List of environmental conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental organization">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_psychology" title="Environmental psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Philosophical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">Biocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence" title="Earth jurisprudence">Earth jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resacralization_of_nature" title="Resacralization of nature">Resacralization of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconservatism" title="Bioconservatism">Bioconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green syndicalism">Green syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Ecotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_environmentalism" title="Islamic environmentalism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_environmentalism" title="Judaism and environmentalism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship (theology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">Anti-environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_killings" title="List of environmental killings">List of environmental killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_of_the_poor" title="Environmentalism of the poor">Environmentalism of the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Offshoots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fracking_movement" title="Anti-fracking movement">Anti-fracking movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Optimism" title="Earth Optimism">Earth Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">Eco-anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_shame" title="Flight shame">Flight shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Goals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_civilization" title="Ecological civilization">Ecological civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_personhood" title="Environmental personhood">Environmental personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">Environmental, social, and corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Environmentally friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_nature" title="Rights of nature">Rights of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-haul_flight_ban" title="Short-haul flight ban">Short-haul flight ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental protests">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_sitting" title="Tree sitting">Tree sitting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Australia" title="Environmental movement in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Environmentalism in Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_China" title="Environmentalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-incinerator_movement_in_China" title="Anti-incinerator movement in China">Anti-incinerator movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_New_Zealand" title="Environmental movement in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_South_Africa" title="Environmental movement in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Switzerland" title="Environmental movement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_direct_action_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_books" title="List of environmental books">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofiction" title="Ecofiction">Ecofiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_conservation" title="Conspicuous conservation">Conspicuous conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmography_of_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmography of environmentalism">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_film_festivals" title="List of environmental film festivals">festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings"><i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_motorsport" title="Environmentalism in motorsport">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing_and_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfing and environmentalism">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eco_hotel" title="Eco hotel">Eco hotel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_environmental_publications" title="Lists of environmental publications">Publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">Environmentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_protector" class="mw-redirect" title="Water protector">Water protector</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Notable_people14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brower" title="David Brower">David Brower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Cho-nam" title="Ng Cho-nam">Ng Cho-nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_activism_of_Al_Gore" title="Environmental activism of Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold">Aldo Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Mendes" title="Chico Mendes">Chico Mendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dz%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Shōzō Tanaka">Shōzō Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_pro-environmental_behaviour" title="Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour">Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_ethics" title="Lifeboat ethics">Lifeboat ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46795#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3094" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46795#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdh4QMrqTX9wfqj77yyBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/129735078">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87875843">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14645592n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14645592n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01041906">Japan</a></span></li><li><span 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