CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html data-n-head-ssr lang="en-GB" data-n-head="%7B%22lang%22:%7B%22ssr%22:%22en-GB%22%7D%7D"> <head > <title>Albert Gallatin: A Swiss Founding Father – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog</title><meta data-n-head="ssr" charset="utf-8"><meta data-n-head="ssr" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:author" name="og:author" content=""><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="charset" charset="utf-8"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="mobile-web-app-capable" name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="apple-mobile-web-app-title" name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="Albert Gallatin (1761-1849) is often referred to as “America’s Swiss Founding Father” by historians due to his significant contributions to American government, finance, diplomacy, and cultural life." data-hid="description" name="description"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1" data-hid="robots" name="robots"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="de_DE" data-hid="og:locale" property="og:locale"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="article" data-hid="og:type" property="og:type"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="Albert Gallatin: A Swiss Founding Father" data-hid="og:title" property="og:title"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="Albert Gallatin (1761-1849) is often referred to as “America’s Swiss Founding Father” by historians due to his significant contributions to American government, finance, diplomacy, and cultural life." data-hid="og:description" property="og:description"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/en/2021/01/albert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father/" data-hid="og:url" property="og:url"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog" data-hid="og:site_name" property="og:site_name"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="http://www.facebook.com/LandesmuseumZurich" data-hid="article:publisher" property="article:publisher"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="2021-01-29T07:00:00+00:00" data-hid="article:published_time" property="article:published_time"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="2021-12-06T10:35:32+00:00" data-hid="article:modified_time" property="article:modified_time"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/albert-gallatin1803.jpg" data-hid="og:image" property="og:image"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="1600" data-hid="og:image:width" property="og:image:width"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="1200" data-hid="og:image:height" property="og:image:height"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="image/jpeg" data-hid="og:image:type" property="og:image:type"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="James Blake Wiener" data-hid="author" name="author"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="summary_large_image" data-hid="twitter:card" name="twitter:card"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="Albert Gallatin: A Swiss Founding Father" data-hid="twitter:title" name="twitter:title"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="Albert Gallatin (1761-1849) is often referred to as “America’s Swiss Founding Father” by historians due to his significant contributions to American government, finance, diplomacy, and cultural life." data-hid="twitter:description" name="twitter:description"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/albert-gallatin1803.jpg" data-hid="twitter:image" name="twitter:image"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="@LMZurich" data-hid="twitter:creator" name="twitter:creator"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="@LMZurich" data-hid="twitter:site" name="twitter:site"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="Verfasst von" data-hid="twitter:label1" name="twitter:label1"><meta data-n-head="ssr" content="James Blake Wiener" data-hid="twitter:data1" name="twitter:data1"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="i18n-og" property="og:locale" content="en_GB"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="i18n-og-alt-de-DE" property="og:locale:alternate" content="de_DE"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="i18n-og-alt-fr-FR" property="og:locale:alternate" content="fr_FR"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/favicon.ico"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="stylesheet" href="https://fast.fonts.net/t/1.css?apiType=css&projectid=01b94879-b47a-4e55-acb5-40b9b239e2c9" media="none" onload="this.media='all'" async><link data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="shortcut-icon" rel="shortcut icon" href="/_nuxt/icons/icon_64x64.714081.png"><link data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="apple-touch-icon" rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/_nuxt/icons/icon_512x512.714081.png" sizes="512x512"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="manifest" href="/_nuxt/manifest.90c1fedc.json" data-hid="manifest"><link data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="i18n-alt-de" rel="alternate" href="/2021/01/albert-gallatin-ein-schweizer-gruendervater-der-usa/" hreflang="de"><link data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="i18n-alt-de-DE" rel="alternate" href="/2021/01/albert-gallatin-ein-schweizer-gruendervater-der-usa/" hreflang="de-DE"><link data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="i18n-alt-fr" rel="alternate" href="/fr/2021/01/albert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father/" hreflang="fr"><link data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="i18n-alt-fr-FR" rel="alternate" href="/fr/2021/01/albert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father/" hreflang="fr-FR"><link data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="i18n-alt-en" rel="alternate" href="/en/2021/01/albert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father/" hreflang="en"><link data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="i18n-alt-en-GB" rel="alternate" href="/en/2021/01/albert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father/" hreflang="en-GB"><link data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="i18n-xd" rel="alternate" href="/2021/01/albert-gallatin-ein-schweizer-gruendervater-der-usa/" hreflang="x-default"><link data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="i18n-can" rel="canonical" href="/en/2021/01/albert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father/"><script data-n-head="ssr" src="/matomo.js"></script><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/3fbaa83.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/b94f6da.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/1cd886d.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/a3fb2e5.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/7825846.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/6b9286a.js" as="script"><style data-vue-ssr-id="75ae2553:0 315d956e:0 57358514:0 86dcaac8:0 4226a17a:0 59110108:0 be1274b4:0 7e189e9a:0 ac5f55d6:0 977eb7f6:0 7b85593e:0 5810165a:0 176a23c6:0 7729ad16:0 751ec58a:0 fc68a534:0 50dc6882:0 b73ba202:0 7b8d9a92:0 2707f0fb:0 f178b784:0 25217239:0 5b8ae0a2:0 7bd729d6:0 52e39f1c:0 2f02110b:0 103c3dc5:0">@font-face{src:url(/fonts/AmericanTypewriterCondensed-300.woff2) format("woff2");text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;font-family:"American Typewriter";font-weight:300;font-display:swap}@font-face{src:url(/fonts/Lato-400.woff2) format("woff2");text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;font-family:"Lato";font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{src:url(/fonts/Lato-400i.woff2) format("woff2");text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;font-family:"Lato";font-weight:400;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}@font-face{src:url(/fonts/Lato-700.woff2) format("woff2");text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;font-family:"Lato";font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap}@font-face{src:url(/fonts/Lato-700i.woff2) format("woff2");text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;font-family:"Lato";font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-display:swap}*{margin:0;padding:0}:after,:before{margin:0;padding:0}:not(input):not(textarea){-webkit-touch-callout:none;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0)}:not(svg):not(g):not(path){box-sizing:border-box;transform-origin:50% 50%;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.76,0,.24,1);background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;text-size-adjust:none}:focus{outline:2px dashed #d44625;outline:2px dashed var(--color-primary)}:focus:not(.focus-visible){outline:none}:focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:none}.focus-visible,:focus-visible{outline:2px dashed #d44625!important;outline:2px dashed var(--color-primary)!important}#app.focus-visible,#app:focus{outline:0!important}#app:focus,#app:focus-visible{outline:0!important}::-moz-selection{background-color:#d44625;background-color:var(--color-primary);color:#fff}::selection{background-color:#d44625;background-color:var(--color-primary);color:#fff}:root{--color-primary-hue:11;--color-primary-saturation:70%;--color-primary-lightness:49%;--color-primary:hsl(var(--color-primary-hue),var(--color-primary-saturation),var(--color-primary-lightness));--color-primary-hover:#eed4c9;--color-secondary-hue:42;--color-secondary-saturation:28%;--color-secondary-lightness:93%;--color-secondary:hsl(var(--color-secondary-hue),var(--color-secondary-saturation),var(--color-secondary-lightness));--color-paper-white:#fafafa;--color-light-grey:#f2f2f2;--color-medium-grey:#d9d9d9;--color-grey:#b5b5b5;--color-dark-grey:#595959;--color-light-black:#333;--color-success:#00b37d;--color-error:#df114f;--serif:"American Typewriter",serif;--sans-serif:"Lato",sans-serif;--root-font-size:14;--heading-xl-font-size:calc(81rem/var(--root-font-size));--heading-l-font-size:calc(54rem/var(--root-font-size));--heading-m-font-size:calc(36rem/var(--root-font-size));--heading-s-font-size:calc(22rem/var(--root-font-size));--heading-xs-font-size:calc(16rem/var(--root-font-size));--lead-font-size:calc(24rem/var(--root-font-size));--body-l-font-size:1rem;--body-s-font-size:calc(14rem/var(--root-font-size));--body-xs-font-size:calc(12rem/var(--root-font-size));--heading-xl-line-height:calc(var(--heading-xl-font-size)*1.11);--heading-l-line-height:calc(var(--heading-l-font-size)*1.11);--heading-m-line-height:calc(var(--heading-m-font-size)*1.11);--heading-s-line-height:calc(var(--heading-s-font-size)*1.27);--heading-xs-line-height:calc(var(--heading-xs-font-size)*1.25);--lead-line-height:calc(var(--lead-font-size)*1.4167);--body-l-line-height:calc(var(--body-l-font-size)*1.56);--body-s-line-height:calc(var(--body-s-font-size)*1.57);--body-xs-line-height:150%;--spacing-xs:calc(8rem/var(--root-font-size));--spacing-s:calc(12rem/var(--root-font-size));--spacing-m:calc(16rem/var(--root-font-size));--spacing-l:calc(24rem/var(--root-font-size));--spacing-xl:calc(48rem/var(--root-font-size));--spacing-xxl:calc(96rem/var(--root-font-size));--icon-size-l:calc(32rem/var(--root-font-size));--icon-size-m:calc(24rem/var(--root-font-size));--icon-size-s:calc(16rem/var(--root-font-size));--action-bar-width:calc(60rem/var(--root-font-size));--scrollbar-width:0px;--page-width:calc(100vw - var(--scrollbar-width));--content-width:calc(100vw - var(--scrollbar-width) - var(--action-bar-width));--grid-columns:12;--max-width-columns:8;--grid-column-width:calc(var(--page-width)/var(--grid-columns));--max-width:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*var(--max-width-columns));--grid-gutter:calc(36rem/var(--root-font-size));--admin-bar-height:3rem;--banner-height:2.8rem;--banner-height-mobile:60px;--transition-duration:200ms;font-size:20px;font-size:min(max(14px,1.2552vw),20px);font-size:clamp(14px,1.2552vw,20px);transition:font-size .3s ease-out 60ms;background-color:#fafafa;background-color:var(--color-paper-white);line-height:1.56rem;line-height:var(--body-l-line-height);color:#595959;color:var(--color-dark-grey);font-family:"Lato",sans-serif;font-family:var(--sans-serif);font-weight:400}@media(max-width:399px){:root{--max-width-columns:10}}@media(min-width:401px){:root{--max-width-columns:10}}@media(min-width:801px){:root{--root-font-size:16;--action-bar-width:calc(76rem/var(--root-font-size));--grid-columns:12;--max-width-columns:8}}@media(min-width:1101px){:root{--root-font-size:18;--action-bar-width:calc(88rem/var(--root-font-size))}}@media(min-width:1501px){:root{--max-width-columns:8}}@media(min-width:2201px){:root{--root-font-size:20;--max-width-columns:8}}@media(min-width:2601px){:root{--root-font-size:22}}:root,body{display:grid;max-width:100%;min-height:100%}#__nuxt,.app{display:grid;min-height:100%}body{background-color:#fff;overflow-anchor:none;overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto;scroll-behavior:smooth}.app{grid-template-areas:"content" "footer";grid-template-columns:1fr;grid-auto-rows:auto;justify-items:stretch}@media(min-width:801px){.app{grid-template-areas:"action-bar content" "action-bar footer";grid-template-rows:1fr -webkit-min-content;grid-template-rows:1fr min-content;grid-template-columns:4.28571rem 1fr;grid-template-columns:var(--action-bar-width) 1fr}}@media(min-width:801px){.app.admin-bar-visible,.app.admin-bar-visible .action-bar{margin-top:3rem;margin-top:var(--admin-bar-height)}}.app>article,.app>main{grid-area:content;transition:opacity .2s;transition:opacity var(--transition-duration);will-change:opacity}h1,h2,h3{word-break:break-word;font-family:"American Typewriter",serif;font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:300}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5{color:#333;color:var(--color-light-black)}h4,h5{font-family:"Lato",sans-serif;font-family:var(--sans-serif);font-weight:700}.h1,h1{line-height:6.42214rem;line-height:var(--heading-xl-line-height);font-size:5.78571rem;font-size:var(--heading-xl-font-size)}.h2,h2{line-height:4.28143rem;line-height:var(--heading-l-line-height);font-size:3.85714rem;font-size:var(--heading-l-font-size)}.h3,h3{line-height:2.85429rem;line-height:var(--heading-m-line-height);font-size:2.57143rem;font-size:var(--heading-m-font-size)}.h4,h4{line-height:1.99571rem;line-height:var(--heading-s-line-height);font-size:1.57143rem;font-size:var(--heading-s-font-size)}.h5,h5{line-height:1.42857rem;line-height:var(--heading-xs-line-height);font-size:1.14286rem;font-size:var(--heading-xs-font-size)}img{background-color:#f2f2f2;background-color:var(--color-light-grey)}img[alt]{font-style:italic}.more{border:0;background:none;font-size:inherit}.more,a,button{text-decoration:none;color:#595959;color:var(--color-dark-grey)}.classic>p>.more,.classic>p>a,.classic>p>button,.footer .more,.footer a,.footer button,.marker-text .more,.marker-text a,.marker-text button,.more.decoration,.snm-infobox .more,.snm-infobox a,.snm-infobox button,.snm-text .more,.snm-text a,.snm-text button,a.decoration,button.decoration{--link-underline-padding:2px;--link-underline-size:2px;--link-underline-padding-negative:calc(var(--link-underline-padding)*-1);--link-underline-padding-double:calc(var(--link-underline-padding)*2);display:inline;transition:.2s;transition:var(--transition-duration);margin:var(--link-underline-padding-negative);background-image:linear-gradient(#d44625,#d44625),linear-gradient(#f2efe8,#f2efe8);background-image:linear-gradient(var(--color-primary),var(--color-primary)),linear-gradient(var(--color-secondary),var(--color-secondary));background-position:var(--link-underline-padding) 100%,var(--link-underline-padding) 100%;background-repeat:no-repeat,no-repeat;background-size:calc(100% - var(--link-underline-padding-double)) var(--link-underline-size),calc(100% - var(--link-underline-padding-double)) 0;padding:var(--link-underline-padding)}.classic>p>.more:focus,.classic>p>.more:hover,.classic>p>a:focus,.classic>p>a:hover,.classic>p>button:focus,.classic>p>button:hover,.footer .more:focus,.footer .more:hover,.footer a:focus,.footer a:hover,.footer button:focus,.footer button:hover,.marker-text .more:focus,.marker-text .more:hover,.marker-text a:focus,.marker-text a:hover,.marker-text button:focus,.marker-text button:hover,.more.decoration:focus,.more.decoration:hover,.snm-infobox .more:focus,.snm-infobox .more:hover,.snm-infobox a:focus,.snm-infobox a:hover,.snm-infobox button:focus,.snm-infobox button:hover,.snm-text .more:focus,.snm-text .more:hover,.snm-text a:focus,.snm-text a:hover,.snm-text button:focus,.snm-text button:hover,a.decoration:focus,a.decoration:hover,button.decoration:focus,button.decoration:hover{background-position:0 100%,0 0;background-size:100% var(--link-underline-padding),100% 100%}button,input,select,textarea{-webkit-user-select:all;-moz-user-select:all;user-select:all;font-family:"Lato",sans-serif;font-family:var(--sans-serif)}button{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;border:0;background:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;user-select:none}img{max-width:100%;height:auto}em{font-style:italic}iframe{border:0}svg{margin:auto;width:1.71429rem;width:var(--icon-size-m);height:1.71429rem;height:var(--icon-size-m)}.visually-hidden,[aria-live]{position:absolute;left:-10000px;top:auto;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden}[style*="--aspect-ratio"]>:first-child{width:100%!important}[style*="--aspect-ratio"]>img{height:auto}@supports(--custom:property){[style*="--aspect-ratio"]{position:relative}[style*="--aspect-ratio"]:before{display:block;padding-bottom:calc(100%/var(--aspect-ratio));content:""}[style*="--aspect-ratio"]>:first-child{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:100%}}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="50"],body[data-aos-duration="50"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:50ms}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="50"],body[data-aos-delay="50"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="50"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="50"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:50ms}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="100"],body[data-aos-duration="100"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.1s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="100"],body[data-aos-delay="100"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="100"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="100"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.1s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="150"],body[data-aos-duration="150"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.15s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="150"],body[data-aos-delay="150"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="150"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="150"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.15s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="200"],body[data-aos-duration="200"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.2s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="200"],body[data-aos-delay="200"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="200"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="200"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.2s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="250"],body[data-aos-duration="250"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.25s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="250"],body[data-aos-delay="250"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="250"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="250"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.25s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="300"],body[data-aos-duration="300"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.3s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="300"],body[data-aos-delay="300"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="300"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="300"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.3s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="350"],body[data-aos-duration="350"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.35s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="350"],body[data-aos-delay="350"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="350"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="350"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.35s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="400"],body[data-aos-duration="400"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.4s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="400"],body[data-aos-delay="400"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="400"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="400"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.4s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="450"],body[data-aos-duration="450"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.45s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="450"],body[data-aos-delay="450"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="450"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="450"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.45s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="500"],body[data-aos-duration="500"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.5s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="500"],body[data-aos-delay="500"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="500"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="500"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.5s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="550"],body[data-aos-duration="550"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.55s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="550"],body[data-aos-delay="550"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="550"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="550"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.55s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="600"],body[data-aos-duration="600"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.6s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="600"],body[data-aos-delay="600"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="600"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="600"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.6s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="650"],body[data-aos-duration="650"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.65s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="650"],body[data-aos-delay="650"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="650"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="650"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.65s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="700"],body[data-aos-duration="700"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.7s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="700"],body[data-aos-delay="700"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="700"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="700"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.7s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="750"],body[data-aos-duration="750"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.75s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="750"],body[data-aos-delay="750"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="750"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="750"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.75s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="800"],body[data-aos-duration="800"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.8s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="800"],body[data-aos-delay="800"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="800"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="800"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.8s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="850"],body[data-aos-duration="850"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.85s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="850"],body[data-aos-delay="850"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="850"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="850"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.85s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="900"],body[data-aos-duration="900"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.9s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="900"],body[data-aos-delay="900"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="900"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="900"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.9s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="950"],body[data-aos-duration="950"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:.95s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="950"],body[data-aos-delay="950"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="950"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="950"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:.95s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1000"],body[data-aos-duration="1000"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1000"],body[data-aos-delay="1000"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1000"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1000"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1050"],body[data-aos-duration="1050"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.05s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1050"],body[data-aos-delay="1050"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1050"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1050"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.05s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1100"],body[data-aos-duration="1100"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.1s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1100"],body[data-aos-delay="1100"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1100"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1100"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.1s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1150"],body[data-aos-duration="1150"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.15s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1150"],body[data-aos-delay="1150"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1150"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1150"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.15s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1200"],body[data-aos-duration="1200"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.2s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1200"],body[data-aos-delay="1200"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1200"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1200"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.2s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1250"],body[data-aos-duration="1250"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.25s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1250"],body[data-aos-delay="1250"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1250"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1250"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.25s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1300"],body[data-aos-duration="1300"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.3s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1300"],body[data-aos-delay="1300"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1300"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1300"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.3s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1350"],body[data-aos-duration="1350"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.35s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1350"],body[data-aos-delay="1350"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1350"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1350"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.35s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1400"],body[data-aos-duration="1400"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.4s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1400"],body[data-aos-delay="1400"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1400"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1400"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.4s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1450"],body[data-aos-duration="1450"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.45s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1450"],body[data-aos-delay="1450"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1450"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1450"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.45s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1500"],body[data-aos-duration="1500"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.5s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1500"],body[data-aos-delay="1500"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1500"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1500"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.5s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1550"],body[data-aos-duration="1550"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.55s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1550"],body[data-aos-delay="1550"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1550"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1550"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.55s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1600"],body[data-aos-duration="1600"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.6s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1600"],body[data-aos-delay="1600"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1600"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1600"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.6s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1650"],body[data-aos-duration="1650"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.65s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1650"],body[data-aos-delay="1650"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1650"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1650"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.65s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1700"],body[data-aos-duration="1700"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.7s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1700"],body[data-aos-delay="1700"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1700"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1700"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.7s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1750"],body[data-aos-duration="1750"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.75s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1750"],body[data-aos-delay="1750"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1750"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1750"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.75s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1800"],body[data-aos-duration="1800"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.8s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1800"],body[data-aos-delay="1800"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1800"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1800"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.8s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1850"],body[data-aos-duration="1850"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.85s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1850"],body[data-aos-delay="1850"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1850"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1850"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.85s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1900"],body[data-aos-duration="1900"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.9s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1900"],body[data-aos-delay="1900"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1900"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1900"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.9s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="1950"],body[data-aos-duration="1950"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:1.95s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1950"],body[data-aos-delay="1950"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="1950"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="1950"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:1.95s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2000"],body[data-aos-duration="2000"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2000"],body[data-aos-delay="2000"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2000"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2000"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2050"],body[data-aos-duration="2050"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.05s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2050"],body[data-aos-delay="2050"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2050"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2050"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.05s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2100"],body[data-aos-duration="2100"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.1s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2100"],body[data-aos-delay="2100"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2100"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2100"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.1s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2150"],body[data-aos-duration="2150"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.15s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2150"],body[data-aos-delay="2150"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2150"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2150"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.15s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2200"],body[data-aos-duration="2200"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.2s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2200"],body[data-aos-delay="2200"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2200"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2200"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.2s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2250"],body[data-aos-duration="2250"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.25s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2250"],body[data-aos-delay="2250"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2250"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2250"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.25s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2300"],body[data-aos-duration="2300"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.3s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2300"],body[data-aos-delay="2300"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2300"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2300"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.3s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2350"],body[data-aos-duration="2350"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.35s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2350"],body[data-aos-delay="2350"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2350"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2350"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.35s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2400"],body[data-aos-duration="2400"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.4s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2400"],body[data-aos-delay="2400"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2400"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2400"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.4s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2450"],body[data-aos-duration="2450"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.45s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2450"],body[data-aos-delay="2450"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2450"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2450"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.45s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2500"],body[data-aos-duration="2500"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.5s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2500"],body[data-aos-delay="2500"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2500"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2500"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.5s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2550"],body[data-aos-duration="2550"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.55s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2550"],body[data-aos-delay="2550"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2550"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2550"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.55s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2600"],body[data-aos-duration="2600"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.6s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2600"],body[data-aos-delay="2600"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2600"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2600"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.6s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2650"],body[data-aos-duration="2650"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.65s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2650"],body[data-aos-delay="2650"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2650"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2650"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.65s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2700"],body[data-aos-duration="2700"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.7s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2700"],body[data-aos-delay="2700"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2700"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2700"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.7s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2750"],body[data-aos-duration="2750"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.75s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2750"],body[data-aos-delay="2750"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2750"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2750"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.75s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2800"],body[data-aos-duration="2800"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.8s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2800"],body[data-aos-delay="2800"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2800"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2800"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.8s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2850"],body[data-aos-duration="2850"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.85s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2850"],body[data-aos-delay="2850"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2850"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2850"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.85s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2900"],body[data-aos-duration="2900"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.9s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2900"],body[data-aos-delay="2900"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2900"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2900"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.9s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="2950"],body[data-aos-duration="2950"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:2.95s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2950"],body[data-aos-delay="2950"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="2950"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="2950"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:2.95s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-duration="3000"],body[data-aos-duration="3000"] [data-aos]{transition-duration:3s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="3000"],body[data-aos-delay="3000"] [data-aos]{transition-delay:0s}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-delay="3000"].aos-animate,body[data-aos-delay="3000"] [data-aos].aos-animate{transition-delay:3s}[data-aos]{pointer-events:none}[data-aos].aos-animate{pointer-events:auto}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=linear],body[data-aos-easing=linear] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.25,.25,.75,.75)}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease],body[data-aos-easing=ease] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:ease}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-in],body[data-aos-easing=ease-in] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:ease-in}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-out],body[data-aos-easing=ease-out] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:ease-out}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-in-out],body[data-aos-easing=ease-in-out] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:ease-in-out}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-in-back],body[data-aos-easing=ease-in-back] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.6,-.28,.735,.045)}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-out-back],body[data-aos-easing=ease-out-back] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.175,.885,.32,1.275)}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-in-out-back],body[data-aos-easing=ease-in-out-back] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.68,-.55,.265,1.55)}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-in-sine],body[data-aos-easing=ease-in-sine] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.47,0,.745,.715)}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-out-sine],body[data-aos-easing=ease-out-sine] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.39,.575,.565,1)}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-in-out-sine],body[data-aos-easing=ease-in-out-sine] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.445,.05,.55,.95)}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-in-quad],body[data-aos-easing=ease-in-quad] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.55,.085,.68,.53)}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-out-quad],body[data-aos-easing=ease-out-quad] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.25,.46,.45,.94)}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-in-out-quad],body[data-aos-easing=ease-in-out-quad] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.455,.03,.515,.955)}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-in-cubic],body[data-aos-easing=ease-in-cubic] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.55,.085,.68,.53)}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-out-cubic],body[data-aos-easing=ease-out-cubic] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.25,.46,.45,.94)}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-in-out-cubic],body[data-aos-easing=ease-in-out-cubic] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.455,.03,.515,.955)}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-in-quart],body[data-aos-easing=ease-in-quart] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.55,.085,.68,.53)}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-out-quart],body[data-aos-easing=ease-out-quart] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.25,.46,.45,.94)}[data-aos][data-aos][data-aos-easing=ease-in-out-quart],body[data-aos-easing=ease-in-out-quart] [data-aos]{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.455,.03,.515,.955)}@media screen{html:not(.no-js) [data-aos^=fade][data-aos^=fade]{opacity:0;transition-property:opacity,transform}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos^=fade][data-aos^=fade].aos-animate{opacity:1;transform:none}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=fade-up]{transform:translate3d(0,1rem,0)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=fade-down]{transform:translate3d(0,-1rem,0)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=fade-right]{transform:translate3d(-1rem,0,0)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=fade-left]{transform:translate3d(1rem,0,0)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=fade-up-right]{transform:translate3d(-1rem,1rem,0)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=fade-up-left]{transform:translate3d(1rem,1rem,0)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=fade-down-right]{transform:translate3d(-1rem,-1rem,0)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=fade-down-left]{transform:translate3d(1rem,-1rem,0)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos^=zoom][data-aos^=zoom]{opacity:0;transition-property:opacity,transform}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos^=zoom][data-aos^=zoom].aos-animate{opacity:1;transform:translateZ(0) scale(1)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=zoom-in]{transform:scale(.6)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=zoom-in-up]{transform:translate3d(0,1rem,0) scale(.6)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=zoom-in-down]{transform:translate3d(0,-1rem,0) scale(.6)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=zoom-in-right]{transform:translate3d(-1rem,0,0) scale(.6)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=zoom-in-left]{transform:translate3d(1rem,0,0) scale(.6)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=zoom-out]{transform:scale(1.2)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=zoom-out-up]{transform:translate3d(0,1rem,0) scale(1.2)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=zoom-out-down]{transform:translate3d(0,-1rem,0) scale(1.2)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=zoom-out-right]{transform:translate3d(-1rem,0,0) scale(1.2)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=zoom-out-left]{transform:translate3d(1rem,0,0) scale(1.2)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos^=slide][data-aos^=slide]{transition-property:transform;visibility:hidden}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos^=slide][data-aos^=slide].aos-animate{visibility:visible;transform:translateZ(0)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=slide-up]{transform:translate3d(0,100%,0)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=slide-down]{transform:translate3d(0,-100%,0)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=slide-right]{transform:translate3d(-100%,0,0)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=slide-left]{transform:translate3d(100%,0,0)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos^=flip][data-aos^=flip]{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden;transition-property:transform}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=flip-left]{transform:perspective(2500px) rotateY(-100deg)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=flip-left].aos-animate{transform:perspective(2500px) rotateY(0)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=flip-right]{transform:perspective(2500px) rotateY(100deg)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=flip-right].aos-animate{transform:perspective(2500px) rotateY(0)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=flip-up]{transform:perspective(2500px) rotateX(-100deg)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=flip-up].aos-animate{transform:perspective(2500px) rotateX(0)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=flip-down]{transform:perspective(2500px) rotateX(100deg)}html:not(.no-js) [data-aos=flip-down].aos-animate{transform:perspective(2500px) rotateX(0)}}[data-aos=woosh]{transform:scale(.975) translateY(-1rem) skew(-.6deg,-.2deg);transform-origin:30% 0;transition-property:transform,opacity;opacity:0;will-change:transform,opacity}[data-aos=woosh].aos-animate{position:relative;transform:none;opacity:1;z-index:1}[data-aos=woosh].aos-animate+:not(.aos-animate){z-index:-1}@-webkit-keyframes spin{to{transform:rotate(1turn)}}@keyframes spin{to{transform:rotate(1turn)}}@-webkit-keyframes woosh{0%{transform:scale(.975) translateY(-1rem) skew(-.6deg,-.2deg);opacity:0}to{transform:none;opacity:1}}@keyframes woosh{0%{transform:scale(.975) translateY(-1rem) skew(-.6deg,-.2deg);opacity:0}to{transform:none;opacity:1}}.fade-enter-active,.fade-leave-active{transition:opacity .6s;transition:opacity calc(var(--transition-duration)*3)}.fade-enter,.fade-leave-to{opacity:0}.woosh-enter-active,.woosh-leave-active{transition:opacity cubic-bezier(.76,0,.24,1),transform cubic-bezier(.76,0,.24,1)}.woosh-enter,.woosh-leave-to{transform:scale(.975) translateY(-1rem) skew(-.6deg,-.2deg);opacity:0}.fade-right-enter-active,.fade-right-leave-active{transition:opacity .4s .2s,transform .8s;transition:opacity calc(var(--transition-duration)*2) var(--transition-duration),transform calc(var(--transition-duration)*4)}.fade-right-enter,.fade-right-leave-to{transform:translateX(-1%);opacity:0}.fade-down-enter-active,.fade-down-leave-active{transition:opacity .4s .2s,transform .8s;transition:opacity calc(var(--transition-duration)*2) var(--transition-duration),transform calc(var(--transition-duration)*4)}.fade-down-enter,.fade-down-leave-to{transform:translateY(1rem);opacity:0}.ol-scale-line{display:none!important} .nuxt-progress{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:2px;width:0;opacity:1;transition:width .1s,opacity .4s;background-color:#ca5807;z-index:999999}.nuxt-progress.nuxt-progress-notransition{transition:none}.nuxt-progress-failed{background-color:red} .skiplink[data-v-00263075]{position:absolute;margin:var(--spacing-m);padding:var(--spacing-xs) var(--spacing-s);background:var(--color-paper-white);color:var(--color-primary);opacity:0;transition:opacity .3s ease;font-size:var(--body-l-font-size);cursor:pointer}.skiplink[data-v-00263075]:focus{opacity:1;z-index:1000}.hidden article[data-v-00263075],.hidden main[data-v-00263075]{opacity:0}.hidden .icon-loading-indicator[data-v-00263075]{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;margin:auto;-webkit-animation:spin 1s linear infinite;animation:spin 1s linear infinite} .action-bar[data-v-082d4ac8]{box-sizing:content-box;display:flex;position:fixed;top:0;flex-flow:column;grid-area:action-bar;grid-row:1/-1;z-index:3;margin-top:-1px;margin-bottom:-1px;margin-left:-1px;border:1px solid var(--color-secondary);background-color:#fff;width:var(--action-bar-width);overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:auto}@media(min-width:801px){.action-bar[data-v-082d4ac8]{bottom:0}}@media(max-width:799px){.action-bar.headroom[data-v-082d4ac8]{transition:transform var(--transition-duration) ease-out;will-change:transform}.action-bar.headroom--pinned[data-v-082d4ac8]{transform:translateX(0)}.action-bar.headroom--unpinned[data-v-082d4ac8]{transform:translateX(-100%)}}.action-bar [disabled][data-v-082d4ac8]{pointer-events:none}.action-bar [disabled]:focus svg path[data-v-082d4ac8],.action-bar [disabled]:hover svg path[data-v-082d4ac8]{fill:#fff}.action-bar [disabled] svg path[data-v-082d4ac8]{fill:var(--color-light-grey)}.action-bar.unpinned[data-v-082d4ac8]{transform:none}.action-bar>.languages[data-v-082d4ac8] a,.action-bar[data-v-082d4ac8]> .sharing-is-caring a,.action-bar[data-v-082d4ac8]> .sharing-is-caring button,.action-bar>a[data-v-082d4ac8],.action-bar>button[data-v-082d4ac8]{display:grid;align-self:start;transition:var(--transition-duration);z-index:1;border:0;border-radius:0;background-color:transparent;cursor:pointer;width:var(--action-bar-width);height:var(--action-bar-width);align-items:center;justify-items:center;place-items:center;outline-offset:-2px}@media(min-width:801px){.action-bar>.languages[data-v-082d4ac8] a:hover,.action-bar[data-v-082d4ac8]> .sharing-is-caring a:hover,.action-bar[data-v-082d4ac8]> .sharing-is-caring button:hover,.action-bar>a[data-v-082d4ac8]:hover,.action-bar>button[data-v-082d4ac8]:hover{background-color:var(--color-secondary)}.action-bar>.languages[data-v-082d4ac8] a:active,.action-bar[data-v-082d4ac8]> .sharing-is-caring a:active,.action-bar[data-v-082d4ac8]> .sharing-is-caring button:active,.action-bar>a[data-v-082d4ac8]:active,.action-bar>button[data-v-082d4ac8]:active{background-color:var(--color-primary-hover)}}.action-bar>.languages[data-v-082d4ac8] a:focus,.action-bar>.languages[data-v-082d4ac8] a:hover,.action-bar[data-v-082d4ac8]> .sharing-is-caring a:focus,.action-bar[data-v-082d4ac8]> .sharing-is-caring a:hover,.action-bar[data-v-082d4ac8]> .sharing-is-caring button:focus,.action-bar[data-v-082d4ac8]> .sharing-is-caring button:hover,.action-bar>a[data-v-082d4ac8]:focus,.action-bar>a[data-v-082d4ac8]:hover,.action-bar>button[data-v-082d4ac8]:focus,.action-bar>button[data-v-082d4ac8]:hover{transition-delay:0ms!important}.action-bar>.languages[data-v-082d4ac8] a:not(:last-child),.action-bar[data-v-082d4ac8]> .sharing-is-caring a:not(:last-child),.action-bar[data-v-082d4ac8]> .sharing-is-caring button:not(:last-child),.action-bar>a[data-v-082d4ac8]:not(:last-child),.action-bar>button[data-v-082d4ac8]:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-secondary)}.action-bar>.languages[data-v-082d4ac8] a:active,.action-bar[data-v-082d4ac8]> .sharing-is-caring a:active,.action-bar[data-v-082d4ac8]> .sharing-is-caring button:active,.action-bar>a[data-v-082d4ac8]:active,.action-bar>button[data-v-082d4ac8]:active{background-color:var(--color-primary-hover)} .icon-menu-search[data-v-186fe156]{width:var(--icon-size-l);height:var(--icon-size-l)} .icon-menu-search[data-v-4ca1eb08]{width:var(--icon-size-l);height:var(--icon-size-l)} .languages[data-v-083a86ac]{display:grid;flex:1 1 auto;align-content:start}.languages .language[data-v-083a86ac]{display:grid;align-items:center;justify-items:center;place-items:center}.languages .language[data-v-083a86ac]:last-child{border-bottom:0}@media(min-width:801px){.languages .language[data-v-083a86ac]:last-child{border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-secondary)}}.languages .language span[data-v-083a86ac]{display:block;transition:var(--transition-duration);text-transform:uppercase;font-size:var(--body-s-font-size)}.languages .language:active span[data-v-083a86ac]{transform:scale(.93)}.languages a[data-v-083a86ac]{color:#000}.languages .active[data-v-083a86ac]{color:var(--color-primary);pointer-events:none} .banner[data-v-24996fd6]{background-color:var(--color-secondary);height:0;will-change:height;transition:height .5s ease,visibility 0s ease .5s;visibility:hidden;display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-direction:column}.banner.is-visible[data-v-24996fd6]{height:var(--banner-height);visibility:visible}.inner[data-v-24996fd6]{width:var(--max-width);margin:0 auto;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between}.content[data-v-24996fd6]{display:flex;margin-top:-3px;flex-grow:1;font-weight:700;font-size:var(--body-l-font-size);color:#000}.content strong[data-v-24996fd6]{white-space:nowrap;margin-right:var(--spacing-xs);color:var(--color-primary)}.content p[data-v-24996fd6]{transition:color .3s ease;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;max-width:var(--max-width);padding-right:calc(1.2rem + var(--spacing-s))}.content p[data-v-24996fd6]:hover{color:var(--color-primary)}.content .arrow-right[data-v-24996fd6]{flex-shrink:0;transform:translateY(4px);margin-left:var(--spacing-xs);height:1.2rem}.button[data-v-24996fd6]{display:inline-flex;flex-shrink:0;align-self:center;cursor:pointer;transform:translateX(-100%)}.post-link[data-v-24996fd6]{display:flex}@media(max-width:1100px){.inner[data-v-24996fd6]{width:auto;margin:0;padding:0 var(--spacing-m)}.button[data-v-24996fd6]{transform:none!important}}@media(max-width:800px){.banner[data-v-24996fd6]{padding-left:var(--action-bar-width)}.banner.is-visible[data-v-24996fd6]{height:var(--banner-height-mobile)}.content[data-v-24996fd6]{font-size:var(--heading-xs-font-size)}.content p[data-v-24996fd6]{max-width:calc(100vw - var(--icon-size-m) - var(--action-bar-width) - var(--spacing-m)*2 - var(--spacing-xs));line-height:1.1;padding-right:0;margin-right:var(--spacing-xs)}.content strong[data-v-24996fd6]{display:block;margin-bottom:.1rem;margin-right:0}.content .arrow-right[data-v-24996fd6]{transform:translateY(3px) scale(1.3)}} .blocks{display:grid;align-content:start;overflow-x:hidden}.blocks:last-child{padding-bottom:var(--spacing-xl)}.blocks>*+*{margin-top:var(--spacing-xl)}.blocks>section{justify-self:center;width:var(--max-width)}.blocks>section.snm-audio:not(.has-caption)+.classic>p[style="text-align: center;"]:first-child,.blocks>section.snm-image-slider:not(.has-caption)+.classic>p[style="text-align: center;"]:first-child,.blocks>section.snm-image:not(.has-caption)+.classic>p[style="text-align: center;"]:first-child,.blocks>section.snm-video:not(.has-caption)+.classic>p[style="text-align: center;"]:first-child{margin-top:calc(var(--spacing-xl)*-1);margin-bottom:var(--spacing-xl);width:var(--max-width);line-height:var(--body-xs-line-height);font-size:var(--body-xs-font-size)}@media(min-width:801px){.blocks>section.snm-audio:not(.has-caption)+.classic>p[style="text-align: center;"]:first-child,.blocks>section.snm-image-slider:not(.has-caption)+.classic>p[style="text-align: center;"]:first-child,.blocks>section.snm-image:not(.has-caption)+.classic>p[style="text-align: center;"]:first-child,.blocks>section.snm-video:not(.has-caption)+.classic>p[style="text-align: center;"]:first-child{font-size:var(--heading-xs-font-size)}}.blocks>section.snm-audio:not(.has-caption)+.classic>p[style="text-align: center;"]:first-child+*,.blocks>section.snm-image-slider:not(.has-caption)+.classic>p[style="text-align: center;"]:first-child+*,.blocks>section.snm-image:not(.has-caption)+.classic>p[style="text-align: center;"]:first-child+*,.blocks>section.snm-video:not(.has-caption)+.classic>p[style="text-align: center;"]:first-child+*{margin-top:0}@media(min-width:801px){.blocks>section.snm-image.image-size-small:not(.has-caption)+.classic>p[style="text-align: center;"]:first-child{width:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*4)}}.blocks>section.snm-title-fullbleed+.classic>p:first-child{display:block}.blocks>section.snm-title-fullbleed+.classic>p:first-child:first-letter{float:left;margin-right:var(--spacing-s);line-height:6rem;color:var(--color-primary);font-family:var(--serif);font-size:6.5rem}.blocks>section.classic{display:grid;justify-items:stretch;width:100%}.blocks>section.classic>*{margin:auto;width:var(--max-width)}.blocks>section.classic .post_migrated-header_parallax{margin-bottom:var(--spacing-xs);width:var(--content-width);height:auto;max-height:75vh;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover}.blocks>section.classic .post_migrated-header_parallax+p{margin-bottom:0}.blocks>section.classic h1{margin-top:calc(32rem/var(--root-font-size));margin-bottom:var(--spacing-l)}.blocks>section.classic h2{margin-bottom:var(--spacing-l);line-height:var(--heading-xs-line-height);color:var(--color-dark-grey);font-family:var(--sans-serif);font-size:var(--heading-xs-font-size)}@media(min-width:801px){.blocks>section.classic h2{line-height:var(--lead-line-height);font-size:var(--lead-font-size)}}.blocks>section.classic h3{margin-top:var(--spacing-xl);margin-bottom:var(--spacing-s);line-height:var(--heading-s-line-height);color:var(--color-light-black);font-family:var(--sans-serif);font-size:var(--heading-s-font-size);font-weight:700}.blocks>section.classic p{line-height:var(--body-s-line-height);font-size:var(--body-s-font-size)}@media(min-width:801px){.blocks>section.classic p{line-height:var(--body-l-line-height);font-size:var(--body-l-font-size)}}.blocks>section.classic p+*{margin-top:var(--spacing-l)}@media(min-width:801px){.blocks>section.classic blockquote,.blocks>section.classic h3,.blocks>section.classic p,.blocks>section.classic table,.blocks>section.classic ul{width:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*6)}}.blocks>section.classic ul{transform:translateX(var(--spacing-l));list-style-type:circle}.blocks>section.classic ul:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--spacing-l)}.blocks>section.classic ul li ul{margin-top:0}.blocks>section.classic blockquote,.blocks>section.classic h1,.blocks>section.classic h2,.blocks>section.classic h3,.blocks>section.classic p{text-align:left!important}.blocks>section.classic iframe{max-width:100%}.blocks>section.classic>table{border-collapse:collapse}.blocks>section.classic>table h3{margin:0;width:auto!important;line-height:var(--body-l-line-height);font-size:var(--body-l-font-size)}.blocks>section.classic>table tr{border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-medium-grey);vertical-align:baseline}.blocks>section.classic>table td,.blocks>section.classic>table th{padding:var(--spacing-xs) 0;width:auto!important}.blocks>section.classic>table td:first-child{padding-right:var(--spacing-xs);white-space:nowrap}.blocks section.wide{width:100%;max-width:100%} .snm-title-fullbleed[data-v-84c812a2]{display:grid;justify-items:stretch;position:relative}.snm-title-fullbleed .image-container[data-v-84c812a2]{margin-bottom:var(--spacing-xs);max-height:75vh}.snm-title-fullbleed .image-container .image[data-v-84c812a2],.snm-title-fullbleed .image-container video[data-v-84c812a2]{display:block;width:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;-o-object-position:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;-o-object-position:var(--x,50%) var(--y,50%);object-position:var(--x,50%) var(--y,50%);background-color:var(--color-light-black)}.snm-title-fullbleed .snm-logo[data-v-84c812a2]{top:calc(var(--spacing-l) + var(--spacing-xs));right:calc(var(--spacing-l) + var(--spacing-xs));left:calc(var(--spacing-l) + var(--spacing-xs));margin:auto}.snm-title-fullbleed .caption[data-v-84c812a2]{display:block;line-height:var(--body-xs-line-height);color:#000;font-size:var(--body-xs-font-size)}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-title-fullbleed .caption[data-v-84c812a2]{line-height:var(--heading-xs-line-height);font-size:var(--heading-xs-font-size)}}.snm-title-fullbleed .caption b[data-v-84c812a2]{display:block;font-weight:700}.snm-title-fullbleed .intro[data-v-84c812a2]{display:grid;grid-gap:var(--spacing-l);gap:var(--spacing-l);margin-top:calc(var(--spacing-l) + var(--spacing-xs))}.snm-title-fullbleed .intro .title[data-v-84c812a2]{display:inline-block;line-height:var(--heading-m-line-height);font-size:var(--heading-m-font-size)}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-title-fullbleed .intro .title[data-v-84c812a2]{line-height:var(--heading-xl-line-height);font-size:var(--heading-xl-font-size);-webkit-hyphens:none;hyphens:none}}.snm-title-fullbleed .intro .lead[data-v-84c812a2]{line-height:var(--lead-font-size);font-size:var(--heading-xs-font-size)}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-title-fullbleed .intro .lead[data-v-84c812a2]{margin-bottom:var(--spacing-l);line-height:var(--lead-line-height);font-size:var(--lead-font-size)}}.snm-title-fullbleed[data-v-84c812a2] .snm-author-info{grid-template-areas:"image name" "image description";grid-template-rows:auto 1fr auto;grid-template-columns:auto 1fr;grid-gap:calc(var(--spacing-xs)/2);gap:calc(var(--spacing-xs)/2)}.snm-title-fullbleed[data-v-84c812a2] .snm-author-info .image{margin-right:calc(var(--spacing-s) + var(--spacing-xs)/2)}.snm-title-fullbleed[data-v-84c812a2] .snm-author-info .email,.snm-title-fullbleed[data-v-84c812a2] .snm-author-info .website{display:none}.snm-title-fullbleed .center[data-v-84c812a2]{margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;width:var(--max-width)} .snm-logo[data-v-7e6d6eb5]{position:absolute;cursor:pointer}.snm-logo:hover .svg[data-v-7e6d6eb5]{transform:scale(1.001) translateY(1%)}.snm-logo:active .svg[data-v-7e6d6eb5]{transform:scale(.998) translateY(-1%)}.snm-logo.hidden[data-v-7e6d6eb5]{opacity:0;pointer-events:none}.snm-logo .svg[data-v-7e6d6eb5]{position:absolute;top:0;right:var(--grid-gutter);left:var(--grid-gutter);transition:var(--transition-duration);opacity:1;opacity:var(--opacity,1);margin:auto;width:auto;max-width:60vw;height:auto}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-logo .svg[data-v-7e6d6eb5]{right:auto;left:auto;margin:inherit;max-width:40vw}}.snm-logo .snm-logo-type[data-v-7e6d6eb5]{mix-blend-mode:color-burn}.snm-logo .snm-logo-type path[data-v-7e6d6eb5]{fill:#b3b3b3}.error .snm-logo .snm-logo-type[data-v-7e6d6eb5]{mix-blend-mode:unset}.error .snm-logo .snm-logo-type path[data-v-7e6d6eb5]{opacity:.7;fill:#1f1f1f}.snm-logo .snm-logo-blog path[data-v-7e6d6eb5]{fill:var(--color-primary)} .snm-author-info[data-v-64f90143]{display:grid;grid-template-areas:"image" "name" "description" "info";grid-template-rows:auto auto 1fr auto;grid-template-columns:auto;grid-gap:var(--spacing-s);gap:var(--spacing-s)}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-author-info[data-v-64f90143]{grid-template-areas:"image name" "image description" "image info";grid-template-rows:auto 1fr auto;grid-template-columns:auto 1fr;width:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*6)}.snm-author-info.no-info[data-v-64f90143]{grid-template-areas:"image name" "image description";grid-template-rows:auto 1fr}}@media(max-width:800px){.snm-author-info.no-info[data-v-64f90143]{grid-template-areas:"image" "name" "description";grid-template-rows:auto auto 1fr}}@media(min-width:2201px){.snm-author-info[data-v-64f90143]{width:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*4)}}.snm-author-info .name[data-v-64f90143]{grid-area:name;line-height:var(--heading-s-line-height);font-family:var(--sans-serif);font-size:var(--heading-s-font-size);font-weight:700}.snm-author-info .name a[data-v-64f90143]{display:inline-grid;grid-auto-flow:column;grid-gap:var(--spacing-s);gap:var(--spacing-s);align-items:center;justify-content:start;transition:var(--transition-duration);line-height:var(--heading-xs-line-height);color:var(--color-light-black);font-family:var(--sans-serif);font-size:var(--heading-xs-font-size);font-weight:700}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-author-info .name a[data-v-64f90143]{line-height:var(--heading-s-line-height);font-size:var(--heading-s-font-size)}}.snm-author-info .name a[data-v-64f90143]:after,.snm-author-info .name a[data-v-64f90143]:before{content:none}.snm-author-info .name a[data-v-64f90143]:focus,.snm-author-info .name a[data-v-64f90143]:hover{color:var(--color-primary)}.snm-author-info .name a .icon[data-v-64f90143]{width:var(--icon-size-m);height:var(--icon-size-m)}.snm-author-info .name a .icon path[data-v-64f90143]{fill:var(--color-primary)}.snm-author-info .image[data-v-64f90143]{grid-area:image;margin-right:calc(var(--spacing-l) - var(--spacing-s));border-radius:50%;background-color:var(--color-light-black);width:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*2 + var(--grid-gutter));height:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*2 + var(--grid-gutter));overflow:hidden;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;-o-object-position:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-author-info .image[data-v-64f90143]{--author-image-size:calc(var(--spacing-s) + var(--heading-s-font-size) + var(--body-l-line-height)*3);width:var(--author-image-size);height:var(--author-image-size)}}.snm-author-info .description[data-v-64f90143]{grid-area:description;line-height:var(--body-l-line-height);font-size:var(--body-l-font-size)}.snm-author-info .info[data-v-64f90143]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;grid-area:info;justify-self:start}.snm-author-info .email[data-v-64f90143],.snm-author-info .website[data-v-64f90143]{margin-bottom:var(--spacing-xs);line-height:var(--body-l-line-height);font-size:var(--body-l-font-size)} .snm-text[data-v-195efe9f]{opacity:1;line-height:var(--body-s-line-height);font-size:var(--body-s-font-size)}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-text[data-v-195efe9f]{width:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*6);line-height:var(--body-l-line-height);font-size:var(--body-l-font-size)}}.snm-text>span[data-v-195efe9f]{white-space:pre-wrap}.snm-title-fullbleed+.snm-text span[data-v-195efe9f]{display:block}.snm-title-fullbleed+.snm-text span[data-v-195efe9f]:first-letter{float:left;margin-right:var(--spacing-s);line-height:6rem;color:var(--color-primary);font-family:var(--serif);font-size:6.5rem}.snm-text[data-v-195efe9f] ul{display:inline-grid;margin-top:var(--spacing-l);margin-left:var(--spacing-l);list-style-type:circle}.snm-text[data-v-195efe9f] ul:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:var(--spacing-xs)}.snm-text[data-v-195efe9f] ul li ul{margin-top:0}.blocks .snm-text+.snm-text[data-v-195efe9f]{margin-top:calc(28rem/var(--root-font-size))} @media(min-width:801px){.snm-title[data-v-47b097b1]{width:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*6)}}.snm-title[data-v-47b097b1]:first-child{margin-top:var(--spacing-xl)}.snm-title h2[data-v-47b097b1]{line-height:var(--heading-s-line-height);color:var(--color-light-black);font-family:var(--sans-serif);font-size:var(--heading-s-font-size);font-weight:700}.snm-title[data-v-47b097b1]+ .snm-text{margin-top:var(--spacing-s)} .snm-image-fullbleed .image-container[data-v-55190a33]{display:grid;margin-bottom:var(--spacing-xs)}.snm-image-fullbleed .image[data-v-55190a33]{display:block;width:100%;max-height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;-o-object-position:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;-o-object-position:var(--x,50%) var(--y,50%);object-position:var(--x,50%) var(--y,50%);overflow:hidden;background-color:var(--color-light-black)}.snm-image-fullbleed .caption[data-v-55190a33]{display:block;position:relative;z-index:1;line-height:var(--body-xs-line-height);color:#000;font-size:var(--body-xs-font-size)}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-image-fullbleed .caption[data-v-55190a33]{line-height:var(--heading-xs-line-height);font-size:var(--heading-xs-font-size)}}.snm-image-fullbleed .caption b[data-v-55190a33]{display:block;font-weight:700}.snm-image-fullbleed .title[data-v-55190a33]{display:inline-block;font-weight:400}.snm-image-fullbleed .center[data-v-55190a33]{margin:auto;width:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*10)}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-image-fullbleed .center[data-v-55190a33]{width:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*6)}} @media(min-width:801px){.snm-image.image-size-small .caption[data-v-17adc581],.snm-image.image-size-small .image[data-v-17adc581]{margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;width:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*4)}}.snm-image .image[data-v-17adc581]{display:block;transition:var(--transition-duration);margin-bottom:var(--spacing-xs);cursor:pointer;width:100%;max-height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;-o-object-position:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;-o-object-position:var(--x,50%) var(--y,50%);object-position:var(--x,50%) var(--y,50%)}.snm-image .image[data-v-17adc581]:before{background-color:var(--color-light-grey)}.snm-image .image[data-v-17adc581]:focus,.snm-image .image[data-v-17adc581]:hover{transform:scale(1.005)}.snm-image .image[data-v-17adc581]:active{transform:scale(.995)}.snm-image .caption[data-v-17adc581]{display:block;line-height:var(--body-xs-line-height);color:#000;font-size:var(--body-xs-font-size)}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-image .caption[data-v-17adc581]{line-height:var(--heading-xs-line-height);font-size:var(--heading-xs-font-size)}}.snm-image .caption b[data-v-17adc581]{display:block;font-weight:700}.snm-image .title[data-v-17adc581]{display:inline-block;font-weight:400} .snm-quote[data-v-a52824de]{max-width:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*6)}@media(max-width:1099px){.snm-quote[data-v-a52824de]{max-width:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*8)}}@media(max-width:799px){.snm-quote[data-v-a52824de]{max-width:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*10)}}.snm-quote blockquote[data-v-a52824de]{display:flex;flex-flow:column}.snm-quote blockquote[data-v-a52824de]:after,.snm-quote blockquote[data-v-a52824de]:before{margin:auto;background-color:var(--color-medium-grey);width:1px;height:var(--spacing-xxl);content:""}.snm-quote blockquote[data-v-a52824de]:before{margin-bottom:var(--spacing-xl)}.snm-quote blockquote[data-v-a52824de]:after{margin-top:var(--spacing-xl)}.snm-quote blockquote p[data-v-a52824de]{text-align:center;line-height:var(--heading-l-line-height);color:var(--color-primary);font-family:var(--serif);font-size:var(--heading-l-font-size)}.snm-quote blockquote p[data-v-a52824de]:before{content:"«"}:lang(en) .snm-quote blockquote p[data-v-a52824de]:before{content:"“"}.snm-quote blockquote p[data-v-a52824de]:after{content:"»"}:lang(en) .snm-quote blockquote p[data-v-a52824de]:after{content:"”"}.snm-quote blockquote footer[data-v-a52824de]{text-align:center;line-height:var(--body-s-line-height);color:var(--color-light-black);font-size:var(--body-s-font-size);font-weight:700} .snm-image-column[data-v-1cf33836]{display:grid;grid-template-rows:1fr 1fr;grid-template-columns:1fr;grid-gap:var(--spacing-l);gap:var(--spacing-l);padding-bottom:2px}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-image-column[data-v-1cf33836]{grid-template-rows:none;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}}.snm-image-column .image[data-v-1cf33836]{display:block;transition:var(--transition-duration);margin-bottom:var(--spacing-xs);cursor:pointer;width:100%;max-height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;-o-object-position:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;-o-object-position:var(--x,50%) var(--y,50%);object-position:var(--x,50%) var(--y,50%)}.snm-image-column .image[data-v-1cf33836]:focus,.snm-image-column .image[data-v-1cf33836]:hover{transform:scale(1.005)}.snm-image-column .image[data-v-1cf33836]:active{transform:scale(.995)}.snm-image-column .caption[data-v-1cf33836]{display:block;margin-top:var(--spacing-xs);line-height:var(--body-xs-line-height);color:#000;font-size:var(--body-xs-font-size)}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-image-column .caption[data-v-1cf33836]{line-height:var(--heading-xs-line-height);font-size:var(--heading-xs-font-size)}}.snm-image-column .caption b[data-v-1cf33836]{display:block;font-weight:700}.snm-image-column .joint-caption[data-v-1cf33836]{grid-column:1/-1;margin-top:calc(var(--spacing-l)*-1 + var(--spacing-xs))}.snm-image-column .title[data-v-1cf33836]{display:inline-block;font-weight:400} .snm-footer-meta{margin:auto;width:var(--max-width);padding-top:var(--spacing-xl)}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-footer-meta{width:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*6)}}@media screen{.printOnly{display:none}}@media print{.printOnly{display:block}} .snm-category-quicklinks{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:flex-start;margin:auto;padding:var(--spacing-xl) 0;width:var(--max-width)}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-category-quicklinks{width:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*6)}}.snm-category-quicklinks .more-of{flex:1 1 100%;margin-bottom:var(--spacing-m);line-height:var(--heading-s-line-height);white-space:nowrap;color:var(--color-light-black);font-size:var(--heading-s-font-size)}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-category-quicklinks .more-of{flex:0 0 auto;margin-bottom:0}}.snm-category-quicklinks .category{transition:var(--transition-duration);margin-top:calc(var(--spacing-m)/2);margin-bottom:calc(var(--spacing-m)/2);border:2px solid var(--color-secondary);background-color:#fff;padding:var(--spacing-xs) var(--spacing-m);line-height:var(--body-l-line-height);font-size:var(--body-l-font-size)}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-category-quicklinks .category:nth-child(2){margin-left:var(--spacing-m)}}.snm-category-quicklinks .category:after,.snm-category-quicklinks .category:before{content:none}.snm-category-quicklinks .category:not(:last-child){margin-right:var(--spacing-m)}.snm-category-quicklinks .category:focus,.snm-category-quicklinks .category:hover{background-color:var(--color-secondary)}.snm-category-quicklinks .category:focus span,.snm-category-quicklinks .category:hover span{transform:scale(1.02)}.snm-category-quicklinks .category:active span{transform:scale(.96)}.snm-category-quicklinks .category.button{background-color:var(--color-secondary);cursor:pointer}.snm-category-quicklinks .category.button:focus,.snm-category-quicklinks .category.button:hover{font-weight:700}.snm-category-quicklinks .category span{display:block;transition:var(--transition-duration);white-space:nowrap} .snm-newsletter-subscription[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{display:grid;justify-content:center;padding-top:var(--spacing-xl);padding-bottom:var(--spacing-xl)}.snm-newsletter-subscription.beige[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{background-color:var(--color-secondary)}.snm-newsletter-subscription.beige[data-v-bb9cf9fe] .input-field{border-color:#fff;background-color:#fff}.snm-newsletter-subscription>.newsletter-form[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{display:flex;flex-flow:column;align-content:flex-start;width:var(--max-width)}.snm-newsletter-subscription .title[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{margin-bottom:var(--spacing-l);line-height:var(--heading-l-line-height);font-size:var(--heading-l-font-size)}.snm-newsletter-subscription .description[data-v-bb9cf9fe],.snm-newsletter-subscription .error[data-v-bb9cf9fe],.snm-newsletter-subscription .thank-you[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{margin-bottom:var(--spacing-l);max-width:65ch;line-height:var(--body-l-line-height);font-size:var(--body-l-font-size)}.snm-newsletter-subscription .error[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{color:var(--color-error)}.snm-newsletter-subscription .thank-you[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{color:var(--color-success)}.snm-newsletter-subscription .input-container[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{position:relative;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr -webkit-min-content;grid-template-columns:1fr min-content;grid-auto-flow:column;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;margin-bottom:var(--spacing-l);border:1px solid var(--color-grey);height:4rem;background-color:var(--color-paper-white)}.snm-newsletter-subscription .input-container.is-hidden[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{visibility:hidden;height:0;margin-bottom:0}.snm-newsletter-subscription .input-container .icon-arrow-right[data-v-bb9cf9fe],.snm-newsletter-subscription .input-container .icon-loading-indicator[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{position:absolute;right:0;cursor:pointer;padding:1rem;width:var(--icon-size-m);height:var(--icon-size-m)}.snm-newsletter-subscription .input-container .icon-loading-indicator[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{-webkit-animation:spin 1s linear infinite;animation:spin 1s linear infinite}.snm-newsletter-subscription .input-container .is-disabled[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{opacity:0;visibility:hidden}.snm-newsletter-subscription .email[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;display:grid;border:0;border-radius:0;background-color:transparent;padding:1.25rem var(--spacing-m);font-size:1.15rem;width:100%;-webkit-user-select:text;-moz-user-select:text;user-select:text}@media(min-width:1101px){.snm-newsletter-subscription .lists[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(40ch,1fr))}}.snm-newsletter-subscription fieldset[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{margin-top:var(--spacing-l);border:0}.snm-newsletter-subscription legend[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{margin-bottom:var(--spacing-xs);line-height:var(--heading-s-line-height);color:var(--color-light-black);font-size:var(--heading-s-font-size);font-weight:700}.snm-newsletter-subscription ul[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{list-style:none;line-height:var(--body-l-line-height);font-size:var(--body-l-font-size)}.snm-newsletter-subscription ul li+li[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{margin-top:var(--spacing-s)}.snm-newsletter-subscription label[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{display:grid;grid-template-columns:auto 1fr;grid-auto-flow:column;grid-gap:var(--spacing-s);gap:var(--spacing-s);align-items:center;justify-items:start;cursor:pointer;line-height:var(--icon-size-l)}.snm-newsletter-subscription input[type=checkbox][data-v-bb9cf9fe]{position:absolute;opacity:0;width:var(--icon-size-m);height:var(--icon-size-m);color:var(--color-primary)}.snm-newsletter-subscription input[type=checkbox]+span[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{display:grid;position:relative;grid-template-columns:auto 1fr;grid-gap:var(--spacing-s);gap:var(--spacing-s);align-items:start}.snm-newsletter-subscription input[type=checkbox]+span[data-v-bb9cf9fe]:before{transform:translateY(.2rem);transition:var(--transition-duration);border:1px solid var(--color-grey);background-color:var(--color-paper-white);background-size:contain;width:var(--icon-size-m);height:var(--icon-size-m);color:var(--color-primary);content:"";pointer-events:none}.snm-newsletter-subscription input[type=checkbox]:checked+span[data-v-bb9cf9fe]:before{background-image:url(/_nuxt/b73fca313d08ab23e7d16247e774b937.svg)}.snm-newsletter-subscription .museum-newsletter[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{margin-bottom:var(--spacing-l)}.snm-newsletter-subscription .button-subscribe[data-v-bb9cf9fe]{justify-self:start;margin-top:var(--spacing-l);margin-right:auto;cursor:pointer;line-height:var(--heading-xs-line-height);color:var(--color-light-black);font-size:var(--heading-xs-font-size);font-weight:700}.snm-newsletter-subscription .button-subscribe[disabled][data-v-bb9cf9fe]{opacity:.5;pointer-events:none} *[data-v-ed35265e]{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden;perspective:1000px;transform:translateZ(0);will-change:height} .expand-enter-active,.expand-leave-active{transition:height var(--transition-duration) ease-out,opacity var(--transition-duration) ease-in;overflow:hidden}.expand-enter,.expand-leave-to{opacity:0;height:0} .snm-post-suggestions{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;grid-auto-rows:auto;grid-gap:var(--grid-gutter);gap:var(--grid-gutter);justify-content:space-between;margin:auto;padding-top:var(--spacing-xl);padding-bottom:var(--spacing-xl);width:var(--max-width)}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-post-suggestions{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr;width:calc(var(--grid-column-width)*10)}}.snm-post-suggestions .title{grid-row:1;grid-column:1/-1;margin-bottom:calc(var(--spacing-xl) - var(--grid-gutter));line-height:var(--heading-l-line-height);font-size:var(--heading-l-font-size)} .snm-post-teaser[data-v-d7720576]{display:grid}.snm-post-teaser:focus .image-container .image[data-v-d7720576],.snm-post-teaser:hover .image-container .image[data-v-d7720576]{transform:scale(1);transition:calc(var(--transition-duration)*4);transition-timing-function:ease}.snm-post-teaser:focus .title a[data-v-d7720576],.snm-post-teaser:hover .title a[data-v-d7720576]{color:var(--color-primary)}.snm-post-teaser .image-container[data-v-d7720576]{grid-area:image;cursor:pointer;overflow:hidden}.snm-post-teaser .image-container .image[data-v-d7720576]{transform:scale(1.1);transition:calc(var(--transition-duration)*15) calc(var(--transition-duration)*1.5);transition-timing-function:ease-out;background-color:var(--color-light-black);-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;-o-object-position:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;-o-object-position:var(--x,50%) var(--y,50%);object-position:var(--x,50%) var(--y,50%)}.snm-post-teaser .image-container .image[data-v-d7720576]:after{transform:scale(.9)}.snm-post-teaser .author[data-v-d7720576]{grid-area:author;line-height:var(--body-s-line-height);color:var(--color-primary);font-size:var(--body-s-font-size);font-weight:700}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-post-teaser .author[data-v-d7720576]{line-height:var(--heading-xs-line-height);font-size:var(--heading-xs-font-size)}}.snm-post-teaser .author.no-link[data-v-d7720576]{cursor:default}.snm-post-teaser .author.no-link[data-v-d7720576]:active{pointer-events:none}.snm-post-teaser .date[data-v-d7720576]{grid-area:date;line-height:var(--body-s-line-height);white-space:nowrap;font-size:var(--body-s-font-size);font-weight:700}.snm-post-teaser .title[data-v-d7720576]{grid-area:title}.snm-post-teaser .title a[data-v-d7720576]{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:column;grid-gap:var(--spacing-s);gap:var(--spacing-s);align-items:center;justify-content:start;transition:var(--transition-duration);line-height:var(--heading-xs-line-height);color:var(--color-light-black);font-family:var(--sans-serif);font-size:var(--heading-xs-font-size);font-weight:700}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-post-teaser .title a[data-v-d7720576]{line-height:var(--heading-s-line-height);font-size:var(--heading-s-font-size)}}.snm-post-teaser .title a .icon[data-v-d7720576]{align-self:baseline}.snm-post-teaser .title a .icon path[data-v-d7720576]{fill:var(--color-primary)}.snm-post-teaser .excerpt[data-v-d7720576]{grid-area:excerpt;line-height:var(--body-l-line-height);font-size:var(--body-l-font-size);-webkit-hyphens:auto;hyphens:auto}@media(min-width:801px){.snm-post-teaser .excerpt[data-v-d7720576]{line-height:var(--body-s-line-height);font-size:var(--body-s-font-size)}}.snm-post-teaser .read-more[data-v-d7720576]{grid-area:readmore;color:var(--color-light-black)}.snm-post-teaser .read-more svg[data-v-d7720576]{transform:translateY(6px);margin-left:3px;transition:transform var(--transition-duration)}.snm-post-teaser .read-more:hover svg[data-v-d7720576]{transform:translateY(6px) translateX(3px)}.snm-post-teaser.vertical[data-v-d7720576]{grid-template-areas:"image author date" "image title title" "image excerpt excerpt" "image readmore readmore";grid-template-rows:-webkit-min-content -webkit-min-content 1fr;grid-template-rows:min-content min-content 1fr;grid-template-columns:calc(var(--grid-gutter) + var(--grid-column-width)*2) -webkit-min-content 1fr;grid-template-columns:calc(var(--grid-gutter) + var(--grid-column-width)*2) min-content 1fr}.snm-post-teaser.vertical .image-container[data-v-d7720576]{box-sizing:content-box;margin-right:calc(var(--spacing-l) + var(--spacing-s))}.snm-post-teaser.vertical .author[data-v-d7720576]{margin-right:var(--spacing-s);margin-bottom:var(--spacing-xs)}.snm-post-teaser.vertical .title a[data-v-d7720576]{line-height:var(--heading-s-line-height);font-size:var(--heading-s-font-size)}.snm-post-teaser.horizontal[data-v-d7720576]{grid-template-areas:"image image" "author date" "title title" "excerpt excerpt" "readmore readmore";grid-template-rows:-webkit-min-content -webkit-min-content -webkit-min-content auto;grid-template-rows:min-content min-content min-content auto;grid-template-columns:auto -webkit-min-content;grid-template-columns:auto min-content;grid-gap:calc(var(--spacing-xs)/2);gap:calc(var(--spacing-xs)/2);justify-content:space-between}.snm-post-teaser.horizontal .author[data-v-d7720576],.snm-post-teaser.horizontal .date[data-v-d7720576],.snm-post-teaser.horizontal .title[data-v-d7720576]{align-self:end} .footer[data-v-2d105d9d]{display:grid;grid-area:footer;background-color:var(--color-secondary);padding:var(--spacing-xl);align-content:space-around;justify-content:space-around;place-content:space-around}.footer>.center[data-v-2d105d9d]{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;grid-gap:2rem;gap:2rem;max-width:var(--max-width)}@media(min-width:801px){.footer>.center[data-v-2d105d9d]{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;width:var(--max-width)}}.address[data-v-2d105d9d],.description[data-v-2d105d9d]{line-height:var(--body-s-line-height);color:var(--color-dark-grey);font-size:var(--body-s-font-size);font-style:normal}.address-title[data-v-2d105d9d],.description-title[data-v-2d105d9d]{margin-bottom:.5rem;line-height:var(--heading-xs-line-height);color:var(--color-light-black);font-size:var(--heading-xs-font-size)}@media(min-width:801px){.description[data-v-2d105d9d]{position:relative}}.categories-button[data-v-2d105d9d]{margin-top:var(--spacing-m);cursor:pointer;font-size:var(--body-s-font-size)}@media(min-width:801px){.categories-button[data-v-2d105d9d]{position:absolute;bottom:0}}.legal-links[data-v-2d105d9d]{line-height:var(--body-s-line-height);font-size:var(--body-s-font-size)}@media(min-width:801px){.legal-links[data-v-2d105d9d]{order:4}}.legal-links[data-v-2d105d9d] :first-child{margin-right:var(--spacing-s)}.copyright[data-v-2d105d9d]{line-height:var(--body-s-line-height);color:var(--color-light-black);font-size:var(--body-s-font-size);font-weight:700} @media(min-width:801px){.admin-bar[data-v-52a0a0d2]{display:grid;position:fixed;top:0;right:0;left:0;grid-template-columns:var(--action-bar-width) 1fr;align-content:center;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;z-index:1001!important;background-color:rgba(35,41,46,0);padding:0;height:var(--admin-bar-height)}.admin-bar .edit-post[data-v-52a0a0d2],.admin-bar .wordpress[data-v-52a0a0d2]{display:grid;align-items:center;opacity:0;pointer-events:none}.admin-bar.visible[data-v-52a0a0d2]{opacity:1;background-color:rgba(35,41,46,.96);pointer-events:auto;-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(7px) saturate(1.5);backdrop-filter:blur(7px) saturate(1.5)}.admin-bar.visible>.edit-post[data-v-52a0a0d2],.admin-bar.visible>.wordpress[data-v-52a0a0d2]{opacity:1;pointer-events:auto}.admin-bar.visible .toggle[data-v-52a0a0d2]{transform:rotate(-90deg)}.admin-bar[data-v-52a0a0d2],.admin-bar>.edit-post[data-v-52a0a0d2],.admin-bar>.wordpress[data-v-52a0a0d2]{transition:var(--transition-duration)}.admin-bar.preview[data-v-52a0a0d2],.admin-bar.single[data-v-52a0a0d2]{grid-template-columns:var(--action-bar-width) 1fr auto}.admin-bar .edit-post[data-v-52a0a0d2]{justify-self:start;transition:var(--transition-duration);margin-right:2rem;margin-left:2rem;border:1px solid hsla(0,0%,100%,.2);border-radius:4px;background-color:rgba(13,15,17,.5);padding:.3rem 1rem;text-align:center;letter-spacing:.01rem;white-space:nowrap;color:#fff;font-size:.75rem}.admin-bar .edit-post[data-v-52a0a0d2]:focus,.admin-bar .edit-post[data-v-52a0a0d2]:hover{border-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 0 .2rem rgba(0,0,0,.5)}.admin-bar .edit-post[data-v-52a0a0d2]:active{transform:scale(.975)}.admin-bar .wordpress[data-v-52a0a0d2]{height:1.65rem}.admin-bar .toggle[data-v-52a0a0d2]{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;transform:scale(1) rotate(-315deg);transition:calc(var(--transition-duration)*3);cursor:pointer;width:var(--admin-bar-height);height:var(--admin-bar-height)}}@media(max-width:800px){.admin-bar[data-v-52a0a0d2]{display:none}}</style> </head> <body > <div data-server-rendered="true" id="__nuxt"><div id="__layout"><div id="app" tabindex="-1" class="app" data-v-00263075><VueAnnouncer data-v-00263075></VueAnnouncer> <button tabindex="0" class="skiplink" data-v-00263075>Skip to content</button> <nav data-headroom="" class="action-bar" data-v-082d4ac8 data-v-00263075><button title="Search" class="button button-menu-search" data-v-186fe156 data-v-082d4ac8><svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 32 32" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-menu-search" data-v-186fe156 data-v-186fe156><path fill="#D44625" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M18 13.999a6 6 0 1012 0 6 6 0 00-12 0zm-2 0c0 1.849.627 3.55 1.68 4.906l-4.751 4.75 1.414 1.415 4.751-4.751A8 8 0 1016 13.999zM16 6H0v2h16V6zM0 12h12v2H0v-2zm8 6H0v2h8v-2z" clip-rule="evenodd" data-v-186fe156 data-v-186fe156></path></svg></button> <a href="/en/" class="button button-home nuxt-link-active" data-v-4ca1eb08 data-v-082d4ac8><svg preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-home" data-v-4ca1eb08><title data-v-4ca1eb08>Home</title><path fill="#d44625" d="M12.3 1.6L3 10.3V22h18V10.3l-8.7-8.7zM13.5 20h-3v-5h3v5zm5.5 0h-3.5v-7h-7v7H5v-8.9l7.2-6.8L19 11v9z" data-v-4ca1eb08></path></svg></a>  <div class="languages" data-v-083a86ac data-v-082d4ac8 data-v-082d4ac8><span data-v-083a86ac><a href="/2021/01/albert-gallatin-ein-schweizer-gruendervater-der-usa/" title="Deutsch" lang="de-DE" class="language" data-v-083a86ac><span data-v-083a86ac>de</span></a><a href="/en/2021/01/albert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father/" aria-current="page" title="English" lang="en-GB" class="language nuxt-link-exact-active nuxt-link-active active" data-v-083a86ac><span data-v-083a86ac>en</span></a></span></div> </nav>  <article id="single" tabindex="-1" class="single" data-v-00263075> <div class="blocks"><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_01" class="snm-title-fullbleed wide" data-v-84c812a2><figure data-v-84c812a2><div class="image-container" style="--aspect-ratio:(10/4);" data-v-84c812a2><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/albert-gallatin1803-300x225.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/albert-gallatin1803-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/albert-gallatin1803-450x338.jpg 450w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/albert-gallatin1803-750x563.jpg 750w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/albert-gallatin1803-900x675.jpg 900w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/albert-gallatin1803-600x450.jpg 600w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/albert-gallatin1803-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/albert-gallatin1803-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/albert-gallatin1803.jpg 1600w" src="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/albert-gallatin1803-300x225.jpg" width="1600" height="1200" alt="Albert Gallatin, around 1803, in a portrait by Gilbert Stuart." class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-84c812a2></img></div> <figcaption class="caption center" data-v-84c812a2><b data-v-84c812a2>Albert Gallatin, around 1803, in a portrait by Gilbert Stuart.</b> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/12658 " class="source decoration" data-v-84c812a2>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></figcaption> <a href="/en/" class="snm-logo nuxt-link-active" style="--opacity:1;" data-v-7e6d6eb5 data-v-84c812a2><svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 570 147" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="svg snm-logo-blog" data-v-7e6d6eb5><title data-v-7e6d6eb5>Blog</title><path d="M19.365 6.441c0 2.61-1.241 4.434-3.724 5.473 3.065.811 4.598 2.875 4.598 6.193 0 2.28-.602 4.123-1.805 5.529-1.204 1.406-2.781 2.109-4.731 2.109-.608 0-1.508-.038-2.698-.114-1.191-.076-2.09-.114-2.698-.114-.558 0-1.394.038-2.508.114-1.114.076-1.951.114-2.508.114-.735 0-1.33-.262-1.786-.786-.456-.524-.684-1.212-.684-2.061 0-.648.152-1.197.456-1.647.304-.449.659-.674 1.064-.674h.722c.354 0 .532-.228.532-.681V6.097c0-.454-.177-.681-.532-.681h-.722c-.431 0-.792-.229-1.083-.685C.966 4.275.821 3.718.821 3.059c0-.836.228-1.525.684-2.07A2.178 2.178 0 013.253.172c.659 0 1.507.051 2.546.152.785.075 1.545.113 2.28.113.608 0 1.532-.044 2.774-.133 1.241-.088 2.166-.133 2.774-.133 1.723 0 3.109.576 4.161 1.729 1.051 1.154 1.577 2.667 1.577 4.541zm-10.032.191v3.534c.228.025.456.038.684.038.962 0 1.729-.241 2.299-.723.57-.48.855-1.127.855-1.938 0-.709-.247-1.312-.741-1.805a2.457 2.457 0 00-1.805-.741c-.862.001-1.292.546-1.292 1.635zm.76 8.094c-.253 0-.507.014-.76.038v4.94c0 .811.494 1.216 1.482 1.216 2.179 0 3.268-.963 3.268-2.888 0-.963-.374-1.754-1.121-2.375-.748-.621-1.704-.931-2.869-.931z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M27.991.172c.709 0 1.064.441 1.064 1.325v18.44c0 1.061.202 1.591.608 1.591h.684c.811 0 1.216.595 1.216 1.785 0 1.622-.633 2.433-1.9 2.433-.279 0-.811-.038-1.596-.114a18.417 18.417 0 00-1.748-.076c-.304 0-.773.032-1.406.095-.633.063-1.102.096-1.406.096-1.216 0-1.824-.798-1.824-2.395 0-1.216.393-1.823 1.178-1.823h.722c.405 0 .608-.53.608-1.59V5.979c0-1.059-.165-1.589-.494-1.589-.102 0-.241.02-.418.058a2.199 2.199 0 01-.38.057c-.887 0-1.33-.684-1.33-2.052 0-1.521.595-2.28 1.786-2.28.253 0 .772.051 1.558.152.633.075 1.14.089 1.52.038l1.444-.19h.114V.172z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M40.189 26.24c-2.356 0-4.187-.861-5.491-2.584-1.305-1.723-1.957-4.155-1.957-7.297 0-3.191.652-5.655 1.957-7.391 1.305-1.734 3.16-2.603 5.567-2.603 2.331 0 4.136.842 5.415 2.526 1.279 1.686 1.919 4.047 1.919 7.087 0 3.294-.64 5.827-1.919 7.601-1.28 1.775-3.11 2.661-5.491 2.661zm.076-15.314c-1.622 0-2.47 1.686-2.546 5.054a1.828 1.828 0 00-.038.418c0 1.622.222 2.907.665 3.857.443.95 1.045 1.425 1.805 1.425 1.646 0 2.47-1.798 2.47-5.396 0-1.646-.209-2.951-.627-3.914-.418-.963-.995-1.444-1.729-1.444z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M60.442 7.278v.228c1.85 1.14 2.773 2.977 2.773 5.51 0 1.951-.576 3.541-1.729 4.77-1.153 1.229-2.641 1.843-4.465 1.843a5.95 5.95 0 01-2.888-.722c-.38.278-.57.569-.57.874 0 .734 1.089 1.152 3.268 1.254.912.051 1.672.089 2.28.113a7.125 7.125 0 012.546.608c1.975.861 2.963 2.432 2.963 4.712 0 2.026-.754 3.673-2.26 4.94-1.508 1.266-3.491 1.899-5.948 1.899-2.305 0-4.123-.494-5.453-1.481-1.33-.988-1.995-2.318-1.995-3.99 0-1.647.722-3.002 2.166-4.066-1.14-.886-1.71-1.988-1.71-3.306s.671-2.646 2.014-3.99c-.557-1.14-.836-2.406-.836-3.8 0-1.874.583-3.375 1.748-4.503 1.165-1.127 2.723-1.691 4.674-1.691h.228c.126-2.559 1.381-3.838 3.762-3.838 1.014 0 1.836.261 2.471.779.633.52.949 1.197.949 2.033 0 .659-.178 1.203-.531 1.634-.355.431-.787.646-1.293.646-.557 0-.938-.139-1.141-.418l-.342-.38a.373.373 0 00-.342-.189c-.223-.001-.339.177-.339.531zm-3.457 17.974a24.358 24.358 0 01-1.748-.152c-.988.432-1.482 1.039-1.482 1.824 0 .557.272 1.013.817 1.368.544.354 1.222.532 2.033.532 1.976 0 2.965-.621 2.965-1.862-.001-1.039-.863-1.608-2.585-1.71zm-.076-14.782c-1.014 0-1.52.899-1.52 2.698 0 1.697.506 2.546 1.52 2.546.431 0 .785-.253 1.064-.76.278-.507.418-1.141.418-1.9 0-.734-.146-1.349-.437-1.843-.292-.494-.641-.741-1.045-.741z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M69.6 26.202c-.911 0-1.666-.374-2.261-1.121-.596-.747-.893-1.678-.893-2.793 0-1.089.31-2.008.931-2.755.62-.747 1.387-1.121 2.299-1.121.912 0 1.659.367 2.242 1.102.583.735.874 1.672.874 2.812 0 1.114-.298 2.039-.893 2.773-.595.735-1.362 1.103-2.299 1.103z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path></svg> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 570 147" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="svg snm-logo-type" data-v-7e6d6eb5><title data-v-7e6d6eb5>Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum. Musée national suisse. Museo nazionale svizzero. Museum naziunal svizzer</title><path d="M342.687 120.597c-.253 0-.545.026-.874.076-1.039.127-1.799.189-2.28.189-.38 0-.931-.044-1.653-.133-.722-.088-1.273-.133-1.653-.133-1.267 0-1.9.862-1.9 2.584 0 1.343.329 2.116.988 2.318l.494.151c.203.052.304.279.304.685 0 .102-.025.278-.076.531l-2.432 12.465-2.318-12.351a4.07 4.07 0 01-.076-.722c0-.329.241-.595.722-.798.76-.305 1.14-1.089 1.14-2.356 0-1.672-.659-2.508-1.976-2.508-.304 0-.798.051-1.482.152-.507.075-1.102.113-1.786.113-.355 0-.874-.044-1.558-.133-.684-.088-1.191-.133-1.52-.133-.709 0-1.286.264-1.729.793-.442.528-.665 1.207-.665 2.036 0 .604.147 1.157.437 1.66.291.504.602.743.931.717h.76c.304-.025.532.279.684.912l4.484 17.708c.304 1.19.861 1.786 1.672 1.786.127 0 .431-.026.912-.076.481-.051.988-.076 1.52-.076.228 0 .576.025 1.045.076.469.05.817.076 1.045.076.659 0 1.153-.596 1.482-1.786l4.788-17.708c.152-.608.367-.912.646-.912h.646c.431 0 .798-.234 1.102-.703.304-.468.456-1.032.456-1.69 0-.785-.215-1.45-.646-1.995-.431-.542-.975-.815-1.634-.815z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M394.614 134.011c-1.723 0-2.584.836-2.584 2.508 0 .38.05.862.152 1.444.05.71.076 1.204.076 1.481 0 .685-.146 1.128-.437 1.33-.292.203-.817.305-1.577.305h-3.61l9.12-14.468c.734-1.167 1.102-2.347 1.102-3.54 0-.912-.191-1.561-.573-1.941-.382-.38-1.018-.571-1.909-.571-.662 0-1.641.051-2.939.152-1.298.102-2.278.151-2.94.151-.636 0-1.578-.05-2.825-.151-1.247-.101-2.188-.152-2.824-.152-.993 0-1.668.152-2.024.456-.356.304-.534.874-.534 1.71 0 .103.038.469.114 1.103v1.672c0 .38-.019.963-.057 1.748a39.856 39.856 0 00-.057 1.748c0 1.672.76 2.508 2.28 2.508 1.672 0 2.508-.899 2.508-2.698 0-.456-.022-.785-.064-.988a5.1 5.1 0 01-.126-1.102c0-.861.515-1.292 1.544-1.292h3.282l-9.386 14.972c-.684 1.09-1.026 2.078-1.026 2.964 0 1.799.886 2.698 2.66 2.698.937 0 2.001-.025 3.192-.076.608-.024 1.773-.038 3.496-.038 1.064 0 1.976.014 2.736.038 1.494.051 2.609.076 3.344.076.81 0 1.374-.152 1.691-.456.316-.304.475-.836.475-1.596 0-.354-.026-1.038-.076-2.052 0-1.57.063-2.927.19-4.066.05-.456.076-.874.076-1.254 0-1.749-.824-2.623-2.47-2.623z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M374.934 134.011c-1.723 0-2.584.836-2.584 2.508 0 .38.05.862.152 1.444.05.71.076 1.204.076 1.481 0 .685-.146 1.128-.437 1.33-.292.203-.817.305-1.577.305h-3.61l9.12-14.468c.734-1.167 1.102-2.347 1.102-3.54 0-.912-.191-1.561-.573-1.941-.382-.38-1.018-.571-1.909-.571-.662 0-1.641.051-2.939.152-1.298.102-2.278.151-2.94.151-.636 0-1.578-.05-2.825-.151-1.247-.101-2.189-.152-2.824-.152-.993 0-1.668.152-2.024.456-.356.304-.534.874-.534 1.71 0 .103.038.469.114 1.103v1.672c0 .38-.019.963-.057 1.748a39.856 39.856 0 00-.057 1.748c0 1.672.76 2.508 2.28 2.508 1.672 0 2.508-.899 2.508-2.698 0-.456-.022-.785-.064-.988a5.1 5.1 0 01-.126-1.102c0-.861.514-1.292 1.544-1.292h3.282l-9.386 14.972c-.684 1.09-1.026 2.078-1.026 2.964 0 1.799.886 2.698 2.66 2.698.937 0 2.001-.025 3.192-.076.608-.024 1.773-.038 3.496-.038 1.064 0 1.976.014 2.736.038 1.494.051 2.609.076 3.344.076.81 0 1.374-.152 1.691-.456.316-.304.475-.836.475-1.596 0-.354-.026-1.038-.076-2.052 0-1.57.063-2.927.19-4.066.05-.456.076-.874.076-1.254 0-1.749-.824-2.623-2.47-2.623z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M418.17 137.203c0-2.001-.748-3.002-2.242-3.002-.659 0-1.204.222-1.634.664-.431.444-.646.995-.646 1.653 0 .33.063.925.19 1.786.101.684.152 1.191.152 1.52 0 .608-.133 1.008-.399 1.197-.266.19-.741.285-1.425.285h-3.154c-.406 0-.71-.05-.912-.152-.355-.177-.532-.645-.532-1.405v-4.522c.304-.05.468-.076.494-.076.81 0 1.216.292 1.216.874 0 .279-.02.494-.061.646a4.87 4.87 0 00-.091.874c0 .987.513 1.482 1.541 1.482 1.201 0 1.803-.633 1.803-1.899 0-.482-.038-1.076-.114-1.786a24.954 24.954 0 01-.152-2.698c0-.785.025-1.354.076-1.71.126-.912.19-1.608.19-2.09 0-1.165-.583-1.748-1.748-1.748-.431 0-.805.152-1.121.456-.317.304-.475.659-.475 1.064 0 .152.038.432.114.837.025.127.038.329.038.607 0 .659-.342.988-1.026.988-.254 0-.482-.038-.684-.114v-3.838c0-.734.1-1.197.302-1.387.201-.19.705-.285 1.511-.285h2.718c.579 0 .982.089 1.209.266.226.178.34.583.34 1.216 0 .355-.045.894-.133 1.615-.089.722-.133 1.273-.133 1.653 0 1.317.722 1.975 2.166 1.975 1.545 0 2.318-.771 2.318-2.317l-.114-1.71v-.761c0-1.569.015-2.659.046-3.268a47.38 47.38 0 00.068-1.786c0-1.14-.682-1.71-2.044-1.71-.832 0-2.069.045-3.709.133-1.64.089-2.876.133-3.709.133-1.287 0-2.497-.038-3.633-.113-1.514-.102-2.549-.152-3.103-.152-.732 0-1.331.273-1.798.817-.467.545-.7 1.248-.7 2.108 0 .659.152 1.216.456 1.672.304.456.658.685 1.064.685.076 0 .215-.025.418-.076.05 0 .101-.012.152-.038h.152c.354 0 .532.242.532.726v13.9c0 .459-.178.689-.532.689h-.722c-.406 0-.76.223-1.064.669-.304.446-.456.991-.456 1.636 0 .842.234 1.523.703 2.044.468.52 1.07.781 1.805.781.684 0 1.716-.045 3.097-.133 1.38-.089 2.413-.134 3.097-.134 2.077 0 4.357.076 6.84.229.405.024.81.038 1.216.038.81 0 1.387-.108 1.729-.323.342-.215.513-.677.513-1.387 0-.38-.032-.962-.095-1.748a23.628 23.628 0 01-.095-1.748c0-.684.038-1.432.114-2.242.05-.559.076-1.078.076-1.56z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M354.961 126.518c.026-.451.206-.677.539-.677h.732c.411 0 .771-.229 1.079-.685.308-.455.462-1.013.462-1.672 0-.836-.228-1.525-.684-2.07a2.181 2.181 0 00-1.748-.817c-.355 0-.893.045-1.615.133-.722.089-1.26.133-1.615.133s-.887-.044-1.596-.133c-.709-.088-1.241-.133-1.596-.133-.709 0-1.292.273-1.748.817-.456.545-.684 1.234-.684 2.07 0 .659.146 1.217.437 1.672.291.456.652.685 1.083.685h.722c.355 0 .532.226.532.677v13.732c0 .451-.177.677-.532.677h-.722c-.405 0-.76.227-1.064.684-.304.456-.456 1.015-.456 1.672 0 .812.228 1.495.684 2.053.456.558 1.013.836 1.672.836.127 0 .329-.014.608-.038l.988-.114c.456-.05 1.013-.076 1.672-.076.355 0 .899.038 1.634.114.735.076 1.279.114 1.634.114.684 0 1.254-.273 1.71-.817.456-.544.684-1.234.684-2.071 0-.657-.154-1.216-.462-1.672-.308-.456-.681-.684-1.117-.684h-.732c-.308 0-.475-.226-.501-.677v-13.733z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M314.411 130.097c-1.506-.38-2.481-.747-2.928-1.102-.446-.355-.67-.925-.67-1.71 0-.634.211-1.146.632-1.539.422-.393.951-.59 1.59-.59.843 0 1.456.217 1.839.646.382.431.676 1.235.881 2.413.204 1.178.983 1.767 2.337 1.767 1.48 0 2.221-.645 2.221-1.938 0-.305-.025-.747-.076-1.33a16.46 16.46 0 01-.076-1.33c0-.202.038-.722.114-1.558.051-.558.076-1.014.076-1.368 0-1.343-.725-2.015-2.176-2.015-1.019 0-1.668.494-1.948 1.482-1.248-1.165-2.673-1.748-4.277-1.748-1.986 0-3.635.741-4.946 2.223-1.311 1.482-1.967 3.338-1.967 5.567 0 1.267.255 2.445.766 3.534.893 1.899 2.896 3.294 6.009 4.18 1.479.406 2.5.843 3.062 1.311.561.469.841 1.096.841 1.881 0 .76-.274 1.394-.822 1.899-.549.507-1.218.761-2.009.761-1.759 0-2.728-1.133-2.907-3.396-.1-1.384-.867-2.076-2.3-2.076-1.76 0-2.64.659-2.64 1.977 0 .33.025.811.076 1.443.051.634.076 1.115.076 1.444 0 .431-.02.925-.06 1.482a26.627 26.627 0 00-.092 1.747c0 1.521.735 2.28 2.204 2.28 1.013 0 1.647-.518 1.9-1.558 1.571 1.09 3.243 1.634 5.016 1.634 2.052 0 3.775-.804 5.168-2.413 1.393-1.608 2.09-3.602 2.09-5.985 0-4.151-2.335-6.824-7.004-8.015z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M295.006 137.24c0-2.254-.887-3.382-2.66-3.382-.836 0-1.508.285-2.014.855-.507.57-.76 1.311-.76 2.223 0 .33.063.805.19 1.425.126.621.19 1.083.19 1.388 0 1.039-.83 1.558-2.489 1.558-1.609 0-2.413-.798-2.413-2.393v-12.16c0-.684.163-1.026.489-1.026.125 0 .326.032.601.095.276.064.476.096.602.096 1.253 0 1.88-.811 1.88-2.433 0-1.849-.9-2.774-2.698-2.774-.355 0-.874.025-1.558.076a22.54 22.54 0 01-1.558.075c-.431 0-1.064-.044-1.9-.133-.836-.088-1.457-.133-1.862-.133-.735 0-1.33.27-1.786.81-.456.54-.684 1.246-.684 2.12 0 .668.145 1.234.437 1.697.291.462.652.693 1.083.693.076 0 .196-.031.361-.096.164-.062.285-.095.361-.095.354 0 .532.23.532.688v13.938c0 .459-.178.689-.532.689h-.722c-.406 0-.76.223-1.064.669-.304.446-.456.992-.456 1.636 0 .842.234 1.524.703 2.044.468.521 1.07.781 1.805.781.836 0 2.083-.038 3.743-.114 1.659-.076 2.907-.114 3.743-.114.734 0 1.843.038 3.325.114 1.482.076 2.59.114 3.325.114.684 0 1.152-.164 1.406-.494.253-.329.38-.95.38-1.862 0-.304-.019-.771-.057-1.405a26.035 26.035 0 01-.057-1.406c0-.558.029-1.355.086-2.395.018-.354.028-.81.028-1.369z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M440.24 141.154h-.836c-.304 0-.456-.239-.456-.722v-3.268c0-2.433-1.216-3.889-3.648-4.37 1.393-.506 2.387-1.19 2.983-2.052.595-.861.893-2.053.893-3.572 0-2.026-.526-3.629-1.577-4.808-1.052-1.178-2.489-1.767-4.313-1.767-.608 0-1.457.026-2.546.076-2.154.102-3.674.151-4.56.151-.102 0-.304-.012-.608-.037l-2.318-.19h-.152c-.659 0-1.216.279-1.672.836-.456.558-.684 1.242-.684 2.052 0 .659.145 1.217.437 1.672.291.456.652.685 1.083.685h.722c.354 0 .532.227.532.682v13.836c0 .455-.178.683-.532.683h-.722c-.406 0-.76.223-1.064.669-.304.446-.456.992-.456 1.636 0 .818.228 1.493.686 2.026.457.532 1.042.799 1.754.799.356 0 .909-.038 1.658-.114.75-.076 1.316-.114 1.697-.114s.94.038 1.678.114c.737.076 1.296.114 1.677.114.661 0 1.214-.243 1.658-.73.445-.486.668-1.104.668-1.852 0-.673-.167-1.247-.501-1.723-.333-.473-.731-.711-1.193-.711h-.846c-.308 0-.462-.229-.462-.688v-4.82c.426-.076.702-.115.828-.115 2.184 0 3.276 1.217 3.276 3.648v3.268c0 2.483.836 3.725 2.508 3.725h3.8c.658 0 1.19-.243 1.596-.73.405-.486.608-1.129.608-1.928 0-1.575-.532-2.361-1.596-2.361zm-10.184-9.918c-.279 0-.558-.012-.836-.038v-3.887c0-1.133.506-1.699 1.52-1.699.785 0 1.437.252 1.957.756.519.504.779 1.119.779 1.849 0 2.014-1.14 3.019-3.42 3.019z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M448.664 138.988c-1.064 0-1.97.374-2.717 1.121-.747.748-1.121 1.653-1.121 2.718 0 1.063.374 1.976 1.121 2.735.747.759 1.653 1.141 2.717 1.141s1.97-.381 2.717-1.141a3.764 3.764 0 001.121-2.735c0-1.064-.374-1.97-1.121-2.718-.747-.747-1.653-1.121-2.717-1.121z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M435.836 105.563c.811 0 1.374-.152 1.691-.456.317-.305.475-.836.475-1.597 0-.354-.025-1.038-.076-2.052 0-1.57.063-2.926.19-4.065.051-.456.076-.874.076-1.255 0-1.747-.823-2.621-2.47-2.621-1.723 0-2.584.836-2.584 2.508 0 .38.051.861.152 1.443.051.71.076 1.204.076 1.482 0 .684-.146 1.128-.437 1.33-.291.204-.817.304-1.577.304h-3.61l9.12-14.466c.735-1.168 1.102-2.348 1.102-3.541 0-.913-.191-1.56-.573-1.941-.381-.381-1.017-.571-1.908-.571-.662 0-1.642.052-2.94.151-1.298.103-2.278.152-2.939.152-.637 0-1.578-.05-2.825-.152-1.247-.1-2.189-.151-2.825-.151-.993 0-1.667.151-2.023.456-.357.304-.535.874-.535 1.71 0 .102.038.47.114 1.102v1.672c0 .38-.019.964-.057 1.748a39.949 39.949 0 00-.057 1.748c0 1.672.76 2.508 2.28 2.508 1.672 0 2.508-.897 2.508-2.697 0-.456-.021-.784-.063-.988a5.097 5.097 0 01-.127-1.103c0-.859.515-1.292 1.545-1.292h3.281l-9.386 14.973c-.684 1.09-1.026 2.078-1.026 2.964 0 1.8.887 2.698 2.66 2.698.937 0 2.001-.024 3.192-.076.608-.024 1.773-.038 3.496-.038 1.064 0 1.976.014 2.736.038 1.495.051 2.609.075 3.344.075z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M479.263 96.709c0-2-.748-3.002-2.243-3.002-.659 0-1.203.223-1.634.665-.431.444-.645.995-.645 1.653 0 .33.062.926.19 1.786.1.684.151 1.191.151 1.519 0 .608-.133 1.007-.399 1.197-.265.189-.741.285-1.424.285h-3.155c-.405 0-.709-.051-.912-.152-.355-.176-.532-.646-.532-1.406v-4.521c.304-.05.469-.076.495-.076.81 0 1.216.292 1.216.874 0 .28-.021.494-.061.646-.061.33-.092.622-.092.874 0 .988.514 1.482 1.541 1.482 1.202 0 1.803-.632 1.803-1.9 0-.479-.038-1.075-.114-1.786a25.18 25.18 0 01-.152-2.697c0-.784.025-1.354.077-1.71.126-.912.189-1.608.189-2.09 0-1.164-.583-1.748-1.747-1.748-.432 0-.805.151-1.121.456-.318.304-.476.659-.476 1.063 0 .152.038.432.114.836.025.128.039.33.039.608 0 .66-.343.987-1.026.987-.254 0-.483-.037-.685-.113v-3.838c0-.734.101-1.197.303-1.388.201-.189.705-.285 1.51-.285h2.719c.579 0 .981.091 1.208.267.227.178.341.584.341 1.216 0 .356-.045.893-.133 1.615-.09.722-.134 1.272-.134 1.652 0 1.318.722 1.977 2.166 1.977 1.545 0 2.319-.772 2.319-2.318l-.114-1.71v-.76c0-1.57.014-2.66.045-3.268a48.2 48.2 0 00.069-1.786c0-1.141-.682-1.71-2.044-1.71-.833 0-2.069.045-3.709.133-1.64.09-2.876.133-3.709.133-1.287 0-2.498-.038-3.633-.114-1.514-.1-2.549-.151-3.104-.151-.732 0-1.331.272-1.797.816-.467.546-.7 1.249-.7 2.109 0 .66.151 1.216.455 1.672.304.456.659.684 1.064.684.076 0 .215-.023.418-.075a.342.342 0 00.152-.038h.152c.355 0 .533.242.533.726v13.901c0 .458-.178.687-.533.687h-.722c-.405 0-.76.225-1.064.67-.304.446-.455.991-.455 1.636 0 .843.233 1.524.703 2.045.468.52 1.069.779 1.804.779.685 0 1.716-.044 3.097-.133 1.381-.088 2.413-.133 3.097-.133 2.077 0 4.357.076 6.84.228.405.025.811.038 1.216.038.811 0 1.387-.107 1.73-.322.341-.215.513-.678.513-1.388 0-.38-.033-.962-.095-1.748a23.601 23.601 0 01-.095-1.748c0-.684.037-1.43.113-2.241.051-.558.077-1.078.077-1.56z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M412.748 105.449c.354 0 .899.038 1.634.114.734.075 1.279.113 1.634.113.684 0 1.254-.271 1.71-.816.456-.544.684-1.235.684-2.071 0-.658-.154-1.216-.463-1.672-.308-.456-.68-.684-1.116-.684h-.733c-.308 0-.475-.226-.5-.678v-13.73c.025-.451.205-.679.539-.679h.732c.411 0 .77-.228 1.078-.684.309-.456.463-1.012.463-1.672 0-.836-.228-1.525-.684-2.071a2.18 2.18 0 00-1.748-.816c-.355 0-.893.045-1.615.133-.722.09-1.261.133-1.615.133-.355 0-.887-.043-1.596-.133-.71-.088-1.242-.133-1.596-.133-.71 0-1.292.272-1.748.816-.456.546-.684 1.235-.684 2.071 0 .66.145 1.216.437 1.672.291.456.652.684 1.083.684h.722c.354 0 .532.228.532.679v13.73c0 .452-.178.678-.532.678h-.722c-.406 0-.76.228-1.064.684-.304.456-.456 1.014-.456 1.672 0 .812.228 1.496.684 2.052.456.559 1.013.836 1.672.836.126 0 .329-.013.608-.038l.988-.113c.456-.05 1.013-.077 1.672-.077z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M457.834 103.511c0-.354-.025-1.038-.076-2.052 0-1.57.063-2.926.19-4.065.051-.456.076-.874.076-1.255 0-1.747-.823-2.621-2.47-2.621-1.723 0-2.584.836-2.584 2.508 0 .38.051.861.152 1.443.051.71.076 1.204.076 1.482 0 .684-.146 1.128-.437 1.33-.291.204-.817.304-1.577.304h-3.61l9.12-14.466c.735-1.168 1.102-2.348 1.102-3.541 0-.913-.191-1.56-.573-1.941-.381-.381-1.017-.571-1.908-.571-.662 0-1.642.052-2.94.151-1.297.103-2.278.152-2.939.152-.637 0-1.578-.05-2.825-.152-1.247-.1-2.189-.151-2.825-.151-.992 0-1.667.151-2.023.456-.356.304-.535.874-.535 1.71 0 .102.038.47.114 1.102v1.672c0 .38-.019.964-.057 1.748a39.949 39.949 0 00-.057 1.748c0 1.672.76 2.508 2.28 2.508 1.672 0 2.508-.897 2.508-2.697 0-.456-.021-.784-.063-.988a5.097 5.097 0 01-.127-1.103c0-.859.515-1.292 1.545-1.292h3.281l-9.386 14.973c-.684 1.09-1.026 2.078-1.026 2.964 0 1.8.887 2.698 2.66 2.698.937 0 2.001-.024 3.192-.076.608-.024 1.773-.038 3.496-.038 1.064 0 1.976.014 2.736.038 1.495.052 2.609.076 3.344.076.811 0 1.374-.152 1.691-.456.317-.306.475-.838.475-1.598z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M392.722 105.639c.481-.051.988-.075 1.52-.075.228 0 .576.024 1.045.075.469.052.817.076 1.045.076.659 0 1.153-.594 1.482-1.786l4.788-17.708c.152-.607.367-.911.646-.911h.646c.431 0 .798-.233 1.102-.703.304-.469.456-1.031.456-1.691 0-.784-.215-1.449-.646-1.995-.431-.544-.975-.816-1.634-.816-.253 0-.545.025-.874.075-1.039.129-1.799.19-2.28.19-.38 0-.931-.043-1.653-.133-.722-.088-1.273-.133-1.653-.133-1.267 0-1.9.861-1.9 2.584 0 1.344.329 2.115.988 2.317l.494.152c.203.052.304.28.304.684 0 .103-.025.28-.076.532l-2.432 12.464-2.318-12.35a4.078 4.078 0 01-.076-.722c0-.328.241-.595.722-.799.76-.304 1.14-1.088 1.14-2.355 0-1.672-.659-2.508-1.976-2.508-.304 0-.798.052-1.482.151-.507.076-1.102.114-1.786.114-.355 0-.874-.043-1.558-.133-.684-.088-1.191-.133-1.52-.133-.709 0-1.286.265-1.729.793-.443.528-.665 1.207-.665 2.037 0 .604.146 1.156.437 1.659.291.503.602.742.931.717h.76c.304-.024.532.279.684.911l4.484 17.708c.304 1.192.861 1.786 1.672 1.786.127.002.431-.023.912-.074z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M271.659 140.87h-.874c-.203 0-.394-.342-.57-1.026l-4.788-18.088c-.228-.886-.849-1.342-1.861-1.367l-1.862-.038h-1.862c-1.089 0-1.761.468-2.014 1.403l-4.902 18.055c-.203.709-.418 1.061-.645 1.061h-.912c-.432 0-.792.232-1.083.693-.291.462-.438 1.029-.438 1.703 0 .773.235 1.41.703 1.909a2.28 2.28 0 001.73.748c.329 0 .792-.038 1.387-.113a13.376 13.376 0 011.691-.114c.355 0 .893.038 1.615.114.723.075 1.26.113 1.615.113.659 0 1.203-.247 1.634-.74.432-.494.647-1.107.647-1.844 0-.607-.127-1.14-.38-1.596-.253-.456-.558-.684-.912-.684h-.57c-.279 0-.418-.147-.418-.444 0 .05.038-.148.114-.593l.342-2.003h4.978l.381 2.253a.657.657 0 01.037.262c0 .35-.177.525-.531.525h-.494c-.836 0-1.254.715-1.254 2.145 0 1.813.785 2.719 2.355 2.719.355 0 .88-.038 1.577-.113.697-.076 1.222-.114 1.577-.114s.868.038 1.539.114c.671.075 1.184.113 1.539.113.734 0 1.33-.255 1.786-.767.456-.511.684-1.191.684-2.04-.003-1.497-.522-2.246-1.561-2.246zm-11.742-7.524l1.596-8.171 1.634 8.171h-3.23z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M247.393 120.35c-.38 0-.849.052-1.405.151a8.12 8.12 0 01-1.406.114c-.355 0-1.026-.061-2.014-.19a8.157 8.157 0 00-.912-.075c-1.47 0-2.204.978-2.204 2.931 0 .669.145 1.221.436 1.658.291.437.678.654 1.159.654a.504.504 0 00.304-.113h.19c.203 0 .348.076.437.228.09.152.134.52.134 1.102v11.59l-4.788-16.72c-.279-.887-.823-1.33-1.635-1.33-.177 0-.671.052-1.481.151-.608.076-1.192.114-1.748.114-.355 0-.899-.043-1.634-.133-.735-.088-1.279-.133-1.635-.133-.709 0-1.291.272-1.747.816-.456.546-.685 1.235-.685 2.071 0 .66.146 1.216.438 1.672.291.456.651.684 1.083.684h.721c.356 0 .532.228.532.679v13.73c0 .452-.177.678-.532.678h-.721c-.405 0-.761.227-1.064.684-.304.456-.456 1.014-.456 1.672 0 .836.229 1.527.685 2.071.456.546 1.025.816 1.71.816.304 0 .772-.038 1.405-.113.634-.076 1.103-.114 1.406-.114.431 0 .912.038 1.444.114.531.075.95.113 1.254.113.684 0 1.254-.27 1.71-.816.456-.544.684-1.235.684-2.071 0-.658-.151-1.216-.456-1.672-.304-.456-.671-.684-1.102-.684h-.722c-.305 0-.47-.227-.494-.68V127.53l5.418 16.803c.202.631.448 1.054.739 1.268.289.214.764.32 1.421.32h2.992c.809 0 1.364-.155 1.666-.471.304-.314.455-.924.455-1.829v-16.747c0-.477.014-.767.038-.867.051-.276.241-.416.57-.416h.418c.405 0 .741-.23 1.007-.693.267-.462.4-1.027.4-1.696 0-.822-.19-1.503-.57-2.044-.381-.537-.862-.808-1.445-.808z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M365.218 103.663c0 1.521.735 2.28 2.204 2.28 1.013 0 1.647-.519 1.9-1.559 1.571 1.091 3.243 1.635 5.016 1.635 2.052 0 3.775-.804 5.168-2.413 1.393-1.608 2.09-3.604 2.09-5.985 0-4.154-2.335-6.826-7.004-8.018-1.506-.381-2.482-.746-2.928-1.103-.447-.354-.67-.924-.67-1.71 0-.632.21-1.145.632-1.539.421-.392.951-.589 1.59-.589.842 0 1.455.216 1.838.646.383.432.677 1.234.881 2.412.205 1.179.984 1.768 2.337 1.768 1.481 0 2.222-.646 2.222-1.938 0-.304-.025-.746-.076-1.33a16.44 16.44 0 01-.076-1.329c0-.202.038-.723.114-1.559.051-.556.076-1.012.076-1.368 0-1.342-.725-2.014-2.177-2.014-1.018 0-1.667.494-1.947 1.482-1.248-1.164-2.674-1.748-4.277-1.748-1.987 0-3.635.74-4.946 2.223-1.311 1.482-1.967 3.339-1.967 5.567 0 1.268.255 2.445.765 3.533.893 1.9 2.896 3.294 6.009 4.181 1.48.405 2.5.843 3.062 1.311.561.47.842 1.097.842 1.881 0 .761-.274 1.395-.822 1.9-.549.508-1.218.76-2.009.76-1.76 0-2.729-1.131-2.907-3.396-.101-1.384-.867-2.076-2.3-2.076-1.76 0-2.64.66-2.64 1.976 0 .33.025.812.076 1.444.051.634.076 1.116.076 1.444 0 .432-.02.926-.06 1.481a26.114 26.114 0 00-.092 1.75z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M198.659 126.272c.024-.451.205-.679.539-.679h.731c.411 0 .77-.228 1.078-.684.309-.456.463-1.012.463-1.672 0-.836-.227-1.525-.684-2.071a2.18 2.18 0 00-1.748-.816c-.355 0-.894.045-1.615.133-.722.09-1.261.133-1.615.133-.355 0-.887-.043-1.596-.133-.71-.088-1.242-.133-1.596-.133-.71 0-1.292.272-1.748.816-.456.546-.685 1.235-.685 2.071 0 .66.146 1.216.438 1.672.291.456.652.684 1.083.684h.722c.354 0 .532.228.532.679v13.73c0 .452-.178.678-.532.678h-.721c-.406 0-.76.227-1.064.684-.304.456-.456 1.014-.456 1.672 0 .812.229 1.496.685 2.052.456.559 1.013.836 1.672.836.126 0 .329-.013.608-.038l.987-.113a15.68 15.68 0 011.672-.076c.354 0 .899.038 1.635.114.733.075 1.278.113 1.634.113.684 0 1.254-.27 1.71-.816.456-.544.684-1.235.684-2.071 0-.658-.154-1.216-.463-1.672-.308-.456-.68-.684-1.117-.684h-.731c-.309 0-.476-.226-.5-.678v-13.731h-.002z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M312.343 100.224h-.874c-.203 0-.393-.342-.57-1.026l-4.788-18.088c-.228-.886-.849-1.342-1.862-1.367l-1.862-.038h-1.862c-1.09 0-1.761.468-2.014 1.403l-4.902 18.055c-.203.709-.418 1.062-.646 1.062h-.912c-.431 0-.792.231-1.083.693-.291.462-.437 1.029-.437 1.703 0 .773.235 1.41.703 1.909a2.278 2.278 0 001.729.748c.329 0 .791-.038 1.387-.113a13.376 13.376 0 011.691-.114c.354 0 .893.038 1.615.114.722.075 1.26.113 1.615.113.658 0 1.203-.247 1.634-.74.43-.494.646-1.107.646-1.844 0-.607-.127-1.14-.38-1.596-.254-.456-.558-.684-.912-.684h-.57c-.279 0-.418-.147-.418-.444 0 .05.038-.148.114-.593l.342-2.003h4.978l.38 2.253a.636.636 0 01.038.262c0 .35-.178.525-.532.525h-.494c-.836 0-1.254.715-1.254 2.145 0 1.813.785 2.719 2.356 2.719.354 0 .88-.038 1.577-.113.696-.076 1.222-.114 1.577-.114.354 0 .867.038 1.539.114.671.075 1.184.113 1.539.113.734 0 1.33-.255 1.786-.767.456-.511.684-1.191.684-2.04 0-1.498-.52-2.247-1.558-2.247zM300.601 92.7l1.596-8.171 1.634 8.171h-3.23z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M341.827 105.183c1.38-.088 2.413-.133 3.097-.133 2.077 0 4.357.076 6.84.227.405.025.81.038 1.216.038.81 0 1.387-.107 1.729-.322.342-.215.513-.678.513-1.388 0-.38-.032-.962-.095-1.748a23.601 23.601 0 01-.095-1.748c0-.684.038-1.43.114-2.241.05-.557.076-1.076.076-1.559 0-2-.748-3.002-2.242-3.002-.659 0-1.204.223-1.634.665-.431.444-.646.995-.646 1.653 0 .33.063.926.19 1.786.101.684.152 1.191.152 1.52 0 .608-.133 1.007-.399 1.197-.266.189-.741.285-1.425.285h-3.154c-.406 0-.71-.051-.912-.152-.355-.176-.532-.646-.532-1.406v-4.521c.304-.05.468-.076.494-.076.81 0 1.216.292 1.216.874 0 .28-.021.494-.061.646-.061.33-.091.622-.091.874 0 .988.513 1.483 1.54 1.483 1.202 0 1.804-.632 1.804-1.9 0-.479-.038-1.075-.114-1.786a24.922 24.922 0 01-.152-2.697c0-.784.025-1.354.076-1.71.126-.912.19-1.608.19-2.09 0-1.164-.583-1.748-1.748-1.748a1.56 1.56 0 00-1.121.456c-.317.304-.475.659-.475 1.063 0 .152.038.432.114.836.025.128.038.33.038.608 0 .66-.342.987-1.026.987-.254 0-.482-.037-.684-.113v-3.838c0-.734.1-1.197.302-1.388.201-.189.705-.285 1.51-.285h2.719c.579 0 .982.091 1.208.267.227.178.341.584.341 1.216 0 .356-.045.893-.133 1.615-.089.722-.133 1.272-.133 1.652 0 1.318.722 1.976 2.166 1.976 1.545 0 2.318-.772 2.318-2.318l-.114-1.71v-.76c0-1.57.014-2.66.045-3.268a48.2 48.2 0 00.069-1.786c0-1.141-.682-1.71-2.044-1.71-.833 0-2.069.045-3.709.133-1.64.09-2.876.133-3.709.133-1.287 0-2.498-.038-3.633-.114-1.514-.1-2.549-.151-3.104-.151-.732 0-1.331.272-1.797.816-.467.546-.7 1.249-.7 2.109 0 .66.152 1.216.456 1.672.304.456.658.684 1.064.684.076 0 .215-.023.418-.075.05 0 .101-.013.152-.038h.152c.354 0 .532.242.532.726V99.5c0 .458-.178.687-.532.687h-.722c-.406 0-.76.225-1.064.67-.304.446-.456.991-.456 1.636 0 .843.234 1.524.703 2.045.468.52 1.07.779 1.805.779.684-.002 1.716-.045 3.097-.134z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M325.586 105.05c.734 0 1.843.038 3.325.114 1.482.075 2.59.113 3.325.113.684 0 1.152-.164 1.406-.493.253-.328.38-.95.38-1.862 0-.304-.019-.772-.057-1.406a25.922 25.922 0 01-.057-1.406c0-.556.028-1.354.085-2.394.019-.354.029-.811.029-1.368 0-2.254-.887-3.382-2.66-3.382-.836 0-1.508.285-2.014.854-.507.57-.76 1.311-.76 2.224 0 .33.063.805.19 1.425.126.622.19 1.083.19 1.387 0 1.04-.83 1.559-2.489 1.559-1.609 0-2.413-.798-2.413-2.395V85.86c0-.684.163-1.025.489-1.025.125 0 .326.033.601.095.276.064.476.095.602.095 1.253 0 1.88-.81 1.88-2.432 0-1.848-.9-2.774-2.698-2.774-.355 0-.874.026-1.558.076-.684.052-1.204.076-1.558.076-.431 0-1.064-.043-1.9-.133-.836-.088-1.457-.133-1.862-.133-.735 0-1.33.271-1.786.81-.456.54-.684 1.247-.684 2.12 0 .669.145 1.234.437 1.697.291.462.652.692 1.083.692.076 0 .196-.03.361-.095.164-.062.285-.095.361-.095.354 0 .532.229.532.688v13.939c0 .458-.178.687-.532.687h-.722c-.406 0-.76.225-1.064.67-.304.446-.456.991-.456 1.636 0 .843.234 1.524.703 2.045.468.52 1.07.779 1.805.779.836 0 2.083-.038 3.743-.113 1.659-.077 2.907-.115 3.743-.115z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M222.617 120.35c-.203 0-.494.025-.874.075-.812.129-1.482.19-2.015.19-.355 0-.867-.043-1.538-.133-.672-.088-1.173-.133-1.502-.133-1.316 0-1.976 1.002-1.976 3.002 0 1.191.284 1.876.853 2.052l.776.228c.206.053.31.356.31.912v10.261c0 1.724-.181 2.888-.54 3.495-.36.608-1.055.912-2.083.912-.952 0-1.602-.297-1.948-.893-.347-.594-.521-1.677-.521-3.249v-10.298c0-.685.104-1.064.311-1.141l.774-.151c.645-.126.968-.86.968-2.204 0-1.95-.659-2.926-1.977-2.926-.278 0-.747.052-1.406.151a9.99 9.99 0 01-1.481.114c-.355 0-.861-.043-1.52-.133-.658-.088-1.14-.133-1.443-.133-.633 0-1.159.272-1.577.816-.418.546-.627 1.235-.627 2.071 0 1.47.442 2.23 1.33 2.28.354.025.569.038.645.038.203.075.305.405.305.987v11.704c0 2.61.716 4.644 2.146 6.1 1.431 1.458 3.426 2.184 5.985 2.184 2.711 0 4.781-.741 6.213-2.223 1.431-1.482 2.146-3.615 2.146-6.403v-11.704l.267-.532.836-.228c.785-.202 1.178-1.012 1.178-2.433 0-.783-.19-1.425-.57-1.919-.381-.489-.862-.736-1.445-.736z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M185.496 133.764c-1.724 0-2.584.836-2.584 2.508 0 .38.05.861.151 1.443.051.71.076 1.204.076 1.482 0 .684-.146 1.128-.437 1.33-.292.204-.817.304-1.577.304h-3.61l9.12-14.466c.734-1.168 1.102-2.348 1.102-3.541 0-.913-.191-1.56-.573-1.941-.382-.381-1.019-.571-1.909-.571-.662 0-1.641.052-2.939.151-1.299.103-2.278.152-2.94.152-.636 0-1.578-.05-2.825-.152-1.247-.1-2.189-.151-2.824-.151-.992 0-1.668.151-2.023.456-.356.304-.534.874-.534 1.71 0 .102.038.47.114 1.102v1.672c0 .38-.02.964-.058 1.748a39.949 39.949 0 00-.057 1.748c0 1.672.76 2.508 2.28 2.508 1.672 0 2.508-.898 2.508-2.697 0-.456-.022-.784-.064-.988a5.092 5.092 0 01-.126-1.102c0-.859.515-1.292 1.544-1.292h3.282l-9.386 14.973c-.684 1.09-1.026 2.078-1.026 2.964 0 1.8.887 2.698 2.66 2.698.938 0 2.001-.024 3.192-.076.607-.024 1.772-.038 3.496-.038 1.064 0 1.976.014 2.735.038 1.494.052 2.609.076 3.345.076.81 0 1.374-.152 1.69-.456.316-.305.476-.836.476-1.597 0-.354-.026-1.038-.076-2.052 0-1.57.062-2.926.189-4.065.051-.456.076-.874.076-1.255.002-1.749-.822-2.623-2.468-2.623z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M19.527 120.331c-.203 0-.494.025-.874.075-.811.129-1.482.19-2.015.19-.354 0-.868-.043-1.539-.133-.672-.088-1.172-.133-1.501-.133-1.317 0-1.976 1.002-1.976 3.002 0 1.191.284 1.876.852 2.052l.776.227c.207.053.31.357.31.912v10.261c0 1.724-.181 2.888-.54 3.495-.359.608-1.055.912-2.083.912-.951 0-1.602-.297-1.947-.893-.349-.594-.521-1.677-.521-3.249v-10.298c0-.685.104-1.064.31-1.141l.774-.151c.646-.126.968-.86.968-2.204 0-1.95-.658-2.926-1.976-2.926-.279 0-.748.052-1.406.151a9.99 9.99 0 01-1.481.114c-.355 0-.862-.043-1.521-.133-.659-.088-1.14-.133-1.443-.133-.635 0-1.159.272-1.577.816-.418.546-.627 1.235-.627 2.071 0 1.47.442 2.229 1.33 2.28.354.025.569.038.646.038.202.075.304.405.304.987v11.704c0 2.61.716 4.644 2.147 6.1 1.431 1.458 3.426 2.184 5.985 2.184 2.71 0 4.78-.741 6.213-2.223 1.431-1.482 2.146-3.615 2.146-6.403v-11.704l.267-.532.836-.227c.785-.202 1.178-1.012 1.178-2.433 0-.783-.19-1.425-.57-1.919-.382-.489-.863-.736-1.445-.736z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M565.459 85.157h.76c.405 0 .754-.223 1.045-.669.291-.446.438-.991.438-1.636 0-.817-.229-1.492-.685-2.025-.456-.533-1.039-.8-1.748-.8-.507 0-1.279.045-2.318.133-1.039.09-1.824.133-2.356.133-.38 0-.931-.043-1.653-.133-.722-.088-1.26-.133-1.615-.133-.785 0-1.267.531-1.444 1.596l-2.204 12.578-2.166-12.046c-.253-1.418-.798-2.128-1.634-2.128-.355 0-.874.045-1.558.133-.684.09-1.203.133-1.558.133-.507 0-1.26-.043-2.261-.133-1.001-.088-1.754-.133-2.261-.133-.735 0-1.336.261-1.805.78-.469.521-.703 1.203-.703 2.045 0 .645.146 1.189.437 1.636.291.446.652.669 1.083.669h.722c.355 0 .532.228.532.683v13.835c0 .455-.177.683-.532.683h-.722c-.405 0-.76.228-1.064.684-.304.456-.456 1.014-.456 1.672 0 .812.228 1.496.684 2.052.456.559 1.013.836 1.672.836.329 0 .792-.038 1.387-.113a12.01 12.01 0 011.463-.114c.355 0 .874.038 1.558.114.684.075 1.203.113 1.558.113.633 0 1.153-.254 1.558-.765s.608-1.149.608-1.914c0-1.557-.532-2.374-1.596-2.451-.405-.023-.652-.112-.741-.265-.089-.151-.133-.556-.133-1.213v-13.57l3.876 18.43c.127.66.323 1.116.589 1.368.266.254.728.38 1.387.38s1.121-.101 1.387-.304c.266-.202.462-.632.589-1.292l4.104-19.076v14.099c0 .558-.025.912-.076 1.063a.587.587 0 01-.342.494 7.383 7.383 0 01-.646.038c-.431 0-.792.223-1.083.665-.291.444-.437.995-.437 1.653 0 1.773.811 2.659 2.432 2.659.481 0 .925-.024 1.33-.075.811-.101 1.343-.152 1.596-.152.304 0 .773.038 1.406.114.633.075 1.102.113 1.406.113.709 0 1.292-.266 1.748-.798.456-.532.685-1.228.685-2.09 0-.658-.146-1.216-.438-1.672-.291-.456-.652-.684-1.083-.684h-.722c-.356 0-.532-.228-.532-.683V85.84c0-.455.177-.683.532-.683z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M33 129.831c-1.506-.381-2.481-.746-2.928-1.103-.446-.354-.669-.924-.669-1.71 0-.632.21-1.145.631-1.539.422-.392.952-.589 1.59-.589.843 0 1.456.216 1.839.646.383.432.677 1.234.881 2.412.204 1.179.983 1.768 2.337 1.768 1.481 0 2.223-.646 2.223-1.939 0-.304-.026-.746-.076-1.33a16.44 16.44 0 01-.076-1.329c0-.202.038-.723.114-1.559.05-.556.076-1.012.076-1.368 0-1.342-.727-2.014-2.178-2.014-1.019 0-1.668.494-1.947 1.482-1.248-1.164-2.674-1.748-4.277-1.748-1.986 0-3.635.74-4.946 2.223-1.311 1.482-1.966 3.339-1.966 5.567 0 1.267.254 2.445.765 3.533.894 1.9 2.896 3.294 6.01 4.181 1.479.405 2.5.843 3.062 1.311.562.47.842 1.097.842 1.881 0 .761-.274 1.395-.822 1.9-.549.508-1.218.76-2.009.76-1.76 0-2.729-1.131-2.906-3.396-.102-1.384-.868-2.076-2.302-2.076-1.759 0-2.639.66-2.639 1.976 0 .33.025.812.076 1.444.05.634.076 1.116.076 1.444 0 .432-.021.926-.061 1.481a26.49 26.49 0 00-.091 1.748c0 1.52.734 2.28 2.204 2.28 1.013 0 1.645-.519 1.899-1.559 1.57 1.091 3.242 1.635 5.017 1.635 2.052 0 3.773-.804 5.168-2.413 1.392-1.608 2.09-3.604 2.09-5.985-.003-4.152-2.339-6.824-7.007-8.015z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M167.096 140.87h-.874c-.203 0-.393-.342-.569-1.026l-4.788-18.088c-.229-.886-.85-1.342-1.862-1.367l-1.862-.038h-1.861c-1.09 0-1.762.468-2.015 1.403l-4.901 18.055c-.203.709-.418 1.061-.646 1.061h-.912c-.431 0-.792.232-1.083.693-.291.461-.436 1.029-.436 1.703 0 .773.234 1.41.703 1.909a2.28 2.28 0 001.729.748c.329 0 .792-.038 1.387-.113a13.388 13.388 0 011.691-.114c.355 0 .893.038 1.615.114.722.075 1.26.113 1.615.113a2.08 2.08 0 001.634-.74c.431-.494.646-1.107.646-1.844 0-.607-.127-1.14-.38-1.596-.253-.456-.557-.684-.912-.684h-.569c-.279 0-.418-.147-.418-.444 0 .05.037-.148.113-.593l.342-2.003h4.978l.38 2.253a.636.636 0 01.038.262c0 .35-.177.525-.532.525h-.494c-.836 0-1.254.715-1.254 2.145 0 1.813.785 2.719 2.357 2.719.354 0 .88-.038 1.577-.113.696-.076 1.222-.114 1.577-.114.354 0 .867.038 1.538.114.672.075 1.184.113 1.539.113.735 0 1.33-.255 1.786-.767.456-.511.684-1.191.684-2.04-.003-1.497-.522-2.246-1.561-2.246zm-11.743-7.524l1.597-8.171 1.634 8.171h-3.231z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M60.93 136.936c0-2-.748-3.002-2.241-3.002-.659 0-1.204.223-1.635.665-.431.444-.646.995-.646 1.653 0 .33.062.926.189 1.786.102.684.152 1.191.152 1.52 0 .608-.133 1.007-.399 1.197-.266.189-.74.285-1.425.285h-3.153c-.406 0-.711-.051-.912-.152-.355-.176-.532-.645-.532-1.406v-4.521c.304-.05.468-.076.494-.076.81 0 1.216.292 1.216.874 0 .28-.021.494-.062.646-.061.33-.091.622-.091.874 0 .988.515 1.482 1.541 1.482 1.201 0 1.803-.632 1.803-1.9 0-.48-.037-1.075-.113-1.786a24.67 24.67 0 01-.152-2.697c0-.784.025-1.355.076-1.71.126-.912.19-1.608.19-2.09 0-1.164-.582-1.748-1.747-1.748-.432 0-.806.151-1.121.456-.317.304-.476.659-.476 1.063 0 .152.038.432.114.836.025.128.038.33.038.608 0 .66-.342.987-1.026.987-.254 0-.481-.037-.684-.113v-3.838c0-.734.1-1.197.302-1.388.201-.189.705-.285 1.511-.285h2.719c.579 0 .981.091 1.209.267.226.178.34.584.34 1.216 0 .356-.045.893-.133 1.615-.09.722-.134 1.273-.134 1.652 0 1.318.723 1.977 2.166 1.977 1.545 0 2.318-.772 2.318-2.318l-.114-1.71v-.76c0-1.57.016-2.66.046-3.268a47.38 47.38 0 00.068-1.786c0-1.141-.682-1.71-2.044-1.71-.832 0-2.069.045-3.709.133-1.64.09-2.876.133-3.708.133-1.288 0-2.498-.038-3.634-.114-1.515-.1-2.549-.151-3.104-.151-.731 0-1.331.272-1.798.816-.467.546-.7 1.249-.7 2.109 0 .66.152 1.216.456 1.672.305.456.658.684 1.064.684.076 0 .215-.023.418-.075.05 0 .101-.013.151-.038h.152c.354 0 .532.242.532.726v13.901c0 .458-.178.687-.532.687h-.719c-.406 0-.76.225-1.064.67-.304.446-.456.991-.456 1.636 0 .843.234 1.524.703 2.045.468.52 1.07.779 1.806.779.684 0 1.716-.044 3.097-.133 1.38-.088 2.413-.133 3.097-.133 2.077 0 4.357.076 6.84.228.405.025.811.038 1.217.038.809 0 1.387-.107 1.728-.322.342-.215.513-.678.513-1.388 0-.38-.031-.962-.095-1.748a23.601 23.601 0 01-.095-1.748c0-.684.038-1.43.113-2.241.05-.559.075-1.078.075-1.561z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M501.484 100.661h-.836c-.304 0-.456-.24-.456-.722V96.67c0-2.432-1.216-3.888-3.648-4.37 1.393-.506 2.388-1.189 2.983-2.052.595-.86.893-2.052.893-3.572 0-2.025-.526-3.629-1.577-4.807-1.051-1.178-2.489-1.767-4.313-1.767-.608 0-1.457.025-2.546.075-2.153.103-3.673.152-4.56.152-.101 0-.304-.012-.608-.038l-2.318-.189h-.152c-.659 0-1.216.279-1.672.836-.456.558-.684 1.241-.684 2.052 0 .66.146 1.216.437 1.672.291.456.652.684 1.083.684h.722c.355 0 .532.229.532.684v13.835c0 .455-.177.682-.532.682h-.722c-.405 0-.76.225-1.064.67-.304.446-.456.991-.456 1.636 0 .818.229 1.493.687 2.025.457.533 1.042.799 1.754.799.355 0 .908-.038 1.658-.113.749-.076 1.315-.114 1.696-.114.382 0 .941.038 1.678.114.737.075 1.297.113 1.678.113.661 0 1.213-.241 1.658-.729.445-.487.667-1.105.667-1.854 0-.674-.166-1.248-.5-1.722-.334-.474-.731-.712-1.193-.712h-.847c-.308 0-.462-.229-.462-.688v-4.82c.427-.076.703-.115.829-.115 2.184 0 3.275 1.216 3.275 3.648v3.268c0 2.484.836 3.724 2.508 3.724h3.8c.659 0 1.191-.241 1.596-.729.405-.487.608-1.13.608-1.928 0-1.572-.532-2.359-1.596-2.359zM491.3 90.743c-.279 0-.557-.012-.836-.038v-3.887c0-1.132.507-1.699 1.52-1.699.785 0 1.438.252 1.957.756.519.503.779 1.12.779 1.85 0 2.012-1.14 3.018-3.42 3.018z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M142.83 120.35c-.38 0-.849.052-1.406.151-.431.076-.9.114-1.406.114-.355 0-1.025-.061-2.014-.19a8.193 8.193 0 00-.912-.075c-1.47 0-2.204.978-2.204 2.931 0 .669.145 1.221.438 1.658.291.437.677.654 1.159.654a.508.508 0 00.304-.113h.189c.202 0 .349.076.438.228.088.152.133.52.133 1.102v11.59l-4.788-16.72c-.278-.887-.824-1.33-1.634-1.33-.178 0-.672.052-1.482.151-.607.076-1.19.114-1.748.114-.355 0-.899-.043-1.634-.133-.734-.088-1.279-.133-1.634-.133-.71 0-1.292.272-1.748.816-.456.546-.684 1.235-.684 2.071 0 .66.145 1.216.437 1.672.291.456.652.684 1.083.684h.721c.354 0 .532.228.532.679v13.73c0 .452-.178.678-.532.678h-.722c-.406 0-.76.227-1.063.684-.305.456-.456 1.014-.456 1.672 0 .836.228 1.527.684 2.071.456.546 1.026.816 1.71.816.304 0 .772-.038 1.406-.113.633-.076 1.102-.114 1.406-.114.43 0 .911.038 1.443.114.532.075.95.113 1.254.113.685 0 1.254-.27 1.71-.816.456-.544.685-1.235.685-2.071 0-.658-.152-1.216-.456-1.672-.304-.456-.672-.684-1.102-.684h-.721c-.304 0-.469-.227-.494-.68V127.53l5.418 16.803c.202.631.448 1.054.739 1.268.29.214.764.32 1.42.32h2.993c.809 0 1.364-.155 1.667-.471.303-.314.455-.924.455-1.829v-16.747c0-.477.012-.767.038-.867.05-.276.24-.416.569-.416h.418c.405 0 .741-.23 1.008-.693.266-.462.399-1.027.399-1.696 0-.822-.19-1.503-.569-2.044-.383-.537-.865-.808-1.447-.808z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M513.671 79.647c-2.939 0-5.244 1.185-6.916 3.553-1.672 2.37-2.508 5.657-2.508 9.861 0 4.155.817 7.397 2.451 9.727 1.634 2.332 3.907 3.496 6.821 3.496 1.9 0 3.597-.557 5.092-1.672 2.964-2.204 4.446-6.168 4.446-11.895 0-4.052-.836-7.243-2.508-9.575-1.672-2.329-3.965-3.495-6.878-3.495zm2.998 18.741c-.28.834-.707 1.505-1.279 2.01-.573.506-1.191.758-1.853.758-1.095 0-1.967-.688-2.616-2.066-.65-1.377-.974-3.254-.974-5.63v-.834c.178-5.231 1.413-7.848 3.705-7.848 1.324 0 2.304.784 2.941 2.351.509 1.239.764 3.084.764 5.535 0 2.426-.229 4.334-.688 5.724z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M529.646 98.495c-1.064 0-1.97.375-2.717 1.121-.748.748-1.121 1.653-1.121 2.717a3.76 3.76 0 001.121 2.736c.747.76 1.653 1.14 2.717 1.14s1.969-.38 2.717-1.14a3.765 3.765 0 001.121-2.736c0-1.064-.374-1.969-1.121-2.717-.748-.746-1.653-1.121-2.717-1.121z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M112.165 125.461h.761c.404 0 .753-.223 1.045-.669.29-.446.436-.991.436-1.636 0-.817-.227-1.492-.684-2.025-.456-.533-1.04-.8-1.748-.8-.508 0-1.279.045-2.318.133-1.039.09-1.824.133-2.355.133-.38 0-.932-.043-1.653-.133-.722-.088-1.261-.133-1.614-.133-.786 0-1.269.531-1.444 1.596l-2.205 12.578-2.166-12.046c-.253-1.418-.797-2.128-1.633-2.128-.356 0-.875.045-1.559.133-.684.09-1.203.133-1.558.133-.508 0-1.261-.043-2.262-.133-1.001-.088-1.754-.133-2.26-.133-.736 0-1.337.261-1.806.78-.47.521-.702 1.203-.702 2.045 0 .645.145 1.189.436 1.636.291.447.652.669 1.083.669h.722c.354 0 .531.227.531.683v13.835c0 .455-.177.683-.531.683h-.722c-.405 0-.76.227-1.063.684-.305.456-.455 1.014-.455 1.672 0 .812.228 1.496.684 2.052.455.559 1.012.836 1.671.836.329 0 .792-.038 1.387-.113a12.023 12.023 0 011.464-.114c.354 0 .873.038 1.558.114.685.075 1.203.113 1.559.113.632 0 1.152-.254 1.559-.765.403-.511.607-1.148.607-1.914 0-1.557-.531-2.374-1.595-2.451-.406-.023-.653-.112-.741-.265-.09-.151-.133-.556-.133-1.213v-13.57l3.875 18.43c.127.66.323 1.116.589 1.368.268.254.729.38 1.388.38.658 0 1.121-.101 1.387-.304.267-.202.462-.632.59-1.292l4.103-19.076v14.099c0 .558-.024.912-.074 1.063a.591.591 0 01-.344.494 7.342 7.342 0 01-.646.038c-.432 0-.792.223-1.083.665-.291.444-.437.995-.437 1.653 0 1.773.811 2.659 2.432 2.659.481 0 .925-.024 1.331-.075.81-.101 1.342-.152 1.596-.152.303 0 .771.038 1.406.114.632.075 1.102.113 1.405.113.708 0 1.292-.266 1.748-.798.456-.532.684-1.228.684-2.09 0-.658-.146-1.216-.436-1.672-.292-.456-.652-.684-1.083-.684h-.722c-.355 0-.532-.228-.532-.683v-13.835c-.006-.455.171-.682.527-.682z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M82.317 120.331c-.203 0-.494.025-.874.075-.811.129-1.482.19-2.015.19-.354 0-.868-.043-1.539-.133-.672-.088-1.172-.133-1.501-.133-1.317 0-1.976 1.002-1.976 3.002 0 1.191.284 1.876.853 2.052l.775.227c.207.053.31.357.31.912v10.261c0 1.724-.181 2.888-.54 3.495-.359.608-1.055.912-2.083.912-.951 0-1.602-.297-1.947-.893-.349-.594-.521-1.677-.521-3.249v-10.298c0-.685.104-1.064.311-1.141l.773-.151c.646-.126.968-.86.968-2.204 0-1.95-.658-2.926-1.976-2.926-.279 0-.748.052-1.406.151a9.99 9.99 0 01-1.481.114c-.355 0-.862-.043-1.521-.133-.659-.088-1.14-.133-1.443-.133-.635 0-1.159.272-1.577.816-.418.546-.627 1.235-.627 2.071 0 1.47.442 2.229 1.33 2.28.354.025.569.038.646.038.202.075.304.405.304.987v11.704c0 2.61.716 4.644 2.147 6.1 1.431 1.458 3.426 2.184 5.985 2.184 2.71 0 4.78-.741 6.213-2.223 1.431-1.482 2.146-3.615 2.146-6.403v-11.704l.267-.532.836-.227c.784-.202 1.178-1.012 1.178-2.433 0-.783-.19-1.425-.57-1.919-.382-.489-.863-.736-1.445-.736z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M379.393 63.359c1.634 2.331 3.907 3.496 6.821 3.496 1.9 0 3.597-.559 5.092-1.673 2.964-2.203 4.446-6.169 4.446-11.894 0-4.053-.836-7.245-2.508-9.576-1.672-2.331-3.965-3.496-6.878-3.496-2.939 0-5.244 1.184-6.916 3.553-1.672 2.369-2.508 5.656-2.508 9.861 0 4.156.817 7.398 2.451 9.729zm3.249-10.165c.178-5.231 1.413-7.847 3.705-7.847 1.324 0 2.304.784 2.941 2.35.509 1.239.764 3.084.764 5.535 0 2.427-.229 4.335-.688 5.725-.28.835-.707 1.504-1.279 2.01-.573.505-1.191.758-1.853.758-1.095 0-1.967-.688-2.616-2.065-.65-1.378-.974-3.254-.974-5.63v-.836z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M361.313 44.511c0-.456.012-.849.038-1.178.025-.329.038-.507.038-.532 0-1.419-.649-2.128-1.946-2.128-.839 0-1.793.051-2.862.152-.814.076-1.895.114-3.243.114-1.526 0-3.18-.038-4.96-.114l-3.587-.152h-.152c-1.247 0-1.87.663-1.87 1.988 0 .358.031.906.095 1.645.063.74.095 1.288.095 1.644 0 .46-.032 1.135-.095 2.027a30.662 30.662 0 00-.095 2.027c0 1.784.76 2.677 2.28 2.677 1.596 0 2.394-1.088 2.394-3.265a8.45 8.45 0 00-.038-.883l-.152-1.306v-.307c0-.947.322-1.421.968-1.421.491 0 .813.253.969.76.051.228.077.684.077 1.368v12.731c0 .557-.165.836-.494.836-.127 0-.311-.032-.551-.096a2.446 2.446 0 00-.551-.095c-1.267 0-1.9.817-1.9 2.45 0 .842.214 1.518.644 2.028.429.511.985.766 1.667.766.455 0 1.124-.038 2.008-.114a25.349 25.349 0 012.008-.113c.429 0 1.079.037 1.951.113.872.076 1.522.114 1.951.114.733 0 1.32-.26 1.762-.779.442-.519.663-1.196.663-2.032 0-1.621-.608-2.433-1.824-2.433-.127 0-.317.032-.57.095a2.648 2.648 0 01-.57.096c-.304 0-.469-.278-.494-.834V47.508c0-1.339.335-2.009 1.006-2.009.646 0 .97.39.97 1.172l-.152 1.323c-.051.428-.076.957-.076 1.587 0 2.067.81 3.1 2.432 3.1 1.494 0 2.242-1.039 2.242-3.116 0-.405-.019-1.001-.057-1.786a40.112 40.112 0 01-.057-1.786c0 .152.013-.342.038-1.482z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M131.622 96.31c0-2.001-.747-3.002-2.242-3.002-.658 0-1.202.222-1.634.665-.431.442-.646.994-.646 1.652 0 .329.062.926.19 1.786.101.685.152 1.191.152 1.521 0 .607-.133 1.007-.399 1.196-.266.19-.74.285-1.425.285h-3.154c-.404 0-.709-.051-.911-.151-.355-.178-.532-.646-.532-1.406v-4.522c.304-.051.469-.075.494-.075.811 0 1.216.291 1.216.873 0 .279-.021.494-.061.646a4.87 4.87 0 00-.092.874c0 .988.515 1.482 1.541 1.482 1.202 0 1.803-.634 1.803-1.9 0-.481-.038-1.077-.113-1.786a24.954 24.954 0 01-.152-2.698c0-.785.025-1.355.076-1.71.127-.912.189-1.609.189-2.09 0-1.165-.583-1.748-1.748-1.748-.431 0-.804.152-1.12.456-.317.304-.476.659-.476 1.064 0 .152.038.431.114.836.025.127.038.329.038.608 0 .659-.342.988-1.026.988-.253 0-.48-.038-.684-.114v-3.838c0-.735.1-1.197.302-1.387.202-.19.705-.285 1.511-.285h2.72c.577 0 .98.089 1.208.266.227.177.34.583.34 1.216 0 .355-.044.893-.133 1.615-.09.722-.134 1.273-.134 1.653 0 1.317.723 1.976 2.166 1.976 1.545 0 2.318-.773 2.318-2.318l-.114-1.71v-.76c0-1.571.016-2.66.046-3.268a47.38 47.38 0 00.068-1.786c0-1.14-.682-1.71-2.044-1.71-.832 0-2.069.044-3.709.133-1.641.089-2.876.133-3.708.133-1.288 0-2.498-.038-3.633-.114-1.516-.101-2.55-.152-3.105-.152-.731 0-1.331.272-1.798.817-.467.545-.7 1.248-.7 2.109 0 .659.152 1.216.456 1.672.304.456.659.684 1.064.684.075 0 .215-.025.418-.076a.334.334 0 00.151-.038h.152c.355 0 .532.242.532.725v13.901c0 .459-.177.688-.532.688h-.721c-.405 0-.761.223-1.064.669-.304.446-.456.992-.456 1.636 0 .842.234 1.524.703 2.044.469.521 1.07.781 1.805.781.685 0 1.717-.045 3.098-.133 1.381-.089 2.413-.133 3.097-.133 2.077 0 4.357.075 6.84.228.405.025.811.038 1.216.038.811 0 1.388-.108 1.729-.323.342-.215.513-.678.513-1.387 0-.38-.032-.963-.095-1.748a24.204 24.204 0 01-.095-1.748c0-.684.038-1.431.113-2.242.053-.557.077-1.078.077-1.558z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M243.6 102.39c0-.659-.154-1.216-.462-1.672-.31-.456-.682-.684-1.117-.684h-.732c-.309 0-.475-.226-.501-.678V85.625c.026-.451.205-.677.539-.677h.732c.411 0 .77-.228 1.079-.684.308-.456.462-1.013.462-1.672 0-.836-.229-1.526-.685-2.071a2.178 2.178 0 00-1.748-.817c-.355 0-.893.044-1.615.133-.722.089-1.261.133-1.614.133-.355 0-.888-.044-1.597-.133-.709-.089-1.241-.133-1.596-.133-.71 0-1.292.272-1.748.817-.456.545-.684 1.235-.684 2.071 0 .659.145 1.216.436 1.672.291.456.652.684 1.083.684h.723c.354 0 .531.226.531.677v13.731c0 .452-.178.678-.531.678h-.722c-.406 0-.76.229-1.063.684-.305.456-.456 1.013-.456 1.672 0 .811.227 1.495.684 2.052.456.557 1.014.836 1.672.836.126 0 .329-.013.608-.038l.988-.114a15.436 15.436 0 011.672-.075c.354 0 .898.037 1.634.113.734.076 1.279.114 1.634.114.685 0 1.254-.272 1.71-.817.455-.546.684-1.235.684-2.071z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M248.023 102.39c1.634 2.331 3.907 3.496 6.82 3.496 1.9 0 3.598-.559 5.093-1.673 2.964-2.203 4.445-6.169 4.445-11.894 0-4.053-.836-7.245-2.508-9.576-1.672-2.331-3.965-3.496-6.878-3.496-2.938 0-5.244 1.184-6.916 3.553-1.672 2.369-2.508 5.656-2.508 9.861.001 4.156.818 7.398 2.452 9.729zm3.249-10.166c.178-5.231 1.413-7.847 3.705-7.847 1.323 0 2.304.784 2.94 2.35.51 1.239.765 3.084.765 5.535 0 2.427-.229 4.335-.688 5.725-.28.835-.707 1.504-1.279 2.01-.572.505-1.19.758-1.853.758-1.095 0-1.967-.688-2.616-2.065-.649-1.378-.974-3.254-.974-5.63v-.836z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M507.159 40.673c-1.318 0-1.976 1.001-1.976 3.002 0 1.191.283 1.875.852 2.052l.776.228c.206.051.31.355.31.912v10.26c0 1.723-.181 2.888-.541 3.496-.36.608-1.054.912-2.083.912-.951 0-1.601-.298-1.948-.894-.347-.595-.52-1.678-.52-3.248V47.095c0-.684.103-1.064.309-1.14l.775-.152c.645-.127.968-.861.968-2.204 0-1.951-.66-2.926-1.976-2.926-.28 0-.748.051-1.406.152-.508.076-1.002.114-1.482.114-.356 0-.862-.044-1.52-.133-.66-.089-1.14-.133-1.444-.133-.634 0-1.159.272-1.577.817-.418.545-.627 1.235-.627 2.071 0 1.469.442 2.229 1.33 2.28.354.025.57.038.646.038.202.076.304.405.304.988v11.704c0 2.608.715 4.642 2.147 6.099 1.43 1.457 3.425 2.186 5.985 2.186 2.71 0 4.781-.741 6.213-2.224 1.43-1.481 2.147-3.616 2.147-6.402V46.525l.266-.532.836-.228c.784-.203 1.178-1.013 1.178-2.432 0-.785-.19-1.425-.57-1.919-.38-.494-.862-.741-1.444-.741a7.05 7.05 0 00-.874.076c-.812.127-1.482.19-2.014.19-.356 0-.869-.044-1.539-.133-.672-.089-1.173-.133-1.501-.133z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M398.199 45.233c.291.456.652.684 1.083.684h.722c.354 0 .532.226.532.677v13.731c0 .452-.178.678-.532.678h-.722c-.406 0-.76.229-1.064.684-.304.456-.456 1.013-.456 1.672 0 .836.228 1.525.684 2.07.456.545 1.026.817 1.71.817.304 0 .772-.038 1.406-.114.633-.076 1.102-.113 1.406-.113.43 0 .912.037 1.444.113.532.076.95.114 1.254.114.684 0 1.254-.272 1.71-.817.456-.545.684-1.234.684-2.07 0-.659-.152-1.216-.456-1.672-.304-.456-.672-.684-1.102-.684h-.722c-.304 0-.469-.226-.494-.68V47.855l5.418 16.802c.202.631.448 1.054.738 1.267.291.214.765.322 1.421.322h2.993c.809 0 1.364-.157 1.667-.472.303-.314.455-.925.455-1.829V47.199c0-.477.012-.766.038-.867.05-.277.24-.415.57-.415h.418c.405 0 .741-.231 1.007-.694.266-.463.399-1.028.399-1.697 0-.822-.19-1.503-.57-2.043-.38-.54-.862-.81-1.444-.81-.38 0-.849.051-1.406.152-.431.076-.9.114-1.406.114-.355 0-1.026-.063-2.014-.19a8.008 8.008 0 00-.912-.076c-1.47 0-2.204.977-2.204 2.931 0 .668.145 1.22.437 1.657.291.437.677.656 1.159.656a.508.508 0 00.304-.114h.19c.202 0 .348.076.437.228.088.152.133.519.133 1.102v11.589l-4.788-16.72c-.279-.887-.824-1.33-1.634-1.33-.178 0-.672.051-1.482.152a14.11 14.11 0 01-1.748.114c-.355 0-.9-.044-1.634-.133-.735-.089-1.28-.133-1.634-.133-.71 0-1.292.272-1.748.817-.456.545-.684 1.235-.684 2.071 0 .66.145 1.217.437 1.673z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M20.457 83.656c.046-.912.069-1.507.069-1.786 0-1.14-.683-1.71-2.044-1.71-.832 0-2.069.044-3.71.133-1.64.089-2.876.133-3.709.133-1.286 0-2.498-.038-3.633-.114-1.514-.101-2.549-.152-3.102-.152-.733 0-1.332.272-1.798.817-.467.545-.7 1.248-.7 2.109 0 .659.152 1.216.456 1.672.304.456.658.684 1.064.684.076 0 .215-.025.418-.076.05 0 .101-.013.152-.038h.152c.354 0 .532.242.532.725v13.901c0 .459-.178.688-.532.688H3.35c-.406 0-.76.223-1.064.669-.304.446-.456.992-.456 1.636 0 .842.234 1.524.703 2.044.468.521 1.07.781 1.805.781.684 0 1.716-.045 3.097-.133 1.38-.089 2.413-.133 3.097-.133 2.077 0 4.356.075 6.84.228.405.025.81.038 1.216.038.809 0 1.387-.108 1.729-.323.342-.215.513-.678.513-1.387 0-.38-.032-.963-.095-1.748a23.761 23.761 0 01-.096-1.748c0-.684.038-1.431.114-2.242.05-.557.076-1.077.076-1.558 0-2.001-.748-3.002-2.242-3.002-.659 0-1.204.222-1.634.665-.432.442-.646.994-.646 1.652 0 .329.063.926.19 1.786.101.685.152 1.191.152 1.521 0 .607-.134 1.007-.399 1.196-.266.19-.741.285-1.425.285h-3.154c-.406 0-.71-.051-.912-.151-.354-.178-.532-.646-.532-1.406V94.79a8.11 8.11 0 01.494-.075c.811 0 1.216.291 1.216.873 0 .279-.021.494-.061.646-.06.329-.091.621-.091.874 0 .988.513 1.482 1.54 1.482 1.202 0 1.804-.634 1.804-1.9 0-.481-.038-1.077-.114-1.786a24.946 24.946 0 01-.151-2.698c0-.785.024-1.355.075-1.71.127-.912.191-1.609.191-2.09 0-1.165-.583-1.748-1.748-1.748-.431 0-.805.152-1.121.456-.316.304-.475.659-.475 1.064 0 .152.038.431.114.836.024.127.037.329.037.608 0 .659-.342.988-1.025.988-.254 0-.482-.038-.685-.114v-3.838c0-.735.101-1.197.303-1.387.2-.19.705-.285 1.51-.285h2.719c.579 0 .982.089 1.208.266.227.177.341.583.341 1.216 0 .355-.045.893-.133 1.615-.089.722-.133 1.273-.133 1.653 0 1.317.722 1.976 2.166 1.976 1.545 0 2.318-.773 2.318-2.318l-.114-1.71v-.76c.001-1.57.015-2.66.045-3.268z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M143.994 105.886c1.9 0 3.597-.559 5.092-1.673 2.964-2.203 4.446-6.169 4.446-11.894 0-4.053-.836-7.245-2.508-9.576-1.672-2.331-3.965-3.496-6.878-3.496-2.939 0-5.244 1.184-6.916 3.553-1.672 2.369-2.508 5.656-2.508 9.861 0 4.155.816 7.397 2.45 9.728 1.636 2.332 3.909 3.497 6.822 3.497zm-3.572-13.662c.18-5.231 1.414-7.847 3.705-7.847 1.324 0 2.306.784 2.941 2.35.51 1.239.764 3.084.764 5.535 0 2.427-.229 4.335-.687 5.725-.28.835-.707 1.504-1.28 2.01-.573.505-1.191.758-1.852.758-1.096 0-1.968-.688-2.617-2.065-.649-1.378-.975-3.254-.975-5.63v-.836h.001z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M464.569 57.317c0-2.255-.887-3.382-2.66-3.382-.836 0-1.507.284-2.014.854-.507.57-.76 1.311-.76 2.223 0 .329.063.805.19 1.426.127.62.19 1.083.19 1.387 0 1.039-.83 1.558-2.489 1.558-1.609 0-2.413-.798-2.413-2.394v-12.16c0-.684.163-1.026.489-1.026.125 0 .326.032.601.095.276.063.476.095.602.095 1.253 0 1.88-.811 1.88-2.432 0-1.849-.899-2.774-2.698-2.774-.355 0-.874.025-1.558.076a22.65 22.65 0 01-1.558.076c-.431 0-1.064-.044-1.9-.133-.836-.089-1.457-.133-1.862-.133-.735 0-1.33.27-1.786.81-.456.539-.684 1.246-.684 2.119 0 .669.146 1.235.437 1.697.291.463.652.694 1.083.694.076 0 .196-.032.361-.095a1.17 1.17 0 01.361-.095c.355 0 .532.229.532.687v13.938c0 .459-.177.688-.532.688h-.722c-.405 0-.76.223-1.064.669-.304.446-.456.992-.456 1.636 0 .842.234 1.524.703 2.044.469.521 1.07.781 1.805.781.836 0 2.084-.038 3.743-.114a88.933 88.933 0 013.743-.113c.735 0 1.843.037 3.325.113 1.482.076 2.59.114 3.325.114.684 0 1.153-.165 1.406-.494.253-.329.38-.95.38-1.862 0-.304-.019-.772-.057-1.405a25.997 25.997 0 01-.057-1.406c0-.557.029-1.355.086-2.394.019-.355.028-.811.028-1.368z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M435.024 61.383h-.494c-.836 0-1.254.715-1.254 2.145 0 1.813.785 2.72 2.356 2.72.355 0 .88-.038 1.577-.114a15.794 15.794 0 011.577-.113c.355 0 .868.037 1.539.113.671.076 1.184.114 1.539.114.735 0 1.33-.256 1.786-.767.456-.513.684-1.192.684-2.041 0-1.497-.519-2.246-1.558-2.246h-.874c-.203 0-.393-.343-.57-1.026l-4.788-18.088c-.228-.887-.849-1.343-1.862-1.368l-1.862-.038h-1.862c-1.089 0-1.761.468-2.014 1.403l-4.902 18.055c-.203.708-.418 1.062-.646 1.062h-.912c-.431 0-.792.23-1.083.692-.291.462-.437 1.029-.437 1.703 0 .774.235 1.41.703 1.909a2.28 2.28 0 001.729.749c.329 0 .792-.038 1.387-.114a13.367 13.367 0 011.691-.113c.355 0 .893.037 1.615.113.722.076 1.26.114 1.615.114.659 0 1.203-.247 1.634-.741.431-.494.646-1.107.646-1.843 0-.608-.127-1.14-.38-1.596-.253-.456-.557-.685-.912-.685h-.57c-.279 0-.418-.147-.418-.444 0 .05.038-.148.114-.594l.342-2.002h4.978l.38 2.252a.651.651 0 01.038.263c.001.351-.177.526-.532.526zm-3.989-7.714l1.596-8.17 1.634 8.17h-3.23z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M186.061 80.513c-.38-.54-.861-.81-1.444-.81-.38 0-.849.051-1.406.152a8.092 8.092 0 01-1.405.114c-.355 0-1.026-.063-2.015-.19a7.956 7.956 0 00-.912-.076c-1.469 0-2.204.977-2.204 2.931 0 .668.146 1.22.438 1.657.291.437.678.656 1.159.656a.505.505 0 00.304-.114h.19c.203 0 .348.076.437.228.089.152.133.519.133 1.102v11.589l-4.788-16.72c-.278-.887-.822-1.33-1.634-1.33-.177 0-.671.051-1.481.152a14.11 14.11 0 01-1.748.114c-.355 0-.899-.044-1.635-.133-.734-.089-1.278-.133-1.634-.133-.709 0-1.292.272-1.748.817-.456.545-.684 1.235-.684 2.071 0 .659.146 1.216.437 1.672.291.456.652.684 1.083.684h.722c.354 0 .531.226.531.677v13.731c0 .452-.177.678-.531.678h-.722c-.404 0-.76.229-1.064.684-.305.456-.456 1.013-.456 1.672 0 .836.228 1.525.684 2.07.456.545 1.026.817 1.71.817.305 0 .773-.038 1.406-.114.633-.076 1.102-.113 1.406-.113.431 0 .912.037 1.443.113.532.076.95.114 1.255.114.684 0 1.254-.272 1.71-.817.456-.545.684-1.234.684-2.07 0-.659-.152-1.216-.456-1.672-.304-.456-.671-.684-1.102-.684H172c-.304 0-.469-.226-.494-.68V86.884l5.418 16.802c.202.631.448 1.054.739 1.268.29.214.765.322 1.421.322h2.993c.809 0 1.364-.157 1.666-.472.303-.314.455-.925.455-1.829V86.23c0-.477.013-.766.038-.867.051-.277.241-.415.57-.415h.418c.404 0 .74-.231 1.007-.694.266-.463.398-1.028.398-1.697.001-.822-.188-1.504-.568-2.044z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M525.797 46.594c.026-.451.206-.677.539-.677h.732c.411 0 .77-.228 1.079-.684.308-.456.462-1.013.462-1.672 0-.836-.228-1.526-.684-2.071a2.178 2.178 0 00-1.748-.817c-.355 0-.893.044-1.615.133-.722.089-1.26.133-1.615.133s-.887-.044-1.596-.133c-.709-.089-1.241-.133-1.596-.133-.709 0-1.292.272-1.748.817-.456.545-.684 1.235-.684 2.071 0 .659.146 1.216.437 1.672.291.456.652.684 1.083.684h.722c.355 0 .532.226.532.677v13.731c0 .452-.177.678-.532.678h-.722c-.405 0-.76.229-1.064.684-.304.456-.456 1.013-.456 1.672 0 .811.228 1.495.684 2.052.456.557 1.013.836 1.672.836.127 0 .329-.013.608-.038l.988-.114a15.436 15.436 0 011.672-.075c.355 0 .899.037 1.634.113.735.076 1.279.114 1.634.114.684 0 1.254-.272 1.71-.817.456-.545.684-1.234.684-2.07 0-.659-.154-1.216-.462-1.672-.309-.456-.681-.684-1.117-.684h-.732c-.308 0-.475-.226-.501-.678V46.594z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M28.889 106.267c1.065 0 1.969-.38 2.717-1.141a3.764 3.764 0 001.121-2.735c0-1.064-.374-1.971-1.121-2.717-.748-.747-1.652-1.121-2.717-1.121-1.063 0-1.97.374-2.717 1.121-.748.746-1.121 1.652-1.121 2.717 0 1.063.373 1.976 1.121 2.735a3.667 3.667 0 002.717 1.141z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M224.28 105.087c1.494.052 2.609.076 3.344.076.811 0 1.374-.151 1.691-.456.315-.304.475-.836.475-1.596 0-.355-.025-1.039-.076-2.052 0-1.571.064-2.926.19-4.066.05-.456.076-.874.076-1.254 0-1.748-.824-2.622-2.47-2.622-1.724 0-2.584.836-2.584 2.508 0 .38.05.861.151 1.444.05.709.076 1.203.076 1.482 0 .684-.146 1.127-.437 1.329-.293.203-.817.305-1.577.305h-3.61l9.12-14.467c.733-1.167 1.102-2.348 1.102-3.54 0-.914-.19-1.561-.572-1.942-.383-.381-1.018-.571-1.908-.571-.662 0-1.643.051-2.94.152-1.298.101-2.277.152-2.939.152-.637 0-1.578-.051-2.825-.152s-2.188-.152-2.824-.152c-.993 0-1.667.152-2.024.456-.355.304-.533.874-.533 1.71 0 .101.038.469.113 1.102v1.672c0 .38-.019.963-.057 1.748a39.903 39.903 0 00-.057 1.748c0 1.672.76 2.508 2.279 2.508 1.673 0 2.509-.899 2.509-2.698 0-.456-.021-.785-.064-.988a5.1 5.1 0 01-.126-1.102c0-.861.515-1.292 1.544-1.292h3.282l-9.386 14.972c-.685 1.09-1.026 2.077-1.026 2.965 0 1.799.886 2.697 2.66 2.697.936 0 2.001-.024 3.191-.076.608-.024 1.773-.037 3.496-.037 1.065 0 1.977.013 2.736.037z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M554.411 64.955c1.571 1.089 3.243 1.634 5.016 1.634 2.052 0 3.775-.804 5.168-2.413 1.393-1.608 2.09-3.603 2.09-5.984 0-4.155-2.335-6.827-7.004-8.019-1.506-.38-2.481-.747-2.928-1.102-.446-.355-.67-.925-.67-1.71 0-.633.211-1.146.632-1.539.422-.393.951-.589 1.59-.589.843 0 1.456.215 1.839.646.382.431.676 1.235.881 2.413.204 1.178.983 1.767 2.337 1.767 1.48 0 2.221-.646 2.221-1.938 0-.304-.025-.747-.076-1.33a16.484 16.484 0 01-.076-1.33c0-.203.038-.722.114-1.558.051-.557.076-1.013.076-1.368 0-1.343-.725-2.014-2.176-2.014-1.019 0-1.668.494-1.948 1.482-1.248-1.165-2.673-1.748-4.277-1.748-1.986 0-3.635.741-4.946 2.223-1.311 1.482-1.967 3.338-1.967 5.567 0 1.267.255 2.445.766 3.534.893 1.9 2.895 3.293 6.009 4.18 1.479.405 2.5.842 3.062 1.312.561.469.841 1.096.841 1.881 0 .76-.274 1.393-.822 1.899-.549.508-1.218.761-2.009.761-1.759 0-2.728-1.132-2.907-3.396-.101-1.384-.867-2.076-2.3-2.076-1.76 0-2.64.659-2.64 1.977 0 .329.025.811.076 1.443.051.634.076 1.115.076 1.444 0 .431-.02.925-.06 1.482a26.582 26.582 0 00-.092 1.748c0 1.52.735 2.279 2.204 2.279 1.012 0 1.646-.519 1.9-1.558z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M276.955 81.034c-.278-.887-.824-1.33-1.634-1.33-.178 0-.672.051-1.482.152-.607.076-1.19.114-1.748.114-.354 0-.899-.044-1.634-.133-.734-.089-1.28-.133-1.634-.133-.71 0-1.292.272-1.748.817-.456.545-.684 1.235-.684 2.071 0 .659.145 1.216.436 1.672.291.456.652.684 1.083.684h.722c.354 0 .531.226.531.677v13.731c0 .452-.178.678-.531.678h-.722c-.406 0-.76.229-1.064.684-.305.456-.456 1.013-.456 1.672 0 .836.228 1.525.684 2.07.456.545 1.026.817 1.71.817.304 0 .772-.038 1.406-.114.633-.076 1.102-.113 1.406-.113.43 0 .911.037 1.443.113.532.076.95.114 1.254.114.685 0 1.254-.272 1.71-.817.456-.545.685-1.234.685-2.07 0-.659-.152-1.216-.456-1.672-.304-.456-.672-.684-1.103-.684h-.721c-.304 0-.469-.226-.494-.68V86.886l5.418 16.802c.202.631.447 1.054.738 1.268.291.214.764.322 1.421.322h2.993c.808 0 1.364-.157 1.667-.472.303-.314.455-.925.455-1.829V86.23c0-.477.012-.766.038-.867.05-.277.24-.415.569-.415h.419c.404 0 .74-.231 1.007-.694.266-.463.398-1.028.398-1.697 0-.822-.189-1.503-.569-2.043-.381-.54-.862-.81-1.444-.81-.38 0-.849.051-1.406.152-.431.076-.9.114-1.406.114-.354 0-1.025-.063-2.014-.19a8.008 8.008 0 00-.912-.076c-1.47 0-2.204.977-2.204 2.931 0 .668.146 1.22.438 1.657.291.437.677.656 1.159.656a.51.51 0 00.304-.114h.19c.202 0 .349.076.438.228.088.152.133.519.133 1.102v11.589l-4.789-16.719z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M492.271 58.191c0-4.155-2.336-6.827-7.005-8.019-1.506-.38-2.481-.747-2.928-1.102-.446-.355-.669-.925-.669-1.71 0-.633.21-1.146.631-1.539.422-.393.951-.589 1.59-.589.843 0 1.456.215 1.839.646.383.431.676 1.235.881 2.413.204 1.178.983 1.767 2.337 1.767 1.481 0 2.222-.646 2.222-1.938 0-.304-.026-.747-.077-1.33a16.384 16.384 0 01-.075-1.33c0-.203.038-.722.114-1.558.05-.557.075-1.013.075-1.368 0-1.343-.725-2.014-2.176-2.014-1.019 0-1.668.494-1.948 1.482-1.248-1.165-2.673-1.748-4.277-1.748-1.986 0-3.635.741-4.946 2.223-1.311 1.482-1.966 3.338-1.966 5.567 0 1.267.254 2.445.765 3.534.893 1.9 2.896 3.293 6.009 4.18 1.479.405 2.5.842 3.062 1.312.561.469.842 1.096.842 1.881 0 .76-.275 1.393-.823 1.899-.548.508-1.218.761-2.008.761-1.76 0-2.729-1.132-2.907-3.396-.101-1.384-.868-2.076-2.301-2.076-1.76 0-2.639.659-2.639 1.977 0 .329.024.811.076 1.443.05.634.076 1.115.076 1.444 0 .431-.021.925-.061 1.482a26.394 26.394 0 00-.091 1.748c0 1.52.734 2.279 2.203 2.279 1.013 0 1.647-.519 1.901-1.558 1.57 1.089 3.242 1.634 5.015 1.634 2.052 0 3.775-.804 5.168-2.413 1.393-1.608 2.091-3.603 2.091-5.984z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M540.495 50.173c-1.506-.38-2.481-.747-2.928-1.102-.446-.355-.669-.925-.669-1.71 0-.633.21-1.146.631-1.539.422-.393.952-.589 1.59-.589.843 0 1.456.215 1.839.646.383.431.677 1.235.881 2.413.204 1.178.983 1.767 2.337 1.767 1.481 0 2.222-.646 2.222-1.938 0-.304-.026-.747-.076-1.33a16.484 16.484 0 01-.076-1.33c0-.203.038-.722.114-1.558.05-.557.076-1.013.076-1.368 0-1.343-.726-2.014-2.177-2.014-1.019 0-1.668.494-1.948 1.482-1.248-1.165-2.673-1.748-4.277-1.748-1.986 0-3.635.741-4.946 2.223-1.311 1.482-1.966 3.338-1.966 5.567 0 1.267.254 2.445.765 3.534.893 1.9 2.896 3.293 6.009 4.18 1.479.405 2.5.842 3.062 1.312.561.469.842 1.096.842 1.881 0 .76-.275 1.393-.823 1.899-.548.508-1.218.761-2.008.761-1.76 0-2.729-1.132-2.907-3.396-.101-1.384-.868-2.076-2.301-2.076-1.759 0-2.639.659-2.639 1.977 0 .329.025.811.076 1.443.05.634.076 1.115.076 1.444 0 .431-.021.925-.061 1.482a26.394 26.394 0 00-.091 1.748c0 1.52.734 2.279 2.204 2.279 1.013 0 1.646-.519 1.9-1.558 1.57 1.089 3.242 1.634 5.016 1.634 2.052 0 3.774-.804 5.168-2.413 1.393-1.608 2.09-3.603 2.09-5.984-.001-4.156-2.337-6.828-7.005-8.019z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M366.648 66.209l.988-.114a15.436 15.436 0 011.672-.075c.355 0 .899.037 1.634.113.735.076 1.279.114 1.634.114.684 0 1.254-.272 1.71-.817.456-.545.684-1.234.684-2.07 0-.659-.154-1.216-.462-1.672-.309-.456-.681-.684-1.117-.684h-.732c-.308 0-.475-.226-.501-.678V46.594c.026-.451.206-.677.539-.677h.732c.411 0 .77-.228 1.079-.684.308-.456.462-1.013.462-1.672 0-.836-.228-1.526-.684-2.071a2.178 2.178 0 00-1.748-.817c-.355 0-.893.044-1.615.133-.722.089-1.26.133-1.615.133s-.887-.044-1.596-.133c-.709-.089-1.241-.133-1.596-.133-.709 0-1.292.272-1.748.817-.456.545-.684 1.235-.684 2.071 0 .659.146 1.216.437 1.672.291.456.652.684 1.083.684h.722c.355 0 .532.226.532.677v13.731c0 .452-.177.678-.532.678h-.722c-.405 0-.76.229-1.064.684-.304.456-.456 1.013-.456 1.672 0 .811.228 1.495.684 2.052.456.557 1.013.836 1.672.836.127 0 .33-.013.608-.038z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M208.084 105.278c.735 0 1.33-.256 1.786-.767.456-.513.685-1.192.685-2.041 0-1.497-.519-2.246-1.559-2.246h-.875c-.203 0-.393-.343-.569-1.026l-4.788-18.088c-.228-.887-.85-1.343-1.862-1.368l-1.862-.038h-1.861c-1.09 0-1.762.468-2.015 1.403l-4.901 18.055c-.203.708-.418 1.062-.646 1.062h-.912c-.431 0-.792.23-1.083.692-.291.462-.437 1.029-.437 1.703 0 .774.234 1.41.703 1.909a2.28 2.28 0 001.729.749c.329 0 .792-.038 1.387-.114a13.38 13.38 0 011.691-.113c.354 0 .892.037 1.615.113.722.076 1.26.114 1.614.114.659 0 1.203-.247 1.635-.741.431-.494.645-1.107.645-1.843 0-.608-.127-1.14-.38-1.596-.253-.456-.557-.685-.912-.685h-.569c-.279 0-.419-.147-.419-.444 0 .05.038-.148.114-.594l.342-2.002h4.978l.38 2.252a.651.651 0 01.038.263c0 .35-.177.525-.532.525h-.494c-.836 0-1.254.715-1.254 2.145 0 1.813.785 2.72 2.356 2.72.355 0 .88-.038 1.577-.114a15.779 15.779 0 011.576-.113c.355 0 .868.037 1.539.113.672.076 1.186.115 1.54.115zM197.254 92.7l1.597-8.17 1.634 8.17h-3.231z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M56 104.974c.267-.203.462-.633.589-1.292l4.104-19.076v14.098c0 .558-.026.912-.076 1.064a.595.595 0 01-.342.494 8.276 8.276 0 01-.646.038c-.432 0-.792.222-1.083.664-.292.443-.436.994-.436 1.653 0 1.773.81 2.66 2.432 2.66.481 0 .924-.026 1.33-.076.811-.101 1.342-.151 1.597-.151.304 0 .771.037 1.405.113.633.076 1.103.114 1.406.114.709 0 1.292-.266 1.748-.798.456-.532.684-1.229.684-2.09 0-.659-.146-1.216-.437-1.672-.292-.456-.653-.684-1.083-.684h-.722c-.356 0-.532-.228-.532-.682V85.515c0-.455.176-.682.532-.682h.76c.404 0 .753-.223 1.045-.669.291-.446.437-.991.437-1.636 0-.818-.228-1.493-.684-2.026-.456-.533-1.039-.799-1.748-.799-.507 0-1.28.044-2.318.133-1.04.089-1.823.133-2.355.133-.38 0-.932-.044-1.653-.133-.722-.089-1.261-.133-1.615-.133-.785 0-1.267.532-1.443 1.596l-2.204 12.578-2.166-12.045c-.254-1.419-.798-2.128-1.634-2.128-.356 0-.874.044-1.559.133-.684.089-1.204.133-1.558.133-.508 0-1.261-.044-2.261-.133-1.002-.089-1.756-.133-2.262-.133-.735 0-1.337.26-1.805.781-.47.52-.703 1.202-.703 2.044 0 .645.145 1.19.437 1.636.291.446.651.669 1.083.669h.721c.354 0 .532.227.532.682v13.836c0 .454-.179.682-.532.682h-.721c-.406 0-.761.229-1.064.684-.304.456-.456 1.013-.456 1.672 0 .811.228 1.495.685 2.052.455.557 1.013.836 1.672.836.329 0 .791-.038 1.387-.114a11.964 11.964 0 011.463-.113c.354 0 .874.037 1.558.113.685.076 1.202.114 1.559.114.632 0 1.152-.255 1.558-.766.404-.511.608-1.148.608-1.914 0-1.558-.532-2.374-1.596-2.45-.406-.025-.653-.114-.741-.267-.09-.15-.133-.555-.133-1.213V85.099l3.876 18.43c.126.659.322 1.115.589 1.368.266.253.728.38 1.387.38.656.001 1.119-.101 1.384-.303z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M322.979 66.133a13.367 13.367 0 011.691-.113c.354 0 .893.037 1.615.113.722.076 1.26.114 1.615.114.658 0 1.203-.247 1.634-.741.43-.494.646-1.107.646-1.843 0-.608-.127-1.14-.38-1.596-.254-.456-.558-.685-.912-.685h-.57c-.279 0-.418-.147-.418-.444 0 .05.038-.148.114-.594l.342-2.002h4.978l.38 2.252a.651.651 0 01.038.263c0 .35-.178.525-.532.525h-.494c-.836 0-1.254.715-1.254 2.145 0 1.813.785 2.72 2.356 2.72.354 0 .88-.038 1.577-.114a15.775 15.775 0 011.577-.113c.354 0 .867.037 1.539.113.671.076 1.184.114 1.539.114.734 0 1.33-.256 1.786-.767.456-.513.684-1.192.684-2.041 0-1.497-.52-2.246-1.558-2.246h-.874c-.203 0-.393-.343-.57-1.026l-4.788-18.088c-.228-.887-.849-1.343-1.862-1.368l-1.862-.038h-1.862c-1.09 0-1.761.468-2.014 1.403l-4.902 18.055c-.203.708-.418 1.062-.646 1.062h-.912c-.431 0-.792.23-1.083.692-.291.462-.437 1.029-.437 1.703 0 .774.234 1.41.703 1.909a2.278 2.278 0 001.729.749c.329.001.791-.037 1.387-.113zm7.848-20.634l1.634 8.17h-3.23l1.596-8.17z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M75.379 103.7c1.432 1.457 3.427 2.186 5.985 2.186 2.71 0 4.781-.741 6.213-2.224 1.431-1.482 2.147-3.616 2.147-6.402V85.555l.266-.532.836-.228c.785-.203 1.178-1.013 1.178-2.432 0-.785-.189-1.425-.569-1.919-.38-.494-.862-.741-1.444-.741-.203 0-.494.025-.874.076-.811.127-1.482.19-2.014.19-.355 0-.868-.044-1.539-.133-.672-.089-1.172-.133-1.501-.133-1.318 0-1.977 1.001-1.977 3.002 0 1.191.284 1.875.854 2.052l.774.228c.207.051.311.355.311.912v10.26c0 1.723-.18 2.888-.54 3.496-.36.608-1.055.912-2.083.912-.952 0-1.603-.298-1.948-.894-.348-.595-.521-1.678-.521-3.248V86.125c0-.684.103-1.064.31-1.14l.774-.152c.645-.127.968-.861.968-2.204 0-1.951-.659-2.926-1.977-2.926-.278 0-.747.051-1.405.152a9.993 9.993 0 01-1.482.114c-.354 0-.861-.044-1.52-.133-.659-.089-1.141-.133-1.444-.133-.634 0-1.159.272-1.577.817-.418.545-.627 1.235-.627 2.071 0 1.469.443 2.229 1.33 2.28.354.025.57.038.646.038.201.076.304.405.304.988v11.704c0 2.609.714 4.642 2.146 6.099z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M316.591 40.673c-.38 0-.849.051-1.406.152a8.104 8.104 0 01-1.406.114c-.355 0-1.026-.063-2.014-.19a7.973 7.973 0 00-.912-.076c-1.469 0-2.204.977-2.204 2.931 0 .668.146 1.22.437 1.657.291.437.678.656 1.159.656a.505.505 0 00.304-.114h.19c.203 0 .348.076.437.228.089.152.133.519.133 1.102v11.589l-4.788-16.72c-.279-.887-.823-1.33-1.634-1.33-.177 0-.671.051-1.482.152a14.11 14.11 0 01-1.748.114c-.355 0-.899-.044-1.634-.133-.735-.089-1.279-.133-1.634-.133-.709 0-1.292.272-1.748.817-.456.545-.684 1.235-.684 2.071 0 .659.146 1.216.437 1.672.291.456.652.684 1.083.684h.722c.355 0 .532.226.532.677v13.731c0 .452-.177.678-.532.678h-.722c-.405 0-.76.229-1.064.684-.304.456-.456 1.013-.456 1.672 0 .836.228 1.525.684 2.07.456.545 1.026.817 1.71.817.304 0 .773-.038 1.406-.114.633-.076 1.102-.113 1.406-.113.431 0 .912.037 1.444.113.532.076.95.114 1.254.114.684 0 1.254-.272 1.71-.817.456-.545.684-1.234.684-2.07 0-.659-.152-1.216-.456-1.672-.304-.456-.671-.684-1.102-.684h-.722c-.304 0-.469-.226-.494-.68V47.855l5.418 16.802c.202.631.448 1.054.739 1.267.29.214.764.322 1.421.322h2.993c.808 0 1.364-.157 1.667-.472.302-.314.454-.925.454-1.829V47.199c0-.477.013-.766.038-.867.051-.277.241-.415.57-.415h.418c.405 0 .741-.231 1.007-.694.266-.463.399-1.028.399-1.697 0-.822-.19-1.503-.57-2.043-.38-.54-.861-.81-1.444-.81z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M103.324 105.619c2.052 0 3.774-.804 5.168-2.413 1.394-1.608 2.09-3.604 2.09-5.984 0-4.155-2.335-6.827-7.005-8.019-1.505-.38-2.481-.747-2.927-1.102-.447-.355-.67-.925-.67-1.71 0-.633.21-1.146.632-1.539.421-.393.951-.589 1.59-.589.842 0 1.455.215 1.838.646.383.431.678 1.235.881 2.413.204 1.178.983 1.767 2.337 1.767 1.482 0 2.223-.646 2.223-1.938 0-.304-.026-.747-.076-1.33a16.484 16.484 0 01-.076-1.33c0-.203.038-.722.114-1.558.05-.557.076-1.013.076-1.368 0-1.343-.727-2.014-2.178-2.014-1.018 0-1.668.494-1.946 1.482-1.248-1.165-2.674-1.748-4.278-1.748-1.986 0-3.635.741-4.946 2.223-1.311 1.482-1.966 3.338-1.966 5.567 0 1.267.255 2.445.766 3.534.893 1.9 2.896 3.293 6.009 4.18 1.479.405 2.5.842 3.062 1.312.562.469.842 1.096.842 1.881 0 .76-.273 1.393-.822 1.899-.548.508-1.217.761-2.008.761-1.761 0-2.729-1.132-2.907-3.396-.102-1.384-.868-2.076-2.3-2.076-1.761 0-2.641.659-2.641 1.977 0 .329.025.811.076 1.443.05.634.076 1.115.076 1.444 0 .431-.021.925-.062 1.482a26.394 26.394 0 00-.091 1.748c0 1.52.734 2.279 2.204 2.279 1.013 0 1.646-.519 1.9-1.558 1.569 1.089 3.241 1.634 5.015 1.634z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M552.882 21.06h-.722c-.406 0-.76.223-1.064.669-.304.447-.456.992-.456 1.636 0 .842.234 1.524.703 2.044.468.521 1.07.781 1.805.781.836 0 2.083-.038 3.743-.114 1.659-.076 2.907-.114 3.743-.114.734 0 1.843.038 3.325.114 1.482.076 2.59.114 3.325.114.684 0 1.152-.164 1.406-.494.253-.329.38-.95.38-1.862 0-.304-.019-.772-.057-1.406a26.21 26.21 0 01-.058-1.406c0-.557.028-1.355.086-2.394.019-.354.028-.81.028-1.368 0-2.254-.887-3.382-2.66-3.382-.836 0-1.508.285-2.014.855-.507.57-.76 1.311-.76 2.223 0 .33.063.805.19 1.425.126.621.19 1.083.19 1.387 0 1.039-.83 1.558-2.489 1.558-1.609 0-2.413-.798-2.413-2.394V6.772c0-.684.162-1.026.488-1.026.126 0 .326.032.602.095.275.064.476.095.602.095 1.253 0 1.88-.81 1.88-2.432 0-1.849-.9-2.774-2.698-2.774-.355 0-.874.026-1.558.076-.684.051-1.204.076-1.558.076-.431 0-1.064-.044-1.9-.133-.836-.088-1.457-.133-1.862-.133-.735 0-1.33.27-1.786.81-.456.54-.684 1.246-.684 2.12 0 .668.145 1.234.437 1.697.291.462.652.693 1.083.693.076 0 .196-.031.361-.095.164-.063.285-.095.361-.095.354 0 .532.229.532.688v13.938c.001.459-.177.688-.531.688z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M33.256 45.499c.354.026.569.038.646.038.202.076.305.406.305.988v11.704c0 2.61.715 4.643 2.147 6.099 1.431 1.457 3.426 2.185 5.985 2.185 2.71 0 4.78-.741 6.213-2.223 1.431-1.482 2.146-3.616 2.146-6.403V46.183l.267-.532.836-.228c.785-.202 1.178-1.013 1.178-2.432 0-.785-.189-1.425-.57-1.919-.38-.494-.861-.741-1.443-.741a7.27 7.27 0 00-.874.076c-.811.127-1.482.19-2.015.19-.354 0-.867-.044-1.538-.133-.673-.088-1.173-.133-1.502-.133-1.317 0-1.976 1.001-1.976 3.002 0 1.191.284 1.875.853 2.052l.775.228c.207.051.31.355.31.912v10.26c0 1.723-.182 2.888-.54 3.496-.36.608-1.056.912-2.083.912-.952 0-1.603-.297-1.948-.893-.349-.595-.521-1.678-.521-3.249V46.753c0-.684.104-1.064.311-1.14l.773-.152c.646-.126.969-.861.969-2.204 0-1.95-.659-2.926-1.977-2.926-.278 0-.748.051-1.406.152a9.993 9.993 0 01-1.482.114c-.355 0-.862-.044-1.521-.133-.658-.088-1.14-.133-1.443-.133-.634 0-1.159.273-1.577.817-.418.545-.627 1.235-.627 2.071-.001 1.47.442 2.23 1.329 2.28z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M284.494 60.643c0-.684.038-1.431.114-2.242.051-.557.076-1.076.076-1.558 0-2.001-.747-3.002-2.242-3.002-.659 0-1.203.222-1.634.665-.432.444-.646.995-.646 1.653 0 .33.063.925.19 1.786.1.684.151 1.191.151 1.52 0 .608-.133 1.007-.398 1.197-.267.19-.741.285-1.426.285h-3.153c-.405 0-.709-.05-.912-.152-.355-.177-.532-.646-.532-1.406v-4.522c.304-.05.469-.076.494-.076.81 0 1.216.292 1.216.874 0 .279-.02.494-.06.646a4.88 4.88 0 00-.092.874c0 .988.514 1.482 1.541 1.482 1.201 0 1.803-.633 1.803-1.9 0-.482-.038-1.076-.114-1.786a25.198 25.198 0 01-.152-2.698c0-.785.025-1.355.076-1.71.127-.912.19-1.608.19-2.09 0-1.165-.583-1.748-1.748-1.748-.432 0-.804.152-1.121.456-.317.304-.475.659-.475 1.064 0 .152.037.431.113.836.025.127.038.33.038.608 0 .659-.342.988-1.025.988a1.94 1.94 0 01-.684-.114v-3.838c0-.734.101-1.197.303-1.387.201-.19.704-.285 1.511-.285h2.719c.579 0 .98.089 1.208.266.227.178.34.583.34 1.216 0 .355-.044.893-.133 1.615-.089.722-.133 1.273-.133 1.653 0 1.318.722 1.976 2.166 1.976 1.545 0 2.317-.772 2.317-2.318l-.113-1.71V47c0-1.57.015-2.66.046-3.268.045-.912.067-1.507.067-1.786 0-1.14-.681-1.71-2.043-1.71-.833 0-2.069.045-3.709.133-1.64.089-2.877.133-3.709.133-1.287 0-2.498-.038-3.633-.114-1.514-.101-2.549-.152-3.104-.152-.732 0-1.331.273-1.799.817-.466.545-.699 1.248-.699 2.109 0 .659.151 1.216.456 1.672.304.456.658.684 1.064.684.076 0 .215-.025.418-.076a.329.329 0 00.152-.038h.151c.355 0 .532.242.532.726v13.9c0 .459-.177.688-.532.688h-.721c-.405 0-.76.223-1.064.669-.305.447-.456.992-.456 1.636 0 .842.233 1.524.702 2.044.47.521 1.07.781 1.806.781.684 0 1.716-.045 3.097-.133 1.381-.088 2.413-.133 3.097-.133 2.077 0 4.357.076 6.841.228.404.025.811.038 1.216.038.811 0 1.387-.108 1.729-.323.343-.215.514-.677.514-1.387 0-.38-.032-.962-.096-1.748a23.768 23.768 0 01-.096-1.747z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M255.983 32.294c-.177 0-.456.089-.836.266l-3.345 1.596c-.734.355-1.152.57-1.254.646-.404.304-.607.697-.607 1.178 0 .279.062.545.189.798.305.76.761 1.14 1.368 1.14.203 0 .685-.126 1.444-.38l3.496-1.178c1.013-.329 1.52-.848 1.52-1.558 0-.684-.189-1.273-.57-1.767-.38-.493-.848-.741-1.405-.741z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M75.61 60.813h-.721c-.406 0-.76.223-1.064.669-.304.447-.456.992-.456 1.636 0 .842.234 1.524.703 2.044.469.521 1.07.781 1.806.781.684 0 1.716-.045 3.097-.133 1.38-.088 2.413-.133 3.097-.133 2.077 0 4.357.076 6.84.228.405.025.811.038 1.217.038.81 0 1.387-.108 1.729-.323.342-.215.513-.677.513-1.387 0-.38-.031-.962-.095-1.748a24.204 24.204 0 01-.095-1.748c0-.684.038-1.431.114-2.242.05-.557.075-1.076.075-1.558 0-2.001-.748-3.002-2.241-3.002-.659 0-1.204.222-1.635.665-.431.444-.646.995-.646 1.653 0 .33.062.925.189 1.786.102.684.152 1.191.152 1.52 0 .608-.133 1.007-.399 1.197-.267.19-.741.285-1.426.285H83.21c-.406 0-.71-.05-.912-.152-.355-.177-.532-.646-.532-1.406v-4.522c.304-.05.468-.076.494-.076.81 0 1.216.292 1.216.874 0 .279-.02.494-.061.646a4.88 4.88 0 00-.092.874c0 .988.515 1.482 1.541 1.482 1.201 0 1.804-.633 1.804-1.9 0-.481-.038-1.076-.114-1.786a24.688 24.688 0 01-.152-2.698c0-.785.025-1.355.076-1.71.126-.912.19-1.608.19-2.09 0-1.165-.583-1.748-1.748-1.748a1.56 1.56 0 00-1.121.456c-.317.304-.476.659-.476 1.064 0 .152.038.431.114.836.025.127.038.33.038.608 0 .659-.342.988-1.026.988-.254 0-.482-.038-.684-.114v-3.838c0-.734.1-1.197.302-1.387.201-.19.705-.285 1.511-.285h2.719c.579 0 .981.089 1.209.266.227.178.34.583.34 1.216 0 .355-.045.893-.133 1.615-.089.722-.133 1.273-.133 1.653 0 1.318.722 1.976 2.166 1.976 1.545 0 2.317-.772 2.317-2.318l-.114-1.71v-.76c0-1.57.016-2.66.047-3.268.045-.912.067-1.507.067-1.786 0-1.14-.682-1.71-2.044-1.71-.832 0-2.069.045-3.709.133-1.64.089-2.876.133-3.708.133-1.288 0-2.498-.038-3.634-.114-1.514-.101-2.549-.152-3.104-.152-.731 0-1.331.273-1.798.817-.467.545-.7 1.248-.7 2.109 0 .659.152 1.216.456 1.672.305.456.658.684 1.064.684.076 0 .215-.025.418-.076.05 0 .101-.012.152-.038h.151c.354 0 .532.242.532.726v13.9c.003.459-.175.688-.529.688z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M153.189 58.723c-1.063 0-1.97.374-2.717 1.121-.747.748-1.121 1.653-1.121 2.717s.374 1.976 1.121 2.736c.747.76 1.653 1.14 2.717 1.14s1.97-.38 2.717-1.14a3.765 3.765 0 001.121-2.736c0-1.064-.374-1.969-1.121-2.717-.747-.747-1.653-1.121-2.717-1.121z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M96.046 45.499c.354.026.569.038.646.038.202.076.305.406.305.988v11.704c0 2.61.715 4.643 2.146 6.099 1.431 1.457 3.426 2.185 5.985 2.185 2.71 0 4.78-.741 6.213-2.223 1.431-1.482 2.146-3.616 2.146-6.403V46.183l.267-.532.836-.228c.785-.202 1.178-1.013 1.178-2.432 0-.785-.189-1.425-.57-1.919-.38-.494-.861-.741-1.443-.741a7.27 7.27 0 00-.874.076c-.812.127-1.482.19-2.015.19-.354 0-.867-.044-1.539-.133-.672-.088-1.172-.133-1.501-.133-1.317 0-1.976 1.001-1.976 3.002 0 1.191.284 1.875.854 2.052l.774.228c.207.051.311.355.311.912v10.26c0 1.723-.182 2.888-.54 3.496-.36.608-1.056.912-2.083.912-.952 0-1.602-.297-1.948-.893-.349-.595-.521-1.678-.521-3.249V46.753c0-.684.104-1.064.311-1.14l.773-.152c.646-.126.969-.861.969-2.204 0-1.95-.659-2.926-1.976-2.926-.279 0-.748.051-1.406.152a9.99 9.99 0 01-1.481.114c-.355 0-.862-.044-1.521-.133-.658-.088-1.14-.133-1.443-.133-.635 0-1.159.273-1.577.817-.418.545-.627 1.235-.627 2.071-.003 1.47.44 2.23 1.327 2.28z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M226.399 51.143c.893 1.9 2.895 3.294 6.008 4.18 1.48.406 2.501.843 3.062 1.311.561.469.843 1.096.843 1.881 0 .76-.274 1.394-.822 1.9-.549.507-1.218.76-2.009.76-1.761 0-2.73-1.132-2.907-3.396-.101-1.384-.867-2.076-2.3-2.076-1.76 0-2.641.659-2.641 1.976 0 .33.025.811.076 1.444.051.634.076 1.115.076 1.444 0 .431-.02.925-.06 1.482a26.096 26.096 0 00-.093 1.748c0 1.52.735 2.28 2.204 2.28 1.014 0 1.647-.519 1.9-1.558 1.571 1.09 3.243 1.634 5.016 1.634 2.052 0 3.775-.804 5.168-2.413 1.394-1.608 2.09-3.603 2.09-5.985 0-4.154-2.335-6.827-7.004-8.018-1.506-.38-2.48-.747-2.928-1.102-.447-.354-.67-.924-.67-1.71 0-.633.21-1.146.632-1.539.422-.392.951-.589 1.59-.589.844 0 1.455.216 1.838.646.384.431.678 1.235.882 2.413.204 1.178.983 1.767 2.337 1.767 1.48 0 2.222-.646 2.222-1.938 0-.304-.025-.747-.076-1.33a16.46 16.46 0 01-.076-1.33c0-.202.038-.722.114-1.558.051-.557.076-1.013.076-1.368 0-1.342-.725-2.014-2.176-2.014-1.02 0-1.668.494-1.948 1.482-1.248-1.165-2.674-1.748-4.277-1.748-1.985 0-3.635.741-4.945 2.223-1.311 1.482-1.968 3.338-1.968 5.567a8.206 8.206 0 00.766 3.534z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M55.064 63.891c0 1.52.734 2.28 2.204 2.28 1.013 0 1.646-.519 1.9-1.558 1.569 1.09 3.241 1.634 5.016 1.634 2.052 0 3.774-.804 5.168-2.413 1.393-1.608 2.09-3.603 2.09-5.985 0-4.154-2.336-6.827-7.005-8.018-1.505-.38-2.481-.747-2.928-1.102-.446-.354-.669-.924-.669-1.71 0-.633.21-1.146.631-1.539.422-.392.952-.589 1.591-.589.842 0 1.455.216 1.838.646.383.431.677 1.235.881 2.413.204 1.178.983 1.767 2.337 1.767 1.481 0 2.223-.646 2.223-1.938 0-.304-.026-.747-.076-1.33a16.46 16.46 0 01-.076-1.33c0-.202.038-.722.114-1.558.05-.557.076-1.013.076-1.368 0-1.342-.727-2.014-2.178-2.014-1.019 0-1.668.494-1.946 1.482-1.249-1.165-2.674-1.748-4.278-1.748-1.986 0-3.635.741-4.946 2.223-1.311 1.482-1.966 3.338-1.966 5.567 0 1.267.254 2.445.765 3.534.894 1.9 2.896 3.294 6.01 4.18 1.479.406 2.5.843 3.062 1.311.562.469.842 1.096.842 1.881 0 .76-.274 1.394-.822 1.9-.548.507-1.218.76-2.009.76-1.76 0-2.729-1.132-2.906-3.396-.102-1.384-.868-2.076-2.301-2.076-1.76 0-2.64.659-2.64 1.976 0 .33.025.811.076 1.444.05.634.076 1.115.076 1.444 0 .431-.021.925-.062 1.482a25.914 25.914 0 00-.092 1.748z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M204.699 40.236c-.633 0-1.159.273-1.577.817-.418.545-.627 1.235-.627 2.071 0 1.47.443 2.23 1.33 2.28.355.026.57.038.646.038.203.076.305.406.305.988v11.704c0 2.61.716 4.643 2.146 6.099 1.432 1.457 3.427 2.185 5.985 2.185 2.711 0 4.782-.741 6.213-2.223 1.431-1.482 2.147-3.616 2.147-6.403V46.088l.266-.532.836-.228c.785-.202 1.178-1.013 1.178-2.432 0-.785-.189-1.425-.569-1.919-.38-.494-.861-.741-1.444-.741a7.27 7.27 0 00-.874.076c-.811.127-1.482.19-2.014.19-.355 0-.868-.044-1.539-.133-.671-.088-1.172-.133-1.501-.133-1.317 0-1.977 1.001-1.977 3.002 0 1.191.284 1.875.854 2.052l.775.228c.207.051.311.355.311.912v10.26c0 1.723-.181 2.888-.54 3.496-.36.608-1.054.912-2.083.912-.952 0-1.602-.297-1.948-.893-.347-.595-.521-1.678-.521-3.249V46.658c0-.684.104-1.064.31-1.14l.775-.152c.644-.126.967-.861.967-2.204 0-1.95-.659-2.926-1.977-2.926-.278 0-.747.051-1.405.152a9.993 9.993 0 01-1.482.114c-.355 0-.861-.044-1.52-.133-.661-.088-1.142-.133-1.446-.133z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M172.836 44.697c.291.446.652.669 1.083.669h.722c.354 0 .531.227.531.682v13.836c0 .455-.178.682-.531.682h-.723c-.406 0-.76.228-1.063.684-.305.456-.456 1.014-.456 1.672 0 .811.228 1.495.684 2.052.456.558 1.014.836 1.672.836.329 0 .791-.038 1.388-.114a12.01 12.01 0 011.463-.114c.354 0 .874.038 1.558.114.685.076 1.203.114 1.559.114.633 0 1.151-.255 1.558-.765.405-.511.608-1.149.608-1.915 0-1.556-.532-2.373-1.597-2.45-.406-.025-.653-.113-.741-.265-.089-.152-.133-.556-.133-1.213v-13.57l3.876 18.43c.126.659.323 1.115.589 1.368.267.254.729.38 1.388.38.657 0 1.121-.102 1.387-.304s.462-.633.589-1.292l4.104-19.076v14.098c0 .558-.026.912-.076 1.064a.597.597 0 01-.342.494 7.383 7.383 0 01-.646.038c-.431 0-.792.222-1.083.665-.292.444-.437.995-.437 1.653 0 1.774.81 2.66 2.432 2.66.48 0 .924-.026 1.33-.076.81-.101 1.342-.152 1.596-.152.304 0 .773.038 1.406.114.633.076 1.102.114 1.406.114.709 0 1.292-.266 1.748-.798.456-.532.684-1.228.684-2.09 0-.658-.145-1.216-.436-1.672-.293-.456-.653-.684-1.083-.684h-.723c-.354 0-.532-.227-.532-.682V46.048c0-.455.178-.682.532-.682h.76c.405 0 .753-.223 1.046-.669.291-.446.436-.991.436-1.636 0-.818-.228-1.493-.684-2.026-.456-.532-1.039-.799-1.748-.799-.508 0-1.28.045-2.318.133-1.039.089-1.824.133-2.356.133-.38 0-.931-.044-1.652-.133-.723-.088-1.261-.133-1.615-.133-.786 0-1.267.532-1.444 1.596l-2.204 12.578-2.166-12.046c-.254-1.418-.798-2.128-1.634-2.128-.355 0-.874.045-1.558.133-.685.089-1.204.133-1.559.133-.507 0-1.261-.044-2.261-.133-1.001-.088-1.755-.133-2.261-.133-.735 0-1.337.261-1.805.781-.47.52-.703 1.202-.703 2.044-.001.645.143 1.19.435 1.636z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M327.997 21.022h-.722c-.405 0-.76.227-1.064.679-.304.453-.456 1.006-.456 1.66 0 .83.228 1.516.684 2.056.456.541 1.026.811 1.71.811.253 0 .811-.059 1.672-.178.431-.058.899-.088 1.406-.088.329 0 .823.045 1.482.133.659.088 1.153.133 1.482.133 1.343 0 2.014-.966 2.014-2.898 0-1.271-.431-1.996-1.292-2.174-.329-.051-.526-.146-.589-.286-.063-.14-.095-.464-.095-.973v-3.851c0-.406.255-.61.766-.61h3.752c.459 0 .688.267.688.801v3.546c0 .535-.039.878-.116 1.03-.077.153-.271.267-.58.343-.929.204-1.394 1.017-1.394 2.441 0 1.754.608 2.631 1.824 2.631.329 0 .823-.045 1.482-.133.659-.088 1.153-.133 1.482-.133.659 0 1.229.026 1.71.076 1.165.126 1.723.19 1.672.19.684 0 1.254-.274 1.71-.824.456-.549.684-1.236.684-2.06 0-.649-.152-1.198-.456-1.648-.304-.449-.659-.674-1.064-.674h-.722c-.355 0-.532-.239-.532-.717V6.539c0-.453.177-.679.532-.679h.722c.405 0 .76-.228 1.064-.684.304-.456.456-1.013.456-1.672 0-.836-.228-1.526-.684-2.071a2.181 2.181 0 00-1.748-.817c-.38 0-.836.038-1.368.114-.709.102-1.305.152-1.786.152-.329 0-.817-.044-1.463-.133-.646-.088-1.134-.133-1.463-.133-1.292 0-1.938.976-1.938 2.926 0 1.343.387 2.078 1.163 2.204.361.051.554.089.581.114.155.076.232.456.232 1.14v2.508c0 .608-.268.912-.804.912h-3.521c-.409 0-.658-.076-.747-.228-.089-.152-.134-.38-.134-.684V7.114c0-.405.013-.658.038-.76.025-.278.273-.494.745-.646.795-.253 1.193-1.051 1.193-2.394 0-1.798-.606-2.698-1.817-2.698-.329 0-.814.045-1.458.133-.643.089-1.142.133-1.495.133-.379 0-.934-.044-1.667-.133-.732-.088-1.274-.133-1.628-.133-.681 0-1.249.273-1.703.817-.455.545-.682 1.235-.682 2.071 0 .659.146 1.216.437 1.672.291.456.652.684 1.083.684h.722c.355 0 .532.227.532.68v13.802c0 .453-.177.68-.532.68z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M127.756 65.14c.404-.511.607-1.149.607-1.915 0-1.556-.53-2.373-1.595-2.45-.406-.025-.653-.113-.741-.265-.09-.152-.134-.556-.134-1.213v-13.57l3.876 18.43c.127.659.323 1.115.59 1.368.267.254.728.38 1.388.38.657 0 1.12-.102 1.387-.304.265-.202.461-.633.588-1.292l4.104-19.076v14.098c0 .558-.024.912-.074 1.064a.595.595 0 01-.344.494 7.323 7.323 0 01-.645.038c-.432 0-.793.222-1.084.665-.291.444-.436.995-.436 1.653 0 1.774.811 2.66 2.433 2.66.479 0 .924-.026 1.33-.076.809-.101 1.342-.152 1.596-.152.304 0 .772.038 1.405.114.633.076 1.103.114 1.406.114.709 0 1.293-.266 1.748-.798.456-.532.685-1.228.685-2.09 0-.658-.147-1.216-.438-1.672-.291-.456-.651-.684-1.082-.684h-.723c-.355 0-.531-.227-.531-.682V46.143c0-.455.177-.682.531-.682h.761c.404 0 .753-.223 1.044-.669.291-.446.438-.991.438-1.636 0-.818-.229-1.493-.685-2.026-.455-.532-1.039-.799-1.748-.799-.508 0-1.279.045-2.317.133-1.04.089-1.825.133-2.356.133-.38 0-.931-.044-1.652-.133-.723-.088-1.262-.133-1.615-.133-.786 0-1.268.532-1.444 1.596l-2.204 12.578-2.166-12.046c-.254-1.418-.798-2.128-1.634-2.128-.355 0-.874.045-1.559.133-.684.089-1.203.133-1.558.133-.508 0-1.261-.044-2.262-.133-1.001-.088-1.754-.133-2.26-.133-.736 0-1.337.261-1.805.781-.471.52-.703 1.202-.703 2.044 0 .645.145 1.19.436 1.636.291.446.652.669 1.084.669h.721c.354 0 .532.227.532.682v13.836c0 .455-.178.682-.532.682h-.721c-.406 0-.761.228-1.064.684-.306.456-.456 1.014-.456 1.672 0 .811.228 1.495.684 2.052.456.558 1.012.836 1.672.836.328 0 .791-.038 1.386-.114a12.052 12.052 0 011.465-.114c.354 0 .874.038 1.557.114.685.076 1.203.114 1.559.114.631 0 1.15-.255 1.555-.765z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M352.351 21.098h-.722c-.406 0-.76.223-1.064.669-.304.447-.456.992-.456 1.636 0 .842.234 1.524.703 2.044.468.521 1.07.781 1.805.781.684 0 1.716-.045 3.097-.133 1.38-.088 2.413-.133 3.097-.133 2.077 0 4.357.076 6.84.228.405.025.81.038 1.216.038.81 0 1.387-.108 1.729-.323.342-.215.513-.677.513-1.387 0-.38-.032-.962-.095-1.748a23.628 23.628 0 01-.095-1.748c0-.684.038-1.431.114-2.242.05-.557.076-1.076.076-1.558 0-2.001-.748-3.002-2.242-3.002-.659 0-1.204.222-1.634.665-.431.444-.646.995-.646 1.653 0 .33.063.925.19 1.786.101.684.152 1.191.152 1.52 0 .608-.133 1.007-.399 1.197-.266.19-.741.285-1.425.285h-3.154c-.406 0-.71-.05-.912-.152-.355-.177-.532-.646-.532-1.406v-4.522c.304-.05.468-.076.494-.076.81 0 1.216.292 1.216.874 0 .279-.02.494-.061.646a4.87 4.87 0 00-.091.874c0 .988.514 1.482 1.541 1.482 1.202 0 1.803-.633 1.803-1.9 0-.481-.038-1.076-.114-1.786a24.94 24.94 0 01-.152-2.698c0-.785.025-1.355.076-1.71.126-.912.19-1.608.19-2.09 0-1.165-.583-1.748-1.748-1.748-.431 0-.805.152-1.121.456-.317.304-.475.659-.475 1.064 0 .152.038.431.114.836.025.127.038.33.038.608 0 .659-.342.988-1.026.988-.254 0-.482-.038-.684-.114V7.114c0-.734.1-1.197.302-1.387.201-.19.705-.285 1.511-.285h2.718c.579 0 .982.089 1.209.266.227.178.34.583.34 1.216 0 .355-.045.893-.133 1.615-.089.722-.133 1.273-.133 1.653 0 1.318.722 1.976 2.166 1.976 1.545 0 2.318-.772 2.318-2.318l-.114-1.71v-.76c0-1.57.015-2.66.046-3.268a47.38 47.38 0 00.068-1.786c0-1.14-.682-1.71-2.044-1.71-.832 0-2.069.045-3.709.133-1.64.089-2.876.133-3.708.133-1.288 0-2.498-.038-3.634-.114-1.514-.101-2.549-.152-3.103-.152-.732 0-1.331.273-1.798.817-.467.545-.7 1.248-.7 2.109 0 .659.152 1.216.456 1.672.304.456.658.684 1.064.684.076 0 .215-.025.418-.076.05 0 .101-.012.152-.038h.152c.354 0 .532.242.532.726v13.9c0 .459-.178.688-.532.688z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M403.498 20.946h-.722c-.405 0-.76.228-1.064.684-.304.456-.456 1.014-.456 1.672 0 .836.228 1.527.684 2.071.456.545 1.026.817 1.71.817.304 0 .773-.038 1.406-.114.633-.076 1.102-.114 1.406-.114.431 0 .912.038 1.444.114.532.076.95.114 1.254.114.684 0 1.254-.272 1.71-.817.456-.544.684-1.235.684-2.071 0-.658-.152-1.216-.456-1.672-.304-.456-.671-.684-1.102-.684h-.722c-.304 0-.469-.226-.494-.68V7.798l5.419 16.803c.202.63.448 1.053.739 1.267.29.215.764.322 1.421.322h2.993c.808 0 1.364-.157 1.666-.471.303-.315.455-.924.455-1.83V7.142c0-.477.013-.766.038-.867.051-.277.241-.415.57-.415h.418c.405 0 .741-.231 1.007-.694.266-.463.399-1.028.399-1.696 0-.823-.19-1.504-.57-2.044-.38-.54-.861-.81-1.444-.81-.38 0-.849.051-1.406.152a8.104 8.104 0 01-1.406.114c-.355 0-1.026-.063-2.014-.19a8.214 8.214 0 00-.912-.076c-1.469 0-2.204.977-2.204 2.931 0 .668.146 1.22.437 1.658.291.436.678.655 1.159.655a.505.505 0 00.304-.114h.19c.203 0 .348.076.437.228.089.152.133.52.133 1.102v11.59l-4.788-16.72c-.279-.886-.823-1.33-1.634-1.33-.177 0-.671.051-1.482.152a14.11 14.11 0 01-1.748.114c-.355 0-.899-.044-1.634-.133-.735-.088-1.279-.133-1.634-.133-.709 0-1.292.273-1.748.817-.456.545-.684 1.235-.684 2.071 0 .659.146 1.216.437 1.672.291.456.652.684 1.083.684h.722c.355 0 .532.226.532.677v13.732c-.002.451-.178.677-.533.677z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M372.529 24.176c0 1.52.734 2.28 2.204 2.28 1.012 0 1.646-.519 1.9-1.558 1.57 1.09 3.242 1.634 5.016 1.634 2.052 0 3.774-.804 5.168-2.413 1.392-1.608 2.09-3.603 2.09-5.985 0-4.154-2.336-6.827-7.005-8.018-1.506-.38-2.481-.747-2.928-1.102-.446-.354-.669-.924-.669-1.71 0-.633.21-1.146.631-1.539.422-.392.951-.589 1.59-.589.843 0 1.456.216 1.839.646.383.431.676 1.235.881 2.413.204 1.178.983 1.767 2.337 1.767 1.481 0 2.222-.646 2.222-1.938 0-.304-.026-.747-.076-1.33a16.005 16.005 0 01-.076-1.33c0-.202.038-.722.114-1.558.05-.557.076-1.013.076-1.368 0-1.342-.726-2.014-2.177-2.014-1.019 0-1.668.494-1.948 1.482C382.47.781 381.045.198 379.441.198c-1.986 0-3.635.741-4.946 2.223-1.311 1.482-1.966 3.338-1.966 5.567 0 1.267.254 2.445.765 3.534.893 1.9 2.896 3.294 6.009 4.18 1.479.406 2.5.843 3.062 1.311.561.469.842 1.096.842 1.881 0 .76-.275 1.394-.823 1.9-.548.507-1.218.76-2.008.76-1.76 0-2.729-1.132-2.907-3.396-.101-1.384-.868-2.076-2.301-2.076-1.76 0-2.639.659-2.639 1.976 0 .33.024.811.076 1.444.05.634.076 1.115.076 1.444 0 .431-.021.925-.061 1.482a26.426 26.426 0 00-.091 1.748z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M543.401 25.962c.354 0 .867.038 1.539.114.671.076 1.184.114 1.539.114.734 0 1.33-.255 1.786-.767.456-.512.684-1.192.684-2.041 0-1.497-.52-2.246-1.558-2.246h-.874c-.203 0-.393-.342-.57-1.026l-4.788-18.088c-.228-.886-.849-1.342-1.862-1.368l-1.862-.038h-1.862c-1.09 0-1.761.468-2.014 1.404l-4.902 18.054c-.203.708-.418 1.062-.646 1.062h-.912c-.431 0-.792.231-1.083.693-.291.462-.437 1.029-.437 1.703 0 .774.234 1.411.703 1.909.468.5 1.045.749 1.729.749.329 0 .791-.038 1.387-.114a13.376 13.376 0 011.691-.114c.354 0 .893.038 1.615.114.722.076 1.26.114 1.615.114.658 0 1.203-.247 1.634-.741.43-.494.646-1.108.646-1.843 0-.608-.127-1.14-.38-1.596-.254-.456-.558-.684-.912-.684h-.569c-.279 0-.418-.148-.418-.445 0 .05.038-.148.114-.593l.342-2.002h4.978l.38 2.252c.025.05.038.138.038.263 0 .35-.178.525-.532.525h-.494c-.836 0-1.254.715-1.254 2.145 0 1.813.785 2.719 2.356 2.719.354 0 .88-.038 1.577-.114.695-.076 1.221-.114 1.576-.114zm-7.752-12.35l1.596-8.17 1.634 8.17h-3.23z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M504.733 20.946h-.722c-.406 0-.76.228-1.064.684-.304.456-.456 1.014-.456 1.672 0 .836.228 1.527.684 2.071.456.545 1.026.817 1.71.817.304 0 .772-.038 1.406-.114.633-.076 1.102-.114 1.406-.114.43 0 .912.038 1.444.114.532.076.95.114 1.254.114.684 0 1.254-.272 1.71-.817.456-.544.684-1.235.684-2.071 0-.658-.152-1.216-.456-1.672-.304-.456-.672-.684-1.102-.684h-.722c-.304 0-.469-.226-.494-.68V7.798l5.418 16.803c.201.63.447 1.053.738 1.267.291.215.764.322 1.421.322h2.993c.808 0 1.364-.157 1.667-.471.303-.315.455-.924.455-1.83V7.142c0-.477.012-.766.038-.867.05-.277.24-.415.57-.415h.418c.405 0 .741-.231 1.007-.694.266-.463.399-1.028.399-1.696 0-.823-.19-1.504-.57-2.044-.38-.54-.862-.81-1.444-.81-.38 0-.849.051-1.406.152-.431.076-.9.114-1.406.114-.355 0-1.026-.063-2.014-.19a8.25 8.25 0 00-.912-.076c-1.47 0-2.204.977-2.204 2.931 0 .668.145 1.22.437 1.658.291.436.677.655 1.159.655a.508.508 0 00.304-.114h.19c.202 0 .348.076.437.228.088.152.133.52.133 1.102v11.59l-4.788-16.72c-.279-.886-.824-1.33-1.634-1.33-.178 0-.672.051-1.482.152a14.11 14.11 0 01-1.748.114c-.355 0-.9-.044-1.634-.133-.735-.088-1.28-.133-1.634-.133a2.18 2.18 0 00-1.748.817c-.456.545-.684 1.235-.684 2.071 0 .659.145 1.216.437 1.672.291.456.652.684 1.083.684h.722c.354 0 .532.226.532.677v13.732c0 .451-.178.677-.532.677z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M315.279 26.798c1.317 0 2.445-.203 3.382-.608 1.419-.608 2.565-1.627 3.439-3.059.874-1.431 1.311-3.021 1.311-4.769 0-1.19-.26-2.121-.779-2.793-.519-.671-1.235-1.007-2.147-1.007-1.723 0-2.584 1.026-2.584 3.078v.342c0 2.255-.823 3.382-2.47 3.382-2.432 0-3.648-2.824-3.648-8.474 0-2.356.343-4.18 1.031-5.472.687-1.292 1.653-1.938 2.899-1.938.649 0 1.226.28 1.732.841.505.56.784 1.223.836 1.987v1.49c.076 1.606.899 2.408 2.47 2.408 1.773 0 2.66-.975 2.66-2.926 0-.354-.034-.772-.101-1.254-.136-.937-.203-1.634-.203-2.09 0-.354.051-.886.152-1.596.101-.709.152-1.241.152-1.596 0-1.57-.763-2.356-2.29-2.356-.993 0-1.654.507-1.984 1.52-1.4-1.19-2.863-1.786-4.389-1.786-2.774 0-4.937 1.204-6.489 3.61-1.552 2.407-2.328 5.738-2.328 9.994 0 4.155.817 7.372 2.451 9.652 1.634 2.28 3.933 3.42 6.897 3.42z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M287.159 24.176c0 1.52.735 2.28 2.205 2.28 1.012 0 1.646-.519 1.899-1.558 1.571 1.09 3.243 1.634 5.017 1.634 2.051 0 3.774-.804 5.168-2.413 1.392-1.608 2.089-3.603 2.089-5.985 0-4.154-2.335-6.827-7.004-8.018-1.506-.38-2.481-.747-2.928-1.102-.446-.354-.67-.924-.67-1.71 0-.633.211-1.146.632-1.539.422-.392.951-.589 1.59-.589.843 0 1.456.216 1.839.646.383.431.676 1.235.881 2.413.204 1.178.983 1.767 2.337 1.767 1.48 0 2.221-.646 2.221-1.938 0-.304-.025-.747-.076-1.33a16.361 16.361 0 01-.075-1.33c0-.202.037-.722.113-1.558.051-.557.077-1.013.077-1.368 0-1.342-.726-2.014-2.177-2.014-1.019 0-1.668.494-1.948 1.482-1.248-1.165-2.673-1.748-4.277-1.748-1.986 0-3.635.741-4.946 2.223-1.311 1.482-1.967 3.338-1.967 5.567 0 1.267.255 2.445.766 3.534.893 1.9 2.896 3.294 6.009 4.18 1.479.406 2.5.843 3.062 1.311.561.469.842 1.096.842 1.881 0 .76-.275 1.394-.823 1.9-.548.507-1.218.76-2.009.76-1.759 0-2.728-1.132-2.907-3.396-.1-1.384-.867-2.076-2.3-2.076-1.76 0-2.64.659-2.64 1.976 0 .33.025.811.076 1.444.051.634.077 1.115.077 1.444 0 .431-.021.925-.061 1.482a26.615 26.615 0 00-.092 1.748z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M29.114 65.107c.456-.532.685-1.228.685-2.09 0-.658-.146-1.216-.438-1.672-.291-.456-.651-.684-1.083-.684h-.722c-.355 0-.532-.227-.532-.682V46.143c0-.455.177-.682.532-.682h.76c.405 0 .754-.223 1.045-.669.291-.446.438-.991.438-1.636 0-.818-.229-1.493-.685-2.026-.456-.532-1.039-.799-1.748-.799-.507 0-1.278.045-2.317.133-1.039.089-1.824.133-2.356.133-.38 0-.931-.044-1.652-.133-.723-.088-1.261-.133-1.615-.133-.785 0-1.268.532-1.444 1.596l-2.204 12.578-2.168-12.046c-.253-1.418-.798-2.128-1.634-2.128-.354 0-.874.045-1.558.133-.684.089-1.203.133-1.559.133-.507 0-1.26-.044-2.261-.133-1.001-.088-1.754-.133-2.261-.133-.735 0-1.336.261-1.806.781-.469.52-.702 1.202-.702 2.044 0 .645.146 1.19.437 1.636.291.446.652.669 1.083.669h.721c.355 0 .532.227.532.682v13.836c0 .455-.177.682-.532.682h-.721c-.405 0-.76.228-1.064.684-.304.456-.455 1.014-.455 1.672 0 .811.228 1.495.684 2.052.456.558 1.013.836 1.672.836.329 0 .792-.038 1.387-.114a12.024 12.024 0 011.463-.114c.355 0 .874.038 1.559.114.684.076 1.203.114 1.558.114.633 0 1.153-.255 1.559-.765.404-.511.608-1.149.608-1.915 0-1.556-.532-2.373-1.596-2.45-.405-.025-.652-.113-.741-.265-.089-.152-.133-.556-.133-1.213v-13.57l3.876 18.43c.127.659.323 1.115.589 1.368.266.254.728.38 1.387.38s1.121-.102 1.388-.304c.266-.202.462-.633.589-1.292l4.103-19.076v14.098c0 .558-.024.912-.076 1.064a.59.59 0 01-.342.494 7.362 7.362 0 01-.646.038c-.432 0-.792.222-1.083.665-.291.444-.438.995-.438 1.653 0 1.774.812 2.66 2.433 2.66.48 0 .925-.026 1.33-.076.811-.101 1.343-.152 1.596-.152.304 0 .772.038 1.406.114.633.076 1.102.114 1.405.114.708 0 1.291-.266 1.747-.798z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M426.776 26.19c.329 0 .792-.038 1.387-.114a13.376 13.376 0 011.691-.114c.355 0 .893.038 1.615.114.722.076 1.26.114 1.615.114.659 0 1.203-.247 1.634-.741.431-.494.646-1.108.646-1.843 0-.608-.127-1.14-.38-1.596-.253-.456-.557-.684-.912-.684h-.57c-.279 0-.418-.148-.418-.445 0 .05.038-.148.114-.593l.342-2.002h4.978l.38 2.252c.025.05.038.138.038.263 0 .35-.177.525-.532.525h-.494c-.836 0-1.254.715-1.254 2.145 0 1.813.785 2.719 2.356 2.719.355 0 .88-.038 1.577-.114.697-.076 1.222-.114 1.577-.114s.868.038 1.539.114c.671.076 1.184.114 1.539.114.735 0 1.33-.255 1.786-.767.456-.512.684-1.192.684-2.041 0-1.497-.519-2.246-1.558-2.246h-.874c-.203 0-.393-.342-.57-1.026l-4.788-18.088c-.228-.886-.849-1.342-1.862-1.368L436.2.616h-1.862c-1.089 0-1.761.468-2.014 1.404l-4.902 18.054c-.203.708-.418 1.062-.646 1.062h-.912c-.431 0-.792.231-1.083.693-.291.462-.437 1.029-.437 1.703 0 .774.235 1.411.703 1.909.469.5 1.045.749 1.729.749zm9.234-20.748l1.634 8.17h-3.23l1.596-8.17z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M470.883 20.946h-.722c-.406 0-.76.228-1.064.684-.304.456-.456 1.014-.456 1.672 0 .811.228 1.495.684 2.052.456.558 1.013.836 1.672.836.126 0 .329-.013.608-.038l.988-.114c.456-.05 1.013-.076 1.672-.076.354 0 .899.038 1.634.114.734.076 1.279.114 1.634.114.684 0 1.254-.272 1.71-.817.456-.544.684-1.235.684-2.071 0-.658-.155-1.216-.463-1.672-.308-.456-.68-.684-1.117-.684h-.732c-.308 0-.475-.226-.5-.677V6.537c.025-.451.205-.677.539-.677h.732c.411 0 .77-.228 1.078-.684.308-.456.463-1.013.463-1.672 0-.836-.228-1.526-.684-2.071a2.181 2.181 0 00-1.748-.817c-.355 0-.893.045-1.615.133-.722.089-1.261.133-1.615.133-.355 0-.887-.044-1.596-.133-.71-.088-1.242-.133-1.596-.133a2.18 2.18 0 00-1.748.817c-.456.545-.684 1.235-.684 2.071 0 .659.145 1.216.437 1.672.291.456.652.684 1.083.684h.722c.354 0 .532.226.532.677v13.732c0 .451-.178.677-.532.677z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M447.84 9.947c0 1.785.76 2.677 2.28 2.677 1.596 0 2.394-1.088 2.394-3.264 0-.359-.013-.654-.038-.884l-.152-1.306v-.307c0-.947.322-1.421.968-1.421.491 0 .813.254.969.76.051.228.077.684.077 1.368V20.3c0 .558-.165.836-.494.836a2.32 2.32 0 01-.551-.095 2.39 2.39 0 00-.551-.095c-1.267 0-1.9.817-1.9 2.45 0 .842.214 1.518.643 2.029.43.51.985.765 1.668.765.454 0 1.124-.038 2.008-.114a25.455 25.455 0 012.008-.114c.429 0 1.079.038 1.951.114.871.076 1.522.114 1.951.114.733 0 1.32-.259 1.761-.779.442-.519.664-1.197.664-2.033 0-1.621-.608-2.432-1.824-2.432-.127 0-.317.032-.57.095a2.57 2.57 0 01-.57.095c-.304 0-.469-.278-.494-.834V7.451c0-1.339.335-2.009 1.006-2.009.646 0 .97.391.97 1.172l-.152 1.323c-.051.429-.076.958-.076 1.588 0 2.066.81 3.099 2.432 3.099 1.494 0 2.242-1.038 2.242-3.116 0-.405-.019-1-.057-1.786a40.068 40.068 0 01-.057-1.786c0 .152.012-.342.038-1.482 0-.456.012-.848.038-1.178.025-.329.038-.506.038-.532 0-1.418-.649-2.128-1.946-2.128-.84 0-1.794.051-2.862.152-.814.076-1.895.114-3.243.114-1.526 0-3.18-.038-4.96-.114l-3.587-.152h-.153c-1.246 0-1.869.663-1.869 1.988 0 .358.031.906.095 1.645.063.74.095 1.288.095 1.644 0 .46-.032 1.135-.095 2.027a30.662 30.662 0 00-.095 2.027z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M262.937 64.138c0-.38-.032-.962-.096-1.748a24.81 24.81 0 01-.095-1.748c0-.684.038-1.431.114-2.242.051-.557.076-1.076.076-1.558 0-2.001-.747-3.002-2.242-3.002-.659 0-1.203.222-1.634.665-.432.444-.646.995-.646 1.653 0 .33.063.925.19 1.786.101.684.151 1.191.151 1.52 0 .608-.133 1.007-.398 1.197-.267.19-.741.285-1.425.285h-3.154c-.405 0-.709-.05-.912-.152-.355-.177-.532-.646-.532-1.406v-4.522c.304-.05.47-.076.494-.076.811 0 1.216.292 1.216.874 0 .279-.02.494-.06.646a4.88 4.88 0 00-.092.874c0 .988.514 1.482 1.541 1.482 1.201 0 1.803-.633 1.803-1.9 0-.482-.038-1.076-.114-1.786a25.198 25.198 0 01-.152-2.698c0-.785.025-1.355.076-1.71.127-.912.19-1.608.19-2.09 0-1.165-.583-1.748-1.748-1.748-.431 0-.804.152-1.121.456-.317.304-.475.659-.475 1.064 0 .152.038.431.113.836.025.127.038.33.038.608 0 .659-.342.988-1.025.988-.253 0-.481-.038-.685-.114v-3.838c0-.734.102-1.197.304-1.387.2-.19.703-.285 1.51-.285h2.719c.579 0 .98.089 1.208.266.227.178.34.583.34 1.216 0 .355-.044.893-.133 1.615-.089.722-.133 1.273-.133 1.653 0 1.318.722 1.976 2.166 1.976 1.545 0 2.317-.772 2.317-2.318l-.113-1.71V47c0-1.57.015-2.66.046-3.268.045-.912.067-1.507.067-1.786 0-1.14-.681-1.71-2.043-1.71-.833 0-2.068.045-3.709.133-1.64.089-2.876.133-3.709.133-1.287 0-2.498-.038-3.633-.114-1.514-.101-2.549-.152-3.104-.152-.733 0-1.331.273-1.799.817-.466.545-.699 1.248-.699 2.109 0 .659.151 1.216.456 1.672.304.456.658.684 1.064.684.076 0 .215-.025.418-.076a.326.326 0 00.152-.038h.152c.355 0 .531.242.531.726v13.9c0 .459-.177.688-.531.688h-.722c-.405 0-.76.223-1.064.669-.305.447-.456.992-.456 1.636 0 .842.233 1.524.703 2.044.469.521 1.069.781 1.805.781.684 0 1.716-.045 3.097-.133 1.381-.088 2.413-.133 3.097-.133 2.077 0 4.357.076 6.841.228.404.025.811.038 1.216.038.811 0 1.387-.108 1.729-.323.343-.214.514-.677.514-1.387z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M491.057 26.798c1.9 0 3.597-.558 5.092-1.672 2.964-2.204 4.446-6.168 4.446-11.894 0-4.053-.836-7.245-2.508-9.576-1.672-2.33-3.965-3.496-6.878-3.496-2.939 0-5.244 1.185-6.916 3.553-1.672 2.369-2.508 5.656-2.508 9.861 0 4.155.817 7.398 2.451 9.728 1.634 2.331 3.907 3.496 6.821 3.496zm-3.572-13.66c.178-5.232 1.413-7.848 3.705-7.848 1.324 0 2.304.784 2.941 2.351.509 1.238.764 3.084.764 5.535 0 2.426-.229 4.335-.688 5.725-.28.834-.707 1.503-1.279 2.009-.573.506-1.191.758-1.853.758-1.095 0-1.967-.689-2.617-2.066-.649-1.378-.973-3.254-.973-5.63v-.834z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M146.596 5.662l.607.076c.253.026.431.342.532.949L150.7 24.71c.152.987.658 1.48 1.52 1.48.202 0 .367-.01.494-.029a44.434 44.434 0 011.558-.085l1.406.085c.076.019.202.029.38.029 1.013 0 1.596-.492 1.748-1.478l1.862-11.822 1.748 11.822c.151.986.595 1.478 1.329 1.478.229 0 .563-.019 1.008-.057.442-.038.778-.057 1.007-.057.253 0 .633.019 1.14.057.506.038.886.057 1.141.057.86 0 1.367-.405 1.52-1.216l3.154-18.278c.076-.481.164-.779.266-.893.101-.114.304-.183.608-.209 1.013-.05 1.52-.836 1.52-2.356 0-.76-.216-1.387-.646-1.881a2.08 2.08 0 00-1.635-.741c-.33 0-.823.045-1.482.133-.659.089-1.166.133-1.521.133-.33 0-.805-.044-1.425-.133-.621-.088-1.083-.133-1.387-.133-.608 0-1.128.271-1.559.811-.431.541-.646 1.176-.646 1.905 0 .679.152 1.251.456 1.716.304.466.671.698 1.102.698h.799c.177.077.266.254.266.533 0-.05-.026.153-.076.61l-1.48 13.411-2.66-18.164c-.102-.684-.418-1.127-.95-1.33-.304-.126-.9-.19-1.786-.19-1.191 0-1.875.507-2.052 1.52l-3.04 18.164-1.216-13.224a7.23 7.23 0 01-.038-.57c0-.481.291-.734.874-.76 1.14-.05 1.71-.823 1.71-2.318 0-.81-.216-1.482-.646-2.014-.431-.532-.976-.798-1.634-.798-.33 0-.811.045-1.444.133-.634.089-1.114.133-1.443.133-.33 0-.817-.044-1.463-.133-.646-.088-1.135-.133-1.464-.133-.658 0-1.203.272-1.634.816-.431.544-.646 1.208-.646 1.992 0 .582.12 1.088.36 1.518.24.43.538.67.893.72z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M253.112 21.06h-.721c-.406 0-.76.223-1.064.669-.304.447-.456.992-.456 1.636 0 .818.23 1.493.687 2.026.458.533 1.042.799 1.754.799.356 0 .909-.038 1.659-.114.749-.076 1.314-.114 1.696-.114.381 0 .94.038 1.678.114.736.076 1.296.114 1.677.114.661 0 1.214-.243 1.659-.73.443-.487.667-1.104.667-1.853 0-.673-.167-1.247-.5-1.722-.334-.474-.731-.711-1.193-.711h-.847c-.309 0-.462-.229-.462-.689v-4.82c.426-.076.702-.115.828-.115 2.184 0 3.275 1.216 3.275 3.648v3.268c0 2.483.836 3.724 2.508 3.724h3.801c.659 0 1.189-.243 1.596-.73.405-.487.608-1.129.608-1.928 0-1.572-.532-2.358-1.597-2.358h-.836c-.304 0-.456-.24-.456-.722v-3.268c0-2.432-1.216-3.888-3.647-4.37 1.392-.506 2.387-1.19 2.982-2.052.596-.861.893-2.052.893-3.572 0-2.026-.526-3.629-1.577-4.807-1.052-1.178-2.489-1.767-4.314-1.767-.607 0-1.457.026-2.546.076-2.152.102-3.673.152-4.56.152a8.62 8.62 0 01-.608-.038l-2.317-.19h-.152c-.659 0-1.216.279-1.672.836-.456.558-.685 1.242-.685 2.052 0 .659.146 1.216.438 1.672.291.456.652.684 1.083.684h.721c.355 0 .532.227.532.682v13.836c0 .455-.177.682-.532.682zm6.232-13.729c0-1.133.507-1.699 1.52-1.699.785 0 1.438.252 1.957.755.52.504.779 1.12.779 1.849 0 2.014-1.14 3.02-3.42 3.02-.279 0-.558-.012-.836-.038V7.331z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M275.68 20.946h-.722c-.405 0-.761.228-1.064.684-.304.456-.456 1.014-.456 1.672 0 .811.228 1.495.684 2.052.456.558 1.014.836 1.673.836.127 0 .328-.013.607-.038l.988-.114c.456-.05 1.013-.076 1.672-.076.355 0 .899.038 1.634.114.735.076 1.279.114 1.634.114.685 0 1.255-.272 1.711-.817.455-.544.684-1.235.684-2.071 0-.658-.154-1.216-.462-1.672-.31-.456-.682-.684-1.117-.684h-.732c-.308 0-.475-.226-.501-.677V6.537c.026-.451.206-.677.539-.677h.732c.411 0 .77-.228 1.079-.684.308-.456.462-1.013.462-1.672 0-.836-.229-1.526-.684-2.071a2.181 2.181 0 00-1.748-.817c-.355 0-.893.045-1.615.133-.723.089-1.26.133-1.615.133s-.887-.044-1.596-.133c-.709-.088-1.241-.133-1.597-.133-.709 0-1.292.273-1.748.817-.456.545-.684 1.235-.684 2.071 0 .659.146 1.216.437 1.672.291.456.652.684 1.084.684h.722c.354 0 .532.226.532.677v13.732c-.001.451-.178.677-.533.677z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M231.726 21.098h-.721c-.405 0-.761.223-1.064.669-.304.447-.456.992-.456 1.636 0 .842.234 1.524.703 2.044.469.521 1.07.781 1.805.781.684 0 1.717-.045 3.098-.133 1.381-.088 2.413-.133 3.097-.133 2.077 0 4.357.076 6.84.228.405.025.812.038 1.216.038.812 0 1.388-.108 1.729-.323.342-.215.513-.677.513-1.387 0-.38-.032-.962-.095-1.748a24.204 24.204 0 01-.095-1.748c0-.684.037-1.431.113-2.242.052-.557.076-1.076.076-1.558 0-2.001-.747-3.002-2.242-3.002-.658 0-1.203.222-1.634.665-.431.444-.646.995-.646 1.653 0 .33.063.925.189 1.786.102.684.152 1.191.152 1.52 0 .608-.133 1.007-.399 1.197-.266.19-.741.285-1.425.285h-3.154c-.404 0-.709-.05-.912-.152-.355-.177-.531-.646-.531-1.406v-4.522c.304-.05.469-.076.494-.076.811 0 1.216.292 1.216.874 0 .279-.02.494-.061.646a4.88 4.88 0 00-.092.874c0 .988.514 1.482 1.541 1.482 1.202 0 1.803-.633 1.803-1.9 0-.481-.038-1.076-.113-1.786a24.94 24.94 0 01-.152-2.698c0-.785.025-1.355.076-1.71.127-.912.189-1.608.189-2.09 0-1.165-.583-1.748-1.748-1.748-.431 0-.804.152-1.12.456-.317.304-.476.659-.476 1.064 0 .152.038.431.114.836.024.127.038.33.038.608 0 .659-.343.988-1.026.988a1.94 1.94 0 01-.684-.114V7.114c0-.734.101-1.197.302-1.387.202-.19.705-.285 1.511-.285h2.719c.579 0 .982.089 1.208.266.228.178.341.583.341 1.216 0 .355-.044.893-.134 1.615-.089.722-.133 1.273-.133 1.653 0 1.318.723 1.976 2.166 1.976 1.545 0 2.318-.772 2.318-2.318l-.114-1.71v-.76c0-1.57.015-2.66.046-3.268a47.38 47.38 0 00.068-1.786c0-1.14-.683-1.71-2.044-1.71-.832 0-2.069.045-3.709.133-1.641.089-2.876.133-3.708.133-1.288 0-2.498-.038-3.633-.114-1.516-.101-2.55-.152-3.104-.152-.732 0-1.331.273-1.798.817-.467.545-.7 1.248-.7 2.109 0 .659.152 1.216.456 1.672.304.456.659.684 1.064.684.075 0 .215-.025.418-.076a.322.322 0 00.151-.038h.152c.355 0 .532.242.532.726v13.9c.001.459-.176.688-.531.688z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M177.718 21.098h-.722c-.405 0-.76.223-1.064.669-.304.447-.456.992-.456 1.636 0 .842.234 1.524.703 2.044.468.521 1.07.781 1.805.781.685 0 1.716-.045 3.097-.133 1.381-.088 2.413-.133 3.098-.133 2.077 0 4.356.076 6.84.228.405.025.81.038 1.216.038.811 0 1.387-.108 1.73-.323.342-.215.513-.677.513-1.387 0-.38-.032-.962-.095-1.748a23.761 23.761 0 01-.096-1.748c0-.684.038-1.431.114-2.242.05-.557.076-1.076.076-1.558 0-2.001-.748-3.002-2.242-3.002-.659 0-1.204.222-1.634.665-.431.444-.646.995-.646 1.653 0 .33.063.925.19 1.786.101.684.152 1.191.152 1.52 0 .608-.134 1.007-.399 1.197-.266.19-.741.285-1.425.285h-3.154c-.406 0-.71-.05-.912-.152-.355-.177-.531-.646-.531-1.406v-4.522c.304-.05.468-.076.493-.076.811 0 1.217.292 1.217.874 0 .279-.021.494-.061.646a4.87 4.87 0 00-.091.874c0 .988.513 1.482 1.54 1.482 1.202 0 1.804-.633 1.804-1.9 0-.481-.038-1.076-.114-1.786a24.932 24.932 0 01-.151-2.698c0-.785.024-1.355.076-1.71.126-.912.189-1.608.189-2.09 0-1.165-.583-1.748-1.748-1.748-.431 0-.805.152-1.121.456-.316.304-.475.659-.475 1.064 0 .152.038.431.114.836.025.127.038.33.038.608 0 .659-.343.988-1.026.988-.254 0-.483-.038-.684-.114V7.114c0-.734.1-1.197.302-1.387.201-.19.705-.285 1.51-.285h2.719c.579 0 .982.089 1.208.266.228.178.341.583.341 1.216 0 .355-.045.893-.133 1.615-.089.722-.133 1.273-.133 1.653 0 1.318.722 1.976 2.166 1.976 1.545 0 2.318-.772 2.318-2.318l-.114-1.71v-.76c0-1.57.014-2.66.045-3.268a48.2 48.2 0 00.069-1.786c0-1.14-.683-1.71-2.044-1.71-.832 0-2.069.045-3.709.133-1.641.089-2.876.133-3.709.133-1.287 0-2.498-.038-3.634-.114-1.514-.101-2.549-.152-3.102-.152-.733 0-1.332.273-1.798.817-.467.545-.7 1.248-.7 2.109 0 .659.152 1.216.456 1.672.304.456.658.684 1.064.684.076 0 .216-.025.418-.076a.326.326 0 00.152-.038h.152c.354 0 .532.242.532.726v13.9c-.002.459-.18.688-.534.688z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M83.928 24.176c0 1.52.733 2.28 2.204 2.28 1.012 0 1.646-.519 1.899-1.558 1.57 1.09 3.242 1.634 5.017 1.634 2.052 0 3.773-.804 5.168-2.413 1.392-1.608 2.089-3.603 2.089-5.985 0-4.154-2.335-6.827-7.004-8.018-1.506-.38-2.481-.747-2.929-1.102-.445-.354-.669-.924-.669-1.71 0-.633.21-1.146.632-1.539.422-.392.95-.589 1.59-.589.843 0 1.456.216 1.839.646.383.431.676 1.235.881 2.413.204 1.178.983 1.767 2.337 1.767 1.481 0 2.222-.646 2.222-1.938 0-.304-.025-.747-.075-1.33a15.574 15.574 0 01-.076-1.33c0-.202.038-.722.113-1.558.051-.557.076-1.013.076-1.368 0-1.342-.726-2.014-2.177-2.014-1.019 0-1.668.494-1.948 1.482C93.869.781 92.444.198 90.841.198c-1.986 0-3.636.741-4.946 2.223-1.311 1.482-1.966 3.338-1.966 5.567 0 1.267.254 2.445.765 3.534.894 1.9 2.896 3.294 6.009 4.18 1.479.406 2.5.843 3.062 1.311.561.469.842 1.096.842 1.881 0 .76-.275 1.394-.823 1.9-.548.507-1.218.76-2.008.76-1.76 0-2.729-1.132-2.907-3.396-.101-1.384-.867-2.076-2.301-2.076-1.76 0-2.639.659-2.639 1.976 0 .33.023.811.075 1.444.051.634.076 1.115.076 1.444 0 .431-.021.925-.06 1.482a25.914 25.914 0 00-.092 1.748z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M124.081 21.022h-.722c-.405 0-.76.227-1.063.679-.305.453-.456 1.006-.456 1.66 0 .83.228 1.516.684 2.056.456.541 1.026.811 1.71.811.253 0 .811-.059 1.672-.178.432-.058.9-.088 1.406-.088.329 0 .823.045 1.482.133.658.088 1.152.133 1.482.133 1.343 0 2.014-.966 2.014-2.898 0-1.271-.431-1.996-1.292-2.174-.328-.051-.525-.146-.589-.286-.062-.14-.095-.464-.095-.973v-3.851c0-.406.255-.61.766-.61h3.752c.46 0 .688.267.688.801v3.546c0 .535-.039.878-.116 1.03-.077.153-.271.267-.58.343-.929.204-1.393 1.017-1.393 2.441 0 1.754.607 2.631 1.824 2.631.328 0 .822-.045 1.481-.133.659-.088 1.153-.133 1.482-.133.659 0 1.229.026 1.71.076 1.165.126 1.723.19 1.672.19.684 0 1.254-.274 1.71-.824.456-.549.684-1.236.684-2.06 0-.649-.151-1.198-.456-1.648-.304-.449-.658-.674-1.064-.674h-.721c-.355 0-.532-.239-.532-.717V6.539c0-.453.177-.679.532-.679h.721c.405 0 .76-.228 1.064-.684.305-.456.456-1.013.456-1.672 0-.836-.227-1.526-.684-2.071a2.181 2.181 0 00-1.748-.817c-.38 0-.836.038-1.368.114-.709.102-1.305.152-1.786.152-.329 0-.816-.044-1.463-.133-.646-.088-1.134-.133-1.463-.133-1.292 0-1.938.976-1.938 2.926 0 1.343.387 2.078 1.162 2.204.361.051.555.089.581.114.155.076.232.456.232 1.14v2.508c0 .608-.268.912-.804.912h-3.521c-.409 0-.658-.076-.747-.228-.089-.152-.134-.38-.134-.684V7.114c0-.405.013-.658.038-.76.025-.278.273-.494.745-.646.796-.253 1.192-1.051 1.192-2.394 0-1.798-.605-2.698-1.816-2.698-.328 0-.814.045-1.458.133-.643.089-1.143.133-1.495.133-.379 0-.934-.044-1.667-.133-.732-.088-1.274-.133-1.628-.133-.681 0-1.249.273-1.703.817-.455.545-.682 1.235-.682 2.071 0 .659.146 1.216.437 1.672.291.456.652.684 1.083.684h.721c.355 0 .532.227.532.68v13.802c.001.453-.176.68-.531.68z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M199.104 20.946h-.721c-.406 0-.761.228-1.064.684-.304.456-.456 1.014-.456 1.672 0 .811.229 1.495.684 2.052.456.558 1.013.836 1.672.836.126 0 .329-.013.607-.038l.988-.114c.456-.05 1.013-.076 1.672-.076.355 0 .899.038 1.634.114.734.076 1.279.114 1.635.114.684 0 1.254-.272 1.71-.817.456-.544.684-1.235.684-2.071 0-.658-.155-1.216-.463-1.672-.308-.456-.68-.684-1.117-.684h-.731c-.309 0-.476-.226-.5-.677V6.537c.024-.451.205-.677.539-.677h.731c.411 0 .77-.228 1.078-.684.308-.456.463-1.013.463-1.672 0-.836-.228-1.526-.684-2.071a2.181 2.181 0 00-1.748-.817c-.355 0-.894.045-1.615.133-.722.089-1.261.133-1.615.133-.354 0-.887-.044-1.596-.133-.71-.088-1.242-.133-1.596-.133a2.18 2.18 0 00-1.748.817c-.456.545-.684 1.235-.684 2.071 0 .659.145 1.216.438 1.672.291.456.651.684 1.083.684h.722c.354 0 .532.226.532.677v13.732c-.002.451-.18.677-.534.677z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M111.705 26.798c1.317 0 2.445-.203 3.383-.608 1.419-.608 2.564-1.627 3.438-3.059.874-1.431 1.312-3.021 1.312-4.769 0-1.19-.261-2.121-.779-2.793-.52-.671-1.235-1.007-2.148-1.007-1.723 0-2.584 1.026-2.584 3.078v.342c0 2.255-.822 3.382-2.47 3.382-2.432 0-3.648-2.824-3.648-8.474 0-2.356.343-4.18 1.03-5.472.687-1.292 1.653-1.938 2.899-1.938.648 0 1.226.28 1.731.841.506.56.784 1.223.836 1.987v1.49c.076 1.606.899 2.408 2.471 2.408 1.773 0 2.66-.975 2.66-2.926 0-.354-.034-.772-.102-1.254-.136-.937-.203-1.634-.203-2.09 0-.354.052-.886.152-1.596.101-.709.152-1.241.152-1.596 0-1.57-.764-2.356-2.29-2.356-.993 0-1.654.507-1.984 1.52-1.4-1.19-2.863-1.786-4.389-1.786-2.774 0-4.938 1.204-6.489 3.61-1.552 2.407-2.328 5.738-2.328 9.994 0 4.155.817 7.372 2.451 9.652 1.636 2.28 3.935 3.42 6.899 3.42z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path><path d="M209.804 23.378c0 1.799.887 2.698 2.66 2.698.937 0 2.001-.025 3.191-.076.608-.025 1.773-.038 3.496-.038 1.064 0 1.977.013 2.736.038 1.495.051 2.608.076 3.344.076.81 0 1.374-.152 1.691-.456.315-.304.475-.836.475-1.596 0-.354-.025-1.038-.076-2.052 0-1.57.063-2.926.19-4.066.05-.456.076-.874.076-1.254 0-1.748-.824-2.622-2.471-2.622-1.723 0-2.584.836-2.584 2.508 0 .38.052.862.152 1.444.051.71.076 1.204.076 1.482 0 .684-.146 1.128-.438 1.33-.291.203-.816.304-1.577.304h-3.609l9.12-14.467c.734-1.167 1.102-2.347 1.102-3.54 0-.913-.19-1.561-.573-1.942-.382-.38-1.018-.571-1.907-.571-.662 0-1.643.051-2.94.152-1.298.102-2.278.152-2.939.152-.637 0-1.578-.05-2.825-.152-1.246-.101-2.189-.152-2.824-.152-.993 0-1.667.152-2.024.456-.355.304-.533.874-.533 1.71 0 .102.037.469.113 1.102v1.672c0 .38-.019.963-.057 1.748a39.949 39.949 0 00-.057 1.748c0 1.672.76 2.508 2.279 2.508 1.672 0 2.508-.899 2.508-2.698 0-.456-.02-.785-.063-.988a5.1 5.1 0 01-.126-1.102c0-.861.515-1.292 1.544-1.292h3.282l-9.387 14.972c-.683 1.09-1.025 2.078-1.025 2.964z" data-v-7e6d6eb5></path></svg></a></figure> <div class="intro center" data-v-84c812a2><h1 class="title" data-v-84c812a2>Albert Gallatin: A Swiss Founding Father</h1> <p class="lead" data-v-84c812a2>Albert Gallatin (1761-1849) is often referred to as “America’s Swiss Founding Father” by historians due to his significant contributions to American government, finance, diplomacy, and cultural life. </p> <section class="snm-author-info" data-v-64f90143 data-v-84c812a2><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/james-blake-wiener-300x300.jpeg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/james-blake-wiener-150x150.jpeg 150w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/james-blake-wiener-450x450.jpeg 450w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/james-blake-wiener-160x160.jpeg 160w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/james-blake-wiener-320x320.jpeg 320w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/james-blake-wiener.jpeg 500w" alt="James Blake Wiener" class="image" data-v-64f90143> <h1 class="name" data-v-64f90143><a href="/en/author/james-wiener/" data-v-64f90143><span data-v-64f90143>James Blake Wiener</span> <svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-arrow-right" data-v-64f90143><path fill="#D44625" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M18.42 13H2v-2h16.42L14 6.374 15.312 5 22 12l-6.688 7L14 17.626 18.42 13z" clip-rule="evenodd" data-v-64f90143></path></svg></a></h1> <p class="description" data-v-64f90143>James Blake Wiener is a world historian, Co-Founder of World History Encyclopedia, writer, and PR specialist, who has taught as a professor in Europe and North America.</p> <div class="info" data-v-64f90143> <span class="website" data-v-64f90143><strong data-v-64f90143>Website:</strong> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.worldhistory.org" class="link decoration" data-v-64f90143>worldhistory.org</a></span></div></section></div></section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_02" class="snm-text" data-v-195efe9f><span data-v-195efe9f>Leaving Geneva to find opportunity and adventure at the age of 19, Gallatin would become a prominent statesman and financier in the early days of the great “American experiment.” Whether as the longest-tenured Secretary of the Treasury (1801-1814) or as the US ambassador to France and Great Britain, Gallatin is arguably the most important Swiss-American in US history.</span></section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_15" class="snm-title" data-v-47b097b1><h2 data-v-47b097b1>Early Life in Geneva and the United States</h2></section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_02" class="snm-text" data-v-195efe9f><span data-v-195efe9f>Abraham Alfonse Albert de Gallatin was born in Geneva to a wealthy patrician family on January 29, 1761. The Gallatins had served the Republic of Geneva for hundreds of years as officials, military officers, and scholars, and there was every indication that Gallatin would do the same. Although his parents died when he was only a child, Gallatin had a happy childhood and received a broad education in philosophy, languages, mathematics, and science at the Académie de Genève (the forerunner to the Université de Genève). In 1779, Gallatin graduated and pondered his future. While many of his classmates found immediate employment and fortune in the service of Geneva, France, or Great Britain, Gallatin was neither interested in military service nor in theology. He loved Geneva and believed in Switzerland’s democratic values, but he was inspired by the American Revolution (1775-1783) and drawn to this new nation’s democratic ideals. With an aptitude for finance and foreign languages, as well as an imagination colored by <a href="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/en/2019/09/homesick-for-the-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>'s visions of the wilderness, Gallatin immigrated to the United States in April 1780 at the age of 19. Beforehand, his family asked the French social reformer François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, to procure a letter of reference from Benjamin Franklin, which duly arrived in Geneva. Gallatin’s family had reservations about his safety, as he had no specific or set plans upon his arrival in Boston. He had the vague notion that he might become a tea merchant, but fortune’s wheel would spin him in an entirely different direction.</span></section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_07" class="snm-image-fullbleed wide" data-v-55190a33><figure data-v-55190a33><div class="image-container" style="--aspect-ratio:(10/4);" data-v-55190a33><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/washington-delaware-dp215410-300x173.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/washington-delaware-dp215410-1536x885.jpg 1536w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/washington-delaware-dp215410-450x259.jpg 450w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/washington-delaware-dp215410-750x432.jpg 750w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/washington-delaware-dp215410-900x519.jpg 900w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/washington-delaware-dp215410-600x346.jpg 600w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/washington-delaware-dp215410-1500x864.jpg 1500w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/washington-delaware-dp215410-1200x692.jpg 1200w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/washington-delaware-dp215410.jpg 1600w" src="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/washington-delaware-dp215410-300x173.jpg" width="1600" height="922" alt="General George Washington crossing the Delaware on December 26, 1776" class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-55190a33></div> <figcaption class="caption center" data-v-55190a33><b data-v-55190a33>The iconic painting shows General George Washington crossing the Delaware on December 26, 1776, a key moment in the American Revolutionary War.</b> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/20011777" class="source decoration" data-v-55190a33>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure></section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_02" class="snm-text" data-v-195efe9f><span data-v-195efe9f>Movement, adventure, and opportunity shaped Gallatin’s early years in the United States: he taught French at Harvard University, lived the simple life of a farmer and land surveyor in the Appalachian Mountains of Pennsylvania, and co-founded a company with the purpose of attracting <a href="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/en/2019/05/swiss-emigrant/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Swiss immigrants</a> to his new country. (The latter of which proved entirely unsuccessful much to his chagrin.) Gallatin always remained, however, a man fueled with a desire to serve the public despite his myriad of interests. Gallatin was convinced that if he stayed in the United States, he would be able to serve in a governmental position. For this reason, he chose not to return to Switzerland. Once Gallatin swore allegiance and became a US citizen in 1785, his influence in American politics followed sharp, upward trajectory: Gallatin was elected as a delegate to a state convention to oversee the <a href="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/en/2021/01/switzerland-and-the-usa-sister-republics/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United States Constitution</a> in 1788; he was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1790; he was elected to the Senate in 1793; and he was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1795.</span></section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_04" class="snm-image image-size-regular has-caption" data-v-17adc581><figure data-v-17adc581><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/philadelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-300x156.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/philadelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-1536x797.jpg 1536w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/philadelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-450x233.jpg 450w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/philadelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-750x389.jpg 750w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/philadelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-900x467.jpg 900w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/philadelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-600x311.jpg 600w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/philadelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-1500x778.jpg 1500w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/philadelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-1200x623.jpg 1200w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/philadelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787.jpg 1600w" src="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/philadelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-300x156.jpg" width="1600" height="830" alt="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania around 1787, how it looked when Gallatin was there." class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-17adc581> <figcaption class="caption center" data-v-17adc581><b data-v-17adc581>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania around 1787, how it looked when Gallatin was there.</b> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004671556 " class="link decoration" data-v-17adc581>Library of Congress</a></figcaption></figure> </section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_04" class="snm-image image-size-small has-caption" data-v-17adc581><figure data-v-17adc581><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/alexander-hamilton-253x300.jpg 253w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/alexander-hamilton-380x450.jpg 380w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/alexander-hamilton-633x750.jpg 633w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/alexander-hamilton-759x900.jpg 759w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/alexander-hamilton-506x600.jpg 506w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/alexander-hamilton-1013x1200.jpg 1013w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/alexander-hamilton.jpg 1200w" src="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/alexander-hamilton-253x300.jpg" width="1200" height="1422" alt="Alexander Hamilton, around 1805." class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-17adc581> <figcaption class="caption center" data-v-17adc581><b data-v-17adc581>Alexander Hamilton, around 1805.</b> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/fotoware?id=B93C68B3FA954DC2%20B529E79D217670FD " class="link decoration" data-v-17adc581>The White House Historical Association</a></figcaption></figure> </section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_02" class="snm-text" data-v-195efe9f><span data-v-195efe9f>During his early years in politics, Gallatin expressed misgivings as to how his contemporary Alexander Hamilton – the first United States Secretary of the Treasury – oversaw and managed federal finances. The two men became rivals as a result of their contrasting worldviews and opinions on economic policies. Although Gallatin was now a naturalized US citizen, he remained very Swiss and Genevan in his manners, opinions, and outlook – Gallatin especially despised profligacy, “big government,” and debt. In 1797, Gallatin became the leader of the Republican minority. He worked tirelessly to curb the powers of the executive and judicial branches of government, as he feared they would lead to corruption and the loss of personal freedoms. In doing so, he played an instrumental role in creating the Standing Committee on Finance (presently the Ways and Means Committee) to ensure the US Treasury's accountability to Congress. Gallatin’s outspoken, yet sensible views regarding finance earned him considerable respect in Washington D.C.</span></section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_08" class="snm-quote" data-v-a52824de><blockquote data-v-a52824de><p data-v-a52824de>The whole of the Bill [of Rights] is a declaration of the right of the people at large or considered as individuals… It establishes some rights of the individual as unalienable and which consequently, no majority has a right to deprive them of.</p> <footer data-v-a52824de> Albert Gallatin </footer></blockquote></section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_15" class="snm-title" data-v-47b097b1><h2 data-v-47b097b1>Financier and Diplomat par excellence</h2></section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_02" class="snm-text" data-v-195efe9f><span data-v-195efe9f>Gallatin was a strong supporter of and lifelong friend to Thomas Jefferson, and Jefferson appointed Gallatin as US Secretary of the Treasury in 1801 upon winning the presidency. Jefferson wrote in his private notes that Gallatin was "the only man in the United States who understands, through all the labyrinths Hamilton involved it, the precise state of the Treasury.” Jefferson was correct. Gallatin meticulously pursued fiscal policies that would rein in government expenditures, curb excessive military spending, and lower the national debt. Both Gallatin and Jefferson feared that the heated clash between Great Britain and France would spill over into a woefully unprepared and fiscally-insolvent United States. Gallatin’s financial schemes were arduous but successful – the US national debt declined from approximately $83 million USD to $45 million USD in just eleven years. President Jefferson even entrusted Gallatin to arrange the financing of the Louisiana Purchase through a bond issue, which was no easy feat as the acquisition cost the United States a staggering $15 million USD. The purchase of French Louisiana from Emperor Napoleon I did bring great prosperity and additional security to the United States, but Gallatin could not prevent another war between Great Britain and the United States.</span></section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_05" class="snm-image-column" data-v-1cf33836><figure class="left-column" data-v-1cf33836><div class="image-container" style="--aspect-ratio:(3/4);" data-v-1cf33836><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/thomas-jefferson-251x300.jpg 251w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/thomas-jefferson-377x450.jpg 377w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/thomas-jefferson-628x750.jpg 628w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/thomas-jefferson-754x900.jpg 754w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/thomas-jefferson-502x600.jpg 502w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/thomas-jefferson-1005x1200.jpg 1005w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/thomas-jefferson.jpg 1200w" src="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/thomas-jefferson-251x300.jpg" width="1200" height="1433" alt="Thomas Jefferson, 1800." class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:31.1%;" data-v-1cf33836></div> <figcaption class="caption" data-v-1cf33836><b data-v-1cf33836>Thomas Jefferson, 1800.</b> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.whitehousehistory.org/bios/thomas-jefferson " class="link decoration" data-v-1cf33836>The White House Historical Association</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="right-column" data-v-1cf33836><div class="image-container" style="--aspect-ratio:(3/4);" data-v-1cf33836><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/treaty-louisianna-purchase-197x300.jpg 197w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/treaty-louisianna-purchase-295x450.jpg 295w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/treaty-louisianna-purchase-492x750.jpg 492w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/treaty-louisianna-purchase-591x900.jpg 591w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/treaty-louisianna-purchase-394x600.jpg 394w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/treaty-louisianna-purchase.jpg 724w" src="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/treaty-louisianna-purchase-197x300.jpg" width="724" height="1103" alt="Treaty between the United States of America and the French Republic ceding the province of Louisiana to the United States" class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-1cf33836></div> <figcaption class="caption" data-v-1cf33836><b data-v-1cf33836>Treaty between the United States of America and the French Republic ceding the province of Louisiana to the United States.</b> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/306462" class="link decoration" data-v-1cf33836>National Archives</a></figcaption></figure>  </section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_02" class="snm-text" data-v-195efe9f><span data-v-195efe9f>When James Madison won the 1808 presidential election, he retained Gallatin as Secretary of the Treasury, but he saw that Gallatin could prove useful in an entirely new capacity: Gallatin – a native-French speaker and well-tempered aristocrat – would make a trustworthy diplomat in Europe during a time of crisis. When the British declared war on the United States in 1812, Madison sent Gallatin to St. Petersburg, Russia to serve as a negotiator for a peace agreement mediated by Tsar Alexander I of Russia in 1813. As Alexander I was preoccupied by pursuing the retreating French army in Germany, Gallatin along with John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and other American diplomats, relocated to Ghent to meet with British officials to negotiate peace. Both parties signed the Treaty of Ghent in December 1814, and Madison ratified the treaty in February 1815, which ended the War of 1812. This treaty had immense ramifications in helping lay the foundation of the “Special Relationship” between the United States and Great Britain. It also enabled the United States to avoid further and costly political entanglements with major European powers.</span></section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_04" class="snm-image image-size-small has-caption" data-v-17adc581><figure data-v-17adc581><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/james_madison-247x300.jpg 247w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/james_madison-370x450.jpg 370w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/james_madison-616x750.jpg 616w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/james_madison-740x900.jpg 740w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/james_madison-493x600.jpg 493w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/james_madison-986x1200.jpg 986w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/james_madison.jpg 1200w" src="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/james_madison-247x300.jpg" width="1200" height="1460" alt="James Madison, 1816." class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:30.1%;" data-v-17adc581> <figcaption class="caption center" data-v-17adc581><b data-v-17adc581>James Madison, 1816.</b> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/james-madison" class="link decoration" data-v-17adc581>The White House Historical Association</a></figcaption></figure> </section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_04" class="snm-image image-size-regular has-caption" data-v-17adc581><figure data-v-17adc581><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/ruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-300x166.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/ruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-1536x849.jpg 1536w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/ruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-450x249.jpg 450w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/ruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-750x414.jpg 750w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/ruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-900x497.jpg 900w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/ruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-600x332.jpg 600w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/ruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-1500x829.jpg 1500w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/ruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-1200x663.jpg 1200w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/ruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen.jpg 1600w" src="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/ruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-300x166.jpg" width="1600" height="884" alt="Ruins of the US Capitol after the British attempted to burn the building in the War of 1812." class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-17adc581> <figcaption class="caption center" data-v-17adc581><b data-v-17adc581>Ruins of the US Capitol after the British attempted to burn the building in the War of 1812.</b> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsca.02160/ " class="link decoration" data-v-17adc581>Library of Congress</a></figcaption></figure> </section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_04" class="snm-image image-size-regular has-caption" data-v-17adc581><figure data-v-17adc581><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/unterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-300x207.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/unterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-1536x1061.jpg 1536w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/unterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-450x311.jpg 450w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/unterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-750x518.jpg 750w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/unterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-900x622.jpg 900w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/unterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-600x414.jpg 600w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/unterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-1500x1036.jpg 1500w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/unterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-1200x829.jpg 1200w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/unterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5.jpg 1600w" src="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/unterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-300x207.jpg" width="1600" height="1105" alt="The signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December 1814" class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-17adc581> <figcaption class="caption center" data-v-17adc581><b data-v-17adc581>The signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December 1814. Albert Gallatin is shown in the center (6th from the right).</b> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/signing-treaty-ghent-christmas-eve-1814-8473 " class="link decoration" data-v-17adc581>Smithsonian American Art Museum</a></figcaption></figure> </section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_02" class="snm-text" data-v-195efe9f><span data-v-195efe9f>President Madison offered Gallatin the option of reassuming his former position as Secretary of the Treasury upon his return to the United States, but Gallatin politely declined. His dear friend, John Jacob Astor, offered to establish a business with him, but Gallatin opted to become US ambassador to France instead. Gallatin served in this capacity faithfully from 1816-1823; he then served as US ambassador to Great Britain from 1826-1827. Ever the shrewd and calculating negotiator, he signed two treaties with Britain in 1818, which settled lingering border disputes, and he negotiated an extension of the joint Anglo-American control of Oregon Country. This was a happy and relatively quiet period in Gallatin’s life, and Gallatin’s family enjoyed living in Paris and London. Living in Europe brought Gallatin immense joy as he could finally return his beloved Geneva, and see old friends and colleagues on a regular basis. These personal visits brought him great personal satisfaction, and he remained in touch with friends and family in Geneva for the rest of his life.</span></section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_08" class="snm-quote" data-v-a52824de><blockquote data-v-a52824de><p data-v-a52824de>The democratic process on which this nation was founded should not be restricted to the political process, but should be applied to the industrial operation as well.</p> <footer data-v-a52824de> Albert Gallatin </footer></blockquote></section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_04" class="snm-image image-size-regular has-caption" data-v-17adc581><figure data-v-17adc581><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/five-points-dp265419-300x224.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/five-points-dp265419-1536x1147.jpg 1536w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/five-points-dp265419-450x336.jpg 450w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/five-points-dp265419-750x560.jpg 750w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/five-points-dp265419-900x672.jpg 900w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/five-points-dp265419-600x448.jpg 600w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/five-points-dp265419-1500x1120.jpg 1500w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/five-points-dp265419-1200x896.jpg 1200w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/five-points-dp265419.jpg 1600w" src="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/five-points-dp265419-300x224.jpg" width="1600" height="1195" alt="The infamous “Five Points” intersection in Manhattan, 1827." class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-17adc581> <figcaption class="caption center" data-v-17adc581><b data-v-17adc581>The infamous “Five Points” intersection in Manhattan, 1827.</b> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/20891" class="link decoration" data-v-17adc581>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> </section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_15" class="snm-title" data-v-47b097b1><h2 data-v-47b097b1>Humanitarian Pursuits & Legacy</h2></section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_02" class="snm-text" data-v-195efe9f><span data-v-195efe9f>Gallatin returned to the United States in 1827, settled in New York City, and promptly retired from politics. In his old age, he returned to his schoolboy passions: philosophy, education, and foreign languages. Gallatin assumed the presidency of the New York branch of the second Bank of the United States from 1831-1839, and he assisted in founding New York University in 1831. Since his youth, Native American languages and cultures fascinated him; Gallatin had consistently advocated for Native Americans, insisting that they should be integrated into American society. Gallatin published two books on Native Americans – <em>A Table of Indian Languages of the United States</em> (1826) and <em>Synopsis of the Indian Tribes of North America</em> (1836) – and he is credited as the father of American ethnology for helping co-found the American Ethnological Society in 1843. Although no longer active in politics, Gallatin still made frequent public-speaking engagements. As a firm opponent of slavery, he was dismayed to hear the growing calls for war with Mexico in the 1840s, which would extend the power of the Southern slave-holding states westwards. He advocated for free trade, and for the construction of roads and canals across the United States to ensure economic prosperity and independence.</span></section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_04" class="snm-image image-size-small has-caption" data-v-17adc581><figure data-v-17adc581><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-300x275.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-1536x1410.jpg 1536w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-450x413.jpg 450w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-750x689.jpg 750w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-900x826.jpg 900w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-600x551.jpg 600w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-1500x1377.jpg 1500w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-1200x1102.jpg 1200w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad.jpg 1600w" src="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-300x275.jpg" width="1600" height="1469" alt="Gallatin's map of the areas of influence of North American Native American tribes around 1600" class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-17adc581> <figcaption class="caption center" data-v-17adc581><b data-v-17adc581>Gallatin's map of the areas of influence of North American Native American tribes around 1600. Created around 1836.</b> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:First_Nation_Control_over_North_America_about_1600_AD.jpg" class="link decoration" data-v-17adc581>Wikimedia</a></figcaption></figure> </section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_02" class="snm-text" data-v-195efe9f><span data-v-195efe9f>Until his dying days, Gallatin spoke out against fiscal irresponsibility and championed individual liberties. In that, he was unwavering and constant. Gallatin’s health declined in his mid-80s, and he died at the age of 88 on August 12, 1849. He is buried in the Trinity Church Cemetery in Manhattan's Financial District, not too far from his erstwhile rival, Hamilton. Gallatin was a man whose interests and abilities shaped an emergent nation. While perhaps lacking the charisma of Hamilton or the charm of Franklin, Gallatin’s genius lay in his vision for the United States – a nation unencumbered by debt and secured by the incontestable democratic rights of its citizenry. The positions Gallatin advanced in politics remain as compelling today as they were in his own lifetime. Moreover, Gallatin spanned and bridged two cultures. In many ways, Gallatin’s life can be viewed through the lens of the fabled “American dream.” He was a farmer, politician, financer, diplomat, and academic, who led a successful life by taking risks and successfully overcoming insurmountable challenges. On the other hand, Gallatin’s Swiss roots and Genevan tastes are undeniable – he was fiercely independent in mind and action, believing in individual autonomy, social moderation, and fair compromise based on mutual trust and the rule of law. His emphasis on factual data, rather than ideology, made him among the most pragmatic statesmen of the era. Though not as well-known as the other “Founding Fathers,” it is incontrovertible that Gallatin left an indelible legacy, which is omnipresent in the United States and reflected, to a large degree, in Switzerland too. His life thus merits further consideration and celebration by Swiss and Americans alike.</span></section><section data-aos="woosh" data-module-name="ST_04" class="snm-image image-size-regular has-caption" data-v-17adc581><figure data-v-17adc581><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-1848-258x300.jpg 258w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-1848-387x450.jpg 387w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-1848-645x750.jpg 645w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-1848-774x900.jpg 774w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-1848-516x600.jpg 516w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-1848-1032x1200.jpg 1032w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-1848.jpg 1200w" src="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/gallatin-1848-258x300.jpg" width="1200" height="1395" alt="Albert Gallatin around 1848." class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-17adc581> <figcaption class="caption center" data-v-17adc581><b data-v-17adc581>Albert Gallatin around 1848.</b> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3a52674" class="link decoration" data-v-17adc581>Library of Congress</a></figcaption></figure> </section></div> <section data-aos="woosh" class="snm-footer-meta"><p><b>Published on:</b> 29.01.2021</p> <p><b>Modified on:</b> 06.12.2021</p> <p class="printOnly"><b>URL:</b> https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/en/2021/01/albert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father/</p></section> <section data-aos="woosh" class="snm-category-quicklinks"><b class="more-of">More of: </b> <a href="/en/category/modern-age/" class="category"><span>Modern Age</span></a><a href="/en/category/politics/" class="category"><span>Politics</span></a><a href="/en/category/article/" class="category"><span>Article</span></a> <button title="All categories" class="button category">All categories</button></section>  <section data-aos="woosh" class="snm-newsletter-subscription wide beige" data-v-bb9cf9fe><form data-aos="fade-up" novalidate="novalidate" class="newsletter-form" data-v-bb9cf9fe><h1 class="title" data-v-bb9cf9fe>Subscribe to the blog</h1> <p class="description" data-v-bb9cf9fe>We will inform you about new articles every two weeks.</p> <div class="input-container is-hidden" data-v-bb9cf9fe><label for="newsletter-name" class="visually-hidden" data-v-bb9cf9fe>Name</label> <input id="newsletter-name" type="text" data-v-bb9cf9fe></div> <div class="input-container" data-v-bb9cf9fe><label for="newsletter-email" class="visually-hidden" data-v-bb9cf9fe>Enter your email address</label> <input id="newsletter-email" autocomplete="email" placeholder="Enter your email address" type="email" required="required" value="" class="email" data-v-bb9cf9fe> <svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="is-disabled icon icon-arrow-right" data-v-bb9cf9fe data-v-bb9cf9fe><path fill="#D44625" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M18.42 13H2v-2h16.42L14 6.374 15.312 5 22 12l-6.688 7L14 17.626 18.42 13z" clip-rule="evenodd" data-v-bb9cf9fe data-v-bb9cf9fe></path></svg></div>   <span data-v-bb9cf9fe></span> </form></section> <section data-aos="woosh" data-fetch-key="SnmPostSuggestions:0" class="snm-post-suggestions"><h2 data-aos="woosh" class="title">Further posts</h2> <section data-aos="woosh" data-aos-delay="0" class="snm-post-teaser horizontal" data-v-d7720576><h2 class="title" data-v-d7720576><a href="/en/2021/01/switzerland-and-the-usa-sister-republics/" data-v-d7720576><span data-v-d7720576>Switzerland and the USA: sister republics</span> <svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-arrow-right" data-v-d7720576><path fill="#D44625" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M18.42 13H2v-2h16.42L14 6.374 15.312 5 22 12l-6.688 7L14 17.626 18.42 13z" clip-rule="evenodd" data-v-d7720576></path></svg></a></h2> <a href="/en/author/rene-roca/" class="author" data-v-d7720576>René Roca</a> <span class="date" data-v-d7720576>20.01.2021</span> <span class="excerpt" data-v-d7720576>At first glance, the USA and Switzerland seem like two very different countries. But a look back at their shared history springs a few surprises. It shows how closely the political systems of the two nations are related to one another.</span> <figure class="image-container" style="--aspect-ratio:(4/3);" data-v-d7720576><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-verfassungen-ch-usa-300x225.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-verfassungen-ch-usa-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-verfassungen-ch-usa-450x338.jpg 450w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-verfassungen-ch-usa-750x563.jpg 750w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-verfassungen-ch-usa-900x675.jpg 900w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-verfassungen-ch-usa-600x450.jpg 600w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-verfassungen-ch-usa-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-verfassungen-ch-usa-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/titel-verfassungen-ch-usa.jpg 1600w" src="/app/uploads/titel-verfassungen-ch-usa-300x225.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 399px) 400px, (max-width: 799px) 800px, 500px" alt="The Constitution of the United States with its famous preamble ‘We the People’ (left), and an excerpt from the Swiss Federal Constitution of 1848." class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-d7720576></figure> </section><section data-aos="woosh" data-aos-delay="0" class="snm-post-teaser horizontal" data-v-d7720576><h2 class="title" data-v-d7720576><a href="/en/2019/04/swiss-emigrants/" data-v-d7720576><span data-v-d7720576>Switzerland elsewhere</span> <svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-arrow-right" data-v-d7720576><path fill="#D44625" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M18.42 13H2v-2h16.42L14 6.374 15.312 5 22 12l-6.688 7L14 17.626 18.42 13z" clip-rule="evenodd" data-v-d7720576></path></svg></a></h2> <a href="/en/author/petra-koci/" class="author" data-v-d7720576>Petra Koci</a> <span class="date" data-v-d7720576>16.04.2019</span> <span class="excerpt" data-v-d7720576>Switzerland was not always a prosperous country. Up until 150 years ago, many set off for distant lands. The emigrants took a piece of their homeland with them and founded towns such as Zurichtal, Berne and Nova Friburgo.</span> <figure class="image-container" style="--aspect-ratio:(4/3);" data-v-d7720576><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/2019/04/Schweiz_anderswo_Titel-300x162.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/2019/04/Schweiz_anderswo_Titel-768x414.jpg 768w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/2019/04/Schweiz_anderswo_Titel-1024x553.jpg 1024w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/2019/04/Schweiz_anderswo_Titel-1500x809.jpg 1500w" src="/app/uploads/2019/04/Schweiz_anderswo_Titel-300x162.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 399px) 400px, (max-width: 799px) 800px, 500px" alt="" class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-d7720576></figure> </section><section data-aos="woosh" data-aos-delay="0" class="snm-post-teaser horizontal" data-v-d7720576><h2 class="title" data-v-d7720576><a href="/en/2017/05/the-ruetli-oath-on-an-american-banknote/" data-v-d7720576><span data-v-d7720576>The Rütli Oath on an American banknote</span> <svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-arrow-right" data-v-d7720576><path fill="#D44625" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M18.42 13H2v-2h16.42L14 6.374 15.312 5 22 12l-6.688 7L14 17.626 18.42 13z" clip-rule="evenodd" data-v-d7720576></path></svg></a></h2> <a href="/en/author/schweizerisches-nationalmuseum/" class="author" data-v-d7720576>Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum</a> <span class="date" data-v-d7720576>10.05.2017</span> <span class="excerpt" data-v-d7720576>In May 2019, the Swiss National Bank launched the new CHF 20 note. Anyone expecting to see William Tell or the Rütli Oath on it will be disappointed. The main element of the new note is light. Actually, the Rütli Oath has already featured on a banknote – albeit an American one.</span> <figure class="image-container" style="--aspect-ratio:(4/3);" data-v-d7720576><img srcset="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/2017/05/Banknote-der-Northampton-Bank-300x132.jpg 300w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/2017/05/Banknote-der-Northampton-Bank-768x337.jpg 768w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/2017/05/Banknote-der-Northampton-Bank-1024x449.jpg 1024w, https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/app/uploads/2017/05/Banknote-der-Northampton-Bank-1500x658.jpg 1500w" src="/app/uploads/2017/05/Banknote-der-Northampton-Bank-300x132.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 399px) 400px, (max-width: 799px) 800px, 500px" alt="Banknote der Northampton Bank zu 5 Taler, Lecha County, Pennsylvania, 1836." class="image" style="--x:50%;--y:50%;" data-v-d7720576></figure> </section></section></article>   <footer data-aos="woosh" class="footer" data-v-2d105d9d data-v-00263075><div class="center" data-v-2d105d9d><address data-aos="woosh" class="address" data-v-2d105d9d><h5 class="address-title" data-v-2d105d9d>Address & contact</h5> <div data-v-2d105d9d>Swiss National Museum</div> <div data-v-2d105d9d>Landesmuseum Zürich<br /> Museumstrasse 2<br /> P.O. Box<br /> 8021 Zurich<br /> <a href="mailto:info@nationalmuseum.ch">info@nationalmuseum.ch</a><br /> <a href="https://www.nationalmuseum.ch" target="_blank" rel="noopener">www.nationalmuseum.ch</a><br /> <br /> Design: <a href="https://www.dreipol.ch/">dreipol</a> | Realisation: <a href="http://whatwedo.ch">whatwedo</a></div></address> <div data-aos="woosh" class="description" data-v-2d105d9d><h5 data-aos-delay="100" class="description-title" data-v-2d105d9d>Swiss National Museum</h5> <p data-aos-delay="200" class="description-text" data-v-2d105d9d>Three museums – the <a href="https://www.landesmuseum.ch/en" target="_blank" rel="noopener">National Museum Zurich</a>, the <a href="https://www.chateaudeprangins.ch/en" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Château de Prangins</a> and the <a href="https://www.forumschwyz.ch/en" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Forum of Swiss History Schwyz</a> – as well as the <a href="https://www.sammlungszentrum.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Collection Centre</a> in Affoltern am Albis – are united under the umbrella of the Swiss National Museum (SNM).<br /> <br /> <a href="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/en/feed/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RSS-Feed</a><br /> <br /> <a href="https://www.nationalmuseum.ch/privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Privacy policy</a></p> <button class="categories-button" data-v-2d105d9d>Show all categories</button></div> <div data-aos="woosh" class="legal-links" data-v-2d105d9d></div> <div data-aos="woosh" data-aos-delay="400" class="copyright" data-v-2d105d9d>© 2024 Swiss National Museum</div></div></footer> </div></div></div><script>window.__NUXT__=(function(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z,A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,R,S,T,U,V,W,X,Y,Z,_,$,aa,ab,ac,ad,ae,af,ag,ah,ai,aj,ak,al,am,an,ao,ap,aq,ar,as,at,au,av,aw,ax,ay,az,aA,aB,aC,aD,aE,aF,aG,aH,aI,aJ,aK,aL,aM,aN,aO,aP,aQ,aR,aS,aT,aU,aV,aW,aX,aY,aZ,a_,a$,ba,bb,bc,bd,be,bf,bg,bh,bi,bj,bk,bl,bm,bn,bo,bp,bq,br,bs,bt,bu,bv,bw,bx,by,bz,bA,bB,bC,bD,bE,bF,bG,bH,bI,bJ,bK,bL,bM,bN,bO,bP,bQ,bR,bS,bT,bU,bV,bW,bX,bY,bZ,b_,b$,ca,cb,cc,cd,ce,cf,cg,ch,ci,cj,ck,cl,cm,cn,co,cp,cq,cr,cs,ct,cu,cv,cw,cx,cy,cz,cA,cB,cC,cD,cE,cF,cG,cH,cI,cJ,cK,cL,cM,cN,cO,cP,cQ,cR,cS,cT,cU,cV,cW,cX,cY,cZ,c_,c$,da,db,dc,dd,de,df,dg,dh,di,dj,dk,dl,dm,dn,do0,dp,dq,dr,ds,dt,du,dv,dw,dx,dy,dz,dA,dB,dC,dD,dE,dF,dG,dH,dI,dJ,dK,dL,dM,dN,dO,dP,dQ,dR,dS,dT,dU,dV,dW,dX,dY,dZ,d_,d$,ea,eb,ec,ed,ee,ef,eg,eh,ei,ej,ek,el,em,en,eo,ep,eq,er,es,et,eu,ev,ew,ex,ey,ez,eA,eB,eC,eD,eE,eF,eG,eH,eI,eJ,eK,eL,eM,eN,eO,eP,eQ,eR,eS,eT,eU,eV,eW,eX,eY,eZ,e_,e$,fa,fb,fc,fd,fe,ff,fg,fh,fi,fj,fk,fl,fm,fn,fo,fp,fq,fr,fs,ft,fu,fv,fw,fx,fy,fz,fA,fB,fC,fD,fE,fF,fG,fH,fI,fJ,fK,fL,fM,fN,fO,fP,fQ,fR,fS,fT,fU,fV,fW,fX,fY,fZ,f_,f$,ga,gb,gc,gd,ge,gf,gg,gh,gi,gj,gk,gl,gm,gn,go,gp,gq,gr,gs,gt,gu,gv,gw,gx,gy,gz,gA,gB,gC,gD,gE,gF,gG,gH,gI,gJ,gK,gL,gM,gN,gO,gP,gQ,gR,gS,gT,gU,gV,gW,gX,gY,gZ,g_,g$,ha,hb,hc,hd,he){bA.id=bB;bA.date="2021-01-29T08:00:00";bA.slug=bC;bA.type=v;bA.link=df;bA.title={rendered:dg};bA.content={rendered:"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",protected:n};bA.excerpt={rendered:"\u003Cp\u003EAlbert Gallatin (1761-1849) is often referred to as “America’s Swiss Founding Father” by historians due to his significant contributions to American government, finance, diplomacy, and cultural life. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca class=\"button\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Falbert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father\u002F\"\u003Eread more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",protected:n,rendered_internal:"\u003Cp\u003EAlbert Gallatin (1761-1849) is often referred to as “America’s Swiss Founding Father” by historians due to his significant contributions to American government, finance, diplomacy, and cultural life. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"};bA.yoast_head="\u003C!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\u002F\u002Fyoast.com\u002Fwordpress\u002Fplugins\u002Fseo\u002F --\u003E\n\u003Ctitle\u003EAlbert Gallatin: A Swiss Founding Father – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\u003C\u002Ftitle\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Albert Gallatin (1761-1849) is often referred to as “America’s Swiss Founding Father” by historians due to his significant contributions to American government, finance, diplomacy, and cultural life.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Falbert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Albert Gallatin: A Swiss Founding Father\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Albert Gallatin (1761-1849) is often referred to as “America’s Swiss Founding Father” by historians due to his significant contributions to American government, finance, diplomacy, and cultural life.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Falbert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FLandesmuseumZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-01-29T07:00:00+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-12-06T10:35:32+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falbert-gallatin1803.jpg\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1600\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1200\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\u002Fjpeg\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"James Blake Wiener\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Albert Gallatin: A Swiss Founding Father\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Albert Gallatin (1761-1849) is often referred to as “America’s Swiss Founding Father” by historians due to his significant contributions to American government, finance, diplomacy, and cultural life.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falbert-gallatin1803.jpg\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Verfasst von\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"James Blake Wiener\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\"application\u002Fld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003E{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Falbert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Falbert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father\u002F\",\"name\":\"Albert Gallatin: A Swiss Founding Father – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Falbert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Falbert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falbert-gallatin1803.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-01-29T07:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-12-06T10:35:32+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002Fa83a2055aaf4523e4779af54447dd92e\"},\"description\":\"Albert Gallatin (1761-1849) is often referred to as “America’s Swiss Founding Father” by historians due to his significant contributions to American government, finance, diplomacy, and cultural life.\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Falbert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father\u002F\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Falbert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father\u002F#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falbert-gallatin1803.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falbert-gallatin1803.jpg\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":1200,\"caption\":\"Albert Gallatin, around 1803, in a portrait by Gilbert Stuart.\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F\",\"name\":\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"description\":\"Background and stories about the collection and exhibition\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002Fa83a2055aaf4523e4779af54447dd92e\",\"name\":\"James Blake Wiener\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002Fimage\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002Ff66487e406b7c7bdf008ec9df81d8dab?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002Ff66487e406b7c7bdf008ec9df81d8dab?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"James Blake Wiener\"},\"description\":\"James Blake Wiener ist Historiker, Mitbegründer der World History Encyclopedia, Autor und PR-Spezialist, der in Europa und Nordamerika als Dozent tätig ist.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldhistory.org\"],\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fjames-wiener\u002F\"}]}\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\n\u003C!-- \u002F Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003E";bA.lang=A;bA.translations={en:bB,de:62311};bA.snm_blocks=[{blockName:aS,blockData:{image:{id:dh,url:di,alt:aT,title:aT,height:s,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:aA,url:dj},srcset:dk,poster:dl,square:dm},video:g,videoMobile:g,title:"Albert Gallatin: A Swiss Founding Father",caption:aT,lead:dn,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:{title:do0,url:dp,target:bg},link:dq,portrait:{id:dr,url:ds,alt:a,title:dt,height:aB,width:aB,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:du,poster:dv,square:dw},id:dx,name:dy,description:dz}}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"Leaving Geneva to find opportunity and adventure at the age of 19, Gallatin would become a prominent statesman and financier in the early days of the great “American experiment.” Whether as the longest-tenured Secretary of the Treasury (1801-1814) or as the US ambassador to France and Great Britain, Gallatin is arguably the most important Swiss-American in US history."}},{blockName:ag,blockData:{title:"Early Life in Geneva and the United States",size:ah}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"Abraham Alfonse Albert de Gallatin was born in Geneva to a wealthy patrician family on January 29, 1761. The Gallatins had served the Republic of Geneva for hundreds of years as officials, military officers, and scholars, and there was every indication that Gallatin would do the same. Although his parents died when he was only a child, Gallatin had a happy childhood and received a broad education in philosophy, languages, mathematics, and science at the Académie de Genève (the forerunner to the Université de Genève). In 1779, Gallatin graduated and pondered his future. While many of his classmates found immediate employment and fortune in the service of Geneva, France, or Great Britain, Gallatin was neither interested in military service nor in theology. He loved Geneva and believed in Switzerland’s democratic values, but he was inspired by the American Revolution (1775-1783) and drawn to this new nation’s democratic ideals. With an aptitude for finance and foreign languages, as well as an imagination colored by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2019\u002F09\u002Fhomesick-for-the-mountains\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EJean-Jacques Rousseau\u003C\u002Fa\u003E's visions of the wilderness, Gallatin immigrated to the United States in April 1780 at the age of 19. Beforehand, his family asked the French social reformer François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, to procure a letter of reference from Benjamin Franklin, which duly arrived in Geneva. Gallatin’s family had reservations about his safety, as he had no specific or set plans upon his arrival in Boston. He had the vague notion that he might become a tea merchant, but fortune’s wheel would spin him in an entirely different direction."}},{blockName:dA,blockData:{image:{id:62297,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwashington-delaware-dp215410.jpg",alt:dB,title:dB,height:922,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:aA,url:dC},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwashington-delaware-dp215410-300x173.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwashington-delaware-dp215410-1536x885.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwashington-delaware-dp215410-450x259.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwashington-delaware-dp215410-750x432.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwashington-delaware-dp215410-900x519.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwashington-delaware-dp215410-600x346.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwashington-delaware-dp215410-1500x864.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwashington-delaware-dp215410-1200x692.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwashington-delaware-dp215410.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwashington-delaware-dp215410-300x173.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fwashington-delaware-dp215410-320x320.jpg"},caption:"The iconic painting shows General George Washington crossing the Delaware on December 26, 1776, a key moment in the American Revolutionary War.",source:{title:aA,url:dC}}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"Movement, adventure, and opportunity shaped Gallatin’s early years in the United States: he taught French at Harvard University, lived the simple life of a farmer and land surveyor in the Appalachian Mountains of Pennsylvania, and co-founded a company with the purpose of attracting \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2019\u002F05\u002Fswiss-emigrant\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003ESwiss immigrants\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to his new country. (The latter of which proved entirely unsuccessful much to his chagrin.) Gallatin always remained, however, a man fueled with a desire to serve the public despite his myriad of interests. Gallatin was convinced that if he stayed in the United States, he would be able to serve in a governmental position. For this reason, he chose not to return to Switzerland. Once Gallatin swore allegiance and became a US citizen in 1785, his influence in American politics followed sharp, upward trajectory: Gallatin was elected as a delegate to a state convention to oversee the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Fswitzerland-and-the-usa-sister-republics\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EUnited States Constitution\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 1788; he was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1790; he was elected to the Senate in 1793; and he was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1795."}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:62309,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fphiladelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787.jpg",alt:bD,title:bD,height:830,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:am,url:dD},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fphiladelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-300x156.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fphiladelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-1536x797.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fphiladelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-450x233.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fphiladelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-750x389.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fphiladelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-900x467.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fphiladelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-600x311.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fphiladelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-1500x778.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fphiladelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-1200x623.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fphiladelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fphiladelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-300x156.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fphiladelphia-pennsylvania-um-1787-320x320.jpg"},size:H,caption:bD,source:{title:am,url:dD}}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:62300,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falexander-hamilton.jpg",alt:bE,title:bE,height:1422,width:s,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:an,url:dE},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falexander-hamilton-253x300.jpg 253w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falexander-hamilton-380x450.jpg 380w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falexander-hamilton-633x750.jpg 633w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falexander-hamilton-759x900.jpg 759w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falexander-hamilton-506x600.jpg 506w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falexander-hamilton-1013x1200.jpg 1013w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falexander-hamilton.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falexander-hamilton-253x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falexander-hamilton-320x320.jpg"},size:ao,caption:bE,source:{title:an,url:dE}}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"During his early years in politics, Gallatin expressed misgivings as to how his contemporary Alexander Hamilton – the first United States Secretary of the Treasury – oversaw and managed federal finances. The two men became rivals as a result of their contrasting worldviews and opinions on economic policies. Although Gallatin was now a naturalized US citizen, he remained very Swiss and Genevan in his manners, opinions, and outlook – Gallatin especially despised profligacy, “big government,” and debt. In 1797, Gallatin became the leader of the Republican minority. He worked tirelessly to curb the powers of the executive and judicial branches of government, as he feared they would lead to corruption and the loss of personal freedoms. In doing so, he played an instrumental role in creating the Standing Committee on Finance (presently the Ways and Means Committee) to ensure the US Treasury's accountability to Congress. Gallatin’s outspoken, yet sensible views regarding finance earned him considerable respect in Washington D.C."}},{blockName:bF,blockData:{quote:"The whole of the Bill [of Rights] is a declaration of the right of the people at large or considered as individuals… It establishes some rights of the individual as unalienable and which consequently, no majority has a right to deprive them of.",author:dF}},{blockName:ag,blockData:{title:"Financier and Diplomat par excellence",size:ah}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"Gallatin was a strong supporter of and lifelong friend to Thomas Jefferson, and Jefferson appointed Gallatin as US Secretary of the Treasury in 1801 upon winning the presidency. Jefferson wrote in his private notes that Gallatin was \"the only man in the United States who understands, through all the labyrinths Hamilton involved it, the precise state of the Treasury.” Jefferson was correct. Gallatin meticulously pursued fiscal policies that would rein in government expenditures, curb excessive military spending, and lower the national debt. Both Gallatin and Jefferson feared that the heated clash between Great Britain and France would spill over into a woefully unprepared and fiscally-insolvent United States. Gallatin’s financial schemes were arduous but successful – the US national debt declined from approximately $83 million USD to $45 million USD in just eleven years. President Jefferson even entrusted Gallatin to arrange the financing of the Louisiana Purchase through a bond issue, which was no easy feat as the acquisition cost the United States a staggering $15 million USD. The purchase of French Louisiana from Emperor Napoleon I did bring great prosperity and additional security to the United States, but Gallatin could not prevent another war between Great Britain and the United States."}},{blockName:bG,blockData:{left:{image:{id:dG,url:dH,alt:aC,title:aC,height:dI,width:s,focus:{x:i,y:dJ},source:{title:an,url:dK},srcset:dL,poster:dM,square:dN},caption:aC},right:{image:{id:62303,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftreaty-louisianna-purchase.jpg",alt:dO,title:dO,height:1103,width:724,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:"National Archives",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fcatalog.archives.gov\u002Fid\u002F306462"},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftreaty-louisianna-purchase-197x300.jpg 197w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftreaty-louisianna-purchase-295x450.jpg 295w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftreaty-louisianna-purchase-492x750.jpg 492w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftreaty-louisianna-purchase-591x900.jpg 591w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftreaty-louisianna-purchase-394x600.jpg 394w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftreaty-louisianna-purchase.jpg 724w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftreaty-louisianna-purchase-197x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftreaty-louisianna-purchase-320x320.jpg"},caption:"Treaty between the United States of America and the French Republic ceding the province of Louisiana to the United States."},joint:{caption:a,source:g}}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"When James Madison won the 1808 presidential election, he retained Gallatin as Secretary of the Treasury, but he saw that Gallatin could prove useful in an entirely new capacity: Gallatin – a native-French speaker and well-tempered aristocrat – would make a trustworthy diplomat in Europe during a time of crisis. When the British declared war on the United States in 1812, Madison sent Gallatin to St. Petersburg, Russia to serve as a negotiator for a peace agreement mediated by Tsar Alexander I of Russia in 1813. As Alexander I was preoccupied by pursuing the retreating French army in Germany, Gallatin along with John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and other American diplomats, relocated to Ghent to meet with British officials to negotiate peace. Both parties signed the Treaty of Ghent in December 1814, and Madison ratified the treaty in February 1815, which ended the War of 1812. This treaty had immense ramifications in helping lay the foundation of the “Special Relationship” between the United States and Great Britain. It also enabled the United States to avoid further and costly political entanglements with major European powers."}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:dP,url:dQ,alt:aD,title:aD,height:dR,width:s,focus:{x:i,y:dS},source:{title:an,url:bH},srcset:dT,poster:dU,square:dV},size:ao,caption:aD,source:{title:an,url:bH}}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:62282,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen.jpg",alt:bI,title:bI,height:884,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:am,url:dW},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-300x166.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-1536x849.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-450x249.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-750x414.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-900x497.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-600x332.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-1500x829.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-1200x663.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-300x166.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fruine-des-us-kapitols-nach-dem-versuch-der-briten-das-gebaeude-im-krieg-von-1812-zu-verbrennen-320x320.jpg"},size:H,caption:bI,source:{title:am,url:dW}}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:62285,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Funterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5.jpg",alt:dX,title:dX,height:1105,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:dY,url:dZ},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Funterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-300x207.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Funterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-1536x1061.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Funterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-450x311.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Funterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-750x518.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Funterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-900x622.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Funterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-600x414.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Funterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-1500x1036.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Funterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-1200x829.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Funterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Funterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-300x207.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Funterzeichnung-des-vertrags-von-gent-im-dezember-1814-saam-1922-5-320x320.jpg"},size:H,caption:"The signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December 1814. Albert Gallatin is shown in the center (6th from the right).",source:{title:dY,url:dZ}}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"President Madison offered Gallatin the option of reassuming his former position as Secretary of the Treasury upon his return to the United States, but Gallatin politely declined. His dear friend, John Jacob Astor, offered to establish a business with him, but Gallatin opted to become US ambassador to France instead. Gallatin served in this capacity faithfully from 1816-1823; he then served as US ambassador to Great Britain from 1826-1827. Ever the shrewd and calculating negotiator, he signed two treaties with Britain in 1818, which settled lingering border disputes, and he negotiated an extension of the joint Anglo-American control of Oregon Country. This was a happy and relatively quiet period in Gallatin’s life, and Gallatin’s family enjoyed living in Paris and London. Living in Europe brought Gallatin immense joy as he could finally return his beloved Geneva, and see old friends and colleagues on a regular basis. These personal visits brought him great personal satisfaction, and he remained in touch with friends and family in Geneva for the rest of his life."}},{blockName:bF,blockData:{quote:"The democratic process on which this nation was founded should not be restricted to the political process, but should be applied to the industrial operation as well.",author:dF}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:62294,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffive-points-dp265419.jpg",alt:bJ,title:bJ,height:1195,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:aA,url:d_},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffive-points-dp265419-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffive-points-dp265419-1536x1147.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffive-points-dp265419-450x336.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffive-points-dp265419-750x560.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffive-points-dp265419-900x672.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffive-points-dp265419-600x448.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffive-points-dp265419-1500x1120.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffive-points-dp265419-1200x896.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffive-points-dp265419.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffive-points-dp265419-300x224.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffive-points-dp265419-320x320.jpg"},size:H,caption:bJ,source:{title:aA,url:d_}}},{blockName:ag,blockData:{title:"Humanitarian Pursuits & Legacy",size:ah}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"Gallatin returned to the United States in 1827, settled in New York City, and promptly retired from politics. In his old age, he returned to his schoolboy passions: philosophy, education, and foreign languages. Gallatin assumed the presidency of the New York branch of the second Bank of the United States from 1831-1839, and he assisted in founding New York University in 1831. Since his youth, Native American languages and cultures fascinated him; Gallatin had consistently advocated for Native Americans, insisting that they should be integrated into American society. Gallatin published two books on Native Americans – \u003Cem\u003EA Table of Indian Languages of the United States\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (1826) and \u003Cem\u003ESynopsis of the Indian Tribes of North America\u003C\u002Fem\u003E (1836) – and he is credited as the father of American ethnology for helping co-found the American Ethnological Society in 1843. Although no longer active in politics, Gallatin still made frequent public-speaking engagements. As a firm opponent of slavery, he was dismayed to hear the growing calls for war with Mexico in the 1840s, which would extend the power of the Southern slave-holding states westwards. He advocated for free trade, and for the construction of roads and canals across the United States to ensure economic prosperity and independence."}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:62291,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad.jpg",alt:d$,title:d$,height:1469,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:au,url:ea},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-300x275.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-1536x1410.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-450x413.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-750x689.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-900x826.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-600x551.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-1500x1377.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-1200x1102.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-300x275.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-first_nation_control_over_north_america_about_1600_ad-320x320.jpg"},size:ao,caption:"Gallatin's map of the areas of influence of North American Native American tribes around 1600. Created around 1836.",source:{title:au,url:ea}}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"Until his dying days, Gallatin spoke out against fiscal irresponsibility and championed individual liberties. In that, he was unwavering and constant. Gallatin’s health declined in his mid-80s, and he died at the age of 88 on August 12, 1849. He is buried in the Trinity Church Cemetery in Manhattan's Financial District, not too far from his erstwhile rival, Hamilton.\r\n\r\nGallatin was a man whose interests and abilities shaped an emergent nation. While perhaps lacking the charisma of Hamilton or the charm of Franklin, Gallatin’s genius lay in his vision for the United States – a nation unencumbered by debt and secured by the incontestable democratic rights of its citizenry. The positions Gallatin advanced in politics remain as compelling today as they were in his own lifetime. Moreover, Gallatin spanned and bridged two cultures. In many ways, Gallatin’s life can be viewed through the lens of the fabled “American dream.” He was a farmer, politician, financer, diplomat, and academic, who led a successful life by taking risks and successfully overcoming insurmountable challenges. On the other hand, Gallatin’s Swiss roots and Genevan tastes are undeniable – he was fiercely independent in mind and action, believing in individual autonomy, social moderation, and fair compromise based on mutual trust and the rule of law. His emphasis on factual data, rather than ideology, made him among the most pragmatic statesmen of the era. Though not as well-known as the other “Founding Fathers,” it is incontrovertible that Gallatin left an indelible legacy, which is omnipresent in the United States and reflected, to a large degree, in Switzerland too. His life thus merits further consideration and celebration by Swiss and Americans alike."}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:62288,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-1848.jpg",alt:bK,title:bK,height:1395,width:s,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:am,url:eb},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-1848-258x300.jpg 258w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-1848-387x450.jpg 387w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-1848-645x750.jpg 645w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-1848-774x900.jpg 774w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-1848-516x600.jpg 516w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-1848-1032x1200.jpg 1032w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-1848.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-1848-258x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fgallatin-1848-320x320.jpg"},size:H,caption:bK,source:{title:am,url:eb}}}];bA.snm_model={categories:[{parent:g,order:ab,id:d,name:ai,description:a,slug:aj,taxonomy:f,permalink:ap},{parent:g,order:O,id:e,name:P,description:a,slug:Q,taxonomy:f,permalink:U},{parent:g,order:aU,id:b,name:aV,description:a,slug:aW,taxonomy:f,permalink:bh}],primaryCategory:e,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:a,longitude:a},id:bB,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:{title:do0,url:dp,target:bg},link:dq,portrait:{id:dr,url:ds,alt:a,title:dt,height:aB,width:aB,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:du,poster:dv,square:dw},id:dx,name:dy,description:dz},language:A,availableLanguages:ec,slug:bC,title:dg,excerpt:dn,postType:v,permalink:df,thumbnail:{id:dh,url:di,alt:aT,title:aT,height:s,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:aA,url:dj},srcset:dk,poster:dl,square:dm},date:1611907200,readableDate:"29.01.2021",modifiedDate:1638790532,readableModifiedDate:"06.12.2021",seoTitle:a,seoDescription:"Albert Gallatin (1761-1849) is often referred to as “America’s Swiss Founding Father” by historians due to his significant contributions to American government, finance, diplomacy, and cultural life."};ec.de={single:"albert-gallatin-ein-schweizer-gruendervater-der-usa"};ed.id=aX;ed.date="2024-11-21T08:00:00";ed.slug=bL;ed.type=v;ed.link=bi;ed.title={rendered:bM};ed.content={rendered:"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",protected:n};ed.excerpt={rendered:"\u003Cp\u003EGhana is the world’s largest producer of cocoa. Pre-independence, the Basel Mission was one of the players making money from the cocoa trade in the Gold Coast region. It ran an agricultural research station there from the middle of the 19th century and attempted to cultivate the cocoa plant ‒ with varying degrees of success.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca class=\"button\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F\"\u003Eread more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",protected:n,rendered_internal:"\u003Cp\u003EGhana is the world’s largest producer of cocoa. Pre-independence, the Basel Mission was one of the players making money from the cocoa trade in the Gold Coast region. It ran an agricultural research station there from the middle of the 19th century and attempted to cultivate the cocoa plant ‒ with varying degrees of success.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"};ed.yoast_head="\u003C!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\u002F\u002Fyoast.com\u002Fwordpress\u002Fplugins\u002Fseo\u002F --\u003E\n\u003Ctitle\u003ECocoa in Ghana: how it all began – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\u003C\u002Ftitle\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Ghana is the world’s largest producer of cocoa. Pre-independence, the Basel Mission was one of the players making money from the cocoa trade in the Gold Coast region. It ran an agricultural research station there from the middle of the 19th century and attempted to cultivate the cocoa plant ‒ with varying degrees of success.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cocoa in Ghana: how it all began\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ghana is the world’s largest producer of cocoa. Pre-independence, the Basel Mission was one of the players making money from the cocoa trade in the Gold Coast region. It ran an agricultural research station there from the middle of the 19th century and attempted to cultivate the cocoa plant ‒ with varying degrees of success.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FLandesmuseumZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-11-21T07:00:00+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-11-19T15:11:01+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel.jpg\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1600\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1200\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\u002Fjpeg\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Pascale Meyer\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Verfasst von\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Pascale Meyer\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Geschätzte Lesezeit\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 Minuten\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\"application\u002Fld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003E{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F\",\"name\":\"Cocoa in Ghana: how it all began – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-11-21T07:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-19T15:11:01+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002F41b293cf9f61860a8f54156ae0e9c1d5\"},\"description\":\"Ghana is the world’s largest producer of cocoa. Pre-independence, the Basel Mission was one of the players making money from the cocoa trade in the Gold Coast region. It ran an agricultural research station there from the middle of the 19th century and attempted to cultivate the cocoa plant ‒ with varying degrees of success.\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel.jpg\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":1200,\"caption\":\"Local workers and a supervisor dressed in ‘colonial whites’ at a cocoa drying area run by the Basel Mission Trading Company in Accra in what is now Ghana (1904\u002F1905).\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F\",\"name\":\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"description\":\"Background and stories about the collection and exhibition\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002F41b293cf9f61860a8f54156ae0e9c1d5\",\"name\":\"Pascale Meyer\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002Fimage\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002F415f3bec186cef05f0c23d1eba68df93?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002F415f3bec186cef05f0c23d1eba68df93?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Pascale Meyer\"},\"description\":\"Historikerin und Kuratorin am Schweizerischen Nationalmuseum\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fpascale\u002F\"}]}\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\n\u003C!-- \u002F Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003E";ed.lang=A;ed.translations={en:aX,fr:157203,de:156728};ed.snm_blocks=[{blockName:aS,blockData:{image:{id:bN,url:bO,alt:av,title:av,height:s,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:aY,url:a},srcset:bP,poster:bQ,square:bR},video:g,videoMobile:g,title:"Cocoa in Ghana: how it all began",caption:av,lead:bS,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:g,link:bT,portrait:{id:bU,url:aE,alt:a,title:aF,height:bV,width:ac,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:bW,poster:bX,square:aE},id:bY,name:aF,description:bZ}}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"In the 1830s, European businessmen began attempting to grow cash crops like coffee, cotton, peanuts and cocoa along the coast of present-day Ghana, at that time a British colony known as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F07\u002Fthe-basel-missions-first-african-female-teacher\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EGold Coast\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The cocoa tree, a member of the mallow family, is actually native to Central and South America, not Africa. The Swiss-based \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Ffritz-ramseyer-swiss-missionary-and-colonial-agent\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EBasel Mission\u003C\u002Fa\u003E was among those involved in these first efforts to cultivate the plant in Africa. A 1906 report by missionary Josef Mohr reveals that the Mission had been running an agricultural research station in Akropong since 1857. Missionary Johannes Haas had been experimenting with native cultivars and with plants imported from Surinam. But neither he nor his successors were to succeed. It was a case of one step forward and two steps back, with insects and worms repeatedly thwarting them. Reinforcements sent from home did not fare any better: Johan Jakob Lang from Witikon and, later, Johann Gottlieb Auer, a missionary who would go on to become an American Methodist bishop, also failed to keep the pests and diseases in check. Nevertheless, Auer did manage to oversee four acres of coffee and cocoa plantations shortly before leaving the station in 1868. However, his successors all succumbed to tropical diseases and were forced to return home for health reasons. The missionaries finally abandoned the experiment in 1870. No longer able to recruit any Europeans to the Agriculture Station in Akropong, they handed it over to the “Africans”. Just who they meant by this, is not exactly clear."}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:156743,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze.jpg",alt:b_,title:b_,height:1506,width:s,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:au,url:ee},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-239x300.jpg 239w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-359x450.jpg 359w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-598x750.jpg 598w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-717x900.jpg 717w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-478x600.jpg 478w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-1195x1500.jpg 1195w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-956x1200.jpg 956w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-239x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakaopflanze-320x320.jpg"},size:ao,caption:b_,source:{title:au,url:ee}}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"But the story of cocoa cultivation in Ghana did not end there, as Tetteh Quarshie (1842-1892) then arrived on the scene. He was born in Osu to a farmer named Mlekuboi. According to the records kept by the Basel Mission, he was freed from ‘pawnship’ by missionary Heinrich Bohner and given the opportunity to train as a blacksmith. He emigrated to the island of Fernando Po (a former Spanish colony now called Bioko) in the Gulf of Guinea, where he worked until 1869. He then returned home carrying several cocoa seeds, which he managed to smuggle into the country unnoticed. He planted them at Mampong, and some of the young plants thrived. He sold these seedlings to his neighbour, who then planted them in the hills at Akuapim, making these first attempts at propagation a success. Tetteh Quarshie has been revered in Ghana as a kind of national hero ever since. He is credited with having introduced cocoa to the country and thus with laying the foundation for what would later become Ghana’s main export commodity. His legacy is commemorated by a statue in Accra, the Tetteh Quarshie Memorial Hospital in Akuapim- Mampong and the Tetteh Quarshie Cocoa Farm & Exhibition Centre. Yet the question of who really succeeded in propagating cocoa trees, the Basel Mission or Quarshie, remains a matter of dispute. However, it is clear that, when planting his seeds, Quarshie was well aware that cocoa trees require shade – unlike the missionaries, who had left them fully exposed to direct sunlight."}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:156755,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie.jpg",alt:b$,title:b$,height:1432,width:s,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:ef,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie-251x300.jpg 251w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie-377x450.jpg 377w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie-628x750.jpg 628w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie-754x900.jpg 754w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie-503x600.jpg 503w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie-1006x1200.jpg 1006w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie-251x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftetteh-quarshie-320x320.jpg"},size:ao,caption:b$,source:{title:ef,url:a}}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"But, as rights and patents for plant breeders were unheard of at the time, Quarshie did not benefit financially from his success. His relatives were also left with nothing. In 1926, they petitioned the British Governor Gordon Guggisberg for financial assistance. In vain. After two years delay, the family was finally granted 250 pounds – a derisible sum given the huge profits being made by the British trading societies and the Basel Missionshandelsgesellschaft (BHG). Established in 1859 by those at the head of the Basel Mission, it continued to operate in the Gold Coast after the First World War under the name of Union Trading Company (UTC).\r\n\r\nAlthough cocoa was becoming an increasingly important crop in the region, it was still the British who were profiting most from its cultivation. By 1911, the then British colony had already become the world’s foremost cocoa producer. Nevertheless, many merchants, chiefs and smallholders in Ghana itself also reaped the benefits and rose to affluence. But in 1906, Basel missionary Josef Mohr warned that: “Cocoa is a blessing, although our judgement all too frequently suggests otherwise, (…) when we live and stand among the people and see what disastrous consequences are visited upon our careless, easy-going populace by this windfall, then we are forced to let out a sigh.” He goes on to complain about the deforestation of the jungle, about the greed of the local advocates, about quarrels and litigiousness, and about ‘pawnship’, a form of bondage rife in cocoa farming, in which people, especially the young, were pledged as collateral and sent to work in the fields as a means of repaying the debt. Incidentally, the practice of poor parents sending their children off to work was still common in Switzerland towards the end of the 19th century, e.g. the chimney sweeps in Ticino known as ‘spazzacamini’. But although he deplored these human rights abuses, the missionary also bemoaned the lack of human resources, e.g. messengers or porters, writing: ‘it is now impossible to find men or women in Akropong to carry foodstuffs from Accra to Akuapim for the missionaries” ‒ and all because of the temptation of the ‘brown gold’."}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:156760,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana.jpg",alt:ca,title:ca,height:1216,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:aY,url:eg},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-300x228.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-1536x1167.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-450x342.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-750x570.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-900x684.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-600x456.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-1500x1140.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-1200x912.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-300x228.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fumschlagplatz-fur-kakao-im-heutigen-ghana-320x320.jpg"},size:H,caption:ca,source:{title:aY,url:eg}}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"The cocoa trade proved extremely lucrative for UTC – until 1937. That was when the cartel (also known as the pool) of European trading companies, of which UTC was a member, began to allocate buying quotas, and profits began to fall. The cartel was damaging to the country’s farmers: it put pressure on prices and prevented the up-and-coming African merchants from shipping cocoa to Europe on their own initiative. By 1947, the golden years were well and truly over: the \u003Cem\u003EGold Coast Cocoa Marketing Board\u003C\u002Fem\u003E prohibited the Europeans from continuing their operations in the Gold Coast. UTC gradually withdrew from the cocoa trade – 10 years prior to Ghana’s independence – and turned towards other, more lucrative areas of business."}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:156772,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242.jpg",alt:cb,title:cb,height:1205,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:W,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-1536x1157.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-450x339.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-750x565.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-900x678.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-600x452.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-1500x1130.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-1200x904.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-300x226.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fschulwandbild-zum-thema-kakaoanbau-dig-36332-lm-105242-320x320.jpg"},size:H,caption:cb,source:{title:W,url:a}}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"On 12 November 1957, the Basel notary Dr Laurenz Zellweger authenticated a collection of historical documents from the Basel Mission Archives in his office: he confirmed that the Basel Mission had succeeded in cultivating cocoa plants from 1868 to 1874. Why the mission’s trading company felt the need to have its efforts to propagate the plant legally recognised remains unclear. A letter from Max Preiswerk, the Managing Director of UTC at the time, had preceded this process, but yields next to no information about what motivated it. Did UTC hope to claim the cultivation success (achieved by the Basel Mission) as its own in order to gain ground or attract government orders (e.g. for car exports)? The sources do not provide any answers to this question. What we do know is that UTC ensured the Swiss chocolate industry’s survival after the two world wars by providing it with raw material ‒ it was the only Swiss company purchasing cocoa in the Gold Coast during the colonial era, give or take a few years. And we also know that modern-day Ghana would go on to become the world’s largest cocoa producer in the 20th century."}},{blockName:"acf\u002Finfobox",blockData:{title:"colonial — Switzerland’s Global Entanglements",image:a,caption:a,date:{start:"20240913",end:"20250119"},location:{title:"National Museum Zurich",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.landesmuseum.ch\u002Fcolonial"},text:"Swiss citizens and companies were heavily involved in the colonial system from the 16th century onwards. Some Swiss companies and private individuals took part in the transatlantic slave trade and earned a fortune from the trade in colonial goods and exploitation of slave labour. Swiss men and women travelled the globe as missionaries. Other Swiss, driven by poverty or a thirst for adventure, served as mercenaries in European armies sent to conquer colonial territory or crush uprisings by the indigenous population. Swiss experts also placed their knowledge at the disposal of the colonial powers. And the racial theories prevalent at the time, which were used to justify the colonial system, formed part of the curriculum at the universities of Zurich and Geneva.\r\n\r\nThe exhibition at the National Museum Zurich draws on the latest research findings and uses concrete examples, illustrated with objects, works of art, photographs and documents, to present the first-ever comprehensive overview of Switzerland's history of colonial entanglement. And by drawing parallels to contemporary issues, it also explores the question of what this colonial heritage means for present-day Switzerland."}}];ed.snm_model={categories:[{parent:g,order:ab,id:d,name:ai,description:a,slug:aj,taxonomy:f,permalink:ap},{parent:g,order:$,id:c,name:ad,description:a,slug:ae,taxonomy:f,permalink:ak},{parent:g,order:I,id:h,name:L,description:a,slug:M,taxonomy:f,permalink:R},{parent:{parent:g,order:I,id:h,name:L,description:a,slug:M,taxonomy:f,permalink:R},order:y,id:F,name:eh,description:a,slug:ei,taxonomy:f,permalink:ej},{parent:g,order:O,id:e,name:P,description:a,slug:Q,taxonomy:f,permalink:U},{parent:{parent:g,order:O,id:e,name:P,description:a,slug:Q,taxonomy:f,permalink:U},order:y,id:X,name:cc,description:a,slug:cd,taxonomy:f,permalink:ce},{parent:{parent:g,order:aw,id:k,name:aG,description:a,slug:aH,taxonomy:f,permalink:aZ},order:y,id:C,name:ek,description:a,slug:el,taxonomy:f,permalink:em}],primaryCategory:X,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:a,longitude:a},id:aX,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:g,link:bT,portrait:{id:bU,url:aE,alt:a,title:aF,height:bV,width:ac,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:bW,poster:bX,square:aE},id:bY,name:aF,description:bZ},language:A,availableLanguages:{fr:{single:en},de:{single:eo}},slug:bL,title:bM,excerpt:bS,postType:v,permalink:bi,thumbnail:{id:bN,url:bO,alt:av,title:av,height:s,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:aY,url:a},srcset:bP,poster:bQ,square:bR},date:ep,readableDate:eq,modifiedDate:er,readableModifiedDate:a,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a};es.id=cf;es.date="2021-01-20T08:00:39";es.slug=et;es.type=v;es.link=eu;es.title={rendered:cg};es.content={rendered:"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",protected:n};es.excerpt={rendered:"\u003Cp\u003EAt first glance, the USA and Switzerland seem like two very different countries. But a look back at their shared history springs a few surprises. It shows how closely the political systems of the two nations are related to one another.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca class=\"button\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Fswitzerland-and-the-usa-sister-republics\u002F\"\u003Eread more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",protected:n,rendered_internal:"\u003Cp\u003EAt first glance, the USA and Switzerland seem like two very different countries. But a look back at their shared history springs a few surprises. It shows how closely the political systems of the two nations are related to one another.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"};es.yoast_head="\u003C!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\u002F\u002Fyoast.com\u002Fwordpress\u002Fplugins\u002Fseo\u002F --\u003E\n\u003Ctitle\u003ESwitzerland and the USA: sister republics – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\u003C\u002Ftitle\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"At first glance, the USA and Switzerland seem like two very different countries. But a look back at their shared history springs a few surprises. It shows how closely the political systems of the two nations are related to one another.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Fswitzerland-and-the-usa-sister-republics\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Switzerland and the USA: sister republics\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"At first glance, the USA and Switzerland seem like two very different countries. But a look back at their shared history springs a few surprises. It shows how closely the political systems of the two nations are related to one another.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Fswitzerland-and-the-usa-sister-republics\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FLandesmuseumZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-01-20T07:00:39+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-01-19T12:25:21+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-verfassungen-ch-usa.jpg\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1600\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1200\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\u002Fjpeg\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"René Roca\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Switzerland and the USA: sister republics\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"At first glance, the USA and Switzerland seem like two very different countries. But a look back at their shared history springs a few surprises. It shows how closely the political systems of the two nations are related to one another.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-verfassungen-ch-usa.jpg\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Verfasst von\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"René Roca\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\"application\u002Fld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003E{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Fswitzerland-and-the-usa-sister-republics\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Fswitzerland-and-the-usa-sister-republics\u002F\",\"name\":\"Switzerland and the USA: sister republics – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Fswitzerland-and-the-usa-sister-republics\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Fswitzerland-and-the-usa-sister-republics\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-verfassungen-ch-usa.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-01-20T07:00:39+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-01-19T12:25:21+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002F579bdc55258119c12f3993428e67a43a\"},\"description\":\"At first glance, the USA and Switzerland seem like two very different countries. But a look back at their shared history springs a few surprises. It shows how closely the political systems of the two nations are related to one another.\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Fswitzerland-and-the-usa-sister-republics\u002F\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Fswitzerland-and-the-usa-sister-republics\u002F#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-verfassungen-ch-usa.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-verfassungen-ch-usa.jpg\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":1200,\"caption\":\"The Constitution of the United States with its famous preamble ‘We the People’ (left), and an excerpt from the Swiss Federal Constitution of 1848.\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F\",\"name\":\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"description\":\"Background and stories about the collection and exhibition\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002F579bdc55258119c12f3993428e67a43a\",\"name\":\"René Roca\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002Fimage\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002Ff76f88456260c2dd499447037a2c12c8?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002Ff76f88456260c2dd499447037a2c12c8?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"René Roca\"},\"description\":\"René Roca ist promovierter Historiker, Gymnasiallehrer und leitet das Forschungsinstitut direkte Demokratie fidd.ch.\",\"sameAs\":[\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fidd.ch\"],\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Frene-roca\u002F\"}]}\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\n\u003C!-- \u002F Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003E";es.lang=A;es.translations={en:cf,de:60928,fr:62136};es.snm_blocks=[{blockName:aS,blockData:{image:{id:ev,url:ew,alt:a_,title:a_,height:s,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:ex,url:a},srcset:ey,poster:ez,square:eA},video:g,videoMobile:g,title:cg,caption:a_,lead:ch,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:a,link:eB,portrait:{id:eC,url:eD,alt:a,title:eE,height:al,width:al,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:eF,poster:eG,square:eH},id:eI,name:eJ,description:eK}}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"Ever since the Swiss Confederation started operating as a sovereign federation of states in 1648 and Great Britain established its colonies on the east coast of North America, figures from politics, business and culture on both sides of the Atlantic have been swapping ideas back and forth. If we take a look at these links from the 17th century to the present day and relate them specifically to philosophical and constitutional concepts, we can identify an ‘Atlantic cycle of modern conceptions of the state’. The famous Swiss constitutional historian and expert in constitutional law Alfred Kölz (1944-2003) coined this term, and it is astonishing how consistently the give and take between Switzerland and what would soon become the USA has been carried on. It is only in the past few decades that the relationship has cooled."}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:60938,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbriefmarke-usa-ch-gbe-102368_lm-10845131.jpg",alt:eL,title:eL,height:1703,width:s,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:W,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbriefmarke-usa-ch-gbe-102368_lm-10845131-211x300.jpg 211w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbriefmarke-usa-ch-gbe-102368_lm-10845131-1082x1536.jpg 1082w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbriefmarke-usa-ch-gbe-102368_lm-10845131-317x450.jpg 317w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbriefmarke-usa-ch-gbe-102368_lm-10845131-528x750.jpg 528w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbriefmarke-usa-ch-gbe-102368_lm-10845131-634x900.jpg 634w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbriefmarke-usa-ch-gbe-102368_lm-10845131-423x600.jpg 423w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbriefmarke-usa-ch-gbe-102368_lm-10845131-1057x1500.jpg 1057w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbriefmarke-usa-ch-gbe-102368_lm-10845131-846x1200.jpg 846w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbriefmarke-usa-ch-gbe-102368_lm-10845131.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbriefmarke-usa-ch-gbe-102368_lm-10845131-211x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbriefmarke-usa-ch-gbe-102368_lm-10845131-320x320.jpg"},size:ao,caption:"To mark the 700th anniversary of the Swiss Confederation in 1991, the US postal service and Swiss Post issued a joint postage stamp. The stamp depicts the Capitol in Washington and the federal parliament building, the Bundeshaus, in Bern. ",source:{title:W,url:a}}},{blockName:ag,blockData:{title:"Scepticism towards Rousseau’s sovereignty of the people",size:ah}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"For the American intellectual elites in the 17th and 18th centuries English tradition, such as the idea of relative freedom and the parliamentary system, was the guiding principle. In addition to the English philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) and the Frenchman Montesquieu (1689-1755), as political debates took shape other classic figures of the European Enlightenment and natural law gained in significance; this was especially true for representatives of francophone Switzerland’s school of natural law (‘École romande du droit naturel’) such as Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui (1694-1748) and Emer de Vattel (1714-1767). But the influence of the Genevan \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2018\u002F08\u002Fnational-identities\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EJean-Jacques Rousseau\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (1712-1778), with his concept of the sovereignty of the people, was limited. This scepticism towards the will of the people and too much equality later became apparent in the federal Constitution of the USA, with the introduction of the system of electors (panel of presidential electors) for the election of the president. The founding fathers were generally wary of ‘the people’. The system they envisaged therefore provided that the electors were able to overturn the results of a direct presidential election, in case the masses were carried away by their emotions and wanted to install the wrong president, such as a devious seducer of the people, on the presidential chair."}},{blockName:"acf\u002Fimage-slider",blockData:{slider:[{image:{id:61013,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn-locke.jpg",alt:ci,title:ci,height:1463,width:s,focus:{x:i,y:"29.6"},source:{title:"The State Hermitage Museum",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hermitagemuseum.org\u002Fwps\u002Fportal\u002Fhermitage\u002Fdigital-collection\u002F01.+Paintings\u002F38692\u002F?lng=en "},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn-locke-246x300.jpg 246w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn-locke-369x450.jpg 369w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn-locke-615x750.jpg 615w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn-locke-738x900.jpg 738w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn-locke-492x600.jpg 492w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn-locke-984x1200.jpg 984w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn-locke.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn-locke-246x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn-locke-320x320.jpg"},caption:ci},{image:{id:61016,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmontesquieu.jpg",alt:cj,title:cj,height:1445,width:s,focus:{x:i,y:"32.1"},source:{title:"Château de Versailles",url:"http:\u002F\u002Fcollections.chateauversailles.fr\u002F#e8b6235b-c470-4cb4-b390-4f548900b4e5 "},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmontesquieu-249x300.jpg 249w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmontesquieu-374x450.jpg 374w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmontesquieu-623x750.jpg 623w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmontesquieu-747x900.jpg 747w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmontesquieu-498x600.jpg 498w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmontesquieu-997x1200.jpg 997w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmontesquieu.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmontesquieu-249x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmontesquieu-320x320.jpg"},caption:cj},{image:{id:61007,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacquesburlamaqui.jpg",alt:ck,title:ck,height:1465,width:s,focus:{x:i,y:"40.2"},source:{title:"ETH Library Zurich",url:"http:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.7890\u002Fethz-a-000511268 "},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacquesburlamaqui-246x300.jpg 246w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacquesburlamaqui-369x450.jpg 369w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacquesburlamaqui-614x750.jpg 614w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacquesburlamaqui-737x900.jpg 737w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacquesburlamaqui-491x600.jpg 491w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacquesburlamaqui-983x1200.jpg 983w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacquesburlamaqui.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacquesburlamaqui-246x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacquesburlamaqui-320x320.jpg"},caption:ck},{image:{id:61004,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Femer-de-vattel.jpg",alt:cl,title:cl,height:1356,width:s,focus:{x:i,y:"25.5"},source:{title:"Bibliothèque publique et universitaire de Neuchâtel",url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Femer-de-vattel-265x300.jpg 265w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Femer-de-vattel-398x450.jpg 398w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Femer-de-vattel-664x750.jpg 664w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Femer-de-vattel-796x900.jpg 796w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Femer-de-vattel-531x600.jpg 531w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Femer-de-vattel-1062x1200.jpg 1062w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Femer-de-vattel.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Femer-de-vattel-265x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Femer-de-vattel-320x320.jpg"},caption:cl},{image:{id:61010,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacques-rousseau.jpg",alt:cm,title:cm,height:1671,width:s,focus:{x:i,y:"28"},source:{title:"Musée d’art et d’histoire Genève",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fcollections.geneve.ch\u002Fmah\u002Foeuvre\u002Fportrait-de-jean-jacques-rousseau-1712-1778\u002F1876-0009 "},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacques-rousseau-215x300.jpg 215w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacques-rousseau-1103x1536.jpg 1103w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacques-rousseau-323x450.jpg 323w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacques-rousseau-539x750.jpg 539w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacques-rousseau-646x900.jpg 646w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacques-rousseau-431x600.jpg 431w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacques-rousseau-1077x1500.jpg 1077w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacques-rousseau-862x1200.jpg 862w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacques-rousseau.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacques-rousseau-215x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjean-jacques-rousseau-320x320.jpg"},caption:cm},{image:{id:dG,url:dH,alt:aC,title:aC,height:dI,width:s,focus:{x:i,y:dJ},source:{title:an,url:dK},srcset:dL,poster:dM,square:dN},caption:aC},{image:{id:61033,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn_adams.jpg",alt:cn,title:cn,height:1501,width:s,focus:{x:i,y:"42.2"},source:{title:an,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.whitehousehistory.org\u002Fbios\u002Fjohn-adams "},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn_adams-240x300.jpg 240w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn_adams-360x450.jpg 360w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn_adams-600x750.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn_adams-720x900.jpg 720w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn_adams-480x600.jpg 480w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn_adams-959x1200.jpg 959w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn_adams.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn_adams-240x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjohn_adams-320x320.jpg"},caption:cn},{image:{id:dP,url:dQ,alt:aD,title:aD,height:dR,width:s,focus:{x:i,y:dS},source:{title:an,url:bH},srcset:dT,poster:dU,square:dV},caption:aD}]}},{blockName:ag,blockData:{title:"The American Revolution as the fruit of the Swiss Enlightenment",size:ah}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"The representatives of francophone Switzerland’s school of natural law were concerned primarily with the struggle for a modern form of natural law, a term which means in essence that every person has certain natural rights from birth. These ideas sowed the seeds of the Age of Enlightenment in Switzerland, and culminated in fundamental debates about human rights and civil rights, as well as a democratic basic order. The teachings of francophone Switzerland’s school of natural law played an important role in the North American independence movement and the American Revolution. The American constitutional fathers, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and John Adams, studied the works of representatives of the school and adopted modern principles of natural law, as well as what was known as the ‘personal idea of man’. This was expressed in the Declaration of Independence of 4 July 1776:"}},{blockName:bF,blockData:{quote:"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.",author:"Declaration of Independence of 4 July 1776"}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"The reference to modern natural law and the personal idea of man also informed the world’s first written declaration of fundamental rights, the Virginia Bill of Rights of 12 June 1776. In the first section, it says: ‘That all men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.’\r\n\r\nIt was during the late 18th century, during its war of independence against the British, that the USA first spoke of ‘Sister Republics’ in relation to Switzerland. The USA was comparing its own war of independence against the British crown with the existence – at the time, admittedly, idealised – of a federal republic in an otherwise monarchical Europe."}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:60944,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdeclaration_of_independence_1819_by_john_trumbull.jpg",alt:eM,title:eM,height:1059,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:au,url:eN},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdeclaration_of_independence_1819_by_john_trumbull-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdeclaration_of_independence_1819_by_john_trumbull-1536x1017.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdeclaration_of_independence_1819_by_john_trumbull-450x298.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdeclaration_of_independence_1819_by_john_trumbull-750x496.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdeclaration_of_independence_1819_by_john_trumbull-900x596.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdeclaration_of_independence_1819_by_john_trumbull-600x397.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdeclaration_of_independence_1819_by_john_trumbull-1500x993.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdeclaration_of_independence_1819_by_john_trumbull-1200x794.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdeclaration_of_independence_1819_by_john_trumbull.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdeclaration_of_independence_1819_by_john_trumbull-300x199.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fdeclaration_of_independence_1819_by_john_trumbull-320x320.jpg"},size:H,caption:"The Declaration of Independence of 4 July 1776, depicted in the painting by John Trumbull (1756-1843), 1819. The painting is 5.5 m wide and now hangs in the Capitol. ",source:{title:au,url:eN}}},{blockName:ag,blockData:{title:"The American Revolution as impetus for the French and Helvetic Revolutions",size:ah}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"The French Revolution took up the message of the American Constitution’s development with its ‘Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen’ of 6 August 1789. In Article 1, it declares modern natural law to be the foundation: ‘1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.’ In Article 6, the French constitutional fathers make reference to Rousseau’s concept of sovereignty of the people: ‘The Law is the expression of the general will (volonté générale). All citizens have the right to take part, personally or through their representatives, in its making.’\r\n\r\nDuring the French Revolution, draft constitutions were submitted which included instruments of direct democracy and which became important points of reference for developments in Switzerland but not, for the time being, in the USA. Fuelled by the political practice of the American and French Revolutions, the brief period of the Helvetic Republic (1798-1803) laid the foundations for further democratic debates in Switzerland."}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:60941,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fcosmopolitan-swis-miss-referendum.jpg",alt:co,title:co,height:794,width:s,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:eO,url:eP},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fcosmopolitan-swis-miss-referendum-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fcosmopolitan-swis-miss-referendum-450x298.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fcosmopolitan-swis-miss-referendum-750x496.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fcosmopolitan-swis-miss-referendum-900x596.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fcosmopolitan-swis-miss-referendum-600x397.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fcosmopolitan-swis-miss-referendum.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fcosmopolitan-swis-miss-referendum-300x199.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fcosmopolitan-swis-miss-referendum-320x320.jpg"},size:H,caption:co,source:{title:eO,url:eP}}},{blockName:ag,blockData:{title:"The US Constitution as a model for Switzerland’s Federal Constitution",size:ah}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"The Swiss Federal Constitution of 1848 went on to incorporate key elements of the US Federal Constitution of 1787\u002F89. As in the USA (Bill of Rights), fundamental human rights were enshrined in the Swiss Federal Constitution. The Swiss Confederation also introduced the separation of powers in 1848. However, Switzerland chose not to vest extensive power in a single president; instead, \u003Cem\u003Eexecutive\u003C\u002Fem\u003E power was distributed among seven liberal leaders. In the USA, the executive authority (the President) is still chosen indirectly by the people (and confirmed by the aforementioned electors); in Switzerland, the choice is made by the legislative authority. In terms of the composition of the Swiss Federal Council, the priority has always been integrating the various parts of the country and the different language regions. Subsequent development of the system broke through the liberals’ claim to sole representation, and brought conservative and social democrat politicians into the Executive as well. The apogee of this development was the ‘magic formula’ of 1959, which completed the Swiss concordance system and can be described as a model of success.\r\n\r\nAs the legislative authority in Switzerland, the National Council and the Council of States are a copy of the US bicameral system. The real impetus for this concept came from the most important Swiss philosopher of the 19th century, Ignaz Paul Vital Troxler (1780-1866). When the Swiss Constitution was revised in 1848, Troxler took a decisive hand in the discussions on the federal institutions. He had long advocated the federal state concept with a bicameral system modelled on the USA. The paper he had written on the subject, ‘\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3931\u002Fe-rara-29503\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EDie Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten Nordamerikas als Musterbild der schweizerischen Bundesreform\u003C\u002Fa\u003E’ (The Constitution of the United States of North America as a Model for Swiss Federal Reform), probably found its way into the deliberations of the relevant committee through one of his former students. The idea became reality, and Troxler thus left his mark on the Swiss federal state system based on the US model. With the introduction of proportional voting rights for the National Council, from 1919 onwards Switzerland strengthened the pluralism of the parties; in the USA this step has not yet been taken."}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:60950,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmajorz-proporz-col-7467_lm-736938.jpg",alt:eQ,title:eQ,height:1052,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:W,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmajorz-proporz-col-7467_lm-736938-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmajorz-proporz-col-7467_lm-736938-1536x1010.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmajorz-proporz-col-7467_lm-736938-450x296.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmajorz-proporz-col-7467_lm-736938-750x493.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmajorz-proporz-col-7467_lm-736938-900x592.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmajorz-proporz-col-7467_lm-736938-600x395.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmajorz-proporz-col-7467_lm-736938-1500x986.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmajorz-proporz-col-7467_lm-736938-1200x789.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmajorz-proporz-col-7467_lm-736938.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmajorz-proporz-col-7467_lm-736938-300x197.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmajorz-proporz-col-7467_lm-736938-320x320.jpg"},size:H,caption:"Propaganda postcard for the introduction of the proportional representation system, around 1910. ",source:{title:W,url:a}}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"The members of the US Supreme Court, that is, the \u003Cem\u003Ejudiciary\u003C\u002Fem\u003E, are appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate. Appointed for life, the members of the judiciary thus end up, time and again, little more than political pawns. Switzerland took a different approach, and lets the United Federal Assembly appoint the members of the Federal Supreme Court based on party proportional representation.\r\n\r\nAs already noted, the American constitutional fathers were sceptical of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and rejected his concept of sovereignty of the people. For that reason, they were wary of any forms of further participation in decision-making by the population within the framework of the \u003Cem\u003Eprinciple of democracy\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. Lockean liberalism thus gained greater significance in the USA, because it took up the English utilitarian tradition more directly. But in the late 19th century, Switzerland once again became an important source of ideas for the USA, namely in terms of direct democracy."}},{blockName:bG,blockData:{left:{image:{id:62129,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-the-usa-en.jpg",alt:cp,title:cp,height:s,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:"Illustration: Swiss National Museum, according to Wikimedia\u002F111Alleskönner",url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-the-usa-en-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-the-usa-en-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-the-usa-en-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-the-usa-en-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-the-usa-en-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-the-usa-en-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-the-usa-en-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-the-usa-en-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-the-usa-en.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-the-usa-en-300x225.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-the-usa-en-320x320.jpg"},caption:cp},right:{image:{id:62120,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-switzerland-en.jpg",alt:eR,title:eR,height:s,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:"Illustration: Swiss National Museum, according to Wikimedia\u002FWufiCH",url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-switzerland-en-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-switzerland-en-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-switzerland-en-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-switzerland-en-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-switzerland-en-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-switzerland-en-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-switzerland-en-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-switzerland-en-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-switzerland-en.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-switzerland-en-300x225.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fpol-system-of-switzerland-en-320x320.jpg"},caption:"Switzerland’s political system."},joint:{caption:a,source:g}}},{blockName:ag,blockData:{title:"The Populist Movement calls for a direct democracy as in Switzerland",size:ah}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"After Switzerland had also introduced the referendum (1874) and the constitutional initiative (1891) at federal level, this direct democratic model became the subject of intensive discussion in the USA as well. Towards the end of the 19th century, the Populist Movement in the USA highlighted the close constitutional development of Switzerland and the USA, and called for more direct democracy based on the Swiss model. The ‘populists’ in the USA at that time were mainly representatives of the predominantly agricultural Midwest, who sought to curb the increasing power of big business and banks. In 1892 a political party was established: the ‘People’s Party’. With its demands for greater political involvement and weakening of ‘big business’, the party’s policies aligned with the interests of many Americans. In the 1892 elections the party achieved considerable success, and threatened to dismantle the two-party system in the USA which was based on the majority voting right. However, when the party decided in 1896 to form a coalition with the Democrats, it quickly lost influence. As an important result of the debate about direct democracy in Switzerland, in the next few years nearly half of the 50 states of the USA introduced some form of the referendum and the initiative. However, the introduction of more direct democracy at federal level has still not been achieved."}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:60947,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Floc-referendum-1972-california.jpg",alt:cq,title:cq,height:1586,width:s,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:am,url:eS},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Floc-referendum-1972-california-227x300.jpg 227w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Floc-referendum-1972-california-1162x1536.jpg 1162w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Floc-referendum-1972-california-340x450.jpg 340w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Floc-referendum-1972-california-567x750.jpg 567w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Floc-referendum-1972-california-681x900.jpg 681w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Floc-referendum-1972-california-454x600.jpg 454w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Floc-referendum-1972-california-1135x1500.jpg 1135w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Floc-referendum-1972-california-908x1200.jpg 908w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Floc-referendum-1972-california.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Floc-referendum-1972-california-227x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Floc-referendum-1972-california-320x320.jpg"},size:ao,caption:cq,source:{title:am,url:eS}}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"For the democratic culture of the USA it would make perfect sense to revive the old relationships with the country’s ‘Sister Republic’ of Switzerland, and to reinstate the mutually beneficial back and forth of ideas. The two republics owe each other a great deal, and the learning process is still ongoing."}}];es.snm_model={categories:[{parent:g,order:ab,id:d,name:ai,description:a,slug:aj,taxonomy:f,permalink:ap},{parent:g,order:O,id:e,name:P,description:a,slug:Q,taxonomy:f,permalink:U},{parent:g,order:aU,id:b,name:aV,description:a,slug:aW,taxonomy:f,permalink:bh}],primaryCategory:e,comments:[],coordinates:g,id:cf,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:a,link:eB,portrait:{id:eC,url:eD,alt:a,title:eE,height:al,width:al,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:eF,poster:eG,square:eH},id:eI,name:eJ,description:eK},language:A,availableLanguages:{de:{single:"schweiz-und-usa-schwesterrepubliken"},fr:{single:"la-suisse-et-les-etats-unis-des-republiques-soeurs"}},slug:et,title:cg,excerpt:ch,postType:v,permalink:eu,thumbnail:{id:ev,url:ew,alt:a_,title:a_,height:s,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:ex,url:a},srcset:ey,poster:ez,square:eA},date:1611129639,readableDate:"20.01.2021",modifiedDate:1611062721,readableModifiedDate:a,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:ch};eT.id=cr;eT.date="2019-04-16T08:00:40";eT.slug=eU;eT.type=v;eT.link=eV;eT.title={rendered:cs};eT.content={rendered:"\n\n\u003Cp\u003EMigration is a topical issue. Many people are seeking a better life in Europe, including here in Switzerland. Yet emigration in the 19th century flowed primarily in the opposite direction – from Switzerland, which was mainly an agricultural country, to other continents. Some cantonal authorities supported this exodus, in part because it allowed them to get rid of unwanted, impoverished citizens. In other cantons, however, emigration was forbidden. Agencies and individual peddlers lured in customers with false promises. Often they themselves profited and the emigrants were plunged into ruin. The colonists were also regularly used as political pawns. Many a government promised that European settlers would help drive out indigenous peoples – whether native North Americans, native Latin Americans or Tatars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Ch3\u003EThe 19th century – the age of emigration\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EClimate catastrophes, agricultural crises as well as societal and economic changes also contributed to emigration. The textile trade in Switzerland was industrialised early on. After France’s economic blockade against England was lifted, the Swiss market too was flooded with cheap textiles. Jobs, especially home-based and artisanal work, were lost. When Mount Tambora erupted in Indonesia in 1815, massive amounts of ash dimmed the sunlight even in Europe. 1816 went down in history as the “year without a summer” and led to crop failures. This resulted in price increases, mass poverty, famine and emigration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\n\n\u003Cp style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"migrated-caption\"\u003EArtist Hans Bachmann explores the subject of emigration in this painting from 1911.\u003Cbr\u003E\nSwiss National Museum\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Ch3\u003ENova Friburgo in Brazil\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Swiss colony Nova Friburgo in Brazil was established during this period. The deal between the Fribourg cantonal government and the Portuguese king in Brazil was sealed on 16 May 1818. Over 2,000 people, mainly from Fribourg but also from other cantons, volunteered to emigrate. “Rootless” individuals were deported by the authorities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBrazil was keen to find workers, as the abolition of slavery was underway. The Swiss were said to be good craftsmen and soldiers. In addition, the immigrants were intended to make the South American country “whiter”. The king himself allocated land some 150 km inland from Rio de Janeiro to the settlers. The hilly terrain and climatic conditions were supposed to be similar to those of the Alpine foothills in the homeland. The colonists received some land, temporary housing and ten years’ tax exemption – those who survived the journey to South America, that is. The Fribourg government minister and emigration organiser was namely a profiteer who pocketed most of the money for himself. Not only did the emigrants have to wait for weeks in Holland under appalling conditions for the ocean-going vessels to arrive, but the strain of the long crossing and the difficult journey inland also took a toll. Moreover, it soon became apparent that the steep stony terrain in Nova Friburgo was unsuitable for agriculture. The settlers were free to choose whether they wanted to stay or cultivate more fertile land a little further away. After several years, some of the Swiss settlers managed to successfully grow tobacco, sugar cane and coffee. Citizens of Nova Friburgo made a living from the nearby coffee plantations and later the textile industry. Today, Nova Friburgo is regarded as the undergarment capital of Brazil.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\n\n\u003Cp style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"migrated-caption\"\u003ENova Friburgo is located approximately 150 kilometres from Rio de Janeiro in the Brazilian hinterland.\u003Cbr\u003E\nPhoto: Benno Gut\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\n\n\u003Cp style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"migrated-caption\"\u003ENova Friburgo is regarded as the undergarment capital of Brazil. The textile industry has created some 20,000 jobs in the region.\u003Cbr\u003E\nPhoto: Benno Gut\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Ch3\u003EZurichtal in Crimea\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe founding of the Zurichtal settlement in Crimea took place against the Zurich authorities’ will. In the late 18th century, the rural population was under the control of Zurich’s “great lords”. Emigration was forbidden. After several prosperous years, however, the textile and weaving industry was in a sad state. Many weavers, spinners, farmers and craftsmen wanted to escape poverty. At the time, the “New Russia” settlement was being promoted; in 1783 the peninsula was annexed by the Russian Empire. The tsar promised land, tax abatement and exemption from military service.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThus, in 1803 about 60 emigrant families secretly set off on the Danube towards the Black Sea with Major Hans Caspar Escher, the grandfather of Alfred Escher, at the helm. After a long, arduous journey through the winter, they managed to reach southern Crimea on their last legs and settled down in an abandoned Tatar village. They named it Zurichtal, built farmhouses, cultivated cropland and vineyards. German emigrants later followed. After the October Revolution in 1917, the village became a state-owned farm, or sovkhoz. Around 1930, the repression of the Crimean Germans and Crimean Swiss began. They were forced to hand over their harvests, houses and money and were deported to Siberia. In 1945 Zurichtal was renamed “Zolotoe Pole” – the golden field. Today it is inhabited by Crimean Tatars, Russians and Ukrainians. Only a few farms and gravestones that were not used to build garden walls serve as reminders of the Swiss founders.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\n\n\u003Cp style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"migrated-caption\"\u003EZurichtal was renamed Zolotoe Pole – the golden field – in 1945.\u003Cbr\u003E\nPhoto: Benno Gut\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\n\n\u003Cp style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"migrated-caption\"\u003EToday not much remains of the former Swiss colony. The “golden field” serves primarily as pasture land for the few remaining inhabitants’ cattle.\u003Cbr\u003E\nPhoto: Benno Gut\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Ch3\u003EMennonites and the Amish in the USA\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Swiss heritage of the town of Berne in the Midwestern United States, on the other hand, is still clearly visible. The Muensterberg Clocktower is an exact replica of the Zytglogge tower. The First Bank of Berne is built in the Swiss Chalet style. Numerous Swiss surnames are emblazoned on posters and business signs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the mid-19th century, the quest for religious freedom and exemption from military service led to the founding of Berne. The Mennonite religious community in Switzerland led a secluded life on isolated farms, practiced adult baptism and refused to serve in the army. Although they were no longer officially persecuted, in 1852 about 70 Swiss Mennonites from Moutier in the Bernese Jura set off for America. They found cheap land in the state of Indiana. Much of it was wilderness and swampland. The emigrants cleared the land, struggled to fight off bears, wolves and diseases. Later, when the railroad was built, the settlement became connected to the outside world. In 1871 the town was officially registered as “Berne”. The settlers culivated the land and worked as craftsmen. Berne became the furniture capital of Indiana.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmish families settled in the surrounding areas. This strict religious community – whose name can be traced back to Jacob Ammann of Switzerland – lives according to the Old Testament and does not use motors, electricity or the Internet. Once in a while you can see them driving a horse and buggy through town. They generally avoid contact with their neighbours, the descendants of the Mennonite founding fathers, although both groups stem from the Anabaptist movement and have Swiss roots.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\n\n\u003Cp style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"migrated-caption\"\u003EA little piece of home in faraway America: the Muensterberg Clocktower, modelled after the Zytglogge tower in Bern.\u003Cbr\u003E\nPhoto: Benno Gut\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\n\n\u003Cp class=\"migrated-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EA typical sight on the streets of Berne: The Amish use traditional black buggies without rubber tyres.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EPhoto: Benno Gut\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",protected:n};eT.excerpt={rendered:"\u003Cp\u003ESwitzerland was not always a prosperous country. Up until 150 years ago, many set off for distant lands. The emigrants took a piece of their homeland with them and founded towns such as Zurichtal, Berne and Nova Friburgo.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca class=\"button\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2019\u002F04\u002Fswiss-emigrants\u002F\"\u003Eread more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",protected:n,rendered_internal:"\u003Cp\u003ESwitzerland was not always a prosperous country. Up until 150 years ago, many set off for distant lands. The emigrants took a piece of their homeland with them and founded towns such as Zurichtal, Berne and Nova Friburgo.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"};eT.yoast_head="\u003C!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\u002F\u002Fyoast.com\u002Fwordpress\u002Fplugins\u002Fseo\u002F --\u003E\n\u003Ctitle\u003ESwiss history - The emigrants and their love of the homeland\u003C\u002Ftitle\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"Switzerland was not always a prosperous country. Up until 150 years ago, many set off for distant lands. The emigrants took a piece of their homeland with them and founded towns such as Zurichtal, Berne and Nova Friburgo.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2019\u002F04\u002Fswiss-emigrants\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The emigrants and their love of the homeland\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Switzerland was not always a prosperous country. Up until 150 years ago, many set off for distant lands. The emigrants took a piece of their homeland with them and founded towns such as Zurichtal, Berne and Nova Friburgo.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2019\u002F04\u002Fswiss-emigrants\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FLandesmuseumZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-04-16T06:00:40+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-07-15T15:10:22+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FNeu_Freiburg_1.jpg\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"600\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"429\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\u002Fjpeg\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Petra Koci\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"The emigrants and their love of the homeland\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Switzerland was not always a prosperous country. Up until 150 years ago, many set off for distant lands. The emigrants took a piece of their homeland with them and founded towns such as Zurichtal, Berne and Nova Friburgo.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FSchweiz_anderswo_Titel.jpg\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Verfasst von\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Petra Koci\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Geschätzte Lesezeit\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 Minuten\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\"application\u002Fld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003E{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2019\u002F04\u002Fswiss-emigrants\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2019\u002F04\u002Fswiss-emigrants\u002F\",\"name\":\"Swiss history - The emigrants and their love of the homeland\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2019\u002F04\u002Fswiss-emigrants\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2019\u002F04\u002Fswiss-emigrants\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FSchweiz_anderswo_Titel.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-04-16T06:00:40+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-07-15T15:10:22+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002F22bc5560f8dcb5a0bc683c4588f0e53c\"},\"description\":\"Switzerland was not always a prosperous country. Up until 150 years ago, many set off for distant lands. The emigrants took a piece of their homeland with them and founded towns such as Zurichtal, Berne and Nova Friburgo.\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2019\u002F04\u002Fswiss-emigrants\u002F\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2019\u002F04\u002Fswiss-emigrants\u002F#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FSchweiz_anderswo_Titel.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FSchweiz_anderswo_Titel.jpg\",\"width\":2500,\"height\":1349},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F\",\"name\":\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"description\":\"Background and stories about the collection and exhibition\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002F22bc5560f8dcb5a0bc683c4588f0e53c\",\"name\":\"Petra Koci\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002Fimage\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002Fcf633a2296886a558c0996d7db9fa3f4?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002Fcf633a2296886a558c0996d7db9fa3f4?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Petra Koci\"},\"description\":\"Petra Koci ist freie Journalistin und Autorin. In ihrem Buch «Weltatlas der Schweizer Orte» porträtiert sie von Schweizern gegründete Siedlungen auf fünf Kontinenten.\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fpetra-koci\u002F\"}]}\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\n\u003C!-- \u002F Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003E";eT.lang=A;eT.translations={en:cr,de:21726,fr:24404};eT.snm_blocks=[{blockName:aS,blockData:{image:{id:eW,url:bk,alt:a,title:eX,height:eY,width:a$,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:eZ,poster:e_,square:bk},video:g,videoMobile:g,title:cs,caption:"Sign welcoming visitors to Bern. The town was founded in 1852. Today, more than 4,000 people live in Berne, many of them descendants of the Swiss settlers.\u003Cbr\u003E\nPhoto: Benno Gut",lead:"Up until 150 years ago, Switzerland was not a prosperous country. Back then, many people went abroad in search of land, wealth and religious freedom. Some emigrants founded settlements and named them after places in their old homeland. This is why we find e.g. Bern, Zurich, Fribourg and more all over the world.",author:{title:g,mail:g,website:g,link:e$,portrait:{id:fa,url:aI,alt:a,title:bl,height:bm,width:bm,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:fb,poster:aI,square:aI},id:fc,name:bl,description:fd}}},{blockName:af,blockData:{content:"\n\n\u003Cp\u003EMigration is a topical issue. Many people are seeking a better life in Europe, including here in Switzerland. Yet emigration in the 19th century flowed primarily in the opposite direction – from Switzerland, which was mainly an agricultural country, to other continents. Some cantonal authorities supported this exodus, in part because it allowed them to get rid of unwanted, impoverished citizens. In other cantons, however, emigration was forbidden. Agencies and individual peddlers lured in customers with false promises. Often they themselves profited and the emigrants were plunged into ruin. The colonists were also regularly used as political pawns. Many a government promised that European settlers would help drive out indigenous peoples – whether native North Americans, native Latin Americans or Tatars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Ch3\u003EThe 19th century – the age of emigration\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EClimate catastrophes, agricultural crises as well as societal and economic changes also contributed to emigration. The textile trade in Switzerland was industrialised early on. After France’s economic blockade against England was lifted, the Swiss market too was flooded with cheap textiles. Jobs, especially home-based and artisanal work, were lost. When Mount Tambora erupted in Indonesia in 1815, massive amounts of ash dimmed the sunlight even in Europe. 1816 went down in history as the “year without a summer” and led to crop failures. This resulted in price increases, mass poverty, famine and emigration.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n"}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:21737,url:fe,alt:a,title:a,height:847,width:ac,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FAuswanderung_Gemälde-300x254.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FAuswanderung_Gemälde-768x650.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FAuswanderung_Gemälde.jpg 1000w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FAuswanderung_Gemälde-300x254.jpg",square:fe},size:H,caption:a,source:[n]}},{blockName:af,blockData:{content:"\n\n\u003Cp style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"migrated-caption\"\u003EArtist Hans Bachmann explores the subject of emigration in this painting from 1911.\u003Cbr\u003E\nSwiss National Museum\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Ch3\u003ENova Friburgo in Brazil\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Swiss colony Nova Friburgo in Brazil was established during this period. The deal between the Fribourg cantonal government and the Portuguese king in Brazil was sealed on 16 May 1818. Over 2,000 people, mainly from Fribourg but also from other cantons, volunteered to emigrate. “Rootless” individuals were deported by the authorities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBrazil was keen to find workers, as the abolition of slavery was underway. The Swiss were said to be good craftsmen and soldiers. In addition, the immigrants were intended to make the South American country “whiter”. The king himself allocated land some 150 km inland from Rio de Janeiro to the settlers. The hilly terrain and climatic conditions were supposed to be similar to those of the Alpine foothills in the homeland. The colonists received some land, temporary housing and ten years’ tax exemption – those who survived the journey to South America, that is. The Fribourg government minister and emigration organiser was namely a profiteer who pocketed most of the money for himself. Not only did the emigrants have to wait for weeks in Holland under appalling conditions for the ocean-going vessels to arrive, but the strain of the long crossing and the difficult journey inland also took a toll. Moreover, it soon became apparent that the steep stony terrain in Nova Friburgo was unsuitable for agriculture. The settlers were free to choose whether they wanted to stay or cultivate more fertile land a little further away. After several years, some of the Swiss settlers managed to successfully grow tobacco, sugar cane and coffee. Citizens of Nova Friburgo made a living from the nearby coffee plantations and later the textile industry. Today, Nova Friburgo is regarded as the undergarment capital of Brazil.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n"}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:21754,url:ff,alt:a,title:a,height:bn,width:aa,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FNeu_Freiburg_1-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FNeu_Freiburg_1.jpg 600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FNeu_Freiburg_1-300x215.jpg",square:ff},size:H,caption:a,source:[n]}},{blockName:af,blockData:{content:"\n\n\u003Cp style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"migrated-caption\"\u003ENova Friburgo is located approximately 150 kilometres from Rio de Janeiro in the Brazilian hinterland.\u003Cbr\u003E\nPhoto: Benno Gut\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n"}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:21757,url:fg,alt:a,title:a,height:bn,width:aa,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FNeu_Freiburg_2-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FNeu_Freiburg_2.jpg 600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FNeu_Freiburg_2-300x215.jpg",square:fg},size:H,caption:a,source:[n]}},{blockName:af,blockData:{content:"\n\n\u003Cp style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"migrated-caption\"\u003ENova Friburgo is regarded as the undergarment capital of Brazil. The textile industry has created some 20,000 jobs in the region.\u003Cbr\u003E\nPhoto: Benno Gut\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Ch3\u003EZurichtal in Crimea\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe founding of the Zurichtal settlement in Crimea took place against the Zurich authorities’ will. In the late 18th century, the rural population was under the control of Zurich’s “great lords”. Emigration was forbidden. After several prosperous years, however, the textile and weaving industry was in a sad state. Many weavers, spinners, farmers and craftsmen wanted to escape poverty. At the time, the “New Russia” settlement was being promoted; in 1783 the peninsula was annexed by the Russian Empire. The tsar promised land, tax abatement and exemption from military service.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThus, in 1803 about 60 emigrant families secretly set off on the Danube towards the Black Sea with Major Hans Caspar Escher, the grandfather of Alfred Escher, at the helm. After a long, arduous journey through the winter, they managed to reach southern Crimea on their last legs and settled down in an abandoned Tatar village. They named it Zurichtal, built farmhouses, cultivated cropland and vineyards. German emigrants later followed. After the October Revolution in 1917, the village became a state-owned farm, or sovkhoz. Around 1930, the repression of the Crimean Germans and Crimean Swiss began. They were forced to hand over their harvests, houses and money and were deported to Siberia. In 1945 Zurichtal was renamed “Zolotoe Pole” – the golden field. Today it is inhabited by Crimean Tatars, Russians and Ukrainians. Only a few farms and gravestones that were not used to build garden walls serve as reminders of the Swiss founders.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n"}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:21768,url:fh,alt:a,title:a,height:bn,width:aa,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FZürichtal_1-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FZürichtal_1.jpg 600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FZürichtal_1-300x215.jpg",square:fh},size:H,caption:a,source:[n]}},{blockName:af,blockData:{content:"\n\n\u003Cp style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"migrated-caption\"\u003EZurichtal was renamed Zolotoe Pole – the golden field – in 1945.\u003Cbr\u003E\nPhoto: Benno Gut\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n"}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:21771,url:fi,alt:a,title:a,height:1667,width:2334,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FZürichtal_2-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FZürichtal_2-768x549.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FZürichtal_2-1024x731.jpg 1024w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FZürichtal_2-1500x1071.jpg 1500w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FZürichtal_2-300x214.jpg",square:fi},size:H,caption:a,source:[n]}},{blockName:af,blockData:{content:"\n\n\u003Cp style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"migrated-caption\"\u003EToday not much remains of the former Swiss colony. The “golden field” serves primarily as pasture land for the few remaining inhabitants’ cattle.\u003Cbr\u003E\nPhoto: Benno Gut\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Ch3\u003EMennonites and the Amish in the USA\u003C\u002Fh3\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Swiss heritage of the town of Berne in the Midwestern United States, on the other hand, is still clearly visible. The Muensterberg Clocktower is an exact replica of the Zytglogge tower. The First Bank of Berne is built in the Swiss Chalet style. Numerous Swiss surnames are emblazoned on posters and business signs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the mid-19th century, the quest for religious freedom and exemption from military service led to the founding of Berne. The Mennonite religious community in Switzerland led a secluded life on isolated farms, practiced adult baptism and refused to serve in the army. Although they were no longer officially persecuted, in 1852 about 70 Swiss Mennonites from Moutier in the Bernese Jura set off for America. They found cheap land in the state of Indiana. Much of it was wilderness and swampland. The emigrants cleared the land, struggled to fight off bears, wolves and diseases. Later, when the railroad was built, the settlement became connected to the outside world. In 1871 the town was officially registered as “Berne”. The settlers culivated the land and worked as craftsmen. Berne became the furniture capital of Indiana.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmish families settled in the surrounding areas. This strict religious community – whose name can be traced back to Jacob Ammann of Switzerland – lives according to the Old Testament and does not use motors, electricity or the Internet. Once in a while you can see them driving a horse and buggy through town. They generally avoid contact with their neighbours, the descendants of the Mennonite founding fathers, although both groups stem from the Anabaptist movement and have Swiss roots.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n"}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:21779,url:fj,alt:a,title:a,height:906,width:aa,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FBerne_Zytglogge-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FBerne_Zytglogge.jpg 600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FBerne_Zytglogge-199x300.jpg",square:fj},size:ao,caption:a,source:[n]}},{blockName:af,blockData:{content:"\n\n\u003Cp style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"migrated-caption\"\u003EA little piece of home in faraway America: the Muensterberg Clocktower, modelled after the Zytglogge tower in Bern.\u003Cbr\u003E\nPhoto: Benno Gut\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n"}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:21782,url:fk,alt:a,title:a,height:bn,width:aa,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FBerne_Amish-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FBerne_Amish.jpg 600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FBerne_Amish-300x215.jpg",square:fk},size:H,caption:a,source:[n]}},{blockName:af,blockData:{content:"\n\n\u003Cp class=\"migrated-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EA typical sight on the streets of Berne: The Amish use traditional black buggies without rubber tyres.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003EPhoto: Benno Gut\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"}}];eT.snm_model={categories:[{parent:g,order:ab,id:d,name:ai,description:a,slug:aj,taxonomy:f,permalink:ap},{parent:g,order:aJ,id:o,name:aK,description:a,slug:aL,taxonomy:f,permalink:ba},{parent:g,order:I,id:h,name:L,description:a,slug:M,taxonomy:f,permalink:R},{parent:g,order:O,id:e,name:P,description:a,slug:Q,taxonomy:f,permalink:U},{parent:g,order:aw,id:k,name:aG,description:a,slug:aH,taxonomy:f,permalink:aZ},{parent:g,order:aU,id:b,name:aV,description:a,slug:aW,taxonomy:f,permalink:bh}],primaryCategory:d,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:a,longitude:a},id:cr,author:{title:g,mail:g,website:g,link:e$,portrait:{id:fa,url:aI,alt:a,title:bl,height:bm,width:bm,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:fb,poster:aI,square:aI},id:fc,name:bl,description:fd},language:A,availableLanguages:{de:{single:"schweizer-auswanderer"},fr:{single:"emigres-suisses"}},slug:eU,title:cs,excerpt:fl,postType:v,permalink:eV,thumbnail:{id:eW,url:bk,alt:a,title:eX,height:eY,width:a$,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:eZ,poster:e_,square:bk},date:1555401640,readableDate:"16.04.2019",modifiedDate:1657905022,readableModifiedDate:"15.07.2022",seoTitle:"Swiss history - The emigrants and their love of the homeland",seoDescription:fl};fm.id=ct;fm.date="2017-05-10T10:00:10";fm.slug=fn;fm.type=v;fm.link=fo;fm.title={rendered:cu};fm.content={rendered:"\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIf we flash back a few centuries, we will find a banknote in the US state of Pennsylvania that not only depicts the Rütli Oath, but is also inscribed in German and denominated in thalers. How did this come about?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the United States, Pennsylvania was the primary destination for early emigrants from Switzerland and Germany. At the end of the 18th century, around a third of the inhabitants of this federal state were of German extraction. The area of Northampton was even predominantly German-speaking. For that reason, the Northampton Bank issued banknotes in the 1830s that were inscribed in German as well as English. The design of the notes also differed greatly depending on the language. The German banknotes pictured famous German and Swiss people rather than Americans. Examples include Goethe, Haydn and, as in this case, the Zurich theologian and writer Johann Caspar Lavater and the German theologian and poet Christian Fürchtegott Gellert. The currency on the two notes was also different: thaler and dollar. Though, this difference is not as big as you might think at first glance. The name “dollar” comes from the Low German word “Daler”, old German “Taler”, and arrived in the United States via South and Central America.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThis 5-thaler note from the Northampton Bank looks very “helvetic” with the Rütli Oath and the depiction of Johann Caspar Lavater and dates from the year 1836. The Northampton Bank was the first American big bank, and it went bankrupt in 1843 – also a first. The bankers had invested their customers’ money in watercourses and forests. However, a huge flood rendered these investments worthless and the bank was forced to close its doors. The bank’s customers never saw any money again – neither thalers nor dollars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n",protected:n};fm.excerpt={rendered:"\u003Cp\u003EIn May 2019, the Swiss National Bank launched the new CHF 20 note. Anyone expecting to see William Tell or the Rütli Oath on it will be disappointed. The main element of the new note is light. Actually, the Rütli Oath has already featured on a banknote – albeit an American one.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca class=\"button\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2017\u002F05\u002Fthe-ruetli-oath-on-an-american-banknote\u002F\"\u003Eread more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E",protected:n,rendered_internal:"\u003Cp\u003EIn May 2019, the Swiss National Bank launched the new CHF 20 note. Anyone expecting to see William Tell or the Rütli Oath on it will be disappointed. The main element of the new note is light. Actually, the Rütli Oath has already featured on a banknote – albeit an American one.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n"};fm.yoast_head="\u003C!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\u002F\u002Fyoast.com\u002Fwordpress\u002Fplugins\u002Fseo\u002F --\u003E\n\u003Ctitle\u003EThe Rütli Oath on an American banknote – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\u003C\u002Ftitle\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"In May 2019, the Swiss National Bank launched the new CHF 20 note. Anyone expecting to see William Tell or the Rütli Oath on it will be disappointed. The main element of the new note is light. Actually, the Rütli Oath has already featured on a banknote – albeit an American one.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2017\u002F05\u002Fthe-ruetli-oath-on-an-american-banknote\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Rütli Oath on an American banknote\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In May 2019, the Swiss National Bank launched the new CHF 20 note. Anyone expecting to see William Tell or the Rütli Oath on it will be disappointed. The main element of the new note is light. Actually, the Rütli Oath has already featured on a banknote – albeit an American one.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2017\u002F05\u002Fthe-ruetli-oath-on-an-american-banknote\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FLandesmuseumZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FLandesmuseumZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-05-10T08:00:10+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-01-22T08:55:29+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F05\u002FBanknote-der-Northampton-Bank-1024x449.jpg\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"449\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\u002Fjpeg\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"author\" content=\"Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"The Rütli Oath on an American banknote\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"In May 2019, the Swiss National Bank launched the new CHF 20 note. Anyone expecting to see William Tell or the Rütli Oath on it will be disappointed. The main element of the new note is light. Actually, the Rütli Oath has already featured on a banknote – albeit an American one.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@lmzurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Verfasst von\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Geschätzte Lesezeit\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 Minute\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\"application\u002Fld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003E{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2017\u002F05\u002Fthe-ruetli-oath-on-an-american-banknote\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2017\u002F05\u002Fthe-ruetli-oath-on-an-american-banknote\u002F\",\"name\":\"The Rütli Oath on an American banknote – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2017\u002F05\u002Fthe-ruetli-oath-on-an-american-banknote\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2017\u002F05\u002Fthe-ruetli-oath-on-an-american-banknote\u002F#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F05\u002FBanknote-der-Northampton-Bank.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-05-10T08:00:10+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-01-22T08:55:29+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002F4112f2fc76431d6fdb848ee673d6ded3\"},\"description\":\"In May 2019, the Swiss National Bank launched the new CHF 20 note. Anyone expecting to see William Tell or the Rütli Oath on it will be disappointed. The main element of the new note is light. Actually, the Rütli Oath has already featured on a banknote – albeit an American one.\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2017\u002F05\u002Fthe-ruetli-oath-on-an-american-banknote\u002F\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2017\u002F05\u002Fthe-ruetli-oath-on-an-american-banknote\u002F#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F05\u002FBanknote-der-Northampton-Bank.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F05\u002FBanknote-der-Northampton-Bank.jpg\",\"width\":2500,\"height\":1097,\"caption\":\"USA. Northampton Bank. Banknote zu 5 Taler. Northampton, Pennsylvania, 1836.\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F\",\"name\":\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"description\":\"Background and stories about the collection and exhibition\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002F4112f2fc76431d6fdb848ee673d6ded3\",\"name\":\"Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#\u002Fschema\u002Fperson\u002Fimage\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002Fe40579a188912575102f2ac9331b5bab?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002Fe40579a188912575102f2ac9331b5bab?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum\"},\"description\":\"Das meistbesuchte kulturhistorische Museum der Schweiz.\",\"sameAs\":[\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalmuseum.ch\",\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FLandesmuseumZurich\",\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fswissnationalmuseum\u002F\",\"https:\u002F\u002Fx.com\u002Flmzurich\",\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fuser\u002FLandesmuseumZuerich\"],\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fschweizerisches-nationalmuseum\u002F\"}]}\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\n\u003C!-- \u002F Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003E";fm.lang=A;fm.translations={en:ct,de:1894,fr:4564};fm.snm_blocks=[{blockName:aS,blockData:{image:{id:fp,url:aM,alt:bb,title:bb,height:cv,width:a$,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:W,url:a},srcset:cw,poster:cx,square:aM},video:g,videoMobile:g,title:cu,caption:"Banknote issued by Northampton Bank for 5 thalers, Lecha County, Pennsylvania, 1836.",lead:cy,author:{title:a,mail:cz,website:a,link:cA,portrait:{id:cB,url:aN,alt:a,title:cC,height:ac,width:ac,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:cD,poster:cE,square:aN},id:cF,name:bo,description:cG}}},{blockName:af,blockData:{content:"\n\n\u003Cp\u003EIf we flash back a few centuries, we will find a banknote in the US state of Pennsylvania that not only depicts the Rütli Oath, but is also inscribed in German and denominated in thalers. How did this come about?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the United States, Pennsylvania was the primary destination for early emigrants from Switzerland and Germany. At the end of the 18th century, around a third of the inhabitants of this federal state were of German extraction. The area of Northampton was even predominantly German-speaking. For that reason, the Northampton Bank issued banknotes in the 1830s that were inscribed in German as well as English. The design of the notes also differed greatly depending on the language. The German banknotes pictured famous German and Swiss people rather than Americans. Examples include Goethe, Haydn and, as in this case, the Zurich theologian and writer Johann Caspar Lavater and the German theologian and poet Christian Fürchtegott Gellert. The currency on the two notes was also different: thaler and dollar. Though, this difference is not as big as you might think at first glance. The name “dollar” comes from the Low German word “Daler”, old German “Taler”, and arrived in the United States via South and Central America.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n"}},{blockName:B,blockData:{image:{id:fp,url:aM,alt:bb,title:bb,height:cv,width:a$,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:W,url:a},srcset:cw,poster:cx,square:aM},size:H,caption:bb,source:{title:W,url:a}}},{blockName:af,blockData:{content:"\n\n\u003Cp\u003EThis 5-thaler note from the Northampton Bank looks very “helvetic” with the Rütli Oath and the depiction of Johann Caspar Lavater and dates from the year 1836. The Northampton Bank was the first American big bank, and it went bankrupt in 1843 – also a first. The bankers had invested their customers’ money in watercourses and forests. However, a huge flood rendered these investments worthless and the bank was forced to close its doors. The bank’s customers never saw any money again – neither thalers nor dollars.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\n"}},{blockName:bG,blockData:{left:{image:{id:62323,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_front.jpg",alt:bc,title:bc,height:1283,width:fq,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:fr,url:cH},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_front-161x300.jpg 161w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_front-242x450.jpg 242w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_front-403x750.jpg 403w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_front-484x900.jpg 484w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_front-323x600.jpg 323w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_front-645x1200.jpg 645w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_front.jpg 690w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_front-161x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_front-320x320.jpg"},caption:g},right:{image:{id:62320,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_back.jpg",alt:bc,title:bc,height:1281,width:fq,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:fr,url:cH},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_back-162x300.jpg 162w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_back-242x450.jpg 242w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_back-404x750.jpg 404w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_back-485x900.jpg 485w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_back-323x600.jpg 323w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_back-646x1200.jpg 646w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_back.jpg 690w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_back-162x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbanknote_widget_series_9_design_denomination_20_back-320x320.jpg"},caption:g},joint:{caption:bc,source:{title:"Swiss national bank",url:cH}}}}];fm.snm_model={categories:[{parent:g,order:ab,id:d,name:ai,description:a,slug:aj,taxonomy:f,permalink:ap},{parent:g,order:I,id:h,name:L,description:a,slug:M,taxonomy:f,permalink:R},{parent:g,order:aw,id:k,name:aG,description:a,slug:aH,taxonomy:f,permalink:aZ},{parent:{parent:g,order:"31",id:N,name:"World of museums",description:a,slug:"world-of-museums",taxonomy:f,permalink:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fworld-of-museums\u002F"},order:y,id:j,name:"Collection",description:a,slug:"collection",taxonomy:f,permalink:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fworld-of-museums\u002Fcollection\u002F"}],primaryCategory:d,comments:[],coordinates:g,id:ct,author:{title:a,mail:cz,website:a,link:cA,portrait:{id:cB,url:aN,alt:a,title:cC,height:ac,width:ac,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:cD,poster:cE,square:aN},id:cF,name:bo,description:cG},language:A,availableLanguages:{de:{single:"der-ruetlischwur-auf-einer-amerikanischen-banknote"},fr:{single:"le-serment-du-gruetli-sur-un-billet-de-banque-americain"}},slug:fn,title:cu,excerpt:cy,postType:v,permalink:fo,thumbnail:{id:1901,url:aM,alt:fs,title:fs,height:cv,width:a$,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:bo,url:a},srcset:cw,poster:cx,square:aM},date:1494410410,readableDate:"10.05.2017",modifiedDate:1611309329,readableModifiedDate:"22.01.2021",seoTitle:a,seoDescription:cy};return {layout:"default",data:[{post:bA}],fetch:{"data-v-24996fd6:0":{latestPost:ed,lazyIsVisible:bj},"SnmPostSuggestions:0":{posts:[es,eT,fm]}},error:g,state:{options:{general:{isBlogBanner:bj,algoliaIndex:"prod_snm_blog"},pages:{landing:{id:cI,date:"2018-10-30T10:14:09",slug:ft,type:bp,link:fu,title:{rendered:fv},content:{rendered:"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",protected:n},excerpt:{rendered:a,protected:n},yoast_head:"\u003C!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\u002F\u002Fyoast.com\u002Fwordpress\u002Fplugins\u002Fseo\u002F --\u003E\n\u003Ctitle\u003ESwiss history blog - Swiss national museum\u003C\u002Ftitle\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"description\" content=\"The Swiss National Museum’s blog provides information about historical events, presents objects from the past or places topical news in a historical context. Alongside employees of the museum, guest writers have their say.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Swiss history blog\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Swiss National Museum’s blog provides information about historical events, presents objects from the past or places topical news in a historical context. Alongside employees of the museum, guest writers have their say.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FLandesmuseumZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-09-09T20:25:55+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002Fhymne-header.jpg\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2000\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1026\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\u002Fjpeg\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Swiss history blog\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"The Swiss National Museum’s blog provides information about historical events, presents objects from the past or places topical news in a historical context. Alongside employees of the museum, guest writers have their say.\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F03\u002Fhymne-header.jpg\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Geschätzte Lesezeit\" \u002F\u003E\n\t\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"1 Minute\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\"application\u002Fld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003E{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F\",\"name\":\"Swiss history blog - Swiss national museum\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2018-10-30T09:14:09+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-09-09T20:25:55+00:00\",\"description\":\"The Swiss National Museum’s blog provides information about historical events, presents objects from the past or places topical news in a historical context. Alongside employees of the museum, guest writers have their say.\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F\",\"name\":\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"description\":\"Background and stories about the collection and exhibition\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\"}]}\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\n\u003C!-- \u002F Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003E",lang:A,translations:{en:cI,de:19412,fr:81504},snm_blocks:[{blockName:"acf\u002Ffocus-posts",blockData:{posts:[{id:cJ,type:v,link:fw,snm_model:{categories:[{parent:g,order:$,id:c,name:ad,description:a,slug:ae,taxonomy:f,permalink:ak},{parent:{parent:g,order:I,id:h,name:L,description:a,slug:M,taxonomy:f,permalink:R},order:y,id:q,name:cK,description:a,slug:cL,taxonomy:f,permalink:cM},{parent:{parent:g,order:bd,id:l,name:bq,description:a,slug:br,taxonomy:f,permalink:cN},order:y,id:ax,name:"Film",description:a,slug:"film-en",taxonomy:f,permalink:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fculture\u002Ffilm-en\u002F"},{parent:g,order:aU,id:b,name:aV,description:a,slug:aW,taxonomy:f,permalink:bh}],primaryCategory:q,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:fx,longitude:fy},id:cJ,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:{title:fz,url:fA,target:bg},link:fB,portrait:{id:fC,url:bs,alt:a,title:fD,height:aa,width:aa,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:fE,poster:fF,square:bs},id:w,name:fG,description:fH},language:A,availableLanguages:{de:{single:"der-hoechste-freiluftaufzug-europas"},fr:{single:"lascenseur-en-plein-air-le-plus-haut-deurope"}},slug:"europes-highest-open-air-lift",title:fI,excerpt:"The Bürgenstock has always known how to skilfully attract attention, as it did back in 1905 for example with the spectacular Hammetschwand lift – a marvel of Swiss engineering. Over the years, the lift has been a source of both admiration and rumour.",postType:v,permalink:fw,thumbnail:{id:145163,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-burgenstock-1.jpg",alt:fJ,title:fJ,height:s,width:x,focus:{x:"38.2",y:"12.6"},source:{title:"Staatsarchiv Nidwalden",url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-burgenstock-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-burgenstock-1-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-burgenstock-1-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-burgenstock-1-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-burgenstock-1-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-burgenstock-1-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-burgenstock-1-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-burgenstock-1-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-burgenstock-1.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-burgenstock-1-300x225.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitelbild-burgenstock-1-320x320.jpg"},date:1718092800,readableDate:"11.06.2024",modifiedDate:1717600795,readableModifiedDate:a,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a}},{id:cO,type:v,link:fK,snm_model:{categories:[{parent:g,order:$,id:c,name:ad,description:a,slug:ae,taxonomy:f,permalink:ak},{parent:g,order:I,id:h,name:L,description:a,slug:M,taxonomy:f,permalink:R},{parent:{parent:g,order:I,id:h,name:L,description:a,slug:M,taxonomy:f,permalink:R},order:y,id:p,name:cP,description:a,slug:cQ,taxonomy:f,permalink:cR},{parent:{parent:g,order:I,id:h,name:L,description:a,slug:M,taxonomy:f,permalink:R},order:y,id:z,name:fL,description:a,slug:fM,taxonomy:f,permalink:fN},{parent:{parent:g,order:bt,id:be,name:bu,description:a,slug:aO,taxonomy:f,permalink:cS},order:y,id:ay,name:"The first time…",description:"There’s always a first time. In this series, we will be looking at historic Swiss firsts. The topics covered are very diverse: from the first zebra crossing to the first ever popular initiative.",slug:"the-first-time",taxonomy:f,permalink:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fseries\u002Fthe-first-time\u002F"}],primaryCategory:ay,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:fO,longitude:fP},id:cO,author:{title:"Stv. Leiter Kommunikation Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum",mail:"alexander.rechsteiner@nationalmuseum.ch",website:a,link:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Falexander\u002F",portrait:{id:53185,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falex.jpg",alt:cT,title:cT,height:s,width:s,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falex-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falex-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falex-450x450.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falex-750x750.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falex-900x900.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falex-160x160.jpg 160w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falex-600x600.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falex-320x320.jpg 320w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falex-640x640.jpg 640w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falex.jpg 1200w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falex-300x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falex-320x320.jpg"},id:3,name:cT,description:"Alexander Rechsteiner holds an M A in modern English literature and political science and is Head of Marketing & Communication at the National Museum Zurich."},language:A,availableLanguages:{fr:{single:"la-premiere-autoroute-suisse"},de:{single:"die-erste-autobahn-der-schweiz"}},slug:"switzerlands-first-motorway",title:fQ,excerpt:"In summer 1955, Switzerland’s first motorway was opened in Lucerne. It was the first piece of the puzzle of what is now the national road network, today covering around 2,254 kilometres. ",postType:v,permalink:fK,thumbnail:{id:87205,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-premiere-autobahn.jpeg",alt:fR,title:fR,height:s,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:j},source:{title:a,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-premiere-autobahn-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-premiere-autobahn-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-premiere-autobahn-450x338.jpeg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-premiere-autobahn-750x563.jpeg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-premiere-autobahn-900x675.jpeg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-premiere-autobahn-600x450.jpeg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-premiere-autobahn-1500x1125.jpeg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-premiere-autobahn-1200x900.jpeg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-premiere-autobahn.jpeg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-premiere-autobahn-300x225.jpeg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-premiere-autobahn-320x320.jpeg"},date:1640592000,readableDate:"27.12.2021",modifiedDate:1639735826,readableModifiedDate:a,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:"In summer 1955, Switzerland’s first motorway was opened in Lucerne. It was the first piece of the puzzle of what is now the national road network, today covering around 2,254 kilometres."}},{id:cU,type:v,link:fS,snm_model:{categories:[{parent:g,order:$,id:c,name:ad,description:a,slug:ae,taxonomy:f,permalink:ak},{parent:g,order:O,id:e,name:P,description:a,slug:Q,taxonomy:f,permalink:U},{parent:{parent:g,order:O,id:e,name:P,description:a,slug:Q,taxonomy:f,permalink:U},order:y,id:m,name:fT,description:a,slug:fU,taxonomy:f,permalink:fV},{parent:{parent:g,order:bt,id:be,name:bu,description:a,slug:aO,taxonomy:f,permalink:cS},order:y,id:az,name:"Ossola",description:"The Ossola region during the Second World War.",slug:"ossola",taxonomy:f,permalink:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fseries\u002Fossola\u002F"},{parent:g,order:"32",id:bv,name:"Best of",description:a,slug:"best-of-en",taxonomy:f,permalink:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fbest-of-en\u002F"}],primaryCategory:az,comments:[{id:"7705",date:"7. August 2024",time:"02:02",author:"Steven Ossola",note:"With the last name of Ossola, I'm obviously interested in this part of history. Wishing I knew more about my ancestry. Time to get busy and find out!",replies:[]},{id:"1080",date:"5. Juli 2018",time:"10:01",author:"George Smith",note:"So little of this extremely interesting article was known to me, aged 7 at the time one finds in later years the horrors of pan European 2nd world war history.",replies:[]},{id:"134",date:"11. September 2017",time:"22:57",author:"Ian McNicholad",note:"Very interesting article on Ossola republic",replies:[]}],coordinates:{latitude:fW,longitude:fX},id:cU,author:{title:g,mail:g,website:g,link:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fandrej\u002F",portrait:{id:39346,url:fY,alt:a,title:fZ,height:aa,width:aa,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F12\u002FAndrej-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F12\u002FAndrej-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F12\u002FAndrej.jpg 600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F12\u002FAndrej-300x300.jpg",square:fY},id:4,name:fZ,description:"Historian and communications chief of the Swiss National Museum."},language:A,availableLanguages:{de:{single:"die-partisanenrepublik-von-ossola"},fr:{single:"la-republique-d-ossola"}},slug:"the-ossola-republic",title:f_,excerpt:"In autumn 1944, partisan groups liberated a sizeable territory around Domodossola from the Nazis and founded their own republic. But the resistance fighters were at odds with one another and after just over a month the dream of an independent state came to an end. The story of a tragedy on the border with Switzerland.",postType:v,permalink:fS,thumbnail:{id:5374,url:f$,alt:ga,title:ga,height:648,width:1087,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:"Archivio fotografico Istituto storico \u002F Piero Fornara \u002F Fondo Resistenza",url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F09\u002FPartisanen_im_Kampf-300x179.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F09\u002FPartisanen_im_Kampf-768x458.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F09\u002FPartisanen_im_Kampf-1024x610.jpg 1024w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F09\u002FPartisanen_im_Kampf.jpg 1087w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F09\u002FPartisanen_im_Kampf-300x179.jpg",square:f$},date:1505037612,readableDate:"10.09.2017",modifiedDate:1725897057,readableModifiedDate:gb,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a}}]}},{blockName:"acf\u002Flatest-posts",blockData:{posts:[{id:aX,type:v,link:bi,snm_model:{categories:[{parent:g,order:ab,id:d,name:ai,description:a,slug:aj,taxonomy:f,permalink:ap},{parent:g,order:$,id:c,name:ad,description:a,slug:ae,taxonomy:f,permalink:ak},{parent:g,order:I,id:h,name:L,description:a,slug:M,taxonomy:f,permalink:R},{parent:{parent:g,order:I,id:h,name:L,description:a,slug:M,taxonomy:f,permalink:R},order:y,id:F,name:eh,description:a,slug:ei,taxonomy:f,permalink:ej},{parent:g,order:O,id:e,name:P,description:a,slug:Q,taxonomy:f,permalink:U},{parent:{parent:g,order:O,id:e,name:P,description:a,slug:Q,taxonomy:f,permalink:U},order:y,id:X,name:cc,description:a,slug:cd,taxonomy:f,permalink:ce},{parent:{parent:g,order:aw,id:k,name:aG,description:a,slug:aH,taxonomy:f,permalink:aZ},order:y,id:C,name:ek,description:a,slug:el,taxonomy:f,permalink:em}],primaryCategory:X,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:a,longitude:a},id:aX,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:g,link:bT,portrait:{id:bU,url:aE,alt:a,title:aF,height:bV,width:ac,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:bW,poster:bX,square:aE},id:bY,name:aF,description:bZ},language:A,availableLanguages:{fr:{single:en},de:{single:eo}},slug:bL,title:bM,excerpt:bS,postType:v,permalink:bi,thumbnail:{id:bN,url:bO,alt:av,title:av,height:s,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:aY,url:a},srcset:bP,poster:bQ,square:bR},date:ep,readableDate:eq,modifiedDate:er,readableModifiedDate:a,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a}},{id:cV,type:v,link:gc,snm_model:{categories:[{parent:g,order:$,id:c,name:ad,description:a,slug:ae,taxonomy:f,permalink:ak},{parent:{parent:g,order:I,id:h,name:L,description:a,slug:M,taxonomy:f,permalink:R},order:y,id:p,name:cP,description:a,slug:cQ,taxonomy:f,permalink:cR},{parent:{parent:g,order:I,id:h,name:L,description:a,slug:M,taxonomy:f,permalink:R},order:y,id:q,name:cK,description:a,slug:cL,taxonomy:f,permalink:cM},{parent:{parent:g,order:I,id:h,name:L,description:a,slug:M,taxonomy:f,permalink:R},order:y,id:z,name:fL,description:a,slug:fM,taxonomy:f,permalink:fN}],primaryCategory:z,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:gd,longitude:ge},id:cV,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:g,link:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fkatrin-brunner\u002F",portrait:{id:39516,url:gf,alt:a,title:gg,height:aB,width:aB,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F12\u002FKatrin-Brunner-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F12\u002FKatrin-Brunner-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F12\u002FKatrin-Brunner.jpg 500w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F12\u002FKatrin-Brunner-300x300.jpg",square:gf},id:104,name:gg,description:"Katrin Brunner is a self-employed journalist specialising in history and chronicler of Niederweningen."},language:A,availableLanguages:{fr:{single:"crash-du-dakota-c-53-la-naissance-du-sauvetage-aerien-en-montagne"},de:{single:"die-geburtsstunde-der-bergrettung-aus-der-luft"}},slug:"the-genesis-of-modern-mountain-rescue",title:gh,excerpt:"When a Dakota C-53 made an emergency landing on the Gauli Glacier at over 3,000 meters in November 1946, it was not only a feat of piloting skill. The rescue of all twelve survivors also marked the beginning of modern aerial mountain rescue.",postType:v,permalink:gc,thumbnail:{id:154793,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbergrettung-titelbild-2.jpg",alt:gi,title:gi,height:s,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:"Keystone",url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbergrettung-titelbild-2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbergrettung-titelbild-2-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbergrettung-titelbild-2-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbergrettung-titelbild-2-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbergrettung-titelbild-2-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbergrettung-titelbild-2-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbergrettung-titelbild-2-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbergrettung-titelbild-2-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbergrettung-titelbild-2.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbergrettung-titelbild-2-300x225.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fbergrettung-titelbild-2-320x320.jpg"},date:1732003200,readableDate:gj,modifiedDate:1732006552,readableModifiedDate:gj,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a}},{id:gk,type:v,link:gl,snm_model:{categories:[{parent:g,order:ab,id:d,name:ai,description:a,slug:aj,taxonomy:f,permalink:ap},{parent:g,order:aJ,id:o,name:aK,description:a,slug:aL,taxonomy:f,permalink:ba},{parent:g,order:O,id:e,name:P,description:a,slug:Q,taxonomy:f,permalink:U},{parent:{parent:g,order:bd,id:l,name:bq,description:a,slug:br,taxonomy:f,permalink:cN},order:y,id:E,name:"Literature",description:a,slug:"literature",taxonomy:f,permalink:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fculture\u002Fliterature\u002F"}],primaryCategory:o,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:a,longitude:a},id:gk,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:a,link:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fmaximilian-spitz\u002F",portrait:{id:155524,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmaximilian-spitz.jpg",alt:a,title:"Maximilian-Spitz",height:al,width:al,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmaximilian-spitz-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmaximilian-spitz-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmaximilian-spitz-160x160.jpg 160w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmaximilian-spitz-320x320.jpg 320w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmaximilian-spitz.jpg 400w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmaximilian-spitz-300x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fmaximilian-spitz-320x320.jpg"},id:255,name:"Maximilian Spitz",description:"Maximilian Spitz studies history at the Institute of Intellectual History in St Andrews, Scotland."},language:A,availableLanguages:{de:{single:"john-zubly"},fr:{single:"la-revolution-americaine-sous-langle-suisse"}},slug:"the-american-revolutionary-war-through-the-eyes-of-a-swiss-immigrant",title:"The American Revolutionary War through the eyes of a Swiss immigrant",excerpt:"Hans Joachim Züblin from eastern Switzerland caused a furore in 18th century America. As minister John Zubly, he saw parallels between the Swiss Confederates and the rebels fighting against the British. He later changed sides, albeit with an unchanged outlook.",postType:v,permalink:gl,thumbnail:{id:156614,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly.jpg",alt:gm,title:gm,height:s,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:a,url:a},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-300x225.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fsnm-blog-john-zubly-320x320.jpg"},date:1731571200,readableDate:"14.11.2024",modifiedDate:1731671683,readableModifiedDate:"15.11.2024",seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a}},{id:cW,type:v,link:gn,snm_model:{categories:[{parent:g,order:ab,id:d,name:ai,description:a,slug:aj,taxonomy:f,permalink:ap},{parent:g,order:aJ,id:o,name:aK,description:a,slug:aL,taxonomy:f,permalink:ba},{parent:{parent:g,order:I,id:h,name:L,description:a,slug:M,taxonomy:f,permalink:R},order:y,id:p,name:cP,description:a,slug:cQ,taxonomy:f,permalink:cR}],primaryCategory:p,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:go,longitude:gp},id:cW,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:{title:fz,url:fA,target:bg},link:fB,portrait:{id:fC,url:bs,alt:a,title:fD,height:aa,width:aa,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:fE,poster:fF,square:bs},id:w,name:fG,description:fH},language:A,availableLanguages:{fr:{single:"linventeur-en-habit-de-benedictin"},de:{single:"der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte"}},slug:"the-inventor-in-a-benedictine-cowl",title:gq,excerpt:"Father Athanasius Tschopp (1803–1882) was a monk in Einsiedeln, and something of a science whizz. Besides his daily monastic duties, he always found the time to make pioneering discoveries – one of his many accomplishments was inventing the precursor to the fax machine.",postType:v,permalink:gn,thumbnail:{id:154416,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp.jpg",alt:gr,title:gr,height:s,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:"21.3"},source:{title:"Zentralbibliothek Zürich",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.e-rara.ch\u002Fzuz\u002Fcontent\u002Ftitleinfo\u002F14789968"},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-300x225.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-der-erfinder-in-der-benediktinerkutte-tschopp-320x320.jpg"},date:1731398400,readableDate:"12.11.2024",modifiedDate:1730368533,readableModifiedDate:a,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a}}]}},{blockName:"acf\u002Fnewsletter",blockData:{title:gs,text:gt,placeholder:gu,background:gv}},{blockName:"acf\u002Fpost-map",blockData:{title:"Find blog posts on the map",description:"The number in the circle shows how many blog posts are in the corresponding region. Zoom in with the +\u002F- keys on the right or with Ctrl and the mouse wheel to display the individual articles. Click on a circle without a number to select the blog article.",points:{"1":{id:cV,title:gh,coordinates:[ge,gd],categories:[c,p,q,z]},"3":{id:cW,title:gq,coordinates:[gp,go],categories:[d,o,p]},"6":{id:153207,title:"The famous mountain doctor from Emmental",coordinates:["7.7846760449605314","46.94221034691882"],categories:[d,F,aq,b]},"8":{id:cX,title:gw,coordinates:[gx,gy],categories:[c,e,m,Y]},"9":{id:cY,title:gz,coordinates:[gA,gB],categories:[c,q]},"13":{id:154923,title:"The story of the Universal Postal Union",coordinates:["7.471899871966831","46.93899633980568"],categories:[d,h,e]},"14":{id:154243,title:"Willisau. A small town and open history book",coordinates:["7.99096130831853","47.120652713940736"],categories:[d,q,l,Z]},"18":{id:153740,title:"Direct democracy in the Free State of the Three Leagues",coordinates:["9.204614156802515","46.773954810858704"],categories:[r,d,e,b]},"19":{id:153661,title:"Switzerland’s ‘War of Sticks’ of 1802",coordinates:["7.457593437609206","46.94929826092395"],categories:[d,e,m]},"22":{id:153560,title:"The Fribourg funicular: powered by wastewater",coordinates:["7.158149083151174","46.80361946500538"],categories:[c,h,p,z,k]},"24":{id:152817,title:"A citizen of the world, born in Gstaad",coordinates:["7.283139642162362","46.47626962489232"],categories:[c,t,l,E]},"27":{id:152394,title:"How the Principality of Liechtenstein came into being",coordinates:["9.524476881997687","47.13896966011857"],categories:[d,e]},"28":{id:152231,title:"A poisoned marriage: the Buser case",coordinates:["7.726498072075523","47.502167121087325"],categories:[d,o,k,Y,t]},"29":{id:152361,title:"General Wille – Switzerland’s popular and embattled military leader",coordinates:["7.4466182099092055","46.946751167135304"],categories:[c,e,m,b]},"33":{id:151504,title:"The celestial event over Basel in 1566",coordinates:["7.5870977539282745","47.55926532188985"],categories:[d,o,k,E]},"34":{id:151420,title:"When Napoleon III went to school in Thun",coordinates:["7.620057227257443","46.759900557725864"],categories:[d,e,b]},"36":{id:150788,title:"A witness to the Deluge",coordinates:["8.925833430098136","47.67490010696462"],categories:[S,F,C,b]},"37":{id:150929,title:"A Sausage, Arsenic, and the Death Penalty: The Case of Furrer",coordinates:["8.843198888176921","47.27799040436117"],categories:[d,e,Y,b]},"38":{id:150747,title:"The Büsingen Affair",coordinates:["8.693312076665196","47.6955974869742"],categories:[d,e,m,b]},"43":{id:149956,title:"Youth and sport: in the service of your country?",coordinates:["7.213761349759396","47.13854495862739"],categories:[c,e,G,ar]},"44":{id:148587,title:"The Battle of Murten",coordinates:["7.118601781493069","46.91712669976367"],categories:[r,e,m]},"47":{id:cJ,title:fI,coordinates:[fy,fx],categories:[c,q,ax,b]},"49":{id:147840,title:"Lies, torture, death: the case of Anna Koch",coordinates:["9.348583447720786","47.326320586493125"],categories:[d,e,Y]},"53":{id:146861,title:"The plot to kidnap the Pope and take him to Liechtenstein",coordinates:["9.524697551057002","47.13995962756472"],categories:[c,o,e,m,b]},"56":{id:145748,title:"The birth of Interlaken",coordinates:["7.855342463166051","46.685281438268156"],categories:[d,q,e,aP,b]},"62":{id:143720,title:"Knocked off his pedestal",coordinates:["8.570443016227818","47.35390724921731"],categories:[d,F,aq,b,j]},"64":{id:142969,title:"Putting the bins out – the Ochsner way",coordinates:["8.529465957990919","47.37545935725098"],categories:[d,c,h,p,b]},"65":{id:142939,title:"The first federal councillor from Basel in over 50 years",coordinates:["7.591208781805536","47.55670637218192"],categories:[c,e]},"67":{id:142208,title:"The 100-year history of the Centovalli Railway",coordinates:["8.70095935204829","46.18002839981013"],categories:[c,h,z,az]},"68":{id:142094,title:"From Zurich’s backstreets to the centre of world revolution",coordinates:["8.54494000119884","47.3719637259105"],categories:[c,e,as,b]},"69":{id:141710,title:"The King of Thun and his links with Mycenae",coordinates:["7.61177","46.72747"],categories:[S,h,at]},"72":{id:140931,title:"A bloodbath in God’s name",coordinates:["8.676739799582027","47.65297021615261"],categories:[d,o,Y,t,b]},"73":{id:140821,title:"A tour of Lucerne reveals the spirit of the Belle Epoque",coordinates:["8.30911","47.05291"],categories:[c,k,l,Z]},"75":{id:140558,title:"Opposition to Kaiseraugst nuclear power plant",coordinates:["7.712495052956724","47.53738503328148"],categories:[c,e,k,C]},"77":{id:140274,title:"The dramatic rescue of a composer’s remains",coordinates:["46.936436195507206","8.579787020557042"],categories:[d,e,l,bf]},"78":{id:139955,title:"The men behind Genoa’s Righi funicular",coordinates:["8.34256486895775","46.930288311387095"],categories:[d,p,q,b]},"79":{id:139922,title:"Basel Carnival in the 1930s: don’t upset the Nazis",coordinates:["7.589762306146545","47.55478837980972"],categories:[c,e,m,l,b]},"82":{id:139205,title:"Why is Ticino part of Switzerland?",coordinates:["8.955122626410805","46.00502304029476"],categories:[d,e]},"83":{id:138088,title:"The Protestants of Locarno",coordinates:["8.795795254678728","46.16964812433598"],categories:[r,d,o,e]},"85":{id:137130,title:"Bringing literature to the masses",coordinates:["8.526767888041759","47.3761427028968"],categories:[c,l,E,b]},"86":{id:128980,title:"The misfortunate Oscar",coordinates:["8.540762232326061","47.37883471812719"],categories:[c,l,ax,b]},"87":{id:137355,title:"A story of resistance and escape",coordinates:["8.706009345655596","46.11279799943595"],categories:[c,e,m,az]},"89":{id:136686,title:"A travelling baron",coordinates:["6.391020513977141","46.496871064223114"],categories:[d,aq,E,b]},"93":{id:135748,title:"Ogi’s European charm offensive",coordinates:["7.674635111053082","46.496148155566395"],categories:[c,e,b]},"95":{id:135344,title:"The electric guitar and its Basel origins",coordinates:["7.6513840298162945","47.583146643928394"],categories:[c,bf,b]},"96":{id:135291,title:"Vandalism as a political tool in the Helvetic period",coordinates:["7.537881780358816","47.20788365452942"],categories:[d,e,m,l,Z,w]},"101":{id:132851,title:"Legal era in the canton of Vaud",coordinates:["6.6440921838124645","46.51952609427005"],categories:[aQ,d,e,aq,b]},"103":{id:133894,title:"The undead lady of Lucerne",coordinates:["8.313662683446474","47.05542332214181"],categories:[d,k,t,E]},"105":{id:134128,title:"Genevan exiles at Lake Constance",coordinates:["9.178283281041587","47.66464232958879"],categories:[d,h,e,k,t,b]},"106":{id:134020,title:"The Klus affair",coordinates:["7.703005517020508","47.29818109702157"],categories:[d,e,m,b]},"108":{id:133063,title:"The energy source from the moors",coordinates:["7.413027842141669","46.982565381175654"],categories:[d,h,z,C,b]},"109":{id:132332,title:"Saluting one of the first Federal Councillors, Stefano Franscini",coordinates:["8.801015254052396","46.47794017689159"],categories:[aQ,d,e,bw]},"110":{id:131967,title:"Finding James Joyce in Zurich",coordinates:["8.538577605598814","47.38252119902265"],categories:[d,c,l,E,b]},"112":{id:132733,title:"Guglielmo Tell",coordinates:["8.67152392419274","46.20222174917162"],categories:[d,e,l,w]},"113":{id:132022,title:"An ancient Greek computer",coordinates:["6.830239200657662","47.100643812110135"],categories:[_,p,b]},"116":{id:131494,title:"The long road to church",coordinates:["7.697565063392979","46.82881222364389"],categories:[d,o,Z,b]},"120":{id:130113,title:"The Shah’s Swiss watchmaker",coordinates:["8.542346840502288","47.37164146653221"],categories:[d,o,p,b]},"121":{id:129625,title:"How the linen trade brought wealth to Europe",coordinates:["9.35999640998491","47.419708817380204"],categories:[d,h,k,w]},"123":{id:129348,title:"Parting company the neutral way",coordinates:["7.441140707853935","46.94613993993363"],categories:[c,e,b]},"127":{id:128046,title:"Making money till the end",coordinates:["7.9902513501508885","46.31503213308074"],categories:[d,e,m]},"128":{id:127987,title:"Neutrality as a business model",coordinates:["7.990529317789186","46.31422204240399"],categories:[d,e,m]},"129":{id:127707,title:"The geopolitician from Brig",coordinates:["7.990222100454361","46.314979606419556"],categories:[d,e,m]},"130":{id:127924,title:"The rescue of Benito Mussolini: the real story and its Swiss connection",coordinates:["6.604664738135528","46.5346277642727"],categories:[c,e,m]},"131":{id:127582,title:"The Grenchen spy camera: a favourite of the Stasi and the CIA",coordinates:["7.3958153249252865","47.18855205226101"],categories:[c,p,e,T,b]},"133":{id:127237,title:"Fighting in and out of the ring",coordinates:["7.696445934066005","46.65845140751712"],categories:[c,k,G,t,ar]},"134":{id:127067,title:"A moving mountain: the enigma of the Rosablanche",coordinates:["7.354261360702357","46.060479018310424"],categories:[c,F,p,C,b]},"135":{id:126503,title:"Bernese whey receives royal approval",coordinates:["7.8569352539922335","46.686400027021236"],categories:[J,d,q,K,t,b]},"136":{id:126639,title:"Of Monks and Monsters: The Schaffhausen Vita Sancti Columbae",coordinates:["8.637121837873833","47.69532770151412"],categories:[r,o,l,E]},"139":{id:126399,title:"This one died at the garden fence, that one on the doorstep",coordinates:["7.533780","47.210333"],categories:[aR,d,e,k]},"140":{id:122511,title:"Emmanuel Schmid: coachman to the social elite during the Belle Époque",coordinates:["8.94903355831505","46.723009711675275"],categories:[d,c,h,q,z]},"141":{id:126178,title:"Showcasing the stunning views of Lake Thun",coordinates:["7.638233250084596","46.753130657994376"],categories:[d,q,C]},"142":{id:125631,title:"Switzerland’s first photographer",coordinates:["9.081476862428394","47.394996955242185"],categories:[d,p,T,b]},"143":{id:125845,title:"Does Switzerland really date back to 1291? A fresh look at the country’s origins",coordinates:["8.643971725765724","46.881796440263074"],categories:[r,d,e]},"145":{id:125751,title:"A balancing act on water",coordinates:["8.46851145582324","47.18020270216177"],categories:[c,k,G,t]},"146":{id:123374,title:"Anne Frank and Switzerland",coordinates:["9.757388306448211","46.43407669222892"],categories:[c,m,t,E,b]},"148":{id:124478,title:"Baroque: love it or hate it?",coordinates:["8.235734646479036","47.02296951668012"],categories:[aR,r,d,o,l,Z,w]},"149":{id:124378,title:"The human right to be cold",coordinates:["7.708097304297602","45.934028619588965"],categories:[aQ,c,C,at]},"150":{id:124096,title:"Safien Valley’s roads: built by Polish soldiers",coordinates:["9.316460006537199","46.68093605140378"],categories:[c,z,m,b]},"151":{id:123411,title:"The VW camper van: an iconic vehicle with a Swiss connection",coordinates:["8.515320986851423","47.099221633963445"],categories:[c,h,p,z]},"152":{id:123724,title:"The theatre that stood up to fascism",coordinates:["8.549157273605028","47.370280087308636"],categories:[c,e,m,l,b]},"153":{id:123524,title:"The Federal Constitution: helping ensure a fairer naturalisation process",coordinates:["7.586627565346811","47.55884988083655"],categories:[aQ,c,e]},"157":{id:121977,title:"When Chaplin's corpse was kidnapped",coordinates:["6.852626995424409","46.47589909902359"],categories:[c,l,ax,b]},"160":{id:121577,title:"The Confederation's policy of concordance",coordinates:["7.445937348400391","46.94884300670826"],categories:[aQ,d,e,b]},"161":{id:121176,title:"Gull’s big break",coordinates:["8.540717368311261","47.37888760159815"],categories:[34527,d,Z,b,N]},"163":{id:120914,title:"From ‘Uitoduro’ to ‘Winti’: how place names change",coordinates:["8.753941110482907","47.50685953994052"],categories:[S,_,r,c,k,aP,b]},"166":{id:120386,title:"Puttin’ on the Ritz: the global hit with Swiss roots",coordinates:["8.19017738648122","46.43560901447806"],categories:[c,q,l,bf,b]},"167":{id:120329,title:"The encirclement of Geneva by Spanish troops in 1743",coordinates:["6.143828751465477","46.20107141889001"],categories:[d,e,m]},"169":{id:119926,title:"Jakob Ziegler: industrial pioneer and self-made man",coordinates:["8.625809916206073","47.69102418600928"],categories:[d,h,p]},"170":{id:119741,title:"World-famous typefaces from Kriens",coordinates:["8.292342818516072","47.036972243285504"],categories:[d,h,p,b]},"171":{id:119684,title:"‘Black Maria’ – the world’s first parking meter",coordinates:["7.587867087123127","47.55820926315738"],categories:[c,p,z,b]},"173":{id:118645,title:"The odyssey of the Greek freedom fighters",coordinates:["7.946226278359704","47.288683244427375"],categories:[d,as,m,b]},"175":{id:118313,title:"How Switzerland became a footballing nation",coordinates:["7.484910032122594","46.93618834834951"],categories:[d,k,G,bx,ar]},"178":{id:117522,title:"Switzerland’s rocky road to religious freedom",coordinates:["7.443869574398219","46.94698954399514"],categories:[aQ,d,c,o,e]},"179":{id:117464,title:"Minor language, monumental work",coordinates:["8.97846","46.74063"],categories:[c,e,k,aP,E]},"180":{id:116853,title:"The Jetzer Affair",coordinates:["7.4466577496975415","46.94898646063403"],categories:[r,o,Y,b]},"181":{id:117081,title:"Power on the pitch",coordinates:["8.476229044960666","47.38138953041734"],categories:[c,o,G,bx,ar]},"182":{id:116518,title:"Calame’s awe-inspiring Alpine views",coordinates:["8.306073224118704","46.612330833103144"],categories:[d,q,C,w,b]},"183":{id:116270,title:"The birth of modern minigolf",coordinates:["8.773046083461807","46.153699072839046"],categories:[c,G,b]},"184":{id:115806,title:"Matthäus Schiner: A Valaisan at the centre of power",coordinates:["8.157798149699087","46.40786522421707"],categories:[d,o,e,m,b,bw]},"189":{id:115506,title:"Amusing travel journal reveals Switzerland of 1837",coordinates:["8.484150849552448","47.05561274574113"],categories:[d,q,C,E,b]},"190":{id:115382,title:"Switzerland's first women's ski champion",coordinates:["9.05299221621611","47.039353153531955"],categories:[c,G,t,b,ar]},"191":{id:115253,title:"The pioneering brewer with an honorary doctorate",coordinates:["8.73081736294158","47.50723161362616"],categories:[d,h,b]},"192":{id:114855,title:"The year Lake Zurich froze over",coordinates:["8.54565167298081","47.351183932284314"],categories:[c,k,C,G,T]},"194":{id:114728,title:"Victims of Labour – a memorial that broke the mould",coordinates:["8.607950008934036","46.52765042213368"],categories:[d,z,w,b]},"196":{id:114229,title:"Recycling station buildings",coordinates:["9.504956050440558","47.47853392566128"],categories:[d,z,b]},"197":{id:113089,title:"Mickey Mouse goes up in flames",coordinates:["8.207123577988146","47.484242725356495"],categories:[c,k,aq,E]},"198":{id:113540,title:"The Zug Monstrance Competition",coordinates:["8.61383773399227","47.135797066305734"],categories:[d,o,w,b]},"200":{id:113272,title:"When bombs fell on Kallnach",coordinates:["7.23504756482642","47.02531772632336"],categories:[c,m,b]},"201":{id:113188,title:"The Sopraceneri fortress-builder",coordinates:["8.548851600195425","46.313949347509755"],categories:[d,h,m,Z,b]},"202":{id:112707,title:"Coal and uranium for the fatherland",coordinates:["7.697195639766725","46.828809510041744"],categories:[c,h,m,b]},"203":{id:113137,title:"Baroque gardens in Switzerland",coordinates:["6.133297264197617","46.20767423434244"],categories:[aR,d,l,Z,w]},"205":{id:112613,title:"24 calories for Cinderella",coordinates:["8.017683784436985","47.18279553613017"],categories:[S,d,h,k,K,l]},"206":{id:111934,title:"The dream of a quick profit",coordinates:["8.506817687573433","47.39153492497094"],categories:[r,d,h]},"207":{id:112141,title:"The healing waters business",coordinates:["7.444441383965467","46.761779392590114"],categories:[d,q,b]},"209":{id:111868,title:"Let’s go to Switzerland!",coordinates:["7.7464323687518934","46.020158642686546"],categories:[d,q,b]},"210":{id:111431,title:"Stans 1481 – perhaps that’s us",coordinates:["8.365961736419985","46.956388503928764"],categories:[r,e]},"212":{id:111629,title:"The forgotten world champion",coordinates:["8.497729248775512","47.3963743034635"],categories:[c,G,t,b]},"215":{id:111139,title:"The world’s first celebrity chef",coordinates:["8.938461999632901","46.529924877004376"],categories:[r,K,E,b]},"216":{id:111056,title:"The last phone book",coordinates:["8.540429886524661","47.377777962543526"],categories:[d,c,p,b]},"217":{id:110899,title:"The Walser Migrations",coordinates:["8.490032478044732","46.31717308364702"],categories:[r,d,k,aP,l]},"218":{id:110940,title:"World Cup dreams made of steel pipes",coordinates:["8.574390582350572","47.381446191661674"],categories:[c,G,bx,b]},"219":{id:110700,title:"The thunder of cannon at Fribourg’s gates",coordinates:["7.134353927546499","46.80096484992033"],categories:[d,o,m,b]},"220":{id:110067,title:"The Battle on the Planta",coordinates:["7.367796113099831","46.240440806202805"],categories:[d,e,m]},"221":{id:110472,title:"The crossbow: A weapon for assassins and freedom fighters",coordinates:["8.451830876832288","47.09114784017805"],categories:[_,r,p,m]},"222":{id:110305,title:"Sarnen – History at a scale of 1:1",coordinates:["8.245610345923772","46.89608677554905"],categories:[d,h,e,k,Z,w]},"223":{id:109309,title:"When the Magyars invaded St. Gall",coordinates:["9.376238163823917","47.42748712578174"],categories:[r,o,e,m]},"224":{id:109959,title:"The “300 Children Campaign” of 1939",coordinates:["8.717137150997168","47.35018169811708"],categories:[c,m,t,b]},"227":{id:108838,title:"Dutti’s submarine provisions",coordinates:["8.309583404698449","46.96961741720386"],categories:[c,h,e,m,b]},"229":{id:108718,title:"The two graves of Ulrich von Hutten",coordinates:["8.778761675414946","47.21794403862015"],categories:[d,e,l,w]},"230":{id:108579,title:"A child of the \"Landstrasse\"",coordinates:["9.538712321958064","47.37802753048178"],categories:[c,e,k,t,b]},"233":{id:107805,title:"The iconic Swiss station clock",coordinates:["8.051332562976777","47.39163570559672"],categories:[c,h,z,l]},"234":{id:107181,title:"The “Kesselbad” and “Hell”…",coordinates:["8.313121530263254","47.48056452035199"],categories:[r,d,q,b]},"235":{id:105298,title:"Bringing in the new faith by subterfuge",coordinates:["8.828202765251518","47.26653372375183"],categories:[d,o,e]},"237":{id:105982,title:"A village disappears underwater",coordinates:["9.6318192193378","46.51062062896371"],categories:[c,h,e,b]},"238":{id:105527,title:"The Siege of Dijon 1513",coordinates:["5.041262931199849","47.32269034891034"],categories:[d,e,m]},"240":{id:105309,title:"A passport for every eventuality",coordinates:["7.458667677887256","46.94025580780765"],categories:[c,e,m,t,b]},"241":{id:105575,title:"The strangest state visit of all time",coordinates:["9.493016569770687","47.47888826274609"],categories:[J,c,e,b]},"242":{id:105250,title:"City on the Rhine as centre of the Zionist movement",coordinates:["7.589718551749968","47.55472334367686"],categories:[d,o,e,b]},"243":{id:105027,title:"The “Gilberte legend” lives on",coordinates:["8.528157349881681","47.40613655621092"],categories:[c,e,m,t,l,ax]},"244":{id:104988,title:"A waitress becomes a legend",coordinates:["7.123881167704124","47.4047546684086"],categories:[c,m,t,bf,b]},"245":{id:104949,title:"The Dalai Lama’s long journey to Bern",coordinates:["7.452779097748687","46.947544869967246"],categories:[c,e,b]},"249":{id:104690,title:"Solothurn, the cardmaking capital",coordinates:["7.536694790798005","47.207273537623664"],categories:[aR,d,p,t,l,b]},"250":{id:104182,title:"The blue of the sky…",coordinates:["6.865028126304912","45.83255072742408"],categories:[d,p,b]},"251":{id:104077,title:"The first commercial winery in the United States – established by a Swiss immigrant!",coordinates:["6.845702615008895","46.45808291662646"],categories:[d,h,F,b]},"252":{id:104115,title:"Beat Breu’s magnificent victory, in miniature",coordinates:["7.155747650976688","46.81330858526592"],categories:[c,k,G]},"253":{id:104230,title:"The naked sun doctor",coordinates:["7.653901734068729","47.23352798034941"],categories:[d,q,k,C,b]},"254":{id:103817,title:"A memorial’s long journey",coordinates:["7.444093681280792","46.946881629654065"],categories:[c,e,m,l,b,N]},"255":{id:102717,title:"Copernicus the heretic",coordinates:["6.148330046478795","46.20097198885814"],categories:[d,o,aq,b]},"256":{id:102706,title:"Wheel to wheel",coordinates:["8.03347","46.25070"],categories:[c,G]},"257":{id:102845,title:"Rows of trees with many different functions",coordinates:["6.900932099071295","47.05884711662084"],categories:[d,z,C,b]},"258":{id:102594,title:"Isis and Verena: two holy women at Baden’s healing springs",coordinates:["8.314024154900668","47.48121492128834"],categories:[_,r,o,t]},"259":{id:102311,title:"Finding sanctuary in Geneva",coordinates:["6.207005485085911","46.19223428197671"],categories:[c,e,m,b]},"262":{id:101236,title:"“Rüti” and “Schwand” indicate historical clear-felling of forests",coordinates:["8.849737439026596","47.259331502154836"],categories:[r,k,aP]},"263":{id:101440,title:"Anne Frank and the Basel connection",coordinates:["7.628080737440995","47.55460943907735"],categories:[c,m,t,l,E,b]},"264":{id:101232,title:"Bathing in the open air",coordinates:["8.313598838233219","47.48151519324497"],categories:[_,d,k]},"265":{id:100706,title:"Beer as a mirror",coordinates:["7.786144156417421","47.546970103287805"],categories:[c,h,e,K]},"266":{id:101116,title:"The forest of the Black Spider",coordinates:["7.76275","47.03207"],categories:[d,k,C,l,E]},"267":{id:100905,title:"The civil defence of 1969: the war in people’s heads",coordinates:["7.44390498178368","46.94703850686493"],categories:[c,e,m,b]},"269":{id:100773,title:gC,coordinates:["9.017447798908348","45.998434974238485"],categories:[c,e,m,b]},"271":{id:100446,title:"Off with his head!",coordinates:["9.170701155717719","47.40207296803867"],categories:[d,o,m,b]},"275":{id:99266,title:"The Ticino glacé king",coordinates:["8.963614947478428","46.43242967785175"],categories:[d,h,K,b]},"276":{id:99110,title:"The birth of the Swiss National Park",coordinates:["10.095490527486323","46.699235226667874"],categories:[c,q,C]},"280":{id:97751,title:"Coming together over a drink",coordinates:["8.167548","47.451192"],categories:[d,k,l,N,j]},"281":{id:97702,title:"The forgotten war hero",coordinates:["7.159996049304818","46.80755752542168"],categories:[d,m,w,b]},"283":{id:97204,title:"In praise of work",coordinates:["8.283522578051972","47.17176634143776"],categories:[r,d,c,h,k,t]},"284":{id:97462,title:"Guardian of the rainforest",coordinates:["7.443968","46.947226"],categories:[c,h,C,b]},"286":{id:97109,title:"Switzerland’s tradition of supporting indigenous resistance",coordinates:["6.138500524140004","46.22751973397045"],categories:[c,e,X,b]},"287":{id:97362,title:"How SCL got its tiger",coordinates:["7.785974","46.936895"],categories:[c,G,b]},"288":{id:97225,title:"In search of snow",coordinates:["9.84720556449083","46.81206984138923"],categories:[by,c,h,F,q,N]},"289":{id:96847,title:"The almost-pioneer from Basel",coordinates:["7.590318154735795","47.55462752403668"],categories:[d,K,t,b]},"291":{id:96747,title:"From “glaring difference” to a system of units",coordinates:["7.463547168932642","46.92443611545614"],categories:[d,h,p]},"293":{id:95445,title:"Beautiful living in the Valais",coordinates:["8.01632833296445","46.3765575393325"],categories:[d,q,k,C,l,b]},"294":{id:96162,title:"From farmhouse to museum: rescuing a length of wallpaper",coordinates:["6.906658159680057","47.01451047560918"],categories:[c,l,w,N]},"295":{id:96151,title:"A Parisian treasure in the Bernese Jura",coordinates:["6.898739634471476","47.1225442678268"],categories:[d,h,l,w]},"296":{id:95606,title:"Stone Age superglue",coordinates:["8.463196353836642","47.12569362906447"],categories:[S,F,C,b]},"299":{id:94858,title:"Roman lifestyle in Helvetia",coordinates:["8.542347903223812","47.49397020091928"],categories:[_,h,z,K,b]},"300":{id:94502,title:"The Zurich Art Controversy: Ferdinand Hodler and the Swiss National Museum",coordinates:["8.53932","47.37912"],categories:[c,l,w,N]},"301":{id:94607,title:"The baths at Baden – Switzerland’s first “tourist hot(s)pot”",coordinates:["8.313603586918873","47.480576199254436"],categories:[_,r,d,q,k,l,at]},"302":{id:94296,title:"Switzerland’s first railway",coordinates:["7.58057","47.56424"],categories:[d,p,z,e,ay]},"303":{id:94559,title:"Competition on wheels: wheelchair sport as a model for integration?",coordinates:["8.130234870174215","47.14267806814503"],categories:[c,G,t,ar]},"304":{id:94529,title:"From Borneo to Bern",coordinates:["8.413904272607494","46.978387939306025"],categories:[d,e,X,b]},"305":{id:94398,title:"Murder on Säntis",coordinates:["9.34327","47.24936"],categories:[c,k,Y]},"308":{id:93122,title:"Easy come, easy go",coordinates:["9.068938525037026","47.04140917468683"],categories:[d,k,l,b]},"310":{id:93065,title:"Columbus' egg",coordinates:["7.509545911246996","47.04781897422995"],categories:[d,c,X,l,gD,b]},"311":{id:92784,title:"Switzerland’s first military aircraft",coordinates:["8.639585010663883","47.40717289967846"],categories:[c,p,m,ay]},"312":{id:92408,title:"Switzerland’s first selfie king",coordinates:["8.526981283473951","46.991650221717755"],categories:[d,p,E,T,b]},"314":{id:92024,title:"A journey across Switzerland in 1608",coordinates:["8.539500005096269","47.370126969503744"],categories:[d,q,k,K,l]},"318":{id:cZ,title:gE,coordinates:[gF,gG],categories:[J,c,o,e,X,bw]},"319":{id:90142,title:"Moving from the krone to the franc",coordinates:["9.522745530156477","47.13709909481511"],categories:[c,h,b]},"322":{id:89778,title:"Secret agents at Lake Geneva",coordinates:["6.939026448345721","46.43419133581718"],categories:[c,e,m,b]},"325":{id:89058,title:"A spy called Lucie",coordinates:["8.282238076836027","47.03173588771809"],categories:[c,m,b]},"326":{id:88788,title:"A major project in tumultuous times",coordinates:["7.916018078731644","47.37055664913479"],categories:[c,p,z,b]},"327":{id:88454,title:"Through the Jura",coordinates:["7.871849046127833","47.37064669387781"],categories:[d,p,z,ay]},"328":{id:88048,title:"Regensdorf versus the Archduke",coordinates:["8.4744","47.4383"],categories:[J,c,k]},"329":{id:88202,title:"Silvesterkläuse both beautiful and ugly",coordinates:["9.282722508233148","47.31707906715302"],categories:[d,o,q,k,l,b]},"330":{id:87925,title:"Leopold and the women",coordinates:["9.530118887617355","47.47845820911583"],categories:[J,c,k]},"331":{id:cO,title:fQ,coordinates:[fP,fO],categories:[c,h,p,z,ay]},"332":{id:87556,title:"The Archduke becomes a Swiss citizen",coordinates:["8.510600040784498","47.15599146613758"],categories:[J,c,e,k]},"333":{id:86908,title:"Karl Bodmer and the Native Americans",coordinates:["8.545046695122322","47.368880335479034"],categories:[d,F,X,aq,l,w]},"334":{id:87281,title:"The scandal becomes public knowledge",coordinates:["6.150408196969455","46.209673037381656"],categories:[J,c,e,k]},"335":{id:87131,title:"The Auguste Piccard Mésoscaphe submarine",coordinates:["8.33707","47.05203"],categories:[c,F,p,z]},"336":{id:86936,title:"The first aerial cableway",coordinates:["8.118068187502717","46.63913252929853"],categories:[c,h,q,z,ay]},"337":{id:86010,title:gC,coordinates:["8.54456","47.36765"],categories:[J,c,e,k]},"339":{id:86177,title:"Birth of a legend",coordinates:["8.968330","47.411900"],categories:[r,d,o,t,b]},"340":{id:85921,title:"Numbers in a can: the ‘Curta’ handheld calculator",coordinates:["9.541913131017354","47.21881554062668"],categories:[c,p,aq,b]},"343":{id:85624,title:"Swiss nationals in the Resistance",coordinates:["6.14289","46.20479"],categories:[c,e,m]},"349":{id:82888,title:"Chillon Castle",coordinates:["6.92755","46.41423"],categories:[r,q,e,m,l]},"350":{id:83495,title:"Risen from the dead",coordinates:["7.38000","47.13756"],categories:[c_,r,o,w]},"352":{id:83318,title:"From cottage industries to the home office",coordinates:["9.49596","47.42417"],categories:[d,c,h,k]},"355":{id:82997,title:"Between art and madness",coordinates:["8.545217978144567","47.36772030256234"],categories:[c,w,E,b]},"356":{id:81721,title:"The Second War of Kappel",coordinates:["8.526816717661342","47.232278298737384"],categories:[d,o,m,b]},"358":{id:82191,title:"The Bärschwil triple murder",coordinates:["7.47328","47.38334"],categories:[d,e,X,m,Y]},"360":{id:82072,title:"The passions of Sir von Besenval",coordinates:["7.548456823157644","47.223460059364015"],categories:[aR,d,C,l,w]},"365":{id:79872,title:"Sisi's assassin",coordinates:["6.148919729657899","46.20780045327329"],categories:[J,d,e,k,Y,b]},"366":{id:80890,title:"The First should be the Last",coordinates:["7.452797714359101","46.94747531831296"],categories:[c,e,T,b]},"367":{id:80214,title:"The salt of life",coordinates:["7.0263917523216275","46.27796922809718"],categories:[d,c,h,K,l,b]},"370":{id:76843,title:"The tragic death of Queen Astrid",coordinates:["8.430582662646081","47.07886558658083"],categories:[J,c,q,t,b]},"371":{id:78961,title:"The sandstone reliefs in the Töss Valley",coordinates:["8.76010","47.46170"],categories:[c,e,m]},"372":{id:78841,title:"The freshwater pirate of Lake Geneva",coordinates:["6.241700380679121","46.301655650840615"],categories:[d,h,e,b]},"373":{id:78047,title:"Colours revealed by light",coordinates:["7.459030389364031","46.94906483888623"],categories:[r,d,c,l,w]},"374":{id:77995,title:"Bellinzona’s Castles",coordinates:["9.022574113053901","46.19312518446227"],categories:[r,e,m]},"379":{id:78170,title:"Across Lake Geneva in 22 hours",coordinates:["6.924659031889002","46.39848843488204"],categories:[c,G,T]},"380":{id:72675,title:"The ballooning pioneer you’ve never heard of",coordinates:["7.536789389502921","47.210108381365764"],categories:[d,p,b]},"384":{id:75813,title:"Showdown with the Habsburgs",coordinates:["7.628109186433836","47.48034884726048"],categories:[d,e,m]},"385":{id:76227,title:"The ‘Vaudois’ King of Thailand",coordinates:["6.645524462498038","46.50816314172567"],categories:[J,c,e,b]},"386":{id:75418,title:"From castle to city – upheaval in the late Middle Ages",coordinates:["8.24633","47.13567"],categories:[r,e,m,k]},"388":{id:74244,title:"The Geneva NSDAP",coordinates:["6.13092203704883","46.20619621996426"],categories:[c,e,b]},"389":{id:75049,title:"Punch-up in the Federal Parliament",coordinates:["7.444570241250695","46.94675825466232"],categories:[c,e,k,b]},"392":{id:74187,title:"Reformation in the countryside",coordinates:["8.368883851346302","47.503916046638395"],categories:[d,o,b]},"394":{id:73061,title:"Jerusalem in Rothenturm",coordinates:["8.675453283604028","47.10492259924374"],categories:[aR,J,d,e,w,b]},"395":{id:73400,title:"Sigg – the epitome of utility",coordinates:["8.893961885275619","47.544876358238966"],categories:[c,h,p,b]},"396":{id:72265,title:"Madame de Staël – Enemy of Napoleon",coordinates:["6.1920794223146505","46.31717512330597"],categories:[d,e,t,E]},"401":{id:71467,title:"Flying boats",coordinates:["8.328501511354657","47.05021601387324"],categories:[c,h,p,q,z]},"403":{id:70129,title:"The Emperor's new frontier",coordinates:["7.906878030943038","47.57340787420912"],categories:[_,e,m,b]},"409":{id:67591,title:"A ‘light-spitter’ lights up the skies",coordinates:["7.542754012120874","47.20321583542338"],categories:[c,h,p,b]},"410":{id:68195,title:"From Scottish gentlemen to the «Eisgenossinnen»",coordinates:["9.845003071117807","46.50012425778343"],categories:[d,k,G,ar]},"411":{id:66401,title:"The hair magician from Schöfflisdorf",coordinates:["8.416009127081084","47.50789503760703"],categories:[c,h,F,C,gH,b]},"412":{id:67247,title:"Smuggling in the tri-border area",coordinates:["7.693540728835139","47.60083106254916"],categories:[c,h,e,m,b]},"414":{id:66944,title:"Unlucky prince",coordinates:["9.846308214956673","46.857608175917434"],categories:[J,c,q,b]},"417":{id:65622,title:"In the hairdressing salon of the Turkish princess",coordinates:["9.11893726027497","47.12141793385406"],categories:[J,c,h,e,k,t,b]},"421":{id:64334,title:"From snob sport to bob sport",coordinates:["9.849465703145002","46.5040342236363"],categories:[c,q,G,ar]},"422":{id:64090,title:"A packed programme of activities – painted on glass",coordinates:["8.866612032697088","47.583623835896226"],categories:[d,o,k,l,w,N]},"423":{id:62839,title:"The fire at Lucerne railway station",coordinates:["8.310234496055564","47.050732651544834"],categories:[c,h,q,b]},"426":{id:61754,title:"Everyday life at the border",coordinates:["8.43427927116486","47.566071717514234"],categories:[c,m,b]},"428":{id:61601,title:"Pistols sing the song of death",coordinates:["7.550981750939368","47.229039150549454"],categories:[d,e,k,b]},"431":{id:60388,title:"The White Hell of Piz Palü",coordinates:["10.019731159147735","46.408758105218546"],categories:[c,q,l,ax,b]},"434":{id:59872,title:"Suicide in the Bundesrat",coordinates:["7.441111834116102","46.94566320667018"],categories:[d,e,b]},"435":{id:59800,title:"In the retinue of the Three Wise Men",coordinates:["8.860190032510891","47.658864762131664"],categories:[r,o,w]},"439":{id:57443,title:"The Geneva Escalade",coordinates:["6.143882266627008","46.20391346682986"],categories:[d,m,b]},"441":{id:59201,title:"George, Martin, Nicholas – timeless humanity",coordinates:["8.27879901086302","46.86997260523346"],categories:[r,o,l,w]},"443":{id:58178,title:"Duel in the National Council",coordinates:["7.444226854228894","46.94620367700693"],categories:[d,e,k,b]},"444":{id:58462,title:"Poet-president in a snowstorm",coordinates:["7.445508318190947","46.94670625133001"],categories:[c,e,b]},"445":{id:57767,title:"Langenthal is in the Czech Republic",coordinates:["7.781270358230135","47.205159637375715"],categories:[S,d,h,b]},"456":{id:55594,title:"The last civilian execution",coordinates:["8.245464830158019","46.89610191767919"],categories:[c,e,Y,b]},"458":{id:55242,title:"Disinfected letters",coordinates:["7.5321352997033015","47.207911066705364"],categories:[c,h,k,b]},"459":{id:55433,title:"Shopping underground",coordinates:["8.539809430710664","47.37692040341055"],categories:[c,h,q,b]},"461":{id:53675,title:"The one and only Unus",coordinates:["6.628930910986359","46.52208953077699"],categories:[c,T,b]},"462":{id:53880,title:"The bogus Doctor Meyer",coordinates:["8.544397655824081","47.37241304382209"],categories:[d,e,m,k,b]},"464":{id:53607,title:"When Switzerland was still exporting ‘Crocodiles’",coordinates:["8.717902950999335","47.494084616728294"],categories:[c,h,p,b]},"466":{id:51893,title:"The Neuchâtel deal",coordinates:["6.926550887326785","46.99225888363414"],categories:[d,e,m,b]},"471":{id:49555,title:"The Ticino grotto",coordinates:["8.600661457672059","46.32070629521996"],categories:[d,c,k,K,b]},"473":{id:49378,title:"Mixed bathing beach: a ‘beach of shame’",coordinates:["8.42034946917759","47.02900169911981"],categories:[c,k,l,b]},"474":{id:48574,title:"Message in a bottle from the Katzensee",coordinates:["8.490885054598833","47.42908112158747"],categories:[d,h,q,K,C,b]},"476":{id:48893,title:"The sunken village",coordinates:["8.90387448358634","47.105788165099064"],categories:[c,h,p,e,b]},"481":{id:48475,title:"Around the world in ten years",coordinates:["7.720242186508095","47.14767608686453"],categories:[d,X,t,E,b]},"483":{id:48063,title:"Sempach 1940 – Souvenir des internés français",coordinates:["8.191421562479556","47.136800702003285"],categories:[c,e,m,k,t,b]},"484":{id:48344,title:"Swift ascent at Lake Constance",coordinates:["9.483125471334095","47.65066961233979"],categories:[c,p,z,b]},"485":{id:47967,title:"Serious crashes",coordinates:["9.378179964979621","47.57256980742223"],categories:[c,h,p,z,b]},"486":{id:48087,title:"The wheel",coordinates:["8.54826807983948","47.36485277809273"],categories:[S,p,b,at]},"487":{id:46928,title:"The ‘emigration’ savings model",coordinates:["7.899727562459002","47.305386906114876"],categories:[d,h,e,k,b]},"488":{id:46660,title:"The battle of Grandson",coordinates:["6.646785832065133","46.80961466578049"],categories:[r,e,m,b,j]},"489":{id:47761,title:"Uprising in the convent",coordinates:["7.589623204219025","47.5620035907949"],categories:[r,o,t,b]},"493":{id:45365,title:"The dream of flying",coordinates:["8.394712186508091","47.48357111968453"],categories:[c,p,b]},"494":{id:46971,title:"When Dutti bought a mountain railway",coordinates:["9.01912571719783","45.928265004892836"],categories:[c,h,p,q,b]},"497":{id:44690,title:"A treasure trove in a quarry",coordinates:["8.453262436831592","47.45779938986885"],categories:[c,h,p,b]},"498":{id:42455,title:"Mass exodus from Basel",coordinates:["7.593228697957622","47.58893580749744"],categories:[c,m,b,bv]},"500":{id:45486,title:"A song goes round the world",coordinates:["8.872125315100234","47.30945241984932"],categories:[c,e,l,bf,b]},"501":{id:45387,title:"Of photographers and hairdressers",coordinates:["6.626149803700393","46.52861679360786"],categories:[c,T,b]},"503":{id:45149,title:"Showdown at the Simplon",coordinates:["8.200724071336248","46.20778838309158"],categories:[c,e,m,b,az]},"504":{id:44790,title:"Dried peas instead of gold bars",coordinates:["7.462214964736132","46.935201322578024"],categories:[c,e,m,b]},"506":{id:44435,title:"A queen among the Green",coordinates:["7.618806648889396","47.53121331738926"],categories:[J,c,q,C,l,b]},"507":{id:44548,title:"Protected moorland instead of military training ground",coordinates:["8.67559036600839","47.10535609520894"],categories:[c,e,C,b]},"510":{id:44078,title:"The ‘kings’ of Geneva",coordinates:["6.111262113966337","46.196765482910315"],categories:[d,h,l,b]},"515":{id:42791,title:"Secret meeting in Ascona",coordinates:["8.766737534615288","46.15480352743201"],categories:[c,e,m,b]},"517":{id:41142,title:"Beastly good luck",coordinates:["7.459179720021143","46.94793370782054"],categories:[r,o,K,l,b]},"519":{id:42572,title:"The CX-52 cipher machine and an espionage scandal",coordinates:["8.487864808620804","47.191628421611014"],categories:[c,p,e,j]},"520":{id:42381,title:"Masterstroke on the Matterhorn",coordinates:["7.659577612146108","45.97671862081981"],categories:[c,C,G,T]},"521":{id:42351,title:"Johann Rudolf Schmid von Schwarzenhorn – a Swiss gentleman at the Sultan’s court",coordinates:["8.859081193404537","47.65953107591703"],categories:[d,e,l,b]},"529":{id:40965,title:"The floating bridge on Lake Zurich",coordinates:["8.638326425074862","47.26777546095982"],categories:[c,h,p,z,b]},"530":{id:40956,title:"The unifying element: ferries in Switzerland",coordinates:["9.381102377656546","47.56457527804861"],categories:[c,h,p,z,b]},"532":{id:40364,title:"Banged up in the schoolhouse basement",coordinates:["8.377093395535496","47.504590400635095"],categories:[c,e,m,k,l,b]},"534":{id:39766,title:"The milk supplier of Bulle",coordinates:["7.0578453464278565","46.61999039441536"],categories:[c,h,l,T]},"538":{id:39153,title:"The battle for Zaffaraya",coordinates:["7.442246027686396","46.93882204836993"],categories:[c,e,l,T]},"541":{id:37909,title:"Federal Councillor’s public appearance",coordinates:["7.440625090681625","46.95286754535826"],categories:[c,l,T]},"547":{id:37355,title:"Ticino during the Second World War",coordinates:["8.768694980208455","46.15377332868632"],categories:[c,e,m,k,b]},"550":{id:36707,title:"The birth and death of the Partisan Republic of Ossola",coordinates:["8.79098984176034","46.168446666710885"],categories:[c,m,b,az]},"552":{id:36622,title:"The lost film of Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein",coordinates:["6.514289539958757","46.66031768064267"],categories:[c,l,ax,b]},"557":{id:29647,title:"The synagogues of Lengnau and Endingen",coordinates:["8.330571369478378","47.52098173378306"],categories:[d,o,e,l,Z,b]},"558":{id:29275,title:"The influential Camilli of Avenches",coordinates:["7.05009145767206","46.88625767284379"],categories:[_,e,k,t,b]},"559":{id:29247,title:"The Rue du Parc synagogue in La Chaux-de-Fonds",coordinates:["6.824378456922412","47.10073386582366"],categories:[d,o,h,Z,b]},"560":{id:28809,title:"Over on Freigut!",coordinates:["8.530179346194979","47.368778314441734"],categories:[c,o,b]},"562":{id:28397,title:"The Rütli fan",coordinates:["8.592569765517684","46.96815694715676"],categories:[d,l,E,b]},"565":{id:28328,title:"Heidi in Japan",coordinates:["9.545393105673305","47.01329164276958"],categories:[c,q,l,E,b]},"568":{id:28173,title:"The Italian girls of Migros",coordinates:["9.031799097254291","45.83211383655591"],categories:[c,h,k,t,b]},"571":{id:26724,title:"The First Peace of Kappel",coordinates:["8.54518781349458","47.22161643323126"],categories:[d,o,m,b]},"572":{id:27306,title:"Humans and dogs",coordinates:["8.31510183842635","47.47822974063383"],categories:[S,_,C,b,at]},"577":{id:26319,title:"Art follows bombs",coordinates:["8.635392022206261","47.69504500062075"],categories:[c,e,m,l,w,b]},"580":{id:25896,title:"The ‘Kanton Übrig’ – Switzerland’s ‘leftover’ Canton",coordinates:["9.737966930706536","47.500834990582014"],categories:[c,e,b]},"581":{id:25437,title:"The national exhibition of 1939",coordinates:["8.53525520386648","47.35025519971764"],categories:[c,h,e,l,b]},"583":{id:25131,title:"The iconic Lake Constance and Rhine poster",coordinates:["8.869190818012642","47.65535787609419"],categories:[c,q,l,b]},"590":{id:24625,title:"The White Book of Sarnen",coordinates:["8.24523751098996","46.89611732280963"],categories:[r,e,l,E,b]},"598":{id:23043,title:"From romantic drama to art foundation",coordinates:["8.533396108636348","47.35774707394497"],categories:[d,l,w,b,N]},"599":{id:23110,title:"War refugees: the Italians in 1914",coordinates:["7.585951553813946","47.54857737254193"],categories:[c,e,m,b]},"601":{id:21811,title:"The creative lion tamer",coordinates:["8.537243005831572","47.37586498522959"],categories:[c,l,b]},"604":{id:22394,title:"Close the door!",coordinates:["8.77552682208852","47.33975091844123"],categories:[S,F,b,at]},"605":{id:21859,title:"From the pharmacy to the supermarket shelf",coordinates:["7.4363257826244595","46.936904659999705"],categories:[d,h,F,K,b]},"607":{id:21502,title:"Rivella – Whey makes it possible",coordinates:["8.81861410874511","47.2328002933342"],categories:[c,h,F,K,b]},"608":{id:21520,title:"From Buchenwald to the Zugerberg",coordinates:["8.533542261739573","47.144146540962716"],categories:[by,c,e,m]},"613":{id:20693,title:"Switzerland – a country without a capital",coordinates:["7.444122336602224","46.947276700916035"],categories:[d,e,b]},"617":{id:19147,title:"For peace in a time of war",coordinates:["8.542852147304561","47.36677145959467"],categories:[c,e,m,k,b]},"618":{id:19131,title:"SAFIR – an automobile from West Zurich",coordinates:["8.516907776601432","47.386226264036026"],categories:[c,h,p,l,b]},"619":{id:19013,title:"Instant coffee without the pot",coordinates:["6.834983607332073","46.467354277694945"],categories:[c,h,F,K,b]},"620":{id:19064,title:"Tripping",coordinates:["7.579874335069338","47.57268345699919"],categories:[c,F,k,b]},"622":{id:18903,title:"The oldest writing in Switzerland",coordinates:["8.84132","46.14471"],categories:[S,aP,l,b]},"626":{id:18275,title:"Wild dances: Village living after 1968",coordinates:["8.252470476620264","47.46003998053509"],categories:[c,e,k,l,b]},"629":{id:17487,title:"Football for all – but only for the last 50 years",coordinates:["8.505523121736662","47.38320442192086"],categories:[c,k,G,t,bx]},"630":{id:17300,title:"Born in 1218: Rudolf of Habsburg",coordinates:["8.180860655562324","47.46264493967111"],categories:[r,e,b]},"631":{id:16853,title:"The life of a woman in service for the upper classes",coordinates:["7.509618674642074","47.04783624807334"],categories:[d,h,k,t,b]},"638":{id:15201,title:"The long road to enlargement",coordinates:["8.540887106929231","47.37960638174552"],categories:[c,l,Z,bz,N]},"639":{id:15195,title:"A behind-the-scenes look at the National Museum circa 1973",coordinates:["8.539394805276256","47.37911897288779"],categories:[c,k,T,bz,N,j]},"640":{id:15169,title:"The National Museum on old postcards",coordinates:["8.539724073258311","47.379015783807404"],categories:[c,k,l,T,bz,j]},"641":{id:15163,title:"A tour of the National Museum around 1900",coordinates:["8.54032818476739","47.37885178646402"],categories:[c,l,bz,N,j]},"642":{id:15146,title:"The National Museum's opening parade in 1898",coordinates:["8.543220185513963","47.375442473899284"],categories:[c,l,N]},"645":{id:14017,title:"The Sun King's lady spy",coordinates:["6.906595414154314","47.01453033425777"],categories:[d,e,k,t,b]},"648":{id:13007,title:"Henry Dunant – A tragic hero",coordinates:["9.53142274694148","47.44335480472754"],categories:[d,e,m,b]},"649":{id:12805,title:"When Aarau became the capital city",coordinates:["8.049389644785393","47.39425981852997"],categories:[d,e,b]},"650":{id:11470,title:"The time the Bernese put their foot on the gas",coordinates:["7.4503271211978666","46.94797406826718"],categories:[d,h,p,e,k]},"651":{id:12327,title:"The vibrancy of Sechseläuten 100 years ago",coordinates:["8.546074275761969","47.3661510057608"],categories:[c,p,l,T]},"655":{id:11610,title:"Smuggling between Switzerland and Italy",coordinates:["8.926880728836116","45.891904934847304"],categories:[d,h,e,k,b]},"656":{id:10716,title:"The watch of Presidents",coordinates:["6.754250787070637","47.057591702944045"],categories:[c,h,p,e,gH,b]},"659":{id:10463,title:"ERMETH – Computer made in Switzerland",coordinates:["8.548453408638721","47.37836164475748"],categories:[c,p,b,N]},"660":{id:10014,title:"The bitter something",coordinates:["6.143163038192208","46.210399222181714"],categories:[d,c,h,K,b,gI]},"662":{id:9290,title:"From Obwalden straight to Mars",coordinates:["8.221255456758458","46.85985482720586"],categories:[c,h,F,j]},"667":{id:7462,title:"The gold-digger of Altstetten",coordinates:["8.48868966814578","47.391793921149215"],categories:[S,h,k,at,j]},"668":{id:1500,title:"Out of the blue sky",coordinates:["9.591469463319033","46.59643244427725"],categories:[c,h,F,q,b]},"677":{id:6754,title:"“Take Knorrli with you!”",coordinates:["8.492396516354594","46.31678776117972"],categories:[c,k,K,l,gI,j]},"679":{id:6161,title:"Material and magic – “Zwingli’s helmet” on a journey through time",coordinates:["8.543298461183225","47.36948353041451"],categories:[r,o,m,N,j]},"687":{id:6300,title:"Mystery of the St. Gallen Globe solved",coordinates:["9.377168507137585","47.42371495752149"],categories:[d,o,F,p,j]},"688":{id:6652,title:"The Register of Benefactors – an Early Modern book of sponsors",coordinates:["8.751506755773105","47.12668948539154"],categories:[d,o,w]},"690":{id:cU,title:f_,coordinates:[fX,fW],categories:[c,e,m,az,bv]},"692":{id:6065,title:"Züriputsch",coordinates:["8.539263107508427","47.36980948380067"],categories:[d,e,m,j,bv]},"693":{id:1332,title:"A window on a supernatural helper",coordinates:["7.592460114272547","47.556462807114144"],categories:[r,o,e]},"695":{id:4881,title:"Landi Chair",coordinates:["7.6309561458866435","47.54462372499823"],categories:[c,h,k,w,j]},"700":{id:1388,title:"A Swiss watch on the moon",coordinates:["7.2599381298412","47.143736100838574"],categories:[c,h,F,k]},"707":{id:2274,title:"A heavyweight of cultural history",coordinates:["8.736235886484117","47.69129692071414"],categories:[r,o,l,w]},"715":{id:2064,title:"Revulsion and surveillance",coordinates:["7.436072445995242","46.95048622445339"],categories:[c,as]},"717":{id:1535,title:"A medieval riddle",coordinates:["8.856914012451645","47.194689059898785"],categories:[r,o,j]},"721":{id:1324,title:"Russian Egg Cult",coordinates:["8.60270026069834","47.675692348192065"],categories:[c,o,as,w]},"722":{id:894,title:"Bumpy conditions on Switzerland's public transport",coordinates:["7.50675227529083","47.25409661814108"],categories:[d,q,z,j]},"723":{id:1167,title:"By train to the revolution",coordinates:["8.539633403796815","47.37812816530344"],categories:[c,e,as]},"724":{id:932,title:"Part 2: Tourists, Convalescents, Students and Soldiers",coordinates:["7.471720312820528","46.88163987446494"],categories:[c,e,as,t,126]},"726":{id:882,title:"Lenin’s writing desk",coordinates:["8.544955436459746","47.37196653834068"],categories:[c,as,N]},"727":{id:313,title:"An unusual Sleeping Beauty",coordinates:["7.80377433343193","46.310837894467696"],categories:[r,o,j]},"728":{id:501,title:"Magic in Palaeolithic times",coordinates:["8.640000462183206","47.7239622822435"],categories:[S,w,at,j]},"729":{id:90559,title:"How the 'Röstigraben' came to be",coordinates:["7.772132743394565","47.30486361051351"],categories:[S,k,l,gD]}},categories:{"20":{name:"Antike",count:u},"30":{name:"Mittelalter",count:u},"56":{name:"Frühzeit",count:u},"61":{name:"Neuzeit",count:u}}}},{blockName:"acf\u002Fpopular-posts",blockData:{posts:[{id:cY,type:v,link:gJ,snm_model:{categories:[{parent:g,order:$,id:c,name:ad,description:a,slug:ae,taxonomy:f,permalink:ak},{parent:{parent:g,order:I,id:h,name:L,description:a,slug:M,taxonomy:f,permalink:R},order:y,id:q,name:cK,description:a,slug:cL,taxonomy:f,permalink:cM}],primaryCategory:q,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:gB,longitude:gA},id:cY,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:a,link:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fadi-kaelin\u002F",portrait:{id:123313,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fadi-kaelin.jpg",alt:"Adi Kaelin",title:"Adi-Kaelin",height:al,width:al,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fadi-kaelin-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fadi-kaelin-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fadi-kaelin-160x160.jpg 160w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fadi-kaelin-320x320.jpg 320w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fadi-kaelin.jpg 400w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fadi-kaelin-300x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fadi-kaelin-320x320.jpg"},id:224,name:"Adi Kälin",description:"Adi Kälin is a historian and freelance journalist."},language:A,availableLanguages:{de:{single:"der-streit-um-die-rigikrankheit"},fr:{single:"la-controverse-autour-de-la-maladie-du-rigi"}},slug:"visiting-the-rigi-used-to-make-people-ill-why",title:gz,excerpt:"120 years ago, many people complained of severe diarrhoea and vomiting following a visit to the Rigi. For a long time, people blamed the ‘Rigikrankheit’ (as the condition was known) on the mountain air, until a high profile defamation trial uncovered a major environmental scandal.",postType:v,permalink:gJ,thumbnail:{id:153996,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Frigi-kulm-postkarte.jpg",alt:"Tourists on the Rigi. Postcard from 1910.",title:"Rigi-Kulm-Postkarte",height:s,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:W,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fpermalink.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F100381407"},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Frigi-kulm-postkarte-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Frigi-kulm-postkarte-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Frigi-kulm-postkarte-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Frigi-kulm-postkarte-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Frigi-kulm-postkarte-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Frigi-kulm-postkarte-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Frigi-kulm-postkarte-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Frigi-kulm-postkarte-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Frigi-kulm-postkarte.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Frigi-kulm-postkarte-300x225.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Frigi-kulm-postkarte-320x320.jpg"},date:1729584000,readableDate:"22.10.2024",modifiedDate:1728489694,readableModifiedDate:a,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a}},{id:cX,type:v,link:gK,snm_model:{categories:[{parent:g,order:$,id:c,name:ad,description:a,slug:ae,taxonomy:f,permalink:ak},{parent:g,order:O,id:e,name:P,description:a,slug:Q,taxonomy:f,permalink:U},{parent:{parent:g,order:O,id:e,name:P,description:a,slug:Q,taxonomy:f,permalink:U},order:y,id:m,name:fT,description:a,slug:fU,taxonomy:f,permalink:fV},{parent:{parent:g,order:aw,id:k,name:aG,description:a,slug:aH,taxonomy:f,permalink:aZ},order:y,id:Y,name:"Crime",description:a,slug:"crime",taxonomy:f,permalink:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fsociety\u002Fcrime\u002F"}],primaryCategory:Y,comments:[{id:"7877",date:"24. Oktober 2024",time:"11:45",author:"Dora Bruder",note:"Spannende Geschichte, danke, Nationalmuseum!\r\n\r\nDer Film ... na ja, Schweizer Schauspieler, die bringen es einfach nicht. Schade. Aber immerhin ein toller Blogbeitrag! :)",replies:[]}],coordinates:{latitude:gy,longitude:gx},id:cX,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:a,link:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fernst-ziegler\u002F",portrait:{id:154883,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-ziegler.jpg",alt:c$,title:c$,height:gL,width:gL,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-ziegler-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-ziegler-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-ziegler-160x160.jpg 160w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-ziegler-320x320.jpg 320w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-ziegler.jpg 334w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-ziegler-300x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-ziegler-320x320.jpg"},id:253,name:c$,description:"Dr Ernst Ziegler was municipal archivist of St. Gallen from 1971 to 2003 and taught legal history at the universities of Zurich and St. Gallen."},language:A,availableLanguages:{fr:{single:"lexecution-dernst-s"},de:{single:"die-erschiessung-des-ernst-s"}},slug:"the-execution-of-ernst-s",title:gw,excerpt:"During the Second World War, Ernst Schrämli from St. Gallen was sentenced to death for spying and executed on 10 November 1942 in a small wood in eastern Switzerland. Schrämli had relayed military secrets and information to a German agent. ",postType:v,permalink:gK,thumbnail:{id:154862,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-s-aufnahmen-titel.jpg",alt:gM,title:gM,height:s,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:"Swiss Federal Archives",url:"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.recherche.bar.admin.ch\u002Frecherche\u002F#\u002Fen\u002Farchive\u002Funit\u002F31058700"},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-s-aufnahmen-titel-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-s-aufnahmen-titel-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-s-aufnahmen-titel-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-s-aufnahmen-titel-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-s-aufnahmen-titel-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-s-aufnahmen-titel-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-s-aufnahmen-titel-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-s-aufnahmen-titel-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-s-aufnahmen-titel.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-s-aufnahmen-titel-300x225.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fernst-s-aufnahmen-titel-320x320.jpg"},date:1729756800,readableDate:"24.10.2024",modifiedDate:1729692319,readableModifiedDate:a,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a}},{id:gN,type:v,link:gO,snm_model:{categories:[{parent:{parent:g,order:y,id:da,name:gP,description:a,slug:gQ,taxonomy:f,permalink:gR},order:y,id:c_,name:"Bodies in the Middle Ages",description:a,slug:"bodies-in-the-middle-ages",taxonomy:f,permalink:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fexhibitions\u002Fbodies-in-the-middle-ages\u002F"},{parent:g,order:db,id:r,name:gS,description:a,slug:gT,taxonomy:f,permalink:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fmiddle-ages\u002F"},{parent:g,order:aJ,id:o,name:aK,description:a,slug:aL,taxonomy:f,permalink:ba},{parent:g,order:bd,id:l,name:bq,description:a,slug:br,taxonomy:f,permalink:cN}],primaryCategory:c_,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:a,longitude:a},id:gN,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:a,link:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fvalerie\u002F",portrait:{id:149458,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fvl-autorbild.jpg",alt:a,title:"VL Autorbild",height:5463,width:4160,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fvl-autorbild-228x300.jpg 228w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fvl-autorbild-1170x1536.jpg 1170w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fvl-autorbild-1560x2048.jpg 1560w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fvl-autorbild-343x450.jpg 343w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fvl-autorbild-571x750.jpg 571w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fvl-autorbild-685x900.jpg 685w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fvl-autorbild-457x600.jpg 457w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fvl-autorbild-1142x1500.jpg 1142w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fvl-autorbild-1371x1800.jpg 1371w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fvl-autorbild-914x1200.jpg 914w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fvl-autorbild-228x300.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fvl-autorbild-320x320.jpg"},id:242,name:"Valérie Lüthi",description:"Valérie Lüthi is a historian and Germanist, specializing in the Middle Ages and the 20th century"},language:A,availableLanguages:{de:{single:"sexualitaet-im-mittelalter"},fr:{single:"la-sexualite-au-moyen-age"}},slug:"sexuality-in-the-middle-ages",title:"Sexuality in the Middle Ages",excerpt:"If we hazard a look at the medieval era, we discover a history of sexuality that is far more multilayered than we might at first have imagined. While the Christian church sought to extend its influence into private bedchambers, ‘lascivious’ attitudes and practices stood in the way of its ambitions.",postType:v,permalink:gO,thumbnail:{id:148614,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-5.jpg",alt:gU,title:gU,height:s,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:au,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_by_Bosch_High_Resolution.jpg?uselang=en"},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-5-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-5-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-5-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-5-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-5-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-5-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-5-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-5-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-5.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-5-300x225.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fblog-titelbild-5-320x320.jpg"},date:1718262000,readableDate:"13.06.2024",modifiedDate:1718384729,readableModifiedDate:"14.06.2024",seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a}},{id:cZ,type:v,link:gV,snm_model:{categories:[{parent:{parent:g,order:y,id:da,name:gP,description:a,slug:gQ,taxonomy:f,permalink:gR},order:y,id:J,name:"Royals",description:a,slug:"royals-en",taxonomy:f,permalink:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fexhibitions\u002Froyals-en\u002F"},{parent:g,order:$,id:c,name:ad,description:a,slug:ae,taxonomy:f,permalink:ak},{parent:g,order:aJ,id:o,name:aK,description:a,slug:aL,taxonomy:f,permalink:ba},{parent:g,order:O,id:e,name:P,description:a,slug:Q,taxonomy:f,permalink:U},{parent:{parent:g,order:O,id:e,name:P,description:a,slug:Q,taxonomy:f,permalink:U},order:y,id:X,name:cc,description:a,slug:cd,taxonomy:f,permalink:ce},{parent:{parent:g,order:bt,id:be,name:bu,description:a,slug:aO,taxonomy:f,permalink:cS},order:y,id:bw,name:"Personalities",description:"The history of a region or a country is the history of the people who live or lived there. This series presents several personalities who have shaped the course of Swiss history. Some are better known, some almost forgotten. The stories are taken from the book \"Quel est le salaud qui m'a poussé? Cent figures de l'histoire Suisse\", published in 2016 by Frédéric Rossi and Christophe Vuilleumier at inFolio.",slug:"personalities",taxonomy:f,permalink:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fseries\u002Fpersonalities\u002F"}],primaryCategory:J,comments:[],coordinates:{latitude:gG,longitude:gF},id:cZ,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:a,link:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fmurielle-schlup\u002F",portrait:{id:12579,url:gW,alt:a,title:"murielle-schlup",height:gX,width:gX,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F04\u002Fmurielle-schlup-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F04\u002Fmurielle-schlup-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F04\u002Fmurielle-schlup.jpg 521w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F04\u002Fmurielle-schlup-300x300.jpg",square:gW},id:j,name:"Murielle Schlup",description:"Freelance art historian and cultural scientist"},language:A,availableLanguages:{fr:{single:"lempereur-haile-selassie-dieu-des-rastafariens"},de:{single:"kaiser-haile-selassie-gott-der-rastafaris"}},slug:"emperor-haile-selassie-god-of-the-rastafarians",title:gE,excerpt:gY,postType:v,permalink:gV,thumbnail:{id:88968,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fhaile-selassie-in-der-schweiz-titel.jpg",alt:gZ,title:gZ,height:s,width:x,focus:{x:i,y:i},source:{title:W,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fpermalink.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F100694819 "},srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fhaile-selassie-in-der-schweiz-titel-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fhaile-selassie-in-der-schweiz-titel-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fhaile-selassie-in-der-schweiz-titel-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fhaile-selassie-in-der-schweiz-titel-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fhaile-selassie-in-der-schweiz-titel-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fhaile-selassie-in-der-schweiz-titel-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fhaile-selassie-in-der-schweiz-titel-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fhaile-selassie-in-der-schweiz-titel-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fhaile-selassie-in-der-schweiz-titel.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fhaile-selassie-in-der-schweiz-titel-300x225.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fhaile-selassie-in-der-schweiz-titel-320x320.jpg"},date:1643356800,readableDate:"28.01.2022",modifiedDate:1643009397,readableModifiedDate:a,seoTitle:a,seoDescription:gY}}]}},{blockName:"acf\u002Fteaser",blockData:{title:"Suggest a topic",text:"Do you know an exciting story or would you like an article on a specific topic? Write us! If possible, we will implement your suggestion.",email:{label:"Write us at blog@nationalmuseum.ch",address:"blog@nationalmuseum.ch"},background:gv}}],snm_model:{id:cI,author:{title:a,mail:cz,website:a,link:cA,portrait:{id:cB,url:aN,alt:a,title:cC,height:ac,width:ac,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:cD,poster:cE,square:aN},id:cF,name:bo,description:cG},language:A,availableLanguages:{de:{single:"https-blog-nationalmuseum-ch"},fr:{single:"home-2"}},slug:ft,title:fv,excerpt:a,postType:bp,permalink:fu,thumbnail:u,date:1540894449,readableDate:"30.10.2018",modifiedDate:1725920755,readableModifiedDate:gb,seoTitle:"Swiss history blog - Swiss national museum",seoDescription:"The Swiss National Museum’s blog provides information about historical events, presents objects from the past or places topical news in a historical context. Alongside employees of the museum, guest writers have their say."}},notFound:{id:dc,date:"2020-09-01T11:30:44",slug:g_,type:bp,link:g$,title:{rendered:ha},content:{rendered:"\n\n\n\n",protected:n},excerpt:{rendered:a,protected:n},yoast_head:"\u003C!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v23.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\u002F\u002Fyoast.com\u002Fwordpress\u002Fplugins\u002Fseo\u002F --\u003E\n\u003Ctitle\u003EArticle not found – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\u003C\u002Ftitle\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Article not found – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Farticle-not-found\u002F\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FLandesmuseumZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-09-18T05:56:26+00:00\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cmeta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LMZurich\" \u002F\u003E\n\u003Cscript type=\"application\u002Fld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\"\u003E{\"@context\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fschema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Farticle-not-found\u002F\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Farticle-not-found\u002F\",\"name\":\"Article not found – Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2020-09-01T09:30:44+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-09-18T05:56:26+00:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Farticle-not-found\u002F\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F#website\",\"url\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F\",\"name\":\"Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog\",\"description\":\"Background and stories about the collection and exhibition\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002F?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"de-CH\"}]}\u003C\u002Fscript\u003E\n\u003C!-- \u002F Yoast SEO Premium plugin. --\u003E",lang:A,translations:{en:dc,de:53162,fr:53173},snm_blocks:[{blockName:dA,blockData:{image:{id:53189,url:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffrau-sucht-schluessel-new.jpg",alt:a,title:"frau-sucht-schluessel-new",height:640,width:x,focus:{x:j,y:j},source:n,srcset:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffrau-sucht-schluessel-new-300x120.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffrau-sucht-schluessel-new-1536x614.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffrau-sucht-schluessel-new-450x180.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffrau-sucht-schluessel-new-750x300.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffrau-sucht-schluessel-new-900x360.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffrau-sucht-schluessel-new-600x240.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffrau-sucht-schluessel-new-1500x600.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffrau-sucht-schluessel-new-1200x480.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffrau-sucht-schluessel-new.jpg 1600w",poster:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffrau-sucht-schluessel-new-300x120.jpg",square:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ffrau-sucht-schluessel-new-320x320.jpg"},caption:" ",source:[n]}},{blockName:ag,blockData:{title:"Article not found",size:ah}},{blockName:D,blockData:{text:"Unfortunately, the page you are trying to access is unavailable. Please navigate to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F\"\u003Ehome page\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or use the article search instead."}}],snm_model:{id:dc,author:{title:a,mail:a,website:a,link:"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fwhatwedo\u002F",portrait:{src:"https:\u002F\u002Fsecure.gravatar.com\u002Favatar\u002Ffc4d52f6f94281d1ea4b92a6d126aa9c?s=300&d=mm&r=g"},id:as,name:"whatwedo",description:a},language:A,availableLanguages:{de:{single:"artikel-nicht-gefunden"},fr:{single:"article-introuvable"}},slug:g_,title:ha,excerpt:a,postType:bp,permalink:g$,thumbnail:u,date:1598959844,readableDate:"01.09.2020",modifiedDate:1600415786,readableModifiedDate:"18.09.2020",seoTitle:a,seoDescription:a}}},menu:{categorySuggestions:[{title:"Time",categories:[{term_id:S,name:"Protohistory",slug:"protohistory",term_group:u,term_taxonomy_id:S,taxonomy:f,description:a,parent:u,count:19,filter:V,term_order:hb,order:hb},{term_id:_,name:"Classical antiquity",slug:"classical-antiquity",term_group:u,term_taxonomy_id:_,taxonomy:f,description:a,parent:u,count:23,filter:V,term_order:hc,order:hc},{term_id:r,name:gS,slug:gT,term_group:u,term_taxonomy_id:r,taxonomy:f,description:a,parent:u,count:69,filter:V,term_order:db,order:db},{term_id:d,name:ai,slug:aj,term_group:u,term_taxonomy_id:d,taxonomy:f,description:a,parent:u,count:295,filter:V,term_order:ab,order:ab},{term_id:c,name:ad,slug:ae,term_group:u,term_taxonomy_id:c,taxonomy:f,description:a,parent:u,count:403,filter:V,term_order:$,order:$}]},{title:"Topic",categories:[{term_id:o,name:aK,slug:aL,term_group:u,term_taxonomy_id:o,taxonomy:f,description:a,parent:u,count:76,filter:V,term_order:"8",order:aJ},{term_id:h,name:L,slug:M,term_group:u,term_taxonomy_id:h,taxonomy:f,description:a,parent:u,count:162,filter:V,term_order:"10",order:I},{term_id:e,name:P,slug:Q,term_group:u,term_taxonomy_id:e,taxonomy:f,description:a,parent:u,count:250,filter:V,term_order:"6",order:O},{term_id:k,name:aG,slug:aH,term_group:u,term_taxonomy_id:k,taxonomy:f,description:a,parent:u,count:193,filter:V,term_order:"7",order:aw},{term_id:l,name:bq,slug:br,term_group:u,term_taxonomy_id:l,taxonomy:f,description:a,parent:u,count:183,filter:V,term_order:"9",order:bd}]},{title:"Format",categories:[{term_id:by,name:"Review",slug:"review",term_group:u,term_taxonomy_id:by,taxonomy:f,description:a,parent:da,count:16,filter:V,term_order:aw,order:"23"},{term_id:b,name:aV,slug:aW,term_group:u,term_taxonomy_id:b,taxonomy:f,description:a,parent:u,count:al,filter:V,term_order:I,order:aU},{term_id:be,name:bu,slug:aO,term_group:u,term_taxonomy_id:be,taxonomy:f,description:a,parent:u,count:24,filter:V,term_order:"16",order:bt},{term_id:hd,name:"Podcast",slug:"podcast-en",term_group:u,term_taxonomy_id:hd,taxonomy:f,description:a,parent:u,count:1,filter:V,term_order:bd,order:"24"}]}]},footer:{address:"Landesmuseum Zürich\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\r\nMuseumstrasse 2\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\r\nP.O. Box\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\r\n8021 Zurich\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"mailto:info@nationalmuseum.ch\"\u003Einfo@nationalmuseum.ch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalmuseum.ch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003Ewww.nationalmuseum.ch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\r\n\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\r\nDesign: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.dreipol.ch\u002F\"\u003Edreipol\u003C\u002Fa\u003E | Realisation: \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwhatwedo.ch\"\u003Ewhatwedo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",description:"Three museums – the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.landesmuseum.ch\u002Fen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003ENational Museum Zurich\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.chateaudeprangins.ch\u002Fen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EChâteau de Prangins\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.forumschwyz.ch\u002Fen\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EForum of Swiss History Schwyz\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – as well as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sammlungszentrum.ch\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003ECollection Centre\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Affoltern am Albis – are united under the umbrella of the Swiss National Museum (SNM).\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\r\n\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Ffeed\u002F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003ERSS-Feed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\r\n\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\r\n\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fprivacy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003EPrivacy policy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",links:[]},series:{seriesOverviewPage:{slug:aO},excludedSeriesCategory:{slug:aO}},translations:{latestPosts:"Latest posts",allPosts:"All posts",morePosts:"More posts",furtherPosts:"Further posts",popularPosts:"Popular posts",postsBy:"Posts by",teaserMore:"to the article",readMoreExcerpt:"read more",bannerNewestPost:"New post:",comments:"Comments",moreComments:"Load more comments",sendComment:"Send comment",addComment:"Add a comment",addAnswer:"Add your answer",emailAddress:"Email address",commentatorName:"Name",answer:"answer",abort:"abort",commentThankYou:"Thank you, your comment will be reviewed by us and then activated.",close:"Close",home:"Homepage",searchButton:he,search:he,searchBlog:"Search blog",skipLink:"Skip to content",loadingText:"Content is loading",contentLoadedText:"was loaded",postsFound:"found for the term %",moreOf:"More of",allCategories:"All categories",showAllCategories:"Show all categories",addressTitle:"Address & contact",name:W,more:"More",less:"Less",publishedAt:"Published on:",modifiedAt:"Modified on:",websiteLabel:"Website:",emailLabel:"E-mail:",newsletterTitle:gs,newsletterText:gt,newsletterPlaceholder:gu,wantsMuseumNewsletter:"I would also like to receive the museum newsletter with information on exhibitions and events.",subscribe:"Subscribe",newsletterEmailErrorMessage:"Please enter a valid email address to continue.",newsletterListSelection:"Please select the museum for which you would like to receive information.",newsletterThankYou:"Thank you! In order to complete your subscription, please click on the confirmation link in the e-mail that we have just sent to you.",newsletterLMZ:"National Museum Zurich (german)",newsletterFSGS:"Forum Schweizer Geschichte Schwyz (german)",newsletterCDP:"Château de Prangins (french)",newsletterExhibitions:a,newsletterEventsAndTours:a,newsletterGarden:a,newsletterBoutique:a,newsletterEmailVerificationLinkSent:"An e-mail with a verification link has already been sent to this e-mail address.",newsletterEmailAlreadySubscribed:"This email address is already registered. To also receive the blog newsletter, click on «Adjust settings» in the newsletter of the Swiss National Museum, which you received at this address.",previewNotFoundTitle:"Preview not found",previewNotFoundText:"The preview has expired or could not be found",imageOf:"Image % of",backButton:"Back",sliderLeft:"To the left",sliderRight:"To the right",mapSearch:"Search location",mapBackgroundTitle:"Select background",mapBackgroundBasis:"Classic map",mapBackgroundSatellite:"Satellite image",mapBackgroundHistory:"Historic map",mapFilterTitle:"mapFilterTitle",mapFilterAll:"mapFilterAll"}},menu:{visible:n},adminBar:{visible:n},banner:{visible:bj},nonce:"0838a8cc93",i18nTransition:n,author:{authors:[]},category:{categories:[]},comment:{comments:[]},post:{post:bA,posts:[bA,ed,es,eT,fm]},route:{name:"single___en",path:dd,hash:a,query:{},params:{year:"2021",month:"01",single:bC},fullPath:dd,meta:{},from:{name:g,path:de,hash:a,query:{},params:{},fullPath:de,meta:{}}},i18n:{routeParams:ec}},serverRendered:bj,routePath:dd,config:{algoliaApiKey:"QAQEHLLWP9",algoliaApplicationId:"94b5ff7e52342d74d0962965962016e1",_app:{basePath:de,assetsPath:"\u002F_nuxt\u002F",cdnURL:g}}}}("",799,85,62,105,"category",null,80,"50",50,132,798,117,false,75,486,110,59,1200,10866,0,"post",94,1600,"0",39551,"en","acf\u002Fimage",97,"acf\u002Ftext",120,89,134,"regular","12",38183,128,"Economy","economy",82,"13","Politics","politics","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Feconomy\u002F",84,123,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fpolitics\u002F","raw","Swiss National Museum",38674,42425,40622,57,"5",600,"4",1000,"20th \u002F 21st century","20-21-century","snm\u002Fclassic","acf\u002Ftitle","h2","Modern Age","modern-age","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002F20-21-century\u002F",400,"Library of Congress","The White House Historical Association","small","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fmodern-age\u002F",143,33376,114,53,"Wikimedia","Local workers and a supervisor dressed in ‘colonial whites’ at a cocoa drying area run by the Basel Mission Trading Company in Accra in what is now Ghana (1904\u002F1905).","14",42250,39239,42809,"The Metropolitan Museum of Art",500,"Thomas Jefferson, 1800.","James Madison, 1816.","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F03\u002Ficon-1.jpg","Pascale Meyer","Society","society","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F02\u002FKoci_Autorin.jpg","11","Religion","religion-en","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F05\u002FBanknote-der-Northampton-Bank.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F04\u002FS.jpg","series",40263,41213,40465,"acf\u002Ftitle-fullbleed","Albert Gallatin, around 1803, in a portrait by Gilbert Stuart.","21","Article","article",157206,"Mission 21, Bestand der Basler Mission","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fsociety\u002F","The Constitution of the United States with its famous preamble ‘We the People’ (left), and an excerpt from the Swiss Federal Constitution of 1848.",2500,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Freligion-en\u002F","Banknote issued by Northampton Bank for 5 thalers, Lecha County, Pennsylvania, 1836","The new CHF 20 note.","15",139,35740,"_blank","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Farticle\u002F","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fcocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began\u002F",true,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FSchweiz_anderswo_Titel.jpg","Petra Koci",300,429,"Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum","page","Culture","culture","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F07\u002Fvan-orsouw-autor.jpg","22","Series",645,32953,37286,156,1397,{},62327,"albert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father","Philadelphia, Pennsylvania around 1787, how it looked when Gallatin was there.","Alexander Hamilton, around 1805.","acf\u002Fquote","acf\u002Fimage-column","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.whitehousehistory.org\u002Fphotos\u002Fjames-madison","Ruins of the US Capitol after the British attempted to burn the building in the War of 1812.","The infamous “Five Points” intersection in Manhattan, 1827.","Albert Gallatin around 1848.","cocoa-in-ghana-how-it-all-began","Cocoa in Ghana: how it all began",156734,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel.jpg 1600w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-300x225.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fkakao-trockenplatz-titel-320x320.jpg","Ghana is the world’s largest producer of cocoa. Pre-independence, the Basel Mission was one of the players making money from the cocoa trade in the Gold Coast region. It ran an agricultural research station there from the middle of the 19th century and attempted to cultivate the cocoa plant ‒ with varying degrees of success.","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fpascale\u002F",983,1042,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F03\u002Ficon-1-288x300.jpg 288w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F03\u002Ficon-1-768x800.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F03\u002Ficon-1-983x1024.jpg 983w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F03\u002Ficon-1.jpg 1000w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F03\u002Ficon-1-288x300.jpg",8,"Historian and curator at the Swiss national museum","Fruit and seed of the cocoa tree. The dried nibs can be turned into cocoa mass, the basic ingredient of chocolate.","Memorial to cocoa pioneer Tetteh Quarshie in Mampong, Ghana.","Sacks of cocoa being organised for further transport in what is now Ghana.","School mural depicting cocoa farming, between 1900 and 1950.","Colonialism","colonialism","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fpolitics\u002Fcolonialism\u002F",62110,"Switzerland and the USA: sister republics","At first glance, the USA and Switzerland seem like two very different countries. But a look back at their shared history springs a few surprises. It shows how closely the political systems of the two nations are related to one another.","John Locke, 1697.","Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, 1728.","Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, around 1799.","Emer de Vattel, around 1760.","Jean-Jacques Rousseau, around 1763.","John Adams, around 1792.","The Swiss woman (standing on the rock and dressed in traditional costume) recommends the referendum to her sisters the USA, Germany, France and Great Britain (from left to right). Drawing in the magazine The Cosmopolitan, No XV\u002F3 (July 1893).","The political system of the USA (thin arrows indicate rights of confirmation or veto).","Campaign poster for a California referendum on legalising cannabis, 1972.",24416,"Switzerland elsewhere",2285,"The Rütli Oath on an American banknote",1097,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F05\u002FBanknote-der-Northampton-Bank-300x132.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F05\u002FBanknote-der-Northampton-Bank-768x337.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F05\u002FBanknote-der-Northampton-Bank-1024x449.jpg 1024w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F05\u002FBanknote-der-Northampton-Bank-1500x658.jpg 1500w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F05\u002FBanknote-der-Northampton-Bank-300x132.jpg","In May 2019, the Swiss National Bank launched the new CHF 20 note. Anyone expecting to see William Tell or the Rütli Oath on it will be disappointed. The main element of the new note is light. Actually, the Rütli Oath has already featured on a banknote – albeit an American one.","socialmedia@nationalmuseum.ch","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fschweizerisches-nationalmuseum\u002F",12366,"S","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F04\u002FS-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F04\u002FS-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F04\u002FS-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F04\u002FS.jpg 1000w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F04\u002FS-300x300.jpg",5,"The Swiss National Museum is Switzerland’s most visited museum of cultural history.","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.snb.ch\u002Fen\u002Fiabout\u002Fcash\u002Fseries9\u002Fdesign_series9\u002Fid\u002Fcash_series9_design_20",21881,148538,"Tourism","tourism","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Feconomy\u002Ftourism\u002F","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fculture\u002F",87425,"Technology","technology","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Feconomy\u002Ftechnology\u002F","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fseries\u002F","Alexander Rechsteiner",5780,156124,156033,155689,155075,89986,42122,"Ernst Ziegler",42116,"3",53170,"\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Falbert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father\u002F","\u002F","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Falbert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father\u002F","Albert Gallatin: A Swiss Founding Father",62306,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falbert-gallatin1803.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.metmuseum.org\u002Fart\u002Fcollection\u002Fsearch\u002F12658 ","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falbert-gallatin1803-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falbert-gallatin1803-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falbert-gallatin1803-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falbert-gallatin1803-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falbert-gallatin1803-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falbert-gallatin1803-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falbert-gallatin1803-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falbert-gallatin1803-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falbert-gallatin1803.jpg 1600w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falbert-gallatin1803-300x225.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Falbert-gallatin1803-320x320.jpg","Albert Gallatin (1761-1849) is often referred to as “America’s Swiss Founding Father” by historians due to his significant contributions to American government, finance, diplomacy, and cultural life. ","worldhistory.org","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldhistory.org","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fjames-wiener\u002F",53206,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames-blake-wiener.jpeg","james-blake-wiener","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames-blake-wiener-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames-blake-wiener-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames-blake-wiener-450x450.jpeg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames-blake-wiener-160x160.jpeg 160w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames-blake-wiener-320x320.jpeg 320w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames-blake-wiener.jpeg 500w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames-blake-wiener-300x300.jpeg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames-blake-wiener-320x320.jpeg",115,"James Blake Wiener","James Blake Wiener is a world historian, Co-Founder of World History Encyclopedia, writer, and PR specialist, who has taught as a professor in Europe and North America.","acf\u002Fimage-fullbleed","General George Washington crossing the Delaware on December 26, 1776","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.metmuseum.org\u002Fart\u002Fcollection\u002Fsearch\u002F20011777","https:\u002F\u002Flccn.loc.gov\u002F2004671556 ","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.whitehousehistory.org\u002Fphotos\u002Ffotoware?id=B93C68B3FA954DC2%20B529E79D217670FD ","Albert Gallatin",61036,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fthomas-jefferson.jpg",1433,"31.1","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.whitehousehistory.org\u002Fbios\u002Fthomas-jefferson ","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fthomas-jefferson-251x300.jpg 251w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fthomas-jefferson-377x450.jpg 377w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fthomas-jefferson-628x750.jpg 628w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fthomas-jefferson-754x900.jpg 754w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fthomas-jefferson-502x600.jpg 502w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fthomas-jefferson-1005x1200.jpg 1005w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fthomas-jefferson.jpg 1200w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fthomas-jefferson-251x300.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fthomas-jefferson-320x320.jpg","Treaty between the United States of America and the French Republic ceding the province of Louisiana to the United States",61030,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames_madison.jpg",1460,"30.1","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames_madison-247x300.jpg 247w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames_madison-370x450.jpg 370w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames_madison-616x750.jpg 616w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames_madison-740x900.jpg 740w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames_madison-493x600.jpg 493w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames_madison-986x1200.jpg 986w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames_madison.jpg 1200w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames_madison-247x300.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Fjames_madison-320x320.jpg","http:\u002F\u002Floc.gov\u002Fpictures\u002Fresource\u002Fppmsca.02160\u002F ","The signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December 1814","Smithsonian American Art Museum","https:\u002F\u002Famericanart.si.edu\u002Fartwork\u002Fsigning-treaty-ghent-christmas-eve-1814-8473 ","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.metmuseum.org\u002Fart\u002Fcollection\u002Fsearch\u002F20891","Gallatin's map of the areas of influence of North American Native American tribes around 1600","https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:First_Nation_Control_over_North_America_about_1600_AD.jpg","http:\u002F\u002Fhdl.loc.gov\u002Floc.pnp\u002Fcph.3a52674",{},{},"https:\u002F\u002Fcommons.wikimedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Theobroma_cacao_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-137.jpg ","Philipp Kessler","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bmarchives.org\u002Fitems\u002Fshow\u002F84437","Research","research","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Feconomy\u002Fresearch\u002F","Nature","nature-en","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fsociety\u002Fnature-en\u002F","aux-origines-de-la-culture-du-cacao-au-ghana","kakao-in-ghana-das-raetsel-um-den-zuchterfolg",1732176000,"21.11.2024",1732032661,{},"switzerland-and-the-usa-sister-republics","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F01\u002Fswitzerland-and-the-usa-sister-republics\u002F",60962,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-verfassungen-ch-usa.jpg","Wikimedia \u002F Swiss National Museum","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-verfassungen-ch-usa-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-verfassungen-ch-usa-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-verfassungen-ch-usa-450x338.jpg 450w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-verfassungen-ch-usa-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-verfassungen-ch-usa-900x675.jpg 900w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-verfassungen-ch-usa-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-verfassungen-ch-usa-1500x1125.jpg 1500w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-verfassungen-ch-usa-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-verfassungen-ch-usa.jpg 1600w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-verfassungen-ch-usa-300x225.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Ftitel-verfassungen-ch-usa-320x320.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Frene-roca\u002F",121060,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Freneroca.jpg","ReneRoca","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Freneroca-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Freneroca-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Freneroca-160x160.jpg 160w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Freneroca-320x320.jpg 320w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Freneroca.jpg 400w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Freneroca-300x300.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002Freneroca-320x320.jpg",37,"René Roca","René Roca has a PhD in history and is a secondary school teacher and Director of the Research Institute for Direct Democracy \u003Ca class=\"link decoration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffidd.ch\u002F\"\u003Efidd.ch\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.","To mark the 700th anniversary of the Swiss Confederation in 1991, the US postal service and Swiss Post issued a joint postage stamp. The stamp depicts the Capitol in Washington and the federal parliament building, the Bundeshaus, in Bern.","The Declaration of Independence of 4 July 1776, depicted in the painting by John Trumbull (1756-1843), 1819. The painting is 5.5 m wide and now hangs in the Capitol.","https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FFile:Declaration_of_Independence_(1819),_by_John_Trumbull.jpg ","HathiTrust","https:\u002F\u002Fhdl.handle.net\u002F2027\u002Fmdp.39015009215891?urlappend=%3Bseq=335 ","Propaganda postcard for the introduction of the proportional representation system, around 1910.","Switzerland’s political system","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.loc.gov\u002Fitem\u002F2016648779\u002F ",{},"swiss-emigrants","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2019\u002F04\u002Fswiss-emigrants\u002F",21734,"New Berne",1349,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FSchweiz_anderswo_Titel-300x162.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FSchweiz_anderswo_Titel-768x414.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FSchweiz_anderswo_Titel-1024x553.jpg 1024w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FSchweiz_anderswo_Titel-1500x809.jpg 1500w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FSchweiz_anderswo_Titel-300x162.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fpetra-koci\u002F",23440,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F02\u002FKoci_Autorin.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F02\u002FKoci_Autorin-150x150.jpg 150w",79,"Petra Koci is a freelance journalist and author. In her book “Weltatlas der Schweizer Orte” (World Atlas of Swiss Places), she profiles Swiss settlements on five continents.","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FAuswanderung_Gemälde.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FNeu_Freiburg_1.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FNeu_Freiburg_2.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FZürichtal_1.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FZürichtal_2.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FBerne_Zytglogge.jpg","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FBerne_Amish.jpg","Switzerland was not always a prosperous country. Up until 150 years ago, many set off for distant lands. The emigrants took a piece of their homeland with them and founded towns such as Zurichtal, Berne and Nova Friburgo.",{},"the-ruetli-oath-on-an-american-banknote","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2017\u002F05\u002Fthe-ruetli-oath-on-an-american-banknote\u002F",30387,690,"Swiss National Bank","Banknote der Northampton Bank zu 5 Taler, Lecha County, Pennsylvania, 1836.","home","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F","Swiss National Museum History Blog","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F06\u002Feuropes-highest-open-air-lift\u002F","47.00173974619526","8.39631784146008","geschichte-texte.ch","https:\u002F\u002Fgeschichte-texte.ch\u002F","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fauthor\u002Fmichael-van-orsouw\u002F",28467,"van-orsouw-autor","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F07\u002Fvan-orsouw-autor-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F07\u002Fvan-orsouw-autor-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F07\u002Fvan-orsouw-autor.jpg 600w","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F07\u002Fvan-orsouw-autor-300x300.jpg","Michael van Orsouw","Michael van Orsouw has a PhD in history and is a performance poet and author. He regularly publishes historical books.","Europe’s highest open-air lift","The Bürgenstock: an idyllic ensemble with hotels, mountains, lake and lift. Postcard from 1928.","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2021\u002F12\u002Fswitzerlands-first-motorway\u002F","Transportation","transportation","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Feconomy\u002Ftransportation\u002F","47.03375","8.29503","Switzerland’s first motorway","Switzerland's first motorway ran from Lucerne to Ennethorw. Illustration by Marco Heer.","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2017\u002F09\u002Fthe-ossola-republic\u002F","War\u002Fbattle","war-battle","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fpolitics\u002Fwar-battle\u002F","46.11545110852343","8.291156542791294","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F12\u002FAndrej.jpg","Andrej Abplanalp","The Ossola Republic","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F09\u002FPartisanen_im_Kampf.jpg","Im Oktober 1944 kam es im Val Formazza nahe der Schweizer Grenze zu einem Kampf zwischen den sich zurückziehenden Partisanen und den deutschen und faschistischen Truppen. Einige Widerstandskämpfer konnten in die Schweiz flüchten.","09.09.2024","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-genesis-of-modern-mountain-rescue\u002F","46.615927946921076","8.195679213316776","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F12\u002FKatrin-Brunner.jpg","Katrin Brunner","The birth of aerial mountain rescue","With their feet, the stranded passengers wrote the French word “fini” (meaning “finish”) in the snow to stop the dangerous air drops of supplies.","19.11.2024",156563,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-american-revolutionary-war-through-the-eyes-of-a-swiss-immigrant\u002F","John Zubly merged religion with politics and compared parts of Swiss history to the American resistance against Great Britain. Illustration by Marco Heer","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F11\u002Fthe-inventor-in-a-benedictine-cowl\u002F","47.12614685399369","8.750903098499833","The inventor in a Benedictine cowl","Athanasius Tschopp invented the precursor to the fax machine. Lithograph circa 1840. Coloured using AI.","Subscribe to the blog","We will inform you about new articles every two weeks.","Enter your email address","beige","The execution of Ernst S.","9.113310","47.423985","Visiting the Rigi used to make people ill, why?","8.485467561045732","47.056767897967035","Escape to Switzerland",96,"Emperor Haile Selassie, God of the Rastafarians","7.509459851780047","47.04796350886161",102,153,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fvisiting-the-rigi-used-to-make-people-ill-why\u002F","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F10\u002Fthe-execution-of-ernst-s\u002F",334,"Ernst Schrämli in uniform and in civilian attire at his arrest in January 1942.",149095,"https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2024\u002F06\u002Fsexuality-in-the-middle-ages\u002F","Exhibitions","exhibitions","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Fcategory\u002Fexhibitions\u002F","Middle Ages","middle-ages","Detail from The Garden of Earthly Delights by Hieronymus Bosch, 1490-1500.","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002F2022\u002F01\u002Femperor-haile-selassie-god-of-the-rastafarians\u002F","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fapp\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F04\u002Fmurielle-schlup.jpg",521,"Emperor Haile Selassie (1892-1975), who was crowned ‘King of Kings’ in Addis Ababa in 1930, was believed in Ethiopia to have been chosen by God. The Rastafarians in Jamaica even ‘recognised’ him as their Messiah and God. A look at the dual ‘careers’ of a 20th-century figure who was as remarkable as he was controversial.","Haile Selassie I in his limousine during his state visit to Bern on 25 November 1954. His headdress is decorated with a lion’s mane.","article-not-found","https:\u002F\u002Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch\u002Fen\u002Farticle-not-found\u002F","Article not found","1","2",92,"Search"));</script><script src="/_nuxt/3fbaa83.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/7825846.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/6b9286a.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/b94f6da.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/1cd886d.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/a3fb2e5.js" defer></script><script data-n-head="ssr" src="https://api3.geo.admin.ch/loader.js?version=4.4.2" data-body="true"></script> </body> </html>