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Tiberian Hebrew - Wikipedia

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table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tiberian Hebrew</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة عبرية طبرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة عبرية طبرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebr%C3%A9u_tiberianu" title="Hebréu tiberianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hebréu tiberianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81" title="তিবেরিয় হিব্রু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিবেরিয় হিব্রু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Тиберианско наречие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тиберианско наречие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreu_tiberi%C3%A0" title="Hebreu tiberià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hebreu tiberià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreo_tiberiano" title="Hebreo tiberiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hebreo tiberiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberiada_hebrea_prononco" title="Tiberiada hebrea prononco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tiberiada hebrea prononco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberiar_hebreera" title="Tiberiar hebreera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tiberiar hebreera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="عبری طبریه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عبری طبریه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Tiberias" title="Bahasa Ibrani Tiberias – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Ibrani Tiberias" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebraico_tiberiense" title="Ebraico tiberiense – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ebraico tiberiense" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Ibrani_Tabariyah" title="Bahasa Ibrani Tabariyah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Ibrani Tabariyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%99%BA%E9%9F%B3" title="ヘブライ語のティベリア式発音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘブライ語のティベリア式発音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberiansk_hebraisk" title="Tiberiansk hebraisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tiberiansk hebraisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraico_tiberiano" title="Hebraico tiberiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hebraico tiberiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberiansk_hebreiska" title="Tiberiansk hebreiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tiberiansk hebreiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2071345#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/300px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/450px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg/600px-Aleppo_Codex_Joshua_1_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Closeup of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a>, Joshua 1:1</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tiberian Hebrew</b> is the canonical <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation" title="Pronunciation">pronunciation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> (Tanakh) committed to writing by <a href="/wiki/Masoretes" title="Masoretes">Masoretic</a> scholars living in the Jewish community of <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> in ancient <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;750–950 CE</span> under the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>. They wrote in the form of <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vocalization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> which employed <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">diacritics</a> added to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew letters">Hebrew letters</a>: vowel signs and consonant diacritics (<a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">nequdot</a>) and the so-called accents (two related systems of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> signs or <i>te'amim</i>). These together with the marginal notes <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">masora magna and masora parva</a> make up the Tiberian apparatus. </p><p>Although the written vowels and accents came into use in around 750 CE, the oral tradition that they reflect is many centuries older, with ancient roots. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberian_Hebrew&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo_Codex_(Deut).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Aleppo_Codex_%28Deut%29.jpg/300px-Aleppo_Codex_%28Deut%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Aleppo_Codex_%28Deut%29.jpg/450px-Aleppo_Codex_%28Deut%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Aleppo_Codex_%28Deut%29.jpg/600px-Aleppo_Codex_%28Deut%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>Page from Aleppo Codex, Deuteronomy</figcaption></figure> <p>Today's Hebrew grammar books do not teach the Tiberian Hebrew that was described by the early grammarians. The prevailing view is that of <a href="/wiki/David_Qim%E1%B8%A5i" class="mw-redirect" title="David Qimḥi">David Qimḥi</a>'s system of dividing the graphic signs into "short" and "long" vowels. The values assigned to the Tiberian vowel signs reveals a <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi tradition</a> of pronunciation (the dual quality of qameṣ (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אָ</span></span>) as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>; the pronunciation of simple shva (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אְ</span></span>) as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̆/</span>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> of Tiberian Hebrew can be gleaned from the collation of various sources: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a> of the Hebrew Bible and ancient manuscripts of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> cited in the margins of early codices, all of which preserve direct evidence in a graphic manner of the application of vocalization rules such as the widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">reduced vowels</a> where one would expect simple <a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">shva</a>, thus clarifying the color of the vowel pronounced under certain circumstances. Most striking is the use of reduced ḥireq in five words under a consonant that follows a guttural vocalized with regular ḥireq (as described by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Yeivin" title="Israel Yeivin">Israel Yeivin</a>) as well as the anomalous use of the <a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">rafe</a> over letters that do not belong to <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בגדכפ"ת</span></span> or <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">א"ה</span></span>.</li> <li>The explicit statements found in grammars of the 10th and the 11th centuries, including the <i>Sēfer haq-Qoloṯ</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ספר הקולות</span></span> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moshe_ben_Asher&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Moshe ben Asher (page does not exist)">Moshe ben Asher</a> (published by N. Allony); the <i>Sēfer Diqduqē haṭ-Ṭe'amim</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ספר דקדוקי הטעמים</span></span> Grammar or Analysis of the Accents) of <a href="/wiki/Aaron_ben_Moses_ben_Asher" title="Aaron ben Moses ben Asher">Aaron ben Moses ben Asher</a>; the anonymous works entitled <i>Horayaṯ haq-Qorē</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הורית הקורא</span></span> (G. Khan and Ilan Eldar attribute it to the <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Jew</a> <a href="/wiki/Aaron_of_Jerusalem" title="Aaron of Jerusalem">Aaron of Jerusalem</a>); the <i>Treatise on the Schwa</i> (published by Kurt Levy from a <a href="/wiki/Genizah" title="Genizah">genizah</a> fragment in 1936), and <i>Ma'mar haš-Šəwā</i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מאמר השוא</span></span> (published from Genizah material by Allony); the works of medieval <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardi</a> grammarians, including <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_David_Hayyuj" title="Judah ben David Hayyuj">Judah ben David Hayyuj</a>. In the case of the latter two, it is evident that the chain of transmission is breaking down or that their interpretations are influenced by local tradition.</li> <li>Ancient manuscripts that preserve similar dialects of Hebrew or <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Jewish Palestinian Aramaic</a> vocalized with Tiberian niqqud that reveal a <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription#Narrow_versus_broad;_phonemic_versus_phonetic" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic spelling</a> rather than a <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic spelling">phonemic spelling</a>. They include the so-called "pseudo-Ben Naphtali" or "Palestinian-Sephardi" vocalized manuscripts, which generally conform to the rules enumerated below, such as pronouncing <i>sheva</i> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ĭ/</span> before consonantal yod, as in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bĭji/</span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בְּיִ</span></span>.</li> <li>Other traditions include Palestinian vocalization and (to a lesser extent) Babylonian (<a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian">Mesopotamian</a>) vocalization. Each community (Palestinian, Tiberian, Babylonian) developed systems of notation for pronunciation in each dialect, some of which are common among the traditions.</li> <li>Karaite transcriptions of Biblical text using the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> but vocalized with Tiberian signs, especially important for syllable structure and vowel length, which is marked in Arabic by <a href="/wiki/Matres_lectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Matres lectionis">matres lectionis</a> and the sign <a href="/wiki/Sukun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukun">sukun</a>.</li> <li>Various oral traditions, especially Karaite<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Karaites typically follow Palestinian Hebrew, and are usually not more valuable than other Sefardi traditions (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite Hebrew</a>, have both preserved old features that correspond to Tiberian tradition, such as the pronunciation of schwa according to its proximity to gutturals or yod.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberian_Hebrew&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberian_Hebrew&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tiberian Hebrew had at least 23 consonantal phonemes, represented by 22 letters. The <a href="/wiki/Sin_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin dot">sin dot</a> distinguishes between the two values of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>&#8206;, with a dot on the left (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שׂ</span>&#8206;) being pronounced the same as the letter Samekh. The letters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בגדכפת</span>&#8206; (<a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">begadkefat</a>) had two values each: <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Tiberian Hebrew consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">Denti-alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 80%;"> <th>plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Emphatic_consonant" title="Emphatic consonant">emphatic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">rˤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following are the most salient characteristics of the Tiberian Hebrew consonantal pronunciation: </p> <ul><li>Before the labial vowels (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בומ״ף</span></span>) and shva (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אְ</span></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Waw-conjunctive" title="Waw-conjunctive">waw-conjunctive</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ו</span></span>) was read as <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אוּ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔu/</span> rather than <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">וֻ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wu/</span> (as is the case in some eastern reading traditions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2024)">which?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup>).</li> <li>The threefold pronunciation of <a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">resh</a> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ר</span></span>. Even though there is no agreement as to how it was pronounced, the rules of distribution of such pronunciation is given in <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הורית הקורא</span></span> <i>Horayaṯ haq-Qorē</i>: <ol><li>"Normal" Resh <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rˤ/</span> pronounced thus (according to Eldar, as a uvular sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʀ]</span>) in all other instances (except for the circumstances described below): <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אוֹר</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔoʀ]</span></li> <li>The "peculiar" resh <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> before or after Lamed or Nun, any of the three being vocalized with simple <i>sheva</i> and resh after zayin <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ז</span></span>, daleth <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ד</span></span>, samekh <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ס</span></span>, sin <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שׂ</span></span>, taw <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ת</span></span>, ṣade <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">צ</span></span>, ṭeth <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ט</span></span>, any of them punctuated with simple <i>sheva</i>: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יִשְׂרָאֵל</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jisrɔˈʔel]</span>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עָרְלָה</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕɔrˈlɔ]</span>. Because of the proximity of a <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental consonant</a>, resh was pronounced as an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a>, as it still is in <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi Hebrew</a>.</li> <li>There is still another pronunciation, affected by the addition of a dagesh in the Resh in certain words in the Bible, which indicates it was doubled <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʀː]</span>: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַרְּאִיתֶם</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[haʀːĭʔiˈθɛm]</span>. As can be seen, this pronunciation has to do with the progressive increase in length of this consonant (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הָרְאִיתֶם</span></span>). It was preserved only by the population of Ma'azya (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מעזיה</span></span>), which is in Tiberias.</li></ol></li> <li>A possible threefold pronunciation of taw <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ת</span></span>. There are three words in the Torah, Prophets, and Writings in which it is said that "the Taw is pronounced harder than usual". It is said that this pronunciation was halfway between the soft (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span>) and the hard taw (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>): <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">וַיְשִׂימֶהָ תֵּל</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wajsiˈmɛhɔ‿θ‿tel]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberian_Hebrew&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiberian_Hebrew_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tiberian_Hebrew_vowel_chart.svg/250px-Tiberian_Hebrew_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tiberian_Hebrew_vowel_chart.svg/375px-Tiberian_Hebrew_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tiberian_Hebrew_vowel_chart.svg/500px-Tiberian_Hebrew_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>This vowel chart gives a general idea of the vowel space of Tiberian Hebrew. It is not meant to be a precise mapping of the tongue positions, which would be impossible to do anyway since there are no native speakers of Tiberian Hebrew.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiberian-vocalisation-david-fine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tiberian-vocalisation-david-fine.jpg/300px-Tiberian-vocalisation-david-fine.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tiberian-vocalisation-david-fine.jpg/450px-Tiberian-vocalisation-david-fine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tiberian-vocalisation-david-fine.jpg/600px-Tiberian-vocalisation-david-fine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2972" /></a><figcaption>Figurines holding <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization#Vowel_diacritics" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vowel diacritics</a>. Limestone and basalt artwork at the shore in Tiberias.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Tiberian Hebrew phonemic vowels<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reduced </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ă<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̆<span class="wrap"> </span>(ɛ̆)</span><sup>1</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li><small>marginal</small></li></ol> <p>The vowel qualities <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> have phonemic status: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אָשָׁם הוּא אָשֹׁם אָשַׁם</span></span> (Lev. 5:19) and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אָשֵׁם</span></span> 'guilty', <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אִם</span></span> 'when' and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֵם</span></span> 'mother'.<sup id="cite_ref-b111-112_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b111-112-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> has phonemic value in final stressed position <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רְעֶה רְעִי רָעָה, מִקְנֶה מְקַנֵּה, קָנֶה קָנָה קָנֹה</span></span>, but in other positions, it may reflect loss of the opposition <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-b111-112_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b111-112-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> By the Tiberian period, all short vowels in ultimately-stressed syllables had lengthened, making vowel length allophonic.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vowels in open or stressed syllables had allophonic length (such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> in <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יְרַחֵם</span></span>, which was previously short).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tiberian tradition possesses three <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">reduced</a> (ultrashort, <i>hatuf</i>) vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ă<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ̆<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ̆/</span> of which <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̆/</span> has questionable phonemicity.<sup id="cite_ref-b117-118_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b117-118-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ă/</span>, under a non-guttural letter, was pronounced as an ultrashort copy of the following vowel before a guttural (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">וּבָקְעָה</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uvɔqɔ̆ˈʕɔ]</span>) and as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ĭ]</span> preceding <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תְדַמְּיוּנִי</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θăðammĭˈjuni]</span>). However, it was always pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ă]</span> under gutturals: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חֲיִי</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħăˈji]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-y281-282_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y281-282-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b105-106_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b105-106-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberian_Hebrew&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tiberian Hebrew has phonemic stress (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בָּנוּ֫</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bɔˈnu/</span> 'they built' vs. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בָּ֫נוּ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbɔnu/</span> 'in us'). Stress is most commonly ultimate, less commonly penultimate, and rarely antepenultimate stress: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">הָאֹ֫הֱלָה</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hɔˈʔɔhɛ̆lɔ/</span> 'into the tent'.<sup id="cite_ref-b143-144_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b143-144-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberian_Hebrew&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Phonotactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As described above, vowel length is dependent on syllable structure. Open syllables must take long or ultrashort vowels; stressed closed syllables take long vowels; unstressed closed syllables take short vowels. Traditional Hebrew philology considers ultrashort vowels not to be syllable nuclei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberian_Hebrew&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian vocalization</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>letter </th> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ה</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ז</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ט</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כ/ך</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ל</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מ/ם</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נ/ן</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ס</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ע</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פ/ף</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צ/ץ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ק</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ר</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ת</span>&#8206; </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;">transliteration</span> </th> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾ</i></span></span></td> <td>b, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ḇ</i></span></td> <td>g, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ḡ</i></span></td> <td>d, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ḏ</i></span></td> <td>h</td> <td>w</td> <td>z</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ḥ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ṭ</i></span></td> <td>y</td> <td>k, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ḵ</i></span></td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>s</td> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʿ</i></span></span></td> <td>p, f</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ṣ</i></span></td> <td>q</td> <td>r</td> <td><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">š</i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ś</i></span></td> <td>t, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ṯ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;">pronunciation (Modern)</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>&#93;</span><br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>&#93;</span>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>], <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>&#93;</span><sup><b>ʀ̥</b></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>&#93;</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;">pronunciation (Yemenite)</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>&#93;</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;">pronunciation (Tiberian)</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>&#93;</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size: 85%;">pronunciation (Biblical)</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>&#93;</span>,<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>&#93;</span>,<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>&#93;</span>,<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>&#93;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>&#93;</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>&#93;</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>niqqud with ב </th> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בַ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֶ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֵ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בִ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בָ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֹ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֻ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בוּ</span>&#8206; </td></tr> <tr> <th>name </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Patah" class="mw-redirect" title="Patah">pathaḥ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">seghol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">ṣere</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">ḥireq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qamatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Qamatz">qamaṣ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">ḥolam</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qubutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Qubutz">qubuṣ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shuruq" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuruq">shuruq</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>pronunciation </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>niqqud with ב </th> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בַא</span>&#8206;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בַה</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֶא</span>&#8206;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֶה</span>&#8206;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֶי</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֵא</span>&#8206;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֵה</span>&#8206;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֵי</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בִי</span>&#8206;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בִא</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בָא</span>&#8206;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בָה</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֹא</span>&#8206;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֹה</span>&#8206;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בוֹ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בוּא</span>&#8206;<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בוּה</span>&#8206; </td></tr> <tr> <th>name </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patah_male&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Patah male (page does not exist)">pathaḥ male</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Segol_male&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Segol male (page does not exist)">seghol male</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tzere_male&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tzere male (page does not exist)">ṣere male</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiriq_male" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiriq male">ḥireq male</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qamatz_male&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Qamatz male (page does not exist)">qamaṣ male</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holam_male" class="mw-redirect" title="Holam male">ḥolam male</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuruq_male&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuruq male (page does not exist)">shuruq male</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>pronunciation </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>niqqud with א </th> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אְ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֲ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֱ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֳ</span>&#8206; </td></tr> <tr> <th>name </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">shwa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hataf_patah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hataf patah">ḥaṭaf pathaḥ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hataf_segol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hataf segol">ḥaṭaf seghol</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hataf_qamatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hataf qamatz">ḥaṭaf qamaṣ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>pronunciation </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ă/,<span class="wrap"> </span>⌀</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ă/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̆/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ̆/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>niqqud </th> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בּ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֿ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הּ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שׁ</span>&#8206; </td> <td style="font-size: 180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שׂ</span>&#8206; </td></tr> <tr> <th>name </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Daghesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Daghesh">daghesh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">rafe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mapiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapiq">mapiq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin dot">shin dot</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sin_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin dot">sin dot</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>pronunciation </th> <td>Gemination of a consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/Cː/</span>, or the stop pronunciation of the בגדכפ״ת consonants </td> <td>Fricative pronunciation of the בגדכפ״ת consonants (its use is optional) </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>, being the last letter of a word </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The simple <a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva"><i>sheva</i> sign</a> changes its pronunciation depending on its position in the word (mobile/vocal or quiescent/<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">zero</a>) and its proximity to certain consonants. </p><p>In these examples, it has been preferred to show one in the Bible and represents each phenomenon in a graphic manner (a <a href="/wiki/Shva#Tnuʿá_ẖatufá_(&quot;fleeting&quot;_or_&quot;furtive&quot;_vowel)" title="Shva">chateph vowel</a>), but the rules still apply when there is only a simple <i>sheva</i> (depending on the manuscript or edition used). </p><p>When the simple <i>sheva</i> appears in any of the following positions, it is regarded as mobile (na): </p> <ul><li>At the beginning of a word, which includes the <i>sheva</i> (originally the first of the word) following the attached particles bi-,ki-,li- and u- and preceded by <i>metheg</i> (the vertical line placed to the left of the vowel sign, which stands for either secondary stress or its lengthening). Examples: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> וּֽזֲהַב</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˌʔuzăˈhav/</span> Genesis 2:12; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בִּֽסֲבָךְ</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbisăvɔx/</span> Psalms 74:5. But is not pronounced if there is no <i>metheg</i>; that is, they form a closed syllable.</li> <li>The <i>sheva</i> following these three vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɔ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/o/</span>, except for known types of closed syllables (and preceded or not, by metheg). Examples: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נֵֽלֲכָה־נָּא</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˌnelăxɔˈnːɔ/</span> Exodus 3:18; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֵ֣לֲכָה נָּא</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈʔelăxɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnːɔ/</span> Exodus 4:18.</li> <li>The second of two adjacent <i>sheva</i>s, when both appear under different consonants. Examples: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֶכְתֲּבֶנּוּ</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔɛxtăˈvɛnːu/</span> Jeremiah 31:33; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">וָאֶשְׁקֲלָה־לֹּו</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wɔʔɛʃqălɔˈlːo/</span> Jeremiah 32:9 (except for at the end of a word, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אָמַרְתְּ</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔɔˈmart/</span>).</li> <li>The <i>sheva</i> under the first of two identical consonants, preceded by metheg. Examples: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בְּחַֽצְצֹן</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/băˌħasˤăˈsˤon/</span> Gen. 14:7; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צָֽלֲלוּ</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sˤɔlăˈlu/</span> Exodus: 15:10.</li> <li>The <i>sheva</i> under a consonant with <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a> forte or lene. Examples: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סֻבֳּלוֹ</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/subɔ̆ˈlo/</span> Isaiah 9:3; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֶשְׁתֳּלֶנּוּ</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔɛʃtăˈlɛnːu/</span> Ezekiel 17:23.</li> <li>The <i>sheva</i> under a consonant that expects gemination but is not so marked, for example, the one found under <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ר</span>&#8206;. And sometimes even <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מ</span>&#8206; when preceded by the article. Examples: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מְבָרֲכֶיךָ</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/măvɔʀăˈxɛxɔ/</span> Genesis 12:3; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הַמֲדַבְּרִים</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hamăðabăˈʀim/</span> 2 Chronicles 33:18.</li> <li>In case a quiescent <i>sheva</i> was followed either by a guttural or <a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yodh</a>, it would turn into mobile according to the rules given below, if preceded by a metheg. Ancient manuscripts support that view. Examples: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נִֽבֳהָל</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nivɔ̆ˈhɔl/</span> Proverbs 28:22; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שִֽׁבֲעַת</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃivăˈʕaθ/</span> Job 1:3.</li> <li>Any <i>sheva</i>, if the sign metheg is attached to it, would change an ultrashort vowel to a short, or normal length vowel. For this, only ancient, reliable manuscripts can give us a clear picture, since, with time, later vocalizers added to the number of methegs found in the Bible.</li></ul> <p>The gutturals (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אהח"ע</span>&#8206;), and yodh (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>&#8206;), affect the pronunciation of the <i>sheva</i> preceding them. The allophones of the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ă/</span> follow these two rules: </p> <ul><li>It would change its sound to imitate that of the following guttural. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">וּקֳהָת</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˌʔuqɔ̆ˈhɔθ/</span> Numbers 3:17; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">וְנִזְרֳעָה</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wănizrɔ̆ˈʕɔ/</span> Numbers 5:28.</li> <li>It would be pronounced as <i>ḥireq</i> before consonantal <i>yodh</i>. Examples: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יִרְמִיָהוּ</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jiʀmĭˈjɔhu/</span> Jeremiah 21:1; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">עִנִייָן</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕinĭˈjɔn/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>' autograph in his commentary to the Mishnah.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nb 5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>It must be said that even though there are no special signs apart <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̆/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ă/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɔ̆/</span> to denote the full range of furtive vowels, the remaining four (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/,<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>/o/</span>) are represented by simple <i>sheva</i> (ḥaṭaf ḥiriq (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אְִ</span>&#8206;) in the Aleppo Codex is a scribal oddity and certainly not regular in Hebrew manuscripts with Tiberian vocalization). </p><p>All other cases should be treated as zero vowel (quiescent, nah), including the double final <i>sheva</i> (double initial <i>sheva</i> does not exist in this Hebrew dialect), and the <i>sheva</i> in the words <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שְׁתַּיִם</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈʃtajim/</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שְׁנַיִם</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈʃnajim/</span>, read by the Tiberian Masoretes as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֶשְׁתַּיִם</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔɛʃˈtajim/</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֶשְׁנַיִם</span>&#8206; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔɛʃˈnajim/</span> respectively. This last case has similarities with phenomena occurring in the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan Hebrew language">Samaritan pronunciation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician language</a>. </p><p>Depending on the school of pronunciation (and relying on musical grounds, perhaps), the <a href="/wiki/Metheg" class="mw-redirect" title="Metheg">metheg</a> sign served to change some closed syllables into open ones, and therefore, changing the vowel from short to long, and the quiescent <i>sheva</i>, into a mobile one. </p><p>That is referenced specifically by medieval grammarians: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If one argues that the <i>dalet</i> of 'Mordecai' (and other letters in other words) has hatef qames, tell him, 'but this sign is only a device used by some scribes to warn that the consonants should be pronounced fully, and not slurred over'.</p><div class="templatequotecite">—&#8202;<cite><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Faraj_Harun" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Faraj Harun">Abu al-Faraj Harun</a>, <i>Hidāyat al-Qāri</i> (<i>Horayat Ha-Qore</i>), quoted in <a href="#CITEREFYeivin1980">Yeivin (1980</a>:283–284)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The names of the vowel diacritics are iconic and show some variation: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The names of the vowels are mostly taken from the form and action of the mouth in producing the various sounds, as פַּתַ֫ח opening; צֵרֵ֫י a wide parting (of the mouth), (also שֶׁ֫בֶר) breaking, parting (cf. the Arab, kasr); חִ֫ירֶק (also חִרֶק) narrow opening; ח֫וֹלֶם closing, according to others fullness, i.e. of the mouth (also מְלֹא פּוּם fullness of the mouth). קָ֫מֶץ also denotes a slighter, as שׁוּרֶק and קִבּוּץ (also קבוץ פּוּם) a firmer, compression or contraction of the mouth. Segôl (סְגוֹל bunch of grapes) takes its name from its form. So שָׁלֹשׁ נְקֻדּוֹת (three points) is another name for Qibbúṣ. Moreover the names were mostly so formed (but only later), that the sound of each vowel is heard in the first syllable (קָמֶץ for קֹמֶץ, פַּתַח for פֶּתַח, צֵרִי for צְרִי); in order to carry this out consistently some even write Sägôl, Qomeṣ-ḥatûf, Qûbbûṣ.</p><div class="templatequotecite">—&#8202;<cite><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Wilhelm Gesenius</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/8#GHGpar-8-d" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius&#39; Hebrew Grammar/8"><i>Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</i>,<span class="nowrap">&#160;</span>§8<span style="font-family: serif; font-style: italic">d</span></a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberian_Hebrew&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In fact, all stressed vowels were first lengthened in pause, see <a href="#CITEREFJanssens1982">Janssens (1982</a>:58–59), as can be seen by forms like Tiberian <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כַּף</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kaf/</span> &lt; *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kaf/</span>, pausal <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כָּף</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɔf/</span> &lt; *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɔːf/</span> &lt; *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kaːf/</span> &lt; *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kaf/</span>. The shift in Tiberian Hebrew of *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> &gt; *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span> occurred after that lengthening but before the loss of phonemicity of length (since words like <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ירחם</span></span> with allophonically long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span> show no such shift).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">That is attested to by the testimony of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Qim%E1%B8%A5i" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Qimḥi">Joseph Qimḥi</a> (12th century) and by medieval Arabic transcriptions: <a href="#CITEREFJanssens1982">Janssens (1982</a>:54–56). There is also possible evidence from the cantillation marks' behaviour and Babylonian pataḥ: <a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010</a>:82).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֳנִי</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔɔ̆ˈni/</span> 'ships' <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲנִי</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔăˈni/</span> 'I', <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חֳלִי</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ħɔ̆ˈli/</span> 'sickness' <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חֲלִי</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ħăˈli/</span> 'ornament', <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עֲלִי</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕăˈli/</span> 'ascend!' (Num 21:17) and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">בַּעֱלִי</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/baʕɛ̆ˈli/</span> '(with the) pestle' (Prov 27:22). <a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010</a>:117–118) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̆/</span> alternates with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ă/</span> frequently and rarely contrasts with it: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֱדוֹם</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔɛ̆ˈðom/</span> '<a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>' versus <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲדֹמִי</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔăðoˈmi/</span> 'Edomite'. <a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010</a>:117–118) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ̆/</span> is clearly phonemic but bears minimal <a href="/wiki/Functional_load" title="Functional load">functional load</a>. <a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993</a>:110) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ă/</span> is written both with <i>mobile šwa</i> <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ְ</span></span>&#x27e9;</span> and <i>hataf patah</i> <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ֲ</span></span>&#x27e9;</span>. <a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010</a>:117)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> It is unclear that a reduced vowel should be considered a whole syllable. For example, a word's stress shifts to a preceding open syllable to avoid it from being adjacent to another stressed syllable skips over ultrashort vowels: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עִם־יוֹ֫רְדֵי בוֹר</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʕimˈjorăðe<span class="wrap"> </span>vor/</span> 'with those who go down into the pit' <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מְטֹ֫עֲנֵי חָ֫רֶב</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/măˈtˤoʕăne<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈħɔrɛv/</span> 'pierced with a sword'. See <a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010</a>:143–144)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These two rules, as well as the rule that <i>metheg</i> changes <i>sheva</i> from an ultrashort to a normal vowel, are recorded by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Almoli" title="Solomon Almoli">Solomon Almoli</a> in his <i>Halichot Sheva</i> (Constantinople 1519), though he states that these differences are dying out and that in most places vocal <i>sheva</i> is pronounced like <i>segol</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Oriental</a> communities such as the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrians</a>, these rules continued to be recorded by grammarians into the 1900s (such as Sethon, Menasheh, <i>Kelale Diqduq ha-qeriah</i>, Aleppo 1914), but they were not normally reflected in actual pronunciation. The rules about <i>yodh</i> and <i>metheg</i>, though not the rule about gutturals, is still observed by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a> of Amsterdam: Rodrigues Pereira, Martin,<i> 'Hochmat Shelomoh</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberian_Hebrew&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6upai6--QhMC&amp;pg=PA6&amp;lpg=PA6">Tiberian Hebrew Phonology: Focussing on Consonant Clusters, Andries W. Coetzee</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010</a>:105–106, 115–119)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b111-112-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b111-112_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b111-112_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010</a>:111–112)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteiner1997">Steiner (1997</a>:149)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010</a>:82, 110)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b117-118-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b117-118_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010</a>:117–118)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993">Sáenz-Badillos (1993</a>:110)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-y281-282-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-y281-282_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYeivin1980">Yeivin (1980</a>:281–282)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b105-106-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b105-106_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010</a>:105–106)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b143-144-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b143-144_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlau2010">Blau (2010</a>:143–144)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberian_Hebrew&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBar-Asher1998" class="citation book cs1">Bar-Asher, M. (1998). <i>Scripta Hierosolymitana Volume XXXVII Studies in Mishnaic Hebrew</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Scripta+Hierosolymitana+Volume+XXXVII+Studies+in+Mishnaic+Hebrew&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.aulast=Bar-Asher&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberian+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlau2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Blau" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua Blau">Blau, Joshua</a> (2010). <i>Phonology and Morphology of Biblical Hebrew</i>. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-129-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-129-0"><bdi>978-1-57506-129-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Phonology+and+Morphology+of+Biblical+Hebrew&amp;rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+Indiana&amp;rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-57506-129-0&amp;rft.aulast=Blau&amp;rft.aufirst=Joshua&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberian+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDotan1967" class="citation book cs1">Dotan, A. (1967). <i>The Diqduqe Hatte'amim of Aharon ben Moshe ben Asher</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Diqduqe+Hatte%27amim+of+Aharon+ben+Moshe+ben+Asher&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.aulast=Dotan&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberian+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldar1994" class="citation book cs1">Eldar, I. (1994). <i>The Art of Correct Reading of the Bible</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Correct+Reading+of+the+Bible&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.aulast=Eldar&amp;rft.aufirst=I.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberian+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsburg1897" class="citation book cs1">Ginsburg, C.D. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductionofma00ginsuoft"><i>Introduction to the Massoretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Massoretico-Critical+Edition+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&amp;rft.date=1897&amp;rft.aulast=Ginsburg&amp;rft.aufirst=C.D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductionofma00ginsuoft&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberian+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolomb1987" class="citation book cs1">Golomb, D. M. (1987). <i>Working with no Data: Semitic and Egyptian Studies presented to Thomas O. 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(1954). <i>Studies in the Traditions of the Hebrew Language</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Traditions+of+the+Hebrew+Language&amp;rft.date=1954&amp;rft.aulast=Hayyim&amp;rft.aufirst=Z.+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberian+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssens1982" class="citation book cs1">Janssens, Gerard (1982). <i>Studies in Hebrew historical linguistics based on Origen's Secunda</i>. Orientalia Gandensia. Vol.&#160;9. Uitgeverij Peeters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8017-0189-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8017-0189-8"><bdi>978-2-8017-0189-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Studies+in+Hebrew+historical+linguistics+based+on+Origen%27s+Secunda&amp;rft.series=Orientalia+Gandensia&amp;rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Peeters&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-8017-0189-8&amp;rft.aulast=Janssens&amp;rft.aufirst=Gerard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberian+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone1993" class="citation book cs1">Malone, Joseph L. (1993). <i>Tiberian Hebrew phonology</i>. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tiberian+Hebrew+phonology&amp;rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&amp;rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.aulast=Malone&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberian+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSáenz-Badillos1993" class="citation book cs1">Sáenz-Badillos, Angel (1993). <i>A History of the Hebrew Language</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55634-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55634-1"><bdi>0-521-55634-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Hebrew+Language&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-55634-1&amp;rft.aulast=S%C3%A1enz-Badillos&amp;rft.aufirst=Angel&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberian+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner1997" class="citation cs2">Steiner, Richard C. (1997), "Ancient Hebrew", in Hetzron, Robert (ed.), <i>The Semitic Languages</i>, Routledge, pp.&#160;145–173, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-05767-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-05767-1"><bdi>0-415-05767-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Ancient+Hebrew&amp;rft.btitle=The+Semitic+Languages&amp;rft.pages=145-173&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=0-415-05767-1&amp;rft.aulast=Steiner&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberian+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeivin1980" class="citation book cs1">Yeivin, Israel (1980). <i>Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah</i>. Scholars Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89130-373-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89130-373-1"><bdi>0-89130-373-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Tiberian+Masorah&amp;rft.pub=Scholars+Press&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.isbn=0-89130-373-1&amp;rft.aulast=Yeivin&amp;rft.aufirst=Israel&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATiberian+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebrew_language" title="Template talk:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hebrew_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi&#39;s law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong&#39;s Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_languages" title="Template:Jewish languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_languages" title="Template talk:Jewish languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tiberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Babylonian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Jewish Palestinian Aramaic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judaeo-Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Algerian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Algerian Arabic">Judaeo-Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Egyptian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Egyptian Arabic">Judaeo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fessi_dialect#Jewish_Fessi_dialect" title="Fessi dialect">Judaeo-Fessi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Judaeo-Iraqi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judaeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judaeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Palestinian_Judeo-Arabic" title="Modern Palestinian Judeo-Arabic">Judaeo-Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judaeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Syrian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Syrian Arabic">Judaeo-Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judaeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judaeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiosemitic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayla</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwara</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judaeo-Berber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Argot" class="mw-redirect" title="Argot">argots</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">Ukrainish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurtish" class="mw-redirect" title="Udmurtish">Udmurtish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judaeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Romance_languages" title="Judaeo-Romance languages">Judaeo-Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judaeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Livornese" title="Judeo-Livornese">Judaeo-Livornese</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Mantuan" title="Judeo-Mantuan">Judaeo-Mantuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Roman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Roman language">Judaeo-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judaeo-Latin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Provençal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judaeo-Gascon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judaeo-Aragonese</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judaeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judaeo-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani%E2%80%93Borujerdi" title="Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi">Judaeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judaeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Dari" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian Dari">Judaeo-Yazdi–Kermani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Kashani" title="Judeo-Kashani">Judaeo-Kashani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judaeo-Golpaygani</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></i>, Pre-1970s <a href="/wiki/Odesan_Russian" title="Odesan Russian">Odesan Russian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judaeo-Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judaeo-Marathi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judaeo-Malayalam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Papiamento" title="Judaeo-Papiamento">Judaeo-Papiamento</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based Creole</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judaeo-Malay</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli Sign Language</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">German Sign</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Algerian Jewish Sign Language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Village_sign_language" title="Village sign language">village sign language</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐m5gcf Cached time: 20241122143309 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.293 seconds Real time usage: 1.471 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 9551/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 210848/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6079/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 102364/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.766/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 13995790/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1233.399 1 -total 17.83% 219.917 58 Template:Lang 13.27% 163.647 11 Template:Cite_book 12.02% 148.195 117 Template:IPA 11.09% 136.775 7 Template:Navbox 9.62% 118.644 116 Template:IPAblink 8.43% 103.927 1 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