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</div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Timocari</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 22 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timocharis" title="Timocharis - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Timocharis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="تيموشاريس - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تيموشاريس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Тымахарыс - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тымахарыс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timocaris_d%27Alexandria" title="Timocaris d'Alexandria - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Timocaris d'Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timocharis_von_Alexandria" title="Timocharis von Alexandria - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Timocharis von Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%82" title="Τιμόχαρις ο Αλεξανδρεύς - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τιμόχαρις ο Αλεξανδρεύς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timocharis" title="Timocharis - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Timocharis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo%C4%A5aro_de_Aleksandrio" title="Timoĥaro de Aleksandrio - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Timoĥaro de Aleksandrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timocares_de_Alejandr%C3%ADa" title="Timocares de Alejandría - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Timocares de Alejandría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="تیموخاریس - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیموخاریس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timocharis_d%27Alexandrie" title="Timocharis d'Alexandrie - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Timocharis d'Alexandrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timocares_de_Alexandr%C3%ADa" title="Timocares de Alexandría - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Timocares de Alexandría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timocharis" title="Timocharis - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Timocharis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="チモカリス - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チモカリス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timocharis_vun_Alexandria" title="Timocharis vun Alexandria - lussemburghese" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Timocharis vun Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lussemburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timocharis_din_Alexandria" title="Timocharis din Alexandria - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Timocharis din Alexandria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тимохарис - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тимохарис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timoharis" title="Timoharis - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Timoharis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timoharis" title="Timoharis - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Timoharis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timocharis" title="Timocharis - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Timocharis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="ตีโมคาริส - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตีโมคาริส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timoharis" title="Timoharis - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Timoharis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q550477#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint nota-disambigua"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/18px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/27px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/36px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text"><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Disambiguazione" title="Aiuto:Disambiguazione">Disambiguazione</a> – Se stai cercando l'omonimo ammiraglio ateniese, vedi <b><a href="/wiki/Timocare" title="Timocare">Timocare</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p><b>Timòcari</b> o <b>Timocaride di Alessandria</b> (in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_greca_antica" title="Lingua greca antica">greco antico</a>: <span dir="ltr" lang="grc" class="polytonic">Τιμόχαρις</span><span style="font:bold 80% sans-serif; text-decoration:none; padding:0 .1em;"><sup><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Greco_antico" title="Aiuto:Greco antico">?</a></sup></span>, <i>Timòcaris</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_latina" title="Lingua latina">latino</a> <span dir="ltr" lang="la"><i>Timochăris</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/320_a.C." title="320 a.C.">320 a.C.</a> circa – <a href="/wiki/260_a.C." title="260 a.C.">260 a.C.</a>) è stato un <a href="/wiki/Astronomo" title="Astronomo">astronomo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Filosofo" title="Filosofo">filosofo</a> <a href="/wiki/Antica_Grecia" title="Antica Grecia">greco antico</a>, nato probabilmente ad <a href="/wiki/Alessandria_d%27Egitto" title="Alessandria d'Egitto">Alessandria</a> e contemporaneo di <a href="/wiki/Euclide" title="Euclide">Euclide</a>: intorno al III secolo a.C., in collaborazione con <a href="/wiki/Aristillo" title="Aristillo">Aristillo</a>, compilò il primo catalogo stellare del mondo occidentale<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Osservazioni">Osservazioni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timocari&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Osservazioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timocari&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Osservazioni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le scarse notizie a noi pervenute su Timocari si devono alle citazioni di <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Tolomeo" title="Claudio Tolomeo">Tolomeo</a> nell'<i><a href="/wiki/Almagesto" title="Almagesto">Almagesto</a></i>, dalle quali emerge che, tra gli anni 290 e 280 a.C., egli lavorò in Alessandria: Tolomeo elencò la <a href="/wiki/Declinazione_(astronomia)" title="Declinazione (astronomia)">declinazione</a> di 18 stelle così come riportate da Timocari e Aristillo intorno all'anno 290 a.C., primo esempio di <a href="/wiki/Catalogo" title="Catalogo">catalogo</a> stellare del mondo occidentale. </p><p>Tra il 295 e il 272 a.C., Timocari registrò quattro <a href="/wiki/Occultazione" title="Occultazione">occultazioni</a> e il passaggio di <a href="/wiki/Venere_(astronomia)" title="Venere (astronomia)">Venere</a> davanti a una stella<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: tali eventi vennero registrati usando sia il calendario <a href="/wiki/Antico_Egitto" title="Antico Egitto">egiziano</a> sia quello <a href="/wiki/Ateniese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ateniese">ateniese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> È probabile che il passaggio di Venere davanti alla stella sia stato quello verificatosi il 12 ottobre del 272 a.C., quando il pianeta si trovò a meno di 15 <a href="/wiki/Primo_(geometria)" title="Primo (geometria)">primi</a> da <a href="/wiki/Eta_Virginis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta Virginis">Eta Virginis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quelle di Timocari sono tra le registrazioni greche più antiche che si conoscano, superate soltanto da quelle relative al <a href="/wiki/Solstizio" title="Solstizio">solstizio</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Estate" title="Estate">estate</a> risalenti al 432 a.C. e dovute a <a href="/wiki/Euctemone" title="Euctemone">Euctemone</a> e <a href="/wiki/Metone_di_Atene" title="Metone di Atene">Metone di Atene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-evans_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lavorò con Aristillo in un osservatorio astronomico che fu con ogni probabilità parte della <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_di_Alessandria" title="Biblioteca di Alessandria">Biblioteca di Alessandria</a>: le loro attrezzature dovevano essere semplici, costituite probabilmente da <a href="/wiki/Gnomone" title="Gnomone">gnomoni</a>, da <a href="/wiki/Meridiana" title="Meridiana">meridiane</a> e da una <a href="/wiki/Sfera_armillare" title="Sfera armillare">sfera armillare</a>. </p><p>I due furono contemporanei di <a href="/wiki/Aristarco_di_Samo" title="Aristarco di Samo">Aristarco di Samo</a> anche se non è chiaro se ci siano state delle associazioni tra Timocari e Aristarco.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>È stato dato il suo nome all'omonimo <a href="/wiki/Cratere_meteoritico" title="Cratere meteoritico">cratere</a> <a href="/wiki/Luna" title="Luna">lunare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precessione_degli_equinozi">Precessione degli equinozi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timocari&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Precessione degli equinozi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timocari&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Precessione degli equinozi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Durante le sue osservazioni, Timocari rilevò che la stella <a href="/wiki/Spica" title="Spica">Spica</a> era localizzata a 8° a <a href="/wiki/Ovest" title="Ovest">ovest</a> dell'<a href="/wiki/Equinozio" title="Equinozio">equinozio</a> di <a href="/wiki/Autunno" title="Autunno">autunno</a>: circa 150 anni dopo, <a href="/wiki/Ipparco_di_Nicea" title="Ipparco di Nicea">Ipparco di Nicea</a> notò che Spica si trovava invece a soli 6° a ovest dell'equinozio di autunno e risalì al periodo durante il quale Timocari aveva fatto le sue rilevazioni in base a registrazioni di precedenti <a href="/wiki/Eclissi_lunare" title="Eclissi lunare">eclissi lunari</a>. Dalla differenza nella posizione di Spica, Ipparco dedusse che la <a href="/wiki/Longitudine" title="Longitudine">longitudine</a> delle stelle cambiava nel tempo, cosa che lo portò a calcolare il primo valore della <a href="/wiki/Precessione_degli_equinozi" title="Precessione degli equinozi">precessione degli equinozi</a>, fissandolo in meno di 1/100° l'anno.<sup id="cite_ref-evans_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timocari&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timocari&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> R. R. Newton, <span style="font-style:italic;">The obliquity of the ecliptic two millenia ago</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</span>, vol. 169, 1974, pp. 331–342, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974MNRAS.169..331N">1974MNRAS.169..331N</a>.</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Alexander Jones, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astronomicalpapy0001jone"><span style="font-style:italic;">Astronomical papyri from Oxyrhynchus</span></a>, 1–2, DIANE Publishing, 1999, p. 84, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-87169-233-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-87169-233-3">0-87169-233-3</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> A. Jones, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606152745/http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/downloads/1997/119pdf/119157.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">On the reconstructed Macedonian and Egyptian lunar calendars</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), vol. 119, 1997, pp. 157–166. <small>URL consultato il 10 settembre 2009</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/downloads/1997/119pdf/119157.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 6 giugno 2011)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Fomenko, A. T.; Vi︠a︡cheslavovich, Vladimir Kalashnikov; Nosovskiĭ, Gleb Vladimirovich, <span style="font-style:italic;">Geometrical and statistical methods of analysis of star configurations: dating Ptolemy's Almagest</span>, CRC Press, 1993, p. 215, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-8493-4483-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-8493-4483-2">0-8493-4483-2</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evans-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-evans_5-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-evans_5-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> James Evans, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historypracticeo0000evan"><span style="font-style:italic;">The History & Practice of Ancient Astronomy</span></a>, Oxford University Press US, 1998, p. 259, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-19-509539-1" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-19-509539-1">0-19-509539-1</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> George Sarton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellenisticscien00sart"><span style="font-style:italic;">Hellenistic science and culture in the last three centuries B.C.</span></a>, Courier Dover Publications, 1993, p. 53, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-486-27740-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-486-27740-2">0-486-27740-2</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> Jennifer Blue, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov</span>, United States Geological Survey. <small>URL consultato il 10 settembre 2009</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list 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title="De caelo">De caelo</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Concetti</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Antiterra" title="Antiterra">Antiterra</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ciclo_metonico" title="Ciclo metonico">Ciclo metonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ciclo_callippico" title="Ciclo callippico">Ciclo callippico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Epiciclo_e_deferente" title="Epiciclo e deferente">Epiciclo e deferente</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Equante" title="Equante">Equante</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Meridiano" title="Meridiano">Meridiano</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Parallelo_(geografia)" title="Parallelo (geografia)">Parallelo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Octaeteride" title="Octaeteride">Octaeteride</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sfere_celesti" title="Sfere celesti">Sfere celesti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Primo_mobile" title="Primo mobile">Primo mobile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Firmamento" title="Firmamento">Firmamento</a><b> ·</b> <a 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egizia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Influenze successive</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Scienza_medievale#Astrologia" title="Scienza medievale">Astronomia medievale europea</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Astronomia_indiana" title="Astronomia indiana">Astronomia indiana</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Astronomia_islamica" title="Astronomia islamica">Astronomia islamica</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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