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<div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目錄" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-詞源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>詞源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-定位" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定位"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>定位</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-定位-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去定位細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-定位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-可否證度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#可否證度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>可否證度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-可否證度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科學方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科學方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>科學方法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-科學方法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去科學方法細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-科學方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-方法步驟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#方法步驟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>方法步驟</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-方法步驟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-驗證方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#驗證方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>驗證方法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-驗證方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-量度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#量度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>量度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-量度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歸納" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歸納"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>歸納</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歸納-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科學理論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科學理論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>科學理論</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-科學理論-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去科學理論細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-科學理論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-理論嘅特性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#理論嘅特性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>理論嘅特性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-理論嘅特性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-假說" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#假說"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>假說</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-假說-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-變數" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#變數"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>變數</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-變數-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-奧坎剃刀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#奧坎剃刀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>奧坎剃刀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-奧坎剃刀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科學界" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科學界"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>科學界</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-科學界-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去科學界細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-科學界-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-科學分科" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科學分科"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>科學分科</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科學分科-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-自然科學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自然科學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>自然科學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自然科學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社會科學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社會科學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>社會科學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社會科學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第啲分科" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第啲分科"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>第啲分科</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第啲分科-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科學文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科學文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>科學文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科學文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科學史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科學史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>科學史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-科學史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去科學史細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-科學史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-遠古科學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#遠古科學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>遠古科學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-遠古科學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古希臘" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古希臘"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>古希臘</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古希臘-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中世紀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中世紀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>中世紀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中世紀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文藝復興" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文藝復興"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>文藝復興</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文藝復興-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-啟蒙時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#啟蒙時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>啟蒙時期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-啟蒙時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-摩登時代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#摩登時代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>摩登時代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-摩登時代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>引述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>拎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">科學</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有239種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-239" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">239種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenskap" title="Wetenskap – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wetenskap" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaft" title="Wissenschaft – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5" title="ሳይንስ – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳይንስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia" title="Ciencia – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ciencia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witancr%C3%A6ft" title="Witancræft – 古英文" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Witancræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="विज्ञान – 昂加文" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" title="علم – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B5" title="صيونص – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صيونص" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" title="علم – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বিজ্ঞান – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia" title="Ciencia – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83" title="ГӀелму – 阿瓦爾文" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀелму" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opa" title="Opa – 科塔瓦文" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Opa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="科塔瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatxatawi" title="Yatxatawi – 艾馬拉文" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Yatxatawi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾馬拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm" title="Elm – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" title="علم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="علم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Фән – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фән" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissnschoft" title="Wissnschoft – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wissnschoft" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muokslos" title="Muokslos – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Muokslos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyensya" title="Siyensya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Siyensya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Навука – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Навука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Навука – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Навука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Наука – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Наука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="बिज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saens" title="Saens – 比斯拉馬文" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Saens" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="比斯拉馬文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sains" title="Sains – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sains" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%B6" title="သိပ္ပံ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သိပ္ပံ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%94nniya" title="Dɔnniya – 班巴拉文" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Dɔnniya" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="班巴拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বিজ্ঞান – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="ཚན་རིག – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཚན་རིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiant" title="Skiant – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skiant" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka" title="Nauka – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nauka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmu" title="Elmu – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Elmu" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%94" title="ᨔᨕᨗᨊᨔ – 布吉斯文" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨔᨕᨗᨊᨔ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="布吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Эрдэм ухаан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эрдэм ухаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A8ncia" title="Ciència – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%8F-h%C5%8Fk" title="Kuŏ-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kuŏ-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ӏилма – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏилма" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamdag" title="Alamdag – 宿霧文" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alamdag" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿霧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%A5_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%8E%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%85" title="ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ – 柴羅基文" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="柴羅基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="زانست – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانست" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lim" title="İlim – 克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İlim" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%9Bda" title="Věda – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Věda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99czba" title="Ùczba – 卡舒布文" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ùczba" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Ăслăх – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ăслăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyddoniaeth" title="Gwyddoniaeth – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyddoniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videnskab" title="Videnskab – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Videnskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabibi" title="Tabibi – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tabibi" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wissenschaft" title="Wissenschaft – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zan%C4%B1%C5%9Fiye" title="Zanışiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zanışiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sains" title="Sains – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Sains" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Επιστήμη – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιστήμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Science" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienco" title="Scienco – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Scienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia" title="Ciencia – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teadus" title="Teadus – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zientzia" title="Zientzia – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zientzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ncia" title="Céncia – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Céncia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" title="علم – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiede" title="Tiede – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiid%C3%BCs" title="Tiidüs – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tiidüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakadidike" title="Vakadidike – 斐濟文" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vakadidike" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐濟文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Science" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Science" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedenskap" title="Wedenskap – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wedenskap" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sience" title="Sience – 弗留利文" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sience" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenskip" title="Wittenskip – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wittenskip" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eola%C3%ADocht" title="Eolaíocht – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="科學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syans" title="Syans – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Syans" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saidheans" title="Saidheans – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Saidheans" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia" title="Ciencia – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ciencia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembikuaaty" title="Tembikuaaty – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tembikuaaty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="विज्ञान – 孔卡尼文" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="孔卡尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9E%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="વિજ્ઞાન – 古吉拉特文" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિજ્ઞાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siensiiaka" title="Siensiiaka – 瓦尤文" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Siensiiaka" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="瓦尤文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaylleeaght" title="Oaylleeaght – 曼島文" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Oaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="曼島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B4-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Khô-ho̍k – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khô-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeakamai" title="Akeakamai – 夏威夷文" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Akeakamai" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2" title="מדע – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="विज्ञान – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigyan" title="Vigyan – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vigyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanost" title="Znanost – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Znanost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syans" title="Syans – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Syans" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudom%C3%A1ny" title="Tudomány – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tudomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գիտություն – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գիտութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գիտութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia" title="Scientia – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Scientia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sains" title="Sains – 伊班文" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Sains" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu" title="Ilmu – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientie" title="Scientie – 國際文（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Scientie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="國際文（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amamihe" title="Amamihe – 伊布文" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Amamihe" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siensia" title="Siensia – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Siensia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ӏилма – 印古什文" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ӏилма" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cienco" title="Cienco – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cienco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADsindi" title="Vísindi – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vísindi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienza" title="Scienza – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scienza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayans" title="Sayans – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sayans" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/saske" title="saske – 邏輯文" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="saske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="邏輯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu" title="Èlmu – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Èlmu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მეცნიერება – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეცნიერება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilim" title="Ilim – 卡拉卡爾帕克文" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ilim" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡爾帕克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tussna" title="Tussna – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tussna" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C9%9B%C9%A3t%CA%8B" title="Lɛɣtʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lɛɣtʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayen" title="Sayen – 卡塔布文" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Sayen" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizabu" title="Kizabu – 剛果文" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kizabu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="剛果文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Ғылым – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғылым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="វិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="과학 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Илму – 卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Илму" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%B3" title="ساینَس – 喀什米爾文" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ساینَس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="喀什米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanist" title="Zanist – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zanist" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhonieth" title="Godhonieth – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Godhonieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Илим – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Илим" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia_(ratio)" title="Scientia (ratio) – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scientia (ratio)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensia" title="Sensia – 拉迪諾文" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sensia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪諾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%ABssenschaft" title="Wëssenschaft – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wëssenschaft" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Илим – 列茲干文" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Илим" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列茲干文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siensa" title="Siensa – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Siensa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weitesjap" title="Weitesjap – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Weitesjap" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciensa" title="Sciensa – 利古里亞文" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sciensa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci%C3%ABnza" title="Sciënza – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sciënza" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienza" title="Sienza – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sienza" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ວິທະຍາສາດ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວິທະຍາສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokslas" title="Mokslas – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mokslas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zin%C4%81tne" title="Zinātne – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zinātne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="विज्ञान – 邁蒂利文" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="邁蒂利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu" title="Ilmu – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Ilmu" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Тонадома – 莫克沙文" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Тонадома" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siansa" title="Siansa – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Siansa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Шанче – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шанче" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%ABtaiao" title="Pūtaiao – 毛利文" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pūtaiao" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimu" title="Ilimu – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ilimu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Наука – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Наука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ശാസ്ത്രം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шинжлэх ухаан – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шинжлэх ухаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1-%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ – 曼尼普裡文" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普裡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%B6" title="သိပ္ပံ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သိပ္ပံ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="विज्ञान – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sains" title="Sains – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sains" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xjenza" title="Xjenza – 馬爾他文" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Xjenza" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="馬爾他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A9ncia" title="Ciéncia – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ciéncia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%B6%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="သိပ္ပံပညာ – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သိပ္ပံပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Тона – 厄爾茲亞文" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Тона" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄爾茲亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlamatiliztli" title="Tlamatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlamatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenschop" title="Wetenschop – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wetenschop" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenschop" title="Wetenschop – 低地薩克遜文" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Wetenschop" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低地薩克遜文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="विज्ञान – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दुसिका – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दुसिका" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenschap" title="Wetenschap – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wetenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitskap" title="Vitskap – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vitskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitenskap" title="Vitenskap – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vitenskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sientie" title="Sientie – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sientie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9F%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%9E%DF%8F" title="ߟߐ߲ߞߏ – 曼德文字 (N’Ko)" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߟߐ߲ߞߏ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="曼德文字 (N’Ko)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienche" title="Scienche – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Scienche" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutamahlale" title="Thutamahlale – 北索托文" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Thutamahlale" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="北索托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sciéncia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saayinsii" title="Saayinsii – 奧羅莫文" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Saayinsii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奧羅莫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – 歐利亞文" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="歐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Зонад – 奧塞提文" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зонад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奧塞提文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siensia" title="Siensia – 帕皮阿門托文" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Siensia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿門托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienches" title="Scienches – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Scienches" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science – 尼日利亞皮欽語" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Science" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="尼日利亞皮欽語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiens" title="Saiens – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Saiens" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka" title="Nauka – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nauka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siensa" title="Siensa – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Siensa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3" title="سائنس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سائنس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="پوهنه – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%AAncia" title="Ciência – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamut%27ay" title="Hamut'ay – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hamut'ay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienza" title="Scienza – 羅曼斯文" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Scienza" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="羅曼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Știință – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Știință" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9B%C3%A2" title="Științâ – 羅馬尼亞語系" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Științâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞語系" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Наука – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наука" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Наука – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Наука" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="विज्ञानम् – 梵文" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विज्ञानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85" title="Үөрэх – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Үөрэх" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ – 散塔利文" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="散塔利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isci%C3%A8ntzia" title="Iscièntzia – 撒丁文" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iscièntzia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="撒丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienza" title="Scienza – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Scienza" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Science" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3" title="سائنس – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سائنس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka" title="Nauka – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nauka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamassant" title="Tamassant – 希爾哈文" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tamassant" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希爾哈文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="නවීන විද්‍යාව – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නවීන විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Science" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veda" title="Veda – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3" title="سائنس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سائنس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znanost" title="Znanost – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Znanost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saienisi" title="Saienisi – 薩摩亞文" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Saienisi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="薩摩亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainzi" title="Sainzi – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Sainzi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saynis" title="Saynis – 索馬利文" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Saynis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索馬利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkenca" title="Shkenca – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkenca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Наука – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Наука" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoro" title="Skoro – 蘇拉南東墎文" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Skoro" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="蘇拉南東墎文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isayensi" title="Isayensi – 斯瓦特文" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Isayensi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="斯瓦特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayense" title="Sayense – 塞索托文" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Sayense" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="塞索托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lmu" title="Élmu – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Élmu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetenskap" title="Vetenskap – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayansi" title="Sayansi – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sayansi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அறிவியல் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அறிவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9E%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="విజ్ఞానశాస్త్రం – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విజ్ఞానశాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Илм – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Илм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="วิทยาศาสตร์ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยาศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ylym" title="Ylym – 土庫曼文" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ylym" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土庫曼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agham" title="Agham – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Agham" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm" title="Elm – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Elm" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saienisi" title="Saienisi – 東加文" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Saienisi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="東加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilim" title="Bilim – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayensi" title="Sayensi – 特松加文" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Sayensi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="特松加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Фән – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фән" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasanthulo" title="Kasanthulo – 圖姆布卡文" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Kasanthulo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="圖姆布卡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Наука – 沃蒂艾克文" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Наука" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="沃蒂艾克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Наука – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Наука" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3" title="سائنس – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سائنس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan" title="Fan – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saintsi" title="Saintsi – 溫達文" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Saintsi" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="溫達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siensa" title="Siensa – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Siensa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedo" title="Tedo – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tedo" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Khoa học – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weetnschap" title="Weetnschap – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Weetnschap" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolav" title="Nolav – 沃拉普克文" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nolav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syince" title="Syince – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Syince" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syensya" title="Syensya – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Syensya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xam-xam" title="Xam-xam – 沃洛夫文" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xam-xam" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzululwazi" title="Inzululwazi – 科薩文" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Inzululwazi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科薩文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მენცარობა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მენცარობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="וויסנשאפט – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויסנשאפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1y%E1%BA%B9%CC%81ns%C3%AC" title="Sáyẹ́nsì – 約魯巴文" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Sáyẹ́nsì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="約魯巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gohyoz" title="Gohyoz – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gohyoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%87%B4" title="格致 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="格致" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Kho-ha̍k – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kho-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzululwazi" title="Inzululwazi – 祖魯文" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inzululwazi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖魯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q336#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&oldid=2160409" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1488945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png/316px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg/109px-Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg/164px-Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg/218px-Chimp_Brain_in_a_jar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:207px;max-width:207px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2010%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%883%E6%97%A5%E3%80%81%E9%95%B7%E9%87%8E%E7%9C%8C%E9%A3%AF%E7%94%B0%E5%B8%82%E3%81%A7%E5%95%86%E8%AB%87%E3%82%92%E8%A1%8C%E3%81%86%E6%A8%A1%E6%A7%98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/2010%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%883%E6%97%A5%E3%80%81%E9%95%B7%E9%87%8E%E7%9C%8C%E9%A3%AF%E7%94%B0%E5%B8%82%E3%81%A7%E5%95%86%E8%AB%87%E3%82%92%E8%A1%8C%E3%81%86%E6%A8%A1%E6%A7%98.jpg/205px-2010%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%883%E6%97%A5%E3%80%81%E9%95%B7%E9%87%8E%E7%9C%8C%E9%A3%AF%E7%94%B0%E5%B8%82%E3%81%A7%E5%95%86%E8%AB%87%E3%82%92%E8%A1%8C%E3%81%86%E6%A8%A1%E6%A7%98.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/2010%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%883%E6%97%A5%E3%80%81%E9%95%B7%E9%87%8E%E7%9C%8C%E9%A3%AF%E7%94%B0%E5%B8%82%E3%81%A7%E5%95%86%E8%AB%87%E3%82%92%E8%A1%8C%E3%81%86%E6%A8%A1%E6%A7%98.jpg/308px-2010%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%883%E6%97%A5%E3%80%81%E9%95%B7%E9%87%8E%E7%9C%8C%E9%A3%AF%E7%94%B0%E5%B8%82%E3%81%A7%E5%95%86%E8%AB%87%E3%82%92%E8%A1%8C%E3%81%86%E6%A8%A1%E6%A7%98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/2010%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%883%E6%97%A5%E3%80%81%E9%95%B7%E9%87%8E%E7%9C%8C%E9%A3%AF%E7%94%B0%E5%B8%82%E3%81%A7%E5%95%86%E8%AB%87%E3%82%92%E8%A1%8C%E3%81%86%E6%A8%A1%E6%A7%98.jpg/410px-2010%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%883%E6%97%A5%E3%80%81%E9%95%B7%E9%87%8E%E7%9C%8C%E9%A3%AF%E7%94%B0%E5%B8%82%E3%81%A7%E5%95%86%E8%AB%87%E3%82%92%E8%A1%8C%E3%81%86%E6%A8%A1%E6%A7%98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">科學可以分做好多唔同嘅領域，唔同領域研究嘅對象都唔同： <ul><li>左上：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>）；</li> <li>右上：<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物化學">生物化學</a>）；</li> <li>左下：<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="腦部">腦部</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>）；</li> <li>右下：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人</a>之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95" title="互動">互動</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>）。</li></ul></div></div></div></div> <p><b>科學</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%8B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="粵拼">粵拼</a>：<span>fo<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> hok<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87" title="日文">日文</a>：<span title="漢字或者假名表記（原文）"><span lang="ja" title="日文文字"><b>科学</b></span></span><small>／</small><span title="全假名表記"><span lang="ja" title="日文文字">かがく</span></span><sup> <i><span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">kagaku</span></i></sup>；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en"><b>science</b></span>）係一套靠<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89" title="實證">實證</a>嚟尋求同累積<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>嘅方法，建基於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經驗主義">經驗主義</a>：經驗主義係一種<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">有關知識本質嘅觀點</a>，主張知識主要或者完全淨係嚟自<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89" title="實證">求知者能夠感知得到嘅嘢</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="科學家">科學家</a>—<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD" title="專業">專業</a>做科學嘅人—會<sup id="cite_ref-bulger2002_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bulger2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>諗一啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80" title="客觀">客觀</a>噉<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="驗證">驗證</a>得到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">理論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a>出嚟，嘗試用呢啲理論同假說解釋<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>嘅一啲現象；</li> <li>跟住用<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>等嘅方法攞<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a>，睇吓佢哋嘅理論同假說所作出嘅預測係咪合符數據講嘅嘢；</li> <li>同數據唔夾嘅理論同假說會俾科學家淘汰或者改；</li></ol> <p>搞科學嘅人會係噉重覆上述嘅過程，直至搵到一啲完美噉符合嗮實驗同觀察數據嘅理論為止<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺現代嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%95%8C" title="科學界">科學界</a>，科學會按「研究嘅對象係乜」<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="科學分枝">分做唔同領域</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="物理定律">宇宙嘅基本定律</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質">物質</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a>研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94" title="天體">天體</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>研究唔同<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="物種">物種</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="動物行為學">動物行為學</a>研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="動物">動物</a>－包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>－嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>；而各門嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>就研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="社會">社會</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="社會現象">各種現象</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；响呢啲大類之下仲有得再細分，例如係專門研究生命嘅生物學噉，就可以按「研究嘅係邊啲生命」再細分做<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="植物學">植物學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="動物學">動物學</a>等嘅子領域；除此之外，廣義上嘅科學仲可以包埋所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="應用科學">應用科學</a>－即係嗰啲將科學知識攞去做應用嘅領域，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工程學">工程學</a>（會用物理學知識設計<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0" title="機械">機械</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="建築物">建築物</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學">醫學</a>（會用生物學上對<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌">細菌</a>嘅研究幫手<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="醫病">醫病</a>）呀噉。而無論係邊個領域都好，搞科學嘅人都會秉持經驗主義嘅精神，堅持知識一定要建基於客觀同實證先得<sup id="cite_ref-editstaff2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-editstaff2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-knorrcetina1981_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knorrcetina1981-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>科學呢家嘢<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="科學史">歷史好悠久</a>，有得追溯到去<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="公元前">公元前</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>時期咁久遠：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘哲學家">古希臘嗰時啲哲學家</a>成日喺度傾同諗<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">點樣先至可以得到知識</a>，開始度咗啲橋出嚟，例如佢哋有討論過實證可以點樣幫人得到知識<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；由嗰時開始，科學就有一路噉發展，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="古印度">古印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭黃金時期">中世</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="伊斯蘭世界">伊斯蘭世界</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%8F" title="華夏">華夏</a>（尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="宋朝">趙宋皇朝</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="文藝復興">文藝復興</a>嘅歐洲、同埋 17 至 18 世紀起嘅歐<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="美國">美</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>等地都有重大嘅科學進展。到咗廿一世紀初，科學經已係一門龐大嘅行業，每年世界各國都<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87" title="投資">投資</a>大量嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90" title="資源">資源</a>去搞<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="科研">科研</a>，而科學家亦都成為咗一份有返咁上下地位嘅工<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="詞源"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E6.BA.90"></span>詞源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 詞源"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/270px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/405px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/540px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘哲學家">古希臘哲學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="阿里士多德">阿里士多德</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E7%9F%B3" title="大理石">大理石</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="石像">像</a>；佢有討論過 <a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">tabula rasa</a> 同「知識係喺邊度嚟」等嘅問題<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a></div> <p>科學個英文名係 <b>science</b>。呢隻字好耐歷史：隻字係喺 14 世紀中期嗰陣嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="英格蘭人">英格蘭人</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%95%E6%96%87" title="古法文">古法文</a>（現代<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%96%87" title="法文">法文</a>嘅祖先）嗰度借過嚟嘅，隻字喺古法文入面有<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a></b>同<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="學習">學習</a></b>呢類嘅意思；而呢隻古舊嘅法文字有得再追溯到去<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>嗰度－古羅馬人講嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>裏頭有個字叫 <b>scientia</b>，意思係<b>知識</b>或者<b>學問</b>噉解。<b>Scientia</b> 呢隻字亦都俾人指係同拉丁文嘅字 </p> <dl><dd><b>sciens</b>（意思係<b>聰明</b>）同埋</dd> <dd><b>scire</b>（意思係<b>知道</b>或者<b>分辨</b>）</dd></dl> <p>有啦掕<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。除此之外，有啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學家">語言學家</a>仲主張話隻字可以追溯得再古老啲：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" title="古希臘文">古希臘文</a>度有隻字 <b>skhizein</b>—意思係<b>分開</b>或者<b>切開</b>（<b>分</b>辨）噉解，而古希臘嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>對古羅馬有好大影響，有機會係由希臘文傳咗入去拉丁文<sup id="cite_ref-etymology_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymology-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wilson1999_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson1999-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>不過，<b>scientia</b> 呢隻字（同埋佢嗰柞變種）嘅意思喺歷史上一路有變化：本來隻字專指一啲有系統性或者有記錄嘅知識，引申到包嗮所有由<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="學術研究">學術研究</a>嗰度得返嚟、有紋有路嘅知識－個意思查實好籠統；响公元 1600 年到 1800 年之間，專門研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="大自然">大自然</a>嘅學問喺歐美地區係俾人嗌做<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="自然哲學">自然哲學</a></b>嘅，用意係要表示佢哋同研究<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>嘅學問<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="道德哲學">道德哲學</a>唔同。到咗 1800 年（<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="啟蒙時代">啟蒙時代</a>）開始，<b>自然哲學</b>呢隻字詞先至讓位俾<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a></b>。由嗰時起，<b>science</b> 呢隻字就演變做今日嘅用法：<b>science</b> 包嗮<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>呢啲用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>嚟研究大自然嘅學科，而道德哲學就演變咗做現代嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>，而且家吓佢哋主流都係跟科學方法，所以都俾人歸埋入廣義上嘅 <b>science</b> 嗰度<sup id="cite_ref-knorrcetina1981_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knorrcetina1981-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>由 16 世紀起，<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="明朝">明朝</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B6%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C" title="江戶幕府">江戶幕府</a>下嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>都分別噉開始同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="西人">西人</a>打交道，日本仲好快變咗做成個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="亞洲">亞洲</a>入面最強大嘅國家之一。<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="日本人">日本人</a>幫 <b>science</b> 改咗個名叫<b>科学</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="平假名">平假名</a>：かがく；<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="日羅">日羅</a>：kagaku），而西人嘅 <b>science</b> 傳到去<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F" title="中原">中原</a>初頭就俾人嗌做<b>格致</b>，意思係《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8_(%E6%9B%B8)" title="大學 (書)">大學</a>》所講嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%89%A9%E8%87%B4%E7%9F%A5" title="格物致知">格物致知</a>，即係探究事物嘅原理，從而攞到知識<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。後嚟<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%89%E7%82%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康有為">康有為</a>由日本嗰度引入咗<b>科學</b>呢個<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a>詞語，仲令到成個<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="大中華地區">大中華地區</a>都採用呢個詞語嚟稱呼「用科學方法尋求知識嘅學問」呢樣嘢。喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a>入面，呢兩隻漢字係讀做 <b><span>fo<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> hok<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span></b> 嘅。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定位"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E4.BD.8D"></span>定位</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 定位"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="科學哲學">科學哲學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E7%95%8C%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="科學分界問題">科學分界問題</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經驗主義">經驗主義</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a></div> <blockquote><p>「我哋嘅一切知識都係始於<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a>，跟住會提升去<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3" title="理解">理解</a>嘅層次，並且以<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a>作結。冇嘢係高得過理性嘅。」<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><dl><dd>—18 世紀<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國">德國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="哲學家">哲學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努爾·康德">伊曼努爾·康德</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="科學哲學">科學哲學</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係科學嘅基礎，簡單噉講就係一套有關「科學呢家嘢應該點搞」嘅諗法：<b>哲學</b>呢隻詞一般都係指緊<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">某一個學科</a>，但响廣義上嚟講，呢個詞仲可以攞嚟指「一個人或者一班人對於做某一樣嘢嘅基本信念」－所以<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87" title="粵文">粵文</a>入面會有<b>做人哲學</b>呢隻詞，指一個人對於做人嘅諗法同信念；按呢個<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>，科學哲學就係指緊做科學嘅人對於「科學<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">係啲乜嘢</a>」同埋「科學應該點樣搞」呢類問題嘅一套諗法<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>科學哲學建基於<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a>上嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經驗主義">經驗主義</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>觀點：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a>係<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>嘅一門，專門思考<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>嘅本質同「點樣追求知識」等嘅問題<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；而經驗主義就係早喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>嗰陣經已存在嘅一種知識論觀點，主張知識呢樣嘢應該係主要甚至乎完全淨係建基於<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89" title="實證">感官體驗</a>嘅－呢種觀點主張，一個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5" title="信念">信念</a>要算得上係知識，一定要係能夠直接用<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%AE%98" title="感官">感官</a>嚟感受得到，或者係會作出<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AD%89%E5%BA%A6" title="可否證度">可以用感官嚟驗證</a>嘅預測嘅；呢種觀點會拒絕<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="神秘主義">神秘主義</a>同埋冇得<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80" title="客觀">客觀</a>噉驗證嘅信念，覺得呢啲信念唔可以算係知識，會嗌呢啲嘢做「<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="超自然">超自然</a>」<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="可否證度"><span id=".E5.8F.AF.E5.90.A6.E8.AD.89.E5.BA.A6"></span>可否證度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 可否證度"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AD%89%E5%BA%A6" title="可否證度">可否證度</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E5%BA%A6" title="可測試度">可測試度</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AD%89%E5%BA%A6" title="可否證度">可否證度</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係科學哲學最根基嘅概念之一，成日俾人用嚟<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="界定">界定</a>一套學說或者一個諗法屬唔屬科學嘅範疇：呢個<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>裏面有數唔嗮咁多個可能嘅諗法，但呢啲諗法當中大半嘅都係不可否證；如果話一個諗法<b>可否證</b><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅話，意思即係個諗法係有可能透過感官嚟睇吓佢係咪<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A2%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="真確">真確</a>嘅<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。舉幾個例說明<sup id="cite_ref-olszewski2011_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olszewski2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>「喺而家呢一刻<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="時間">時間</a>，阿松左手上面有個<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%99" title="橙">橙</a>」<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呢句嘢可否證；噉係因為研究者只要用對<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC" title="眼">眼</a>望吓阿松左手上面係咪真係有個橙，就可以驗證句嘢係咪真，如果佢見到阿松手上咩都冇，就可以證實句嘢係假－喺最少一個可能嘅情況下，句嘢會俾人證實係一個錯嘅預測。</li> <li>一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%87%E7%9B%B8" title="睇相">睇相佬</a>話「阿松今年可能會有大病」呢句嘢就未必可否證；想像家陣阿松真係有大病，就會「證實」句嘢；但現實表明咗，就算阿松冇大病，個睇相佬大可以話「我淨係話阿松<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1919394">.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4>.zit3,.mw-parser-output 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a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.pin1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".pdf#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF?"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1,.mw-parser-output a[href$=".PDF#"].external>span[aria-label]>.syu1ming4>.saan1{width:unset;font-size:unset}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.zi6:after{overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2tau4ge3.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0.14em 0 0 0)}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}</style><span class="zoek6zung6" aria-label="可能"><span class="hai2tau4ge3 zit3"><span class="zit3"><span class="hai2tau4ge3 hai2zeoi3mei1ge3 zi6">可</span></span></span><span class="hai2zeoi3mei1ge3 zit3"><span class="zit3"><span class="hai2tau4ge3 hai2zeoi3mei1ge3 zi6">能</span></span></span></span>會有大病啫嘛，冇話佢實會有大病」－無論個結果係點，個睇相佬都有得兜話佢查實講啱咗，所以實際上根本就冇可能知道嗰個睇相佬係咪真係做咗個準確嘅預測<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>「一位<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%BF" title="天使">天使</a>對<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BC" title="翼">翼</a>係 50 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%96%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="公斤">kg</a> 咁重」呢句嘢就冇乜可否證度；因為如果要驗證呢句嘢，就要去搵一位天使返嚟，再用某啲方法磅吓佢對翼，睇吓佢對翼係咪真係 50 kg 咁重，但問題係以廿一世紀初嘅認知，冇人能夠搵到天使返嚟，所以冇任何方法可以證實句嘢係一個錯嘅預測（要搵到<b>天使</b>呢樣搵唔到嘅嘢先可以驗證－實際上不可否證）。</li></ul> <p>一句<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E8%BF%B0%E5%BC%8F_(%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF)" title="陳述式 (邏輯)">陳述</a>「係咪可否證」可以用一條簡單問題嚟衡量<sup id="cite_ref-olszewski2011_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olszewski2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：攞住句陳述，求知者可唔可以<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E5%83%8F" title="想像">想像</a>得到有最少一個可能嘅情況，一旦實際噉睇到呢個情況真係發生，<b>就會證實嗰句陳述係一個錯誤嘅預測</b>？一般認為，如果求知者對呢個問題嘅答案係「唔可以」，噉句陳述就算係冇可否證度。一句陳述缺乏可否證度嘅原因有好多－例如可能嗰句陳述<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AB%E7%B3%8A" title="含糊">含糊</a>得滯，提出句陳述嘅人無論結果係點都有得兜話佢查實講啱咗，好似正話睇相佬嗰個例子噉；又或者評估陳述真偽要做嘅工序，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="可測試性">喺實際上根本執行唔到</a>，好似「天使對翼幾重」嗰個例子噉<sup id="cite_ref-olszewski2011_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olszewski2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>可否證度呢家嘢喺現代嘅科學上不可或缺：現代科學正正就係建基於<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89" title="實證">實證</a>（用感官體驗嚟驗證自己嘅知識）嘅；如果一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="理論">理論</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a>不可否證嘅話，就表示求知者冇可能透過觀察或者做實驗嚟驗證睇吓佢係唔係真係真確－亦即係話呢啲學說根本就唔屬科學嘅範疇（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="非科學">非科學</a><span id="非科學"></span>），所以做科學嘅人一般都係唔會理呢啲噉嘅嘢<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；而有關冇可否證度嘅學說嘅例子，可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="精神分析">精神分析</a>學說，呢套學說係喺 19 世紀尾由<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="佛洛伊德">佛洛伊德</a>提出嘅，打後俾人指出佢缺乏可否證度，到咗廿世紀經已冇<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學家">心理學家</a>仲會用<sup id="cite_ref-michael2019_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michael2019-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float: none; padding: 0.3em 1em;"> <p><b>可否證嘅例子：萬有引力定律</b><br /> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓">牛頓</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="萬有引力定律">萬有引力定律</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係一個可否證嘅出名科學理論。呢條定律講嘅係，是但搵兩嚿有<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="質量">質量</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E9%AB%94" title="物體">物體</a>，兩嚿嘢之間會互相產生一股<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}"></span> 吸引住對方。呢股引力嘅大細同兩嚿嘢嘅質量相乘（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{1}m_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{1}m_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/538f406d4d578d5d71ad0370bdde0ec0f1574810" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.189ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{1}m_{2}}"></span>）成<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="正比">正比</a>，同佢哋之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" title="距離">距離</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9" title="平方">平方</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a363a15442d031416d1eb62254a9c726e3f6c66c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.103ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r^{2}}"></span>）成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="反比">反比</a>，同兩嚿嘢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%B9%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="化學特性">化學特性</a>唔啦更。牛頓佢仲提出咗一條<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="數學方程式">數學方程式</a>嚟計兩嚿嘢之間嘅引力<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3156e20e0c0ed9373b47b53e48663d2c6f014e46" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:13.691ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}}"></span>，當中 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span> 係一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" title="常數">常數</a>。</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NewtonsLawOfUniversalGravitation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/NewtonsLawOfUniversalGravitation.svg/450px-NewtonsLawOfUniversalGravitation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/NewtonsLawOfUniversalGravitation.svg/675px-NewtonsLawOfUniversalGravitation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/NewtonsLawOfUniversalGravitation.svg/900px-NewtonsLawOfUniversalGravitation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>萬有引力定律同條方程式可否證：如果科學家搵到兩嚿物體，兩嚿嘢之間嘅引力 </p> <ul><li>唔係同兩嚿嘢嘅質量相乘成正比嘅；</li> <li>唔係同兩嚿嘢之間嘅距離嘅平方成反比嘅；或者</li> <li>同兩嚿嘢嘅化學特性有關係；</li></ul><p> 嘅話，研究者就可以否決呢條定律，或者最少話條定律根本<b>唔係萬有</b>（<b>唔係萬有</b>即係指宇宙入面至少有一啲嘢係唔跟呢條定律嘅）。事實上，科學家亦都有做過好多嘢嚟試呢條定律：由 17 世紀開始，呢條定律就俾數以千萬計嘅科學家攞嚟計好多嘢，好似係啲物體跌落地嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="速度">速度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%B9" title="太空船">太空船</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%B7%E9%A3%9B" title="起飛">起飛</a>需要嘅力或者係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%BD%89" title="公轉">公轉</a>呀噉，而一路以嚟，呢條定律都做到相當準嘅預測，好經得起考驗。於是科學界就覺得呢條定律係一個好好嘅科學理論，到咗廿一世紀初都仲會用到<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="科學方法"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>科學方法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 科學方法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Library_of_Congress,_Rosenwald_4,_Bl._5r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Library_of_Congress%2C_Rosenwald_4%2C_Bl._5r.jpg/270px-Library_of_Congress%2C_Rosenwald_4%2C_Bl._5r.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Library_of_Congress%2C_Rosenwald_4%2C_Bl._5r.jpg/405px-Library_of_Congress%2C_Rosenwald_4%2C_Bl._5r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Library_of_Congress%2C_Rosenwald_4%2C_Bl._5r.jpg/540px-Library_of_Congress%2C_Rosenwald_4%2C_Bl._5r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="2259" /></a><figcaption>「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E5%92%97%E5%96%BA%E5%B7%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%98%85%E8%86%8A%E9%A0%AD%E4%B8%8A%E9%9D%A2" title="企咗喺巨人嘅膊頭上面">企咗喺巨人嘅膊頭上面</a>」呢句<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="短語">短語</a>，係話要將自己嘅思考建基於前人做嘅嘢（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="巨人">巨人</a>）之上，令自己睇得更高更遠。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E5%92%97%E5%96%BA%E5%B7%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%98%85%E8%86%8A%E9%A0%AD%E4%B8%8A%E9%9D%A2" title="企咗喺巨人嘅膊頭上面">企咗喺巨人嘅膊頭上面</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="方法步驟"><span id=".E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95.E6.AD.A5.E9.A9.9F"></span>方法步驟</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 方法步驟"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>「我能夠睇得更遠，皆因我<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E5%92%97%E5%96%BA%E5%B7%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%98%85%E8%86%8A%E9%A0%AD%E4%B8%8A%E9%9D%A2" title="企咗喺巨人嘅膊頭上面">企咗喺巨人嘅膊頭上面</a>。」<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><dl><dd>—<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓">牛頓</a></dd></dl></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>係根據科學哲學嚟追求知識嘅過程。搞親科學嘅人實係用科學方法嚟研究自己在意嘅現象嘅－由<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>都係噉。科學方法有以下呢幾個步驟<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ol><li>喺日常生活嗰度<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>吓研究緊嘅現象，對現象嘅運作原理等提出問題，即係要諗吓呢啲現象係咪而家有嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">理論</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（嚴格上係指會做<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AD%89%E5%BA%A6" title="可否證度">可否證</a>嘅預測嘅知識體）解唔解釋得到，而如果唔得，就要諗吓有冇啲乜嘢新嘅定律有可能解釋到呢柞現象； <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓">牛頓</a>：「基於我觀察到蘋果由樹上面跌落嚟等嘅現象，我推測啲現象背後係因為有引力嘅作用。」</li></ul></li> <li>基於諗出嚟嘅新定律或者理論，諗一啲可否證嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hypo_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hypo-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（指由理論嗰度推理出嚟，有得直接觀察但係未經證實嘅講法）出嚟； <ul><li>牛頓：「如果我提倡條式係真確嘅，啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%BD%89" title="公轉">公轉</a>軌道應該會係噉噉噉...」（假說）</li></ul></li> <li>做<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>或者有系統嘅觀察，攞同分析<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>； <ul><li>牛頓：「啲行星嘅公轉軌道實際上係點嘅樣？」</li></ul></li> <li>做總結－ <ul><li>如果數據撐條新定律嘅話，噉就將呢個新發現夾入去現有嘅理論入面，形成一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%8A%9B" title="解釋力">解釋力</a>更勁嘅新理論；</li> <li>如果數據唔撐條新定律嘅話，就重新諗過；</li> <li>「如果我呢個理論係真確，呢場實驗或者觀察理應會得出某個某個結果，而個實際嘅結果係...」</li></ul></li> <li>重複<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ol> <p>科學方法係一個循環嘅過程－科學家會係噉重複上述嘅工序嚟豐富人類知識，因為次次搵到新嘅知識之後，好多時即刻又會有新嘅謎團；好似係<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E8%90%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓萬有引力定律">牛頓萬有引力定律</a>噉，當啲物理學家發現咗佢哋觀察到嘅嘢都係跟住呢條定律之後，佢哋又要開始去諗「萬有引力係點嚟」呢條新問題同埋做新實驗嚟搵答案。於是乎，人類喺知識上就不斷係噉有進步同發現新嘢<sup id="cite_ref-wilson1999_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson1999-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="驗證方法"><span id=".E9.A9.97.E8.AD.89.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>驗證方法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 驗證方法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A3%E6%9C%AC" title="樣本">樣本</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="實驗室">實驗室</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="統計分析">統計分析</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="假說檢定">假說檢定</a></div> <p>驗證假說主要有兩大方法： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>指一啲用嚟驗證某啲假說、牽涉到<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E6%93%8D%E6%8E%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="實驗操控">操控</a>某啲變數嘅程序：响做實驗嗰陣，研究會操控<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="自變數">自變數</a>（IV）－即係用人工嘅方法改變自變數嘅數值，再睇吓噉樣做會點樣影響到<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="應變數">應變數</a>（DV）嘅數值。舉個例說明，想像家陣有位<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="物理學家">物理學家</a>喺度做<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%B9%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="狹義相對論">狹義相對論</a>方面嘅研究；簡化噉講，狹義相對論主張，當一嚿物體<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%81" title="郁">郁</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="速度">速度</a>愈近<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="光速">光速</a>，嚿物體過嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="時間">時間</a>就會愈慢；呢種現象就係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="時間膨脹">時間膨脹</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而要測試時間膨脹呢個諗法，（簡化噉講）研究者可以噉樣做實驗－ <ol><li>佢哋擺個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%90%98" title="原子鐘">原子鐘</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>時間）喺架好勁嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD" title="火箭">火箭</a>裏面，</li> <li>開大架火箭嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E6%93%8E" class="mw-disambig" title="引擎">引擎</a>，令架火箭飛得好快（有返咁上下接近光速），</li> <li>飛完一輪，之後研究者再攞架火箭裏面嗰個<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%90%98" title="原子鐘">原子鐘</a>，攞個鐘嚟同一個由始至終都喺<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>表面唔郁嘅原子鐘比較吓，睇吓以接近光速飛過嘅原子鐘係咪真係會行得慢咗。</li></ol> <ul><li>喺成個實驗入面，<b>速度</b>就係一個自變數（俾研究者人工噉操控咗嘅變數），而個原子鐘所量度嘅<b>過咗幾耐時間</b>就係一個應變數（研究者淨係量度咗呢個變數，冇直接噉操控佢數值）<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。實驗係現代科學上成日用嘅做法，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="實驗室">實驗室</a>就正正係指一間專門攞嚟做實驗用嘅房，一般都會擺嗮啲專係攞嚟做實驗用嘅架生，而且因為用嘅架生個個科學領域都唔同，所以會有細分做<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="化學實驗">化學實驗室</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="生物學實驗">生物學實驗室</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="心理學實驗">心理學實驗室</a>呢類再專門啲嘅實驗室噉<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chemical_Experiments_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chemical_Experiments_3.jpg/450px-Chemical_Experiments_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chemical_Experiments_3.jpg/675px-Chemical_Experiments_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chemical_Experiments_3.jpg/900px-Chemical_Experiments_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5013" data-file-height="3760" /></a><figcaption>「條<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A6%E7%AE%A1" title="試管">試管</a>入面啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="化學物質">化學物質</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="溫度">溫度</a>等嘅特性經已設定好嗮（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E6%93%8D%E6%8E%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="實驗操控">實驗操控</a>），我個理論預測會發生嘅嗰場<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="化學反應">化學反應</a>係咪真係會發生（<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="應變數">DV</a>）呢？」</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>認真嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>指緊一啲用嚟驗證某啲假說、但<b>唔</b>牽涉到操控任何變數嘅程序：响做觀察嗰陣，研究者會搵方法量度啲變數嘅數值，再睇吓啲變數之間嘅關係係咪同假說所講嘅一致，不過佢哋唔會特登郁手改變任何一個變數嘅數值；例如係<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="經濟學家">經濟學家</a>驗證一啲描述「<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="貨品">貨品</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E9%8C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="價錢">價錢</a>受乜嘢因素影響」嘅假說嗰陣，佢哋好難話直接控制（例如）<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" title="市場">市場</a>上嗰啲商品嘅價錢，但佢哋可以試吓<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F" title="隨機">隨機</a>噉<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3" title="抽樣">抽</a>幾樣商品出嚟睇，計吓<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="統計分析">統計分析</a>睇吓價錢係咪真係同（佢哋心目中會影響價錢嘅）嗰啲因素有明顯嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C" title="統計相關">相關</a>，係嘅話就可以話啲數據撐咗佢哋心目中嘅假說，而喺成個過程入面，啲經濟學家冇操控任何變數，只係量度咗啲變數嘅數值，所以佢哋做緊嘅係個觀察，唔係實驗。順帶一提，觀察呢家嘢喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>當中零舍常用<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="量度"><span id=".E9.87.8F.E5.BA.A6"></span>量度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 量度"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6%E5%B1%A4%E6%AC%A1" title="量度層次">量度層次</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>係實驗同認真嘅觀察必然會涉及嘅一樣嘢，泛指「搵出個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>嘅數值」嘅過程<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：喺做一份科研嗰陣，研究者要首先搞清楚咗用緊乜嘢理論、驗證緊啲咩假說、同埋驗證緊嘅假說入面有邊啲變數喺度。例如用返時間膨脹嗰個實驗做例子，响嗰場時間膨脹實驗當中，研究者考慮咗兩個變數－ </p> <ul><li>一件物體嘅速度、同埋</li> <li>件物體過咗嘅時間，</li></ul> <p>研究者要搵一大柞以唔同速度郁動嘅物體返嚟，睇吓呢啲物體係咪真係「郁嘅速度愈近光速，過嘅時間就愈慢」（驗證吓個假說係咪真確）。喺成個過程當中，研究者梗要有方法知每件物體嘅「速度」同埋「過咗幾多時間」－將每件物體嘅速度同時間嘅數值由「未知」變成「知道」嘅過程就係所謂嘅量度<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>好多時，同一個變數可以用幾個唔同嘅方法量度，而唔同方法好多時都各有優劣：好似係响量度<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="時間">時間</a>嗰陣，研究者可以用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%8F" title="沙漏">沙漏</a>或者係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%90%98" title="原子鐘">原子鐘</a>嚟去度；前者嘅設計原始啲，而且因為要靠對<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E7%9C%BC%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="肉眼觀察">肉眼</a>睇有幾多<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99" title="沙">沙</a>落咗下格，而人眼又俾好多外在因素影響，所以次次度出嚟嗰個數值都唔多同－唔多<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BA%A6" title="信度">靠得住</a>；度長度嗰陣可以攞軟尺同<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E5%B0%BA" title="間尺">間尺</a>去度，但軟尺同間尺都有好多唔同款－有啲淨係度得到 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%98%E7%B1%B3" title="厘米">cm</a>，但有啲有埋 <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%AB%E7%B1%B3" title="毫米">mm</a>，後者會<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A2%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="精確">精確</a>啲<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。量度方法呢家嘢喺科學入面係一條幾受關注嘅議題，好多時科學上嘅重大發現都係靠<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E" title="發明">發明</a>啲新嘅量度方法先至做到嘅，而且科學家喺評鑑一份科研嗰陣，時不時都會喺度詏嗰份研究用嗰啲量度方法夠唔夠<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E7%A2%BA%E5%90%8C%E7%B2%BE%E7%A2%BA" title="準確同精確">準確同精確</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242160">.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod{background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-title{text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-box{float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-box .thumb{border:1px solid #ccc;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output tr.gallery-mod-text{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output tr.gallery-mod-text .core{display:block;font-size:small;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-text .caption{line-height:1.25em;padding:6px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0;border:none;border-width:0}.mw-parser-output .gallery-mod-footer{text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}</style><table class="gallery-mod gallery-mod-center"><tbody><tr><td><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Measuring_Tape_Inch%2BCM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="量度架生：軟尺量度嘅變數：長度"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Measuring_Tape_Inch%2BCM.jpg/276px-Measuring_Tape_Inch%2BCM.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Measuring_Tape_Inch%2BCM.jpg/413px-Measuring_Tape_Inch%2BCM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Measuring_Tape_Inch%2BCM.jpg/551px-Measuring_Tape_Inch%2BCM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption><center>量度架生：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E5%B0%BA" title="軟尺">軟尺</a><br />量度嘅變數：<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="長度">長度</a></center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center>量度架生：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E5%B0%BA" title="軟尺">軟尺</a><br />量度嘅變數：<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="長度">長度</a></center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clinical_thermometer_38.7.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="量度架生：溫度計量度嘅變數：溫度"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Clinical_thermometer_38.7.JPG/291px-Clinical_thermometer_38.7.JPG" decoding="async" width="291" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Clinical_thermometer_38.7.JPG/436px-Clinical_thermometer_38.7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Clinical_thermometer_38.7.JPG/582px-Clinical_thermometer_38.7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3112" data-file-height="1927" /></a><figcaption><center>量度架生：<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6%E8%A8%88" title="溫度計">溫度計</a><br />量度嘅變數：<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="溫度">溫度</a></center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center>量度架生：<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6%E8%A8%88" title="溫度計">溫度計</a><br />量度嘅變數：<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="溫度">溫度</a></center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persona_enquestant_a_una_noia..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="量度架生：問卷量度嘅變數：受訪者嘅觀感"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Persona_enquestant_a_una_noia..jpg/284px-Persona_enquestant_a_una_noia..jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Persona_enquestant_a_una_noia..jpg/426px-Persona_enquestant_a_una_noia..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Persona_enquestant_a_una_noia..jpg/569px-Persona_enquestant_a_una_noia..jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption><center>量度架生：<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%8F%E5%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="問卷">問卷</a><br />量度嘅變數：受訪者嘅觀感</center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center>量度架生：<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%8F%E5%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="問卷">問卷</a><br />量度嘅變數：受訪者嘅觀感</center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歸納"><span id=".E6.AD.B8.E7.B4.8D"></span>歸納</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 歸納"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Swan_at_Martin_Mere.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Black_Swan_at_Martin_Mere.JPG/240px-Black_Swan_at_Martin_Mere.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Black_Swan_at_Martin_Mere.JPG/360px-Black_Swan_at_Martin_Mere.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Black_Swan_at_Martin_Mere.JPG/480px-Black_Swan_at_Martin_Mere.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2193" data-file-height="2924" /></a><figcaption>呢個世界上查實有<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A4%A9%E9%B5%9D" title="黑天鵝">黑天鵝</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D" title="歸納">歸納</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96" title="貝葉斯推論">貝葉斯推論</a></div> <p>要留意嘅係，科學方法用嘅諗嘢方式係<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D" title="歸納">歸納</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。歸納係指緊<b>由啲個別嘅事例嗰度去推斷出一啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E5%8C%96" title="廣義化">普遍</a>嘅原理</b><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。歸納相對於<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="數學家">數學家</a>成日用、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%B9%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="演繹推理">可以得出肯定結論嘅思考方式</a>唔同－歸納唔會保證到個<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E8%AB%96" title="結論">結論</a>係一定真確，但會靠住有大量嘅事例嚟去提升自己個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="論證">論證</a>嘅強度。好似係以下嘅論證噉樣： </p> <dl><dd><b>前提 1</b>：所有人類嘅壽命都係有限嘅；</dd> <dd><b>前提 2</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="蘇格拉底">蘇格拉底</a>係個人；</dd> <dd><b>結論</b>：蘇格拉底嘅壽命係有限嘅。</dd></dl> <p>呢個係一個典型嘅演繹推理論證：雖然話係有得詏佢嗰兩句<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E6%8F%90" class="mw-redirect" title="前提">前提</a>到底係咪真，但事實係如果佢嗰兩句前提係成立嘅，噉佢個結論<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>上都一定會成立－喺一個<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="邏輯效度">有效</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅演繹推理論證入面，前提真確會保證到個結論真確。呢種思考方式喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學">數學</a>上成日都會用嚟<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="證明">證明</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="定理">定理</a>。同呢種諗嘢方式唔同，响一個歸納性質嘅論證入面，前提真確冇辦法保證到結論真確，淨係可以靠大量嘅事例嚟提升個論證嘅強度，好似係以下呢個論證噉<sup id="cite_ref-heit2000_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heit2000-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><b>前提</b>：我之前見過嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%B5%9D" title="天鵝">天鵝</a>都係白色嘅：</dd> <dd><b>結論</b>：呢個世界上所有天鵝都係白色嘅。</dd></dl> <p>呢個係一個典型嘅歸納論證：就算個<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E6%8F%90" class="mw-redirect" title="前提">前提</a>係真，都保證唔到個<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E8%AB%96" title="結論">結論</a>係真－前提入面嗰個「我」並冇見過嗮世界上所有嘅天鵝，而事實係世界上有<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A4%A9%E9%B5%9D" title="黑天鵝">黑天鵝</a>，個觀察者會噉諗只不過係因為佢咁啱未見過黑天鵝；如果個觀察者想佢個論證強啲嘅話，佢就一啲要去見多啲天鵝：如果佢睇勻嗮全<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>嘅天鵝，呢個論證嘅說服力會比較強；相反，如果佢淨係見過<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國">英國</a>嘅天鵝，噉呢個論證嘅說服力會渣好多<sup id="cite_ref-heit2000_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heit2000-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>「科學方法用嘅係歸納」呢一點對科學家嘅思考方式有重大影響：喺驗證「<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="萬有引力">萬有引力</a>係真嘅」呢句說話嗰陣，<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓">牛頓</a>觀察到一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="蘋果">蘋果</a>由樹上面跌落嚟（一個個別事例），佢亦都觀察到好多嘢都係跟呢條規則（好多個個別事例），但佢始終都冇辦法去真係「<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="證明">證明</a>」呢個<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>入面真係所有嘢都有萬有引力（普遍原理）－因為可能喺宇宙嘅某啲黑暗角落度會有啲冇引力嘅嘢，只係人類仲未搵到。科學家靠嘅係實驗同觀察，佢哋冇辦法好似數學家噉真係吓吓都證明佢哋講嘅嘢，只可以靠住重複做實驗同觀察嚟加強自己嘅論證，但始終係冇方法排除一個可能性：呢個宇宙入面可能真係有啲嘢係唔跟佢哋諗出嚟嗰啲定律嘅，只係佢哋未搵到呢啲嘢<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>因為噉，喺正式嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="科學文獻">科學文獻</a>入面，科學家正路嚟講係唔會話自己「用手上嘅實驗或者觀察嚟證明咗乜嘢乜嘢理論」，頂櫳淨係會話「觀察同實驗結果撐嗰個理論」，而且佢哋仲會好積極噉去搵新數據，睇吓呢啲佢哋之前未見過嘅數據會唔會推翻舊嘅理論。如果會嘅話，佢哋就會開始諗新理論，或者睇吓點樣將舊嗰個理論改吓等佢可以同新數據夾得埋，令個理論成為一個更加貼近現實嘅模型<sup id="cite_ref-heit2000_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heit2000-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Univerza1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Univerza1.jpg/500px-Univerza1.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Univerza1.jpg/750px-Univerza1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Univerza1.jpg/1000px-Univerza1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>想像 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>u</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3e6bb763d22c20916ed4f0bb6bd49d7470cffd8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u}"></span> 表示宇宙入面一切嘅現象，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> 表示人類觀察得到嘅現象，而 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{c}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{c}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7815638370f616885fa8162b06697d078459f5ec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.687ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{c}}"></span> 表示宇宙當中人類觀察唔到嘅現象。原則上，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> 永遠會細過 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>u</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3e6bb763d22c20916ed4f0bb6bd49d7470cffd8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u}"></span> 一大截，所以難保 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A^{c}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A^{c}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7815638370f616885fa8162b06697d078459f5ec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.687ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A^{c}}"></span> 裏面唔會有啲「唔跟從人類嘅科學定律，但人類唔知佢哋存在」嘅事物。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="科學理論"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8.E7.90.86.E8.AB.96"></span>科學理論</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 科學理論"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HumanChromosomesChromomycinA3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/HumanChromosomesChromomycinA3.jpg/300px-HumanChromosomesChromomycinA3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/HumanChromosomesChromomycinA3.jpg/450px-HumanChromosomesChromomycinA3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/HumanChromosomesChromomycinA3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E9%8F%A1" title="顯微鏡">顯微鏡</a>下睇到嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="染色體">染色體</a>；一個種群內部各基因嘅出現頻率係咪真係一如<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="進化論">進化論</a>所料，會一代一代噉變呢？</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">科學理論</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">科學理論</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指科學上嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="理論">理論</a>。要留意嘅係，「理論」呢個詞語喺日常用語度好多時都係指「一啲可能有根據，但未必真係有根據嘅講法」，好似係英文入面就有<b>只係一個理論</b><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呢句嘢，意思即係話某一個諗法只係斷估，未必信得過；而喺呢個咁廣泛嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>之下，好多嘢都可以算係「理論」－例如係「<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>係由<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">上帝</a>創造嘅」呢句嘢，喺呢個噉嘅定義之下都算係理論；不過响認真嘅科學研究上，啲科學家對「一嚿知識點先算一個理論」有相當嚴格嘅基準<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="理論嘅特性"><span id=".E7.90.86.E8.AB.96.E5.98.85.E7.89.B9.E6.80.A7"></span>理論嘅特性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 理論嘅特性"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="證據">證據</a></div> <p>喺廿一世紀初嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%95%8C" title="科學界">科學界</a>，一個「科學理論」係指一嚿知識體－一柞描述緊某啲現象嘅講法－而個理論係達到以下嘅呢啲條件<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ol><li>個理論本身會做一啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AD%89%E5%BA%A6" title="可否證度">可否證</a>嘅預測；</li> <li>個理論會同由<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a>度攞到嘅數據夾得埋；</li> <li>個理論有嚟自唔同源頭嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="證據">證據</a>支持。</li></ol> <p>例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="進化論">進化論</a>係廿一世紀初嘅科學上好有影響力嘅一個科學理論。根據呢個理論嘅最廣義版本，一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4" title="種群">種群</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>內部各<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>嘅出現頻率會隨住<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="時間">時間</a>而一代一代噉慢慢改變，呢個過程就係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="進化">進化</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而且進化仲有得細分做<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="微進化">微進化</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="宏進化">宏進化</a>兩種，當中後者係指進化引起嘅變化大到令進化前後兩個種群成為咗兩個唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="物種">物種</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；進化論合乎嗮科學理論嘅三大特性： </p> <ul><li>「一個種群嘅內部各基因嘅出現頻率有冇隨世代而起變化」呢樣嘢只要有方法量度基因（可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="遺傳學">遺傳學</a>方面嘅技術），就可以驗證，如果搵咗一大柞生物種群返嚟，發覺每個種群內部各基因嘅頻率都係定死咗唔變，就會否證進化論（可否證）；</li> <li>實驗同觀察表明，種群內部各基因嘅出現頻率的確係會隨世代而起變化；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E5%98%85%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="進化論嘅證據">證據</a>：除咗「响<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="實驗室">實驗室</a>入面睇吓到生物種群內部嘅基因真係會慢慢噉變化」之外，進化嘅現象仲可以喺好多地方嗰度睇到，例子有<sup id="cite_ref-adams2008_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adams2008-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="人工選擇">人工選擇</a>－養殖生物嘅人為咗自己嘅目的而特登淨係俾佢哋鍾意嗰啲個體繁殖，令到一個種群變到愈嚟愈似佢哋想要嘅樣，响<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B5%E7%89%A9" title="寵物">寵物</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E9%85%8D%E7%A8%AE" title="動物配種">配種</a>嗰度成日用到；同埋</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a>－睇得到唔同時代嘅化石展現生物物種喺形態上慢慢噉起變化。</li></ul></li></ul> <p>... 呀噉。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amber2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="有隻蟻喺入面嘅琥珀"><img alt="有隻蟻喺入面嘅琥珀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amber2.jpg/270px-Amber2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amber2.jpg/405px-Amber2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amber2.jpg/540px-Amber2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="2213" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">有隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%BB" title="蟻">蟻</a>喺入面嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%A5%E7%8F%80" title="琥珀">琥珀</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 438px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 436px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JialingpusYuechiensis(Ichnite)-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="一嚿有恐龍腳印喺上面嘅化石"><img alt="一嚿有恐龍腳印喺上面嘅化石" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/JialingpusYuechiensis%28Ichnite%29-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg/654px-JialingpusYuechiensis%28Ichnite%29-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="436" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/JialingpusYuechiensis%28Ichnite%29-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg/981px-JialingpusYuechiensis%28Ichnite%29-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/JialingpusYuechiensis%28Ichnite%29-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg/1307px-JialingpusYuechiensis%28Ichnite%29-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2872" data-file-height="1780" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">一嚿有<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E9%BE%8D" title="恐龍">恐龍</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B3%E5%8D%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="腳印化石">腳印</a>喺上面嘅化石</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeopteryx_lithographica_(Berlin_specimen).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="始祖鳥嘅化石"><img alt="始祖鳥嘅化石" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg/299px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg/450px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg/599px-Archaeopteryx_lithographica_%28Berlin_specimen%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="2552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E7%A5%96%E9%B3%A5" title="始祖鳥">始祖鳥</a>嘅化石</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="假說"><span id=".E5.81.87.E8.AA.AA"></span>假說</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 假說"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8C%E9%A0%85" title="肯定後項">肯定後項</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hypo_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hypo-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>喺科學上係指一啲由科學理論嗰度<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="推理">推理</a>出嚟嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E8%BF%B0%E5%BC%8F_(%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF)" title="陳述式 (邏輯)">陳述</a>（「如果個理論係真，噉 H 呢句嘢應該會係真」，當中 H 就係一句假說），有可以直接噉驗證，但未經證實。每當有科學家提出新嘅理論去解釋某啲打前解釋唔到嘅現象嗰陣，科學界通常第一時間想做嘅嘢就係會想去搵啲方法嚟去驗證吓個理論。佢哋會由個理論嗰度開始諗吓「如果個理論係真嘅，會引起啲乜嘢假說」，跟住佢哋就會去設計啲實驗出嚟去驗證吓呢啲假說。例如係頭先講咗嘅進化論噉<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>根據進化論，一個種群有可能喺短時間之內啲基因頻率一代代噉變；</li></ul> <p>噉如果攞（例如）一個種群嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E8%9B%BE" title="飛蛾">飛蛾</a>嚟睇，設 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span> 做其中一個基因喺呢個種群入面出現嘅頻率；如果進化論係真確嘅，應該會有最少一個 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span> 會喺幾代之間唔同咗－而假設有現代嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="遺傳學">遺傳學</a>知識，「會有最少一個 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span> 會喺幾代之間唔同咗」呢句假說有得靠直接嘅觀察嚟驗證。喺成個諗嘢過程入面，研究者用咗<b>如果...，噉應該...</b><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>－如果 A 係真，噉 B 應該都會係真，既然係噉，如果發現咗 B 唔係真，噉 A 就應該唔係真。「有最少一個 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}"></span> 會喺幾代之間唔同咗」呢句嘢喺呢度就係一個假說：句嘢由進化論嗰度推理出嚟，有得用觀察驗證<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="變數"><span id=".E8.AE.8A.E6.95.B8"></span>變數</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 變數"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數 (科研)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係科學理論同假說實會有嘅嘢。一個變數係指宇宙入面一個數值有可能變化、兼且係形容緊某啲嘢嘅特性。例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC" title="性格">性格</a>呢啲特性都可以攞嚟形容人，而且呢幾樣嘢個個人都唔同（數值可以變化），所以呢三個都係屬「攞嚟形容人」嘅變數。<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D" title="體積">體積</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="質量">質量</a>呢啲可以攞嚟形容人或者物件都得，而且呢兩樣嘢個個人件件物件都可以唔同，所以都係屬於「形容人同物件」嘅變數<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。變數大致上有得分做兩種： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E7%BA%8C%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="連續變數">連續變數</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>指啲有得用數嚟量度、兼且去到<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%95%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="小數點">小數點</a>後幾多位都得嘅變數；呢啲數值攞得嚟比較大細同埋做數學嘅運算。例如人有<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E9%AB%98" title="身高">幾高</a>有<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E9%87%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="體重">幾重</a>都可以講係連續變數－身高同體重有得用數嚟度（兼且可以用有小數點後好多個位嘅數字）。研究者有得用呢柞數值嚟比較唔同人嘅身高同體重，仲可以用呢啲數值嚟計數；</li> <li>相反，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>（社會科學研究有陣時會用到）就係一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%94%E9%80%A3%E7%BA%8C%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="唔連續變數">唔連續變數</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－「一個人信邊個教」呢家嘢唔可以用數嚟度，而且個值一般都唔可以攞嚟做<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93" title="算術">算術</a>運算：<b>183 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%98%E7%B1%B3" title="厘米">cm</a></b> 同 <b>80 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%96%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="公斤">kg</a></b> 呢啲數值有得加減乘除，而「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">信佛</a>」同「<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">信耶穌</a>」呢啲值雖然都係形容緊人，但冇得攞<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E6%95%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="計數機">計數機</a>去撳<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0" title="加">加</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%9B" title="減">減</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%98" title="乘">乘</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A4" title="除">除</a>。</li></ul> <p>順帶一提，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a>同相關嘅領域有對「變數嘅分類同特性」有詳細著墨。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyramidal_hippocampal_neuron_40x.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pyramidal_hippocampal_neuron_40x.jpg/300px-Pyramidal_hippocampal_neuron_40x.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pyramidal_hippocampal_neuron_40x.jpg/450px-Pyramidal_hippocampal_neuron_40x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pyramidal_hippocampal_neuron_40x.jpg/600px-Pyramidal_hippocampal_neuron_40x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>幾粒互相連住嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經細胞">神經細胞</a>（黑色嗰啲）；根據<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="海伯法則">海伯法則</a>，佢哋之間「同唔同時傳訊」會令佢哋之間嗰啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8" title="突觸">突觸</a>起變化。</figcaption></figure> <p>變數係科學嘅關鍵，因為基本上科學成個目標就係要去了解宇宙咁多嘅變數之間有咩關係。例如以下呢柞<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="科學定律">科學定律</a>都係講緊某一啲變數之間嘅關係： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E8%90%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓萬有引力定律">牛頓萬有引力定律</a>：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3156e20e0c0ed9373b47b53e48663d2c6f014e46" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:13.691ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}}"></span> <ul><li>呢條定律係講緊兩嚿嘢之間嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="萬有引力">萬有引力</a>同兩嚿嘢嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="質量">質量</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" title="距離">距離</a>有乜嘢關係；條式有四個變數：引力（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/545fd099af8541605f7ee55f08225526be88ce57" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.741ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F}"></span>）、兩嚿嘢嘅質量（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/31aafa60e48d39ccce922404c0b80340b2cc777a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{1}}"></span> 同 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0ecebe334d5cadc3ffcf245eb02919034d7a2ec8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.095ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m_{2}}"></span>）同埋兩嚿嘢之間嘅距離（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"></span>）。呢四個變數都係連續變數－可以攞數嚟度同埋做加減乘除，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="物理學家">物理學家</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%AB" title="工程師">工程師</a>等嘅人亦都真係會攞呢條式嚟計嘢。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%A7%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="歐姆定律">歐姆定律</a>：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I={\frac {V}{R}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>V</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I={\frac {V}{R}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a3f79c0e6370e9516dd8670460b5b119f526e159" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:6.894ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I={\frac {V}{R}}}"></span> <ul><li>呢條係<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" title="電磁學">電磁學</a>（研究<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB" title="電">電</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>分枝）上嘅一條常用定律，意思係講通過一嚿<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8E%E9%9B%BB%E9%AB%94" title="導電體">導電體</a>（指過到電嘅物體）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" title="電流">電流</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>I</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}"></span>）同施加喺嗰嚿導體兩頭嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A3%93" title="電壓">電壓</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span>）成<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="正比">正比</a>，又同嚿導體嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%98%BB" title="電阻">電阻</a>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}"></span>）成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="反比">反比</a>。條式總共有三個變數：電流、電壓同電阻，而且三個都係連續變數<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="需求定律">需求定律</a>：一條<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>（研究<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D" title="資源分配">資源分配</a>嘅社會科學）上嘅定律；需求定律係講緊話，假設第啲因素唔變，當一件<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A8%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="貨品">貨品</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E9%8C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="價錢">價錢</a>升，對件貨品嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="需求量">需求量</a>（指<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%80%85" title="消費者">消費者</a>有能力同肯買幾多件）會跟住跌，反之亦然；簡單嚟講，即係話「一樣嘢愈貴就愈少人買」。呢條定律入面有兩個變數：價錢同需求量，而呢條定律話佢哋之間有住反比嘅關係<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="海伯法則">海伯法則</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>（研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>嘅科學）上嘅一條定律，講喺個<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>入面，兩粒<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經細胞">神經細胞</a>愈係會一齊射<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%84%88%E8%A1%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="神經脈衝">神經脈衝</a>（簡單講就係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F" title="訊號">訊號</a>），兩粒細胞就愈係會連埋一齊。呢條規律同埋佢嗰柞變種大體上有兩個變數：「兩粒神經細胞有幾常會一齊射脈衝」同埋「嗰兩個神經細胞之間嘅連結有幾強」，而呢條規律話呢兩個變數係成<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="正比">正比</a>嘅<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>無論係邊個學科都好，科學嘅重點基本上就係想搵出變數同變數之間有啲乜嘢關係，而「知道嗮成個宇宙入面所有嘅變數同埋佢哋之間嘅相互關係」可以話係科學嘅終極目標。變數嘅重要性亦都反映咗喺科研文獻嘅書寫嗰度：喺寫一份科研文獻嗰陣，寫嗰個研究者一般都一定要搞掂一樣嘢－講清講楚自己嗰啲假說度有啲乜嘢變數喺入面，同埋係呢柞變數點樣<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="奧坎剃刀"><span id=".E5.A5.A7.E5.9D.8E.E5.89.83.E5.88.80"></span>奧坎剃刀</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 奧坎剃刀"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9D%8E%E5%89%83%E5%88%80" title="奧坎剃刀">奧坎剃刀</a></div> <p>次次學界發現親啲乜嘢前所未見嘅現象，相關學科嘅科學家就會各自噉諗柞理論出嚟去解釋佢。而當有成柞理論都係喺度嘗試緊解釋同一柞現象嗰陣時，啲科學家就焗住要揀返個最好嘅理論。於是乎科學家就諗咗一啲準則出嚟去決定一個理論「點樣先至為止好」。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9D%8E%E5%89%83%E5%88%80" title="奧坎剃刀">奧坎剃刀</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>就係其中一條最出名嘅評鑑基準。奧坎剃刀呢條原則查實就好簡單：假設第啲因素不變，科學家會比較鍾意用簡潔啲嘅理論；即係話如果有兩個科學理論都係解釋緊同一柞現象，而佢哋嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="證據">證據</a>強度同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%8A%9B" title="解釋力">解釋力</a>一樣咁強嘅話，科學家一般都會揀（例如）用變數少啲、或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="數學方程式">方程式</a>嘅數量少啲嗰個理論<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>奧坎剃刀嘅存在原因有好多：一方面，因為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="西人">西人</a>自古以嚟就覺得<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E9%9B%85" title="優雅">優雅</a>就係「用最少嘅氣力做最多嘅嘢」－呢點喺佢哋嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="藝術">藝術</a>方面都睇得到；而另一方面，呢條準則亦都同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AD%89%E5%BA%A6" title="可否證度">可否證度</a>有啦掕－當一個理論牽涉到好多個變數嗰陣，驗證個理論嘅時候就愈難控制嗮所有嘅變數，而呢點令到用個理論嘅科學家容易搵到啲事後孔明嘅解法嚟去為自己個理論辯護，例如想像兩個理論，兩個理論都係嘗試緊解釋同一種現象，不過 </p> <ul><li>理論 A 啲方程式得 4 個變數、</li> <li>理論 B 啲方程式有成 30 個變數咁多、</li></ul> <p>假設第啲因素不變，要控制嗮理論 B 嗰啲變數難過要控制嗮理論 A 嗰啲，所以响做實驗同觀察嗰陣，理論 B 有更加大嘅機會出現以下噉嘅情況：數據唔撐個理論啲假說，但幫個理論辯護嘅人詏，話個結果之所以會係噉只不過係因為冇控制嗮所有嘅變數－「今次嘅實驗淨係控制咗其中 20 個變數，淨低嗰 10 個變數冇量度到，所以今次實驗唔算真係測試到個理論」；相比之下，理論 A 得嗰 4 個變數，假設第啲因素不變，要控制嗮啲變數會相對容易－一個理論「變數多」間接令個理論更加難驗證<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="科學界"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8.E7.95.8C"></span>科學界</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 科學界"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MIT_Building_10_and_the_Great_Dome,_Cambridge_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MIT_Building_10_and_the_Great_Dome%2C_Cambridge_MA.jpg/300px-MIT_Building_10_and_the_Great_Dome%2C_Cambridge_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MIT_Building_10_and_the_Great_Dome%2C_Cambridge_MA.jpg/450px-MIT_Building_10_and_the_Great_Dome%2C_Cambridge_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MIT_Building_10_and_the_Great_Dome%2C_Cambridge_MA.jpg/600px-MIT_Building_10_and_the_Great_Dome%2C_Cambridge_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="美國">美國</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%9C%81%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="麻省理工學院">麻省理工學院</a>俾人公認咗係世界上做科研最有料到嘅大學之一。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%95%8C" title="科學界">科學界</a></div> <blockquote><p>「我寧願有無法解答嘅問題，都好過有唔准質問嘅答案。」<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><dl><dd>—據稱係<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="美國">美國</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="物理學家">物理學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%AF%9F%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC" title="理察費曼">理察費曼</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>講嘅</dd></dl></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%95%8C" title="科學界">科學界</a>係世界上數以百萬計嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="科研">科研</a>人員嘅總體。喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="科學家">科學家</a>方面，世界各地嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="大學">大學</a>同埋科研機構都會招收人做<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="哲學博士">博士</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>學生，會喺博士課程度教佢哋點樣跟住頭先講咗嗰柞科學哲學同科學方法概念去追求新嘅知識；啲博士學生做到嘢、畢到業嘅話就有得成為科學家。响世界各地嘅大學、研究所或者係私營科研機構都會請科學家去搞<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="科研">科研</a>。啲科學家做完研究之後會將自己嗰啲結果同攞到嘅數據用科研論文嘅形式發表，等其他同學科嘅科學家有得交流或者試吓<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E7%8F%BE" title="再現">將啲結果攞去重覆驗證</a>。除咗科學家之外，科研人員亦都包括咗好多好似係<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%8A%A9%E7%90%86" title="研究助理">研究助理</a>呢類嘅人員－佢哋通常冇博士學位，但識少少有關科研嘅嘢，所以就打工喺實驗室或者大學度幫手執頭執尾<sup id="cite_ref-bulger2002_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bulger2002-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>廿一世紀初嘅科學界係一個財力好雄厚嘅集團：全世界嘅政府都會幾億幾億噉揼錢落去自己區入面嘅大學嗰度搞科研；研究資金多嘅地區（好似係廿一世紀初嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="美國">美國</a>噉）多數會吸引到多啲有才華嘅科學家去做科研，亦都會出到多啲有影響力嘅研究<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="科學分科"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8.E5.88.86.E7.A7.91"></span>科學分科</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 科學分科"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="科學分枝">科學分枝</a></div> <p>做科學嘅人通常會按「研究對象係乜」分做唔同嘅領域，每個領域有自己嘅一套文獻同埋研究方法。科學領域最基本上可以分做<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>兩大類： </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="自然科學"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E7.84.B6.E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8"></span>自然科學</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 自然科學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係泛指專門研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="大自然">大自然</a>嘅科學領域<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="物理科學">物理科學</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：研究啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>或者係<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%90%83" class="mw-redirect" title="星球">星球</a>呢類冇<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>嘅嘢。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>嘅基本組成要素，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質">物質</a>、物質喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="時間">時間</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="空間">空間</a>入面嘅運動、以及好似係<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>呢啲概念都係物理學嘅研究題目－細至構成物質嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="基本粒子">基本粒子</a>，大至成個<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>，都係物理學嘅研究範圍；物理學會透過分析同發現宇宙最基本嘅定律（<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="物理定律">物理定律</a>）嚟去了解宇宙係點樣運作嘅，而且因為宇宙入面嘅嘢幾乎冚唪唥都會受制於呢柞定律，物理學可以話係自然科學之中最<b>基本</b>，覆蓋面最廣嘅<sup id="cite_ref-youngfreedman2014p1_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youngfreedman2014p1-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：研究物質同物質嘅特性，尤其係物質可以點樣變化；化學嘅範疇包括咗研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="化學元素">化學元素</a>（原子嘅唔同款）以及係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>（由若干隻元素結合而成嘅物質）嘅組成、結構同特性；除此之外，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="化學家">化學家</a>仲成日研究物質點樣做<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="化學反應">化學反應</a>－化學反應簡單講就係兩款或者以上嘅物質互動，分別噉變成第啲款嘅物質，仲有係化學反應發生嗰陣嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>變化（例如有啲化學反應發生嗰陣會<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%86%B1%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="放熱反應">釋放熱</a>）等嘅問題<sup id="cite_ref-browncentsci_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-browncentsci-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="地球科學">地球科學</a><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：專門研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>嘅環境，涵括咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="地質學">地質學</a>（研究地球嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3%E5%9C%88" title="岩石圈">岩石圈</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="海洋學">海洋學</a>（研究<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海">海</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="氣象學">氣象學</a>（研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%A3" title="天氣">天氣</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" title="氣候">氣候</a>等）等嘅領域；呢啲研究好多時會用到物理學同化學上嘅知識，例如係研究地球嘅岩石圈嘅地質學就會試圖了解地殼嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD" title="化學成份">化學成份</a>同埋由地核放出嚟嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力">熱力</a>點樣影響呢啲成份－前會涉及化學，而後者會涉及<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E8%83%BD" title="熱能">熱能</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" title="壓力">壓力</a>呢啲概念（物理學嘅範疇）<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94" title="天體">天體</a>，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="恆星">恆星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9E%E6%98%9F" title="衞星">衞星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F" title="彗星">彗星</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="星系">星系</a>呀噉；天文學會運用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學">數學</a>、物理學同化學嚟解釋宇宙入面唔同嘅天體點運作，簡單嘅例子包括咗用物理學上有關<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" title="重力">重力</a>嘅概念同理論嚟分析啲行星點樣圍住恆星<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%BD%89" title="公轉">公轉</a>（可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="天體物理學">天體物理學</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="生命科學">生命科學</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌">細菌</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>等有<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>嘅嘢。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>同生命對環境嘅影響<sup id="cite_ref-trifnob2012_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trifnob2012-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，可以再細分做： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="分子生物學">分子生物學</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：做<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>層面嘅生物學研究，會研究一粒細胞內部唔同嘅系統之間會點樣互動，包括咗 <a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>、<a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a> 同<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" title="蛋白質">蛋白質</a>呢啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>嘅合成以及呢啲互動點樣調制，好多時會<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物化學">用到化學上嘅知識</a><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="遺傳學">遺傳學</a><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3" title="遺傳">遺傳</a>物料嘅一個生物學子領域，基因決定一隻生物嘅種種特徵，而對佢哋嘅研究令到科學家了解到特定基因嘅功能同埋能夠分析基因之間嘅互動；呢方面嘅研究仲引致咗<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="遺傳工程">遺傳工程</a>呢家嘢嘅誕生<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="細胞生物學">細胞生物學</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="細胞">細胞</a>嘅結構同<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="生理">生理</a>特質，包括佢哋嘅內部行為、彼此之間嘅互動同佢哋同周圍環境嘅互動。呢種研究可以做喺好似細菌噉嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="單細胞生物">單細胞生物</a>身上，又可以做喺好似人類噉嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="多細胞生物">多細胞生物</a>身上。了解細胞嘅結構同功能對於研究生命嘅科學嚟講係一種基礎嘅研究，生物學家要知道細胞點運作同彼此之間點互動先至可以模擬多細胞生物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="生物組織">組織</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98" title="器官">器官</a>嘅運作原理<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="神經系統">神經系統</a>，包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8" title="神經解剖學">神經解剖學</a>（對<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6" title="腦">腦</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96" class="mw-redirect" title="解剖">解剖</a>研究）同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="神經生理學">神經生理學</a>（研究個腦嘅化學、藥理同電特性）<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。神經科學俾人指似係介乎於自然科學同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>－神經科學研究嘅係神經系統，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="神經科學家">神經科學家</a>好多時會研究動物嘅神經系統，但又會研究人嘅腦，所以神經科學上嘅知識可以用嚟理解<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="社會">社會</a>（由人組成嘅物體）嘅特性<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="生態學">生態學</a><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="生態系統">生態系統</a>，即係研究由兩個或者以上嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="物種">物種</a>住埋一齊，並且同周圍<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" title="自然環境">環境</a>當中嘅冇<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>物體（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="岩石">岩石</a>呀噉）<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E5%8B%95" title="互動">互動</a>而形成嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="系統">系統</a><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；喺多數嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>生態系當中，<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>都會以<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E5%85%89" title="太陽光">太陽光</a>嘅形式進入生態系－<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>會吸太陽光做<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>整<a href="/wiki/%E9%A4%8A%E5%88%86" title="養分">養分</a>維生，跟住<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E8%8D%89%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="食草動物">食草動物</a>會食植物，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E8%82%89%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="食肉動物">食肉動物</a>會食食草動物－呢啲複雜嘅互動就係生態學嘅研究範疇<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>... 等等。 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1242160"><table class="gallery-mod gallery-mod-center"><tbody><tr><td><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newtons_cradle_animation_book.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="牛頓擺嘅郁動可以點樣用數學模型描述呢？領域：物理學，尤其係力學"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Newtons_cradle_animation_book.gif/240px-Newtons_cradle_animation_book.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Newtons_cradle_animation_book.gif/360px-Newtons_cradle_animation_book.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Newtons_cradle_animation_book.gif 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><center><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E6%93%BA" title="牛頓擺">牛頓擺</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%81%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="郁動">郁動</a>可以點樣用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="數學模型">數學模型</a>描述呢？<br />領域：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>，尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="力學">力學</a></center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E6%93%BA" title="牛頓擺">牛頓擺</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%81%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="郁動">郁動</a>可以點樣用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="數學模型">數學模型</a>描述呢？<br />領域：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>，尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="力學">力學</a></center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%B6rtschach_Gloriette-Blick_auf_W%C3%B6rther_See_und_Blumeninsel_19112015_9211.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="湖等嘅水體嘅化學成份係乜呢？領域：化學，尤其係地球化學"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/P%C3%B6rtschach_Gloriette-Blick_auf_W%C3%B6rther_See_und_Blumeninsel_19112015_9211.jpg/270px-P%C3%B6rtschach_Gloriette-Blick_auf_W%C3%B6rther_See_und_Blumeninsel_19112015_9211.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/P%C3%B6rtschach_Gloriette-Blick_auf_W%C3%B6rther_See_und_Blumeninsel_19112015_9211.jpg/405px-P%C3%B6rtschach_Gloriette-Blick_auf_W%C3%B6rther_See_und_Blumeninsel_19112015_9211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/P%C3%B6rtschach_Gloriette-Blick_auf_W%C3%B6rther_See_und_Blumeninsel_19112015_9211.jpg/540px-P%C3%B6rtschach_Gloriette-Blick_auf_W%C3%B6rther_See_und_Blumeninsel_19112015_9211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><center><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96" title="湖">湖</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%AB%94" title="水體">水體</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD" title="化學成份">化學成份</a>係乜呢？<br />領域：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>，尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="地球化學">地球化學</a></center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96" title="湖">湖</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%AB%94" title="水體">水體</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD" title="化學成份">化學成份</a>係乜呢？<br />領域：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>，尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="地球化學">地球化學</a></center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E._coli_Bacteria_(7316101966).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="大腸桿菌嘅行為係點嘅呢？領域：生物學，尤其係微生物學"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/214px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/321px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/428px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption><center><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E6%A1%BF%E8%8F%8C" title="大腸桿菌">大腸桿菌</a>嘅行為係點嘅呢？<br />領域：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>，尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="微生物學">微生物學</a></center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E6%A1%BF%E8%8F%8C" title="大腸桿菌">大腸桿菌</a>嘅行為係點嘅呢？<br />領域：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>，尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="微生物學">微生物學</a></center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="社會科學"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E6.9C.83.E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8"></span>社會科學</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 社會科學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係泛指研究<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>嘅科學，社會科學都係跟住嗰套科學哲學同方法做研究嘅，堅持要用客觀同實證嚟理解人類。但因為社會科學研究嘅係人類，所以喺用嘅研究方法上就唔同啲，例如係社會科學冇得好似自然科學噉樣，自由噉<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E6%93%8D%E6%8E%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="實驗操控">操控</a>佢哋嘅研究對象（人類），而且<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="倫理">倫理</a>上嘅限制比較多<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－例如係生物學家大可以啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌">細菌</a>種完之後就攞去銷毀，但係心理學家冇得將啲人做完研究就攞去銷毀，而且後者攞數據嗰陣又要考慮<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E9%9A%B1" title="私隱">私隱</a>嘅問題（原子或者細菌唔會同人要求私隱，但人就會），所以好多時冇辦法好似自然科學噉，話想攞咩數據就攞咩數據<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一般會俾人當做社會科學嘅領域包括咗： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：研究人類嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>，簡單嘅例子包括研究人類嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="記憶力">記憶力</a>（可以靠「喺記憶測試上嘅表現」嚟量度）或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>（可以用<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="智商測驗">智商測驗</a>嚟量度）同各<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="腦區">腦區</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="腦活動">活動</a>有咩關係。廿一世紀初嘅心理學同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="動物行為學">動物行為學</a>有相當嘅重疊<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" title="社會學">社會學</a><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="社會">社會</a>嘅秩序同一般法則，簡單嘅例子有研究<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>（可以靠<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%8F%E5%8D%B7%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5" title="問卷調查">問卷調查</a>等嘅方式嚟大致噉量度）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" title="文化進化">隨時間變化</a>會唔會跟從乜嘢規律。社會學有陣時會俾人覺得係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="人文">人文</a>嘅一環，不過可以用到一啲幾數學化嘅研究方法，例子可以睇<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E9%AB%94%E7%82%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="個體為本模型">個體為本模型</a>呢種<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC" title="電腦模擬">電腦模擬</a>做法<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學">經濟學</a><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：研究人點樣<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2" title="生產">生產</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D" title="資源分配">分配</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB" title="消費">消費</a>有限嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90" title="資源">資源</a>，簡單嘅例子有研究一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟體">經濟體</a>嘅普羅大眾<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%BF%E9%8C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="使錢">使錢</a>嘅方式（<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%A2" title="錢">錢</a>係一種資源；量度：每個月攞幾多錢嚟做<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87" title="投資">投資</a>？啲錢使落乜嘢嗰度？）。經濟學出嗮名鍾意用大量嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="數學模型">數學模型</a>嚟分析自己研究嘅現象，當中<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AB%96" title="博弈論">博弈論</a>就好出名<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：研究人類嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>，包括研究語言之間嘅關係（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="官話">官話</a>都屬<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="德文">德文</a>都屬<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="日耳曼語族">日耳曼語族</a>）或者<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="神經語言學">點樣處理語言</a>呀噉；語言學時不時都會涉及研究人腦或者人類嘅行為，所以有時會俾人分類做<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="心靈科學">心靈科學</a>（睇下面）嘅一門<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8" title="考古學">考古學</a><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：通過發掘同調查古人嘅遺跡遺物同文獻（<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="物質文化">物質文化</a>）嚟研究古代社會－考古學研究者會嘗試搵出古人留落嚟嘅文物（例如係古代嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%97%9D%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="工藝品">工藝品</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="建築物">建築物</a>），用<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E5%AE%9A%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="放射定年法">放射定年法</a>等嘅方法嚟判定每件文物有幾耐歷史，並且用呢啲文物做基礎判斷古人嘅生活方式。考古學好多時會俾人當係人文學科<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="資訊科學">資訊科學</a><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：泛指研究分析、儲藏同操控<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>嘅領域；資訊科學其中最出名嘅一環係<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E5%AD%B8" title="圖書館學">圖書館學</a>，會研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="圖書館">圖書館</a>（可以包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="數碼圖書館">數碼圖書館</a>）等儲起資訊嘅社會產物點樣影響人同人之間嘅資訊傳播，以及呢啲資訊傳播會對社會造成咩影響。要留意嘅係，啲人講資訊科學有時會包埋一啲唔係社會科學、但同資訊好有啦掕嘅領域，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="電腦科學">電腦科學</a><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>... 等等。 </p><p>除咗上述呢啲比較<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93" title="學術">學術</a>嘅領域之外，屬於實用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%AD%B8" title="商學">商學</a>亦都有相當嘅社會科學成份，有陣時會俾人當做社會科學噉嚟睇：例子有<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="管理學">管理學</a><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>研究人點樣<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="組織">聚埋一齊</a>合作做嘢<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，或者係<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%AD%B8" title="市場學">市場學</a><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>研究生意人要點做先能夠有效噉賣自己嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81" title="產品">產品</a><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呀噉；呢啲領域都會涉及剖析人嘅行為（社會科學其中一樣最重要嘅嘢），包括分析<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E5%B7%A5%E4%BB%94" title="打工仔">打工仔</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE" title="工作表現">工作表現</a>會受啲咩因素影響（管理學常見課題）或者係研究<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%80%85" title="消費者">消費者</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B7%E5%98%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="買嘢">買嘢</a>嘅意慾會受啲咩因素影響（市場學常見課題），而事實係，呢啲領域成日都會攞心理學上嘅概念用嚟分析人（打工仔或者消費者）嘅行為，同社會科學關係密切<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1242160"><table class="gallery-mod gallery-mod-center"><tbody><tr><td><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UniversumUNAM34.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="一個人玩河內塔嗰陣個腦入面發生咩事呢？領域：心理學，尤其係認知心理學"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/UniversumUNAM34.JPG/271px-UniversumUNAM34.JPG" decoding="async" width="271" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/UniversumUNAM34.JPG/406px-UniversumUNAM34.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/UniversumUNAM34.JPG/542px-UniversumUNAM34.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><center>一個人玩<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%85%A7%E5%A1%94" title="河內塔">河內塔</a>嗰陣個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">腦</a>入面發生咩事呢？<br />領域：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>，尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a></center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center>一個人玩<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%85%A7%E5%A1%94" title="河內塔">河內塔</a>嗰陣個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">腦</a>入面發生咩事呢？<br />領域：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a>，尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a></center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NYSE_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_(17).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="股價嘅變化會跟從啲咩規律呢？領域：經濟學同金融學"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NYSE_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_%2817%29.jpg/270px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NYSE_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_%2817%29.jpg/405px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/NYSE_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4_-_Flickr_-_Abhisit_Vejjajiva_%2817%29.jpg/540px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3413" /></a><figcaption><center><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A1%E5%83%B9" title="股價">股價</a>嘅變化會跟從啲咩規律呢？<br />領域：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%AD%B8" title="金融學">金融學</a></center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A1%E5%83%B9" title="股價">股價</a>嘅變化會跟從啲咩規律呢？<br />領域：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E5%AD%B8" title="金融學">金融學</a></center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:320px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="巨石陣嘅特性反映當時啲人嘅文化係點呢？領域：考古學"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg/240px-Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg/360px-Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg/480px-Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><center><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E7%9F%B3%E9%99%A3" title="巨石陣">巨石陣</a>嘅特性反映當時啲人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>係點呢？<br />領域：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8" title="考古學">考古學</a></center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:307px"><center><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E7%9F%B3%E9%99%A3" title="巨石陣">巨石陣</a>嘅特性反映當時啲人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>係點呢？<br />領域：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8" title="考古學">考古學</a></center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="第啲分科"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E5.95.B2.E5.88.86.E7.A7.91"></span>第啲分科</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 第啲分科"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="形式科學">形式科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="應用科學">應用科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="心靈科學">心靈科學</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E5%90%8C%E8%BB%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="硬同軟科學">硬同軟科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E5%AF%86%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="精密科學">精密科學</a></div> <p>除咗自然學科同社會科學呢兩個大類之外，科學分科仲有以下呢啲分法： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="形式科學">形式科學</a><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學">數學</a><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="邏輯學">邏輯學</a><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呢柞靠<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%B9%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="演繹推理">演繹推理</a>嚟追求知識嘅學科亦都同科學好有啦掕，幾乎所有科學家或多或少都會掂吓呢啲學科<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。好似係數學噉，數學用演繹推理，主題研究<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="數量">數量</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="結構">結構</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="空間">空間</a>，同頭先講咗嗰柞科學學科一樣咁嚴格；不過數學用嘅唔係歸納法，而係用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%AD%89%E6%98%8E" title="數學證明">證明</a>嘅方法，只要自己嘅推論冇問題就會做得到確保自己得出嘅結論實係正確－所以數學喺追求知識嘅方法上明顯有異於物理學、生物學同絕大多數嘅社會科學，之但係科學又唔可以冇咗數學－數學成日引發科學上嘅重大突破，而且科學嘅過程裏面都無可避免要用到數學<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。於是為咗分清楚，數學同埋邏輯呢柞學科俾學界嗌做「<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="形式科學">形式科學</a>」，嚴格<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a>係指「研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="形式語言">形式語言</a>嘅領域」<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="應用科學">應用科學</a><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：有一啲學科會俾科學界嗌做「<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="應用科學">應用科學</a>」－泛指一啲專係為咗將科學知識用喺實際用途上面而存在嘅學科，當中最出位嘅要數各門嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工程學">工程學</a><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學">醫學</a><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；好似係醫學噉，醫學研究者會留意住化學界同生物學界有啲乜嘢新發現，用呢啲發現去發明新嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="醫療">醫療</a>技術，再做實驗嚟睇吓呢啲新技術係咪真係得－即係用科學方法去探索「點樣將科學上嘅發現用喺實際用途嗰度」，所以俾人叫做「應用」科學<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；同應用科學相對嘅係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="純科學">純科學</a><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，即係指好似物理學、化學同心理學呢啲純粹係為咗追求知識而存在嘅科學領域<sup id="cite_ref-editstaff2008_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-editstaff2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="心靈科學">心靈科學</a><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：泛指研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心靈</a>嘅科學領域－「研究心靈」包括咗研究人同第啲動物嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="認知功能">認知功能</a>以至<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>呀噉；心靈科學會研究神經系統（尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="腦部">腦部</a>）點樣透過各式各樣嘅過程表示、處理以及轉化<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A" title="資訊">資訊</a>（神經科學同心理學），亦會諗埋心靈之間點樣用<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="符號">符號</a>傳達資訊（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>嘅範疇）；心靈科學家會透過參考呢啲大自然所創造嘅心靈同心靈功能，嘗試創造出模擬心靈嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="電腦程式">電腦程式</a>（即係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a>；AI）。喺廿一世紀初，心靈科學包括咗心理學、神經科學、語言學同人工智能等嘅領域<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_brain_NIH.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Human_brain_NIH.png" decoding="async" width="344" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>一個<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E8%85%A6" title="人腦">人腦</a>由左面影嘅相；廿一世紀初心靈科學界一般相信<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%85%A6%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="心腦同一論">心腦同一論</a>，認為腦就係心靈嘅所在。</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="硬科學">硬科學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="軟科學">軟科學</a><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：一般嚟講，如果一門採取科學方法嘅領域（科學） <ul><li>啲<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>夠<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A2%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="精確">精確</a>，而且</li> <li>夠<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80" title="客觀">客觀</a>（例如唔使靠受試者<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="自我報告研究">口頭報告</a>），</li> <li>就會俾人當係硬科學，否則就係軟科學<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。舉幾個例說明，好似物理學同化學等嘅自然科學多數都會俾人當係硬科學；社會科學（除咗好<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="數學化">數學化</a>嘅經濟學之外）多數都會俾人當係軟科學，因為呢啲領域研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="社會現象">社會現象</a>，好多時都會用<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%8F%E5%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="問卷">問卷</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%AA%E5%95%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="訪問">訪問</a>等嘅方法要受試者答問題，用呢啲答覆做<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="統計分析">分析</a>（數據嘅數字有可能受到受試者嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%80" title="主觀">主觀</a>感覺影響）<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；而心理學就一半一半－<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="神經心理學">研究腦活動</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%AD%B8" title="動物行為學">研究外顯行為</a>等唔使靠<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>受試者口頭報告又唔靠<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>數據嘅心理學子領域一般俾人覺得係「硬」啲，相對嚟講<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="社會心理學">社會心理學</a>等比較依賴問卷同訪問嘅心理學子領域就俾好多人覺得係「軟」啲<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="跨學科">跨學科</a><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：係指跨越傳統學科界限嘅研究<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；科學上嘅跨學科研究係會攞唔同領域上嘅理論同研究方法，嚟達致對研究對象有更加深入同全面嘅理解<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，例如喺廿世紀，研究人類點樣<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%BF%E9%8C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="使錢">使錢</a>俾人覺得係屬於經濟學嘅範疇，但現實表明咗，人使起錢上嚟好多時都係唔<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a>嘅，所以假設咗「<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="決策者">決策者</a>係完全理性」嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E4%BA%BA" title="經濟人">舊派經濟模型</a>搞唔掂，於是就有人諗點樣將心理學（涉及研究情緒等非理性嘅嘢）上嘅理論模型結合落去經濟學研究嗰度，成功噉解釋咗一啲廿世紀經濟學搞唔掂嘅現象，出咗<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="行為經濟學">行為經濟學</a>呢個新嘅領域<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kahneman2003_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahneman2003-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>... 等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="科學文獻"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>科學文獻</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 科學文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG/300px-Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG/450px-Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG/600px-Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>一個人喺度做<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="科研">科研</a>，一路得出咗好多結果同寫低咗好多內容－呢啲內容形成科學文獻嘅一部份。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="科學文獻">科學文獻</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88" title="學術出版">學術出版</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C" title="學術寫作">學術寫作</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="科學文獻">科學文獻</a><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>係指科研人員寫嘅一柞有關科學嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="文獻">文獻</a>，包含咗做完實驗同觀察之後寫嘅報告同埋係啲做純理論討論嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="學術文">文章</a>。一般嚟講，無論係邊個領域或者邊種類型嘅科學文獻都好，一份科學文獻都大致上會跟以下噉嘅流程（可以睇返<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>嘅嘢）<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%B6%9C%E8%BF%B0" title="文獻綜述">文獻綜述</a>：正路嚟講，科研人員喺郁手做新嘅研究之前，都實會摷吓同讀吓自己研究緊嗰範嗰啲近期文獻；佢哋噉做嘅用意係想睇吓嗰範嗰啲研究者近排做咗啲乜同埋有冇乜嘢新發現或者理論－噉樣做一嚟係要攞靈感，二嚟係要費事自己嘥時間走去做一啲人哋已經做咗嘅嘢；而喺做科學性質嘅討論（包括寫科學文獻）嗰陣，研究者通常首先會大致上噉概括吓嗰個研究課題，講吓個課題有啲乜嘢主要理論同諗頭，跟住就會講吓呢啲理論同諗頭有冇啲乜嘢甩漏（所以先至需要做份新嘅研究嚟補救呢啲甩漏）－做新研究嘅常見理由包括「現有嗰啲理論<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%8A%9B" title="解釋力">解釋</a>唔到某啲現象」，又或者係個研究者嫌打前嗰啲研究用嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a>方法唔掂... 呀噉<sup id="cite_ref-ziman1980_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ziman1980-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><b>諗法理據</b>：講完現有嗰啲文獻之後，位研究者就要提出自己嘅諗法同埋有啲理據嚟支撐自己提出嘅諗法；响實證科學上，「支撐自己提出嘅諗法」通常都係實際噉去做實驗或者觀察嚟攞<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A" title="數據">數據</a>，並且對呢啲數據作出分析（詳情可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="統計分析">統計分析</a>方面嘅嘢<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）同埋呢啲分析得出嘅結果係點。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%90" title="總結">總結</a>：提出咗諗法，又搵到<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="證據">證據</a>撐自己個諗法之後，研究者正路會大致上噉總結吓自己搵到嘅結果，並且講吓呢啲結果對現有嘅知識體有咩啟示－例如「對於我而家呢個實驗，手上呢兩個理論會作出唔同嘅假說，我做呢個實驗嘗試驗證邊個理論作嘅假說先至係真確，實驗結果撐理論 A 多過撐理論 B，而我認為理論 B 要作出噉噉噉嘅修改先至可以令佢有說服力」噉嘅推論。</li></ul> <p>如是者，科學作為一嚿知識體就一路係噉有進展－後人基於前人做嘅研究嚟諗新橋，係噉累積數據同埋知識<sup id="cite_ref-ziman1980_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ziman1980-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="科學史"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8.E5.8F.B2"></span>科學史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 科學史"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corncobs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Corncobs.jpg/300px-Corncobs.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Corncobs.jpg/450px-Corncobs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Corncobs.jpg/600px-Corncobs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>公元前 9000 年前未有文字，但嗰時<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="中美洲">中美洲</a>嘅人有足夠嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="植物學">植物學</a>知識去<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%B4%E9%A4%8A" title="馴養">馴養</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%B1%B3" title="粟米">粟米</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="科學史">科學史</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="遠古科學"><span id=".E9.81.A0.E5.8F.A4.E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8"></span>遠古科學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 遠古科學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺發明<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>之前嘅時期嗰陣，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="人類">人類</a>已經有實踐性質嘅科學<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。當時嘅人類已經會<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E" title="發明">發明</a>啲嘢嚟幫助自己嘅生活，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="石器時代">石器時代</a>嘅人噉：佢哋識整<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%B6%E7%94%9F" title="架生">架生</a>同埋諗方法改良啲架生，雖然因為冇文字搞到佢哋嗰啲有關架生嘅知識只係有得口耳相傳，但嗰啲查實已經算得上係原始嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工程學">工程學</a>；例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="中美洲">中美洲</a>嗰頭嘅人喺呢方面就好出名，佢哋喺公元前 9000 年嗰陣已經將<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%B1%B3" title="粟米">粟米</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%B4%E9%A4%8A" title="馴養">馴養</a>（指令一個非人類嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="物種">物種</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>變得啱人類使用）咗，用咗一啲基礎嘅植物學知識<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>打後少少，有好幾個<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="公元前">公元前</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="文明">文明</a>－例如係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及">古埃及</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="古印度">古印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="古華夏">古華夏</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="古典時代">古典時代</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>、同埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="兩河流域文明">兩河流域文明</a>（包埋<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="波斯">波斯</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－都識得一啲科學知識：好似係用啲（冇現代咁先進嘅）方法觀察<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94" title="天體">天體</a>嘅運行同整<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%86%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="曆法">曆法</a><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、用文獻記載一啲基本嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="生理學">生理</a>知識<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、又或者係觀察同紀錄自己周圍啲動植物<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。雖然係噉，嗰時啲人仲未有嚴格嘅科學可言－冇文獻顯示佢哋會走去傾<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D" title="歸納">歸納</a>或者係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AD%89%E5%BA%A6" title="可否證度">可否證度</a>呢啲科學哲學嘅概念，所以可以話係冇科學性質嘅思考呢回事。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古希臘"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.B8.8C.E8.87.98"></span>古希臘</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=22" title="編輯小節: 古希臘"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="古希臘哲學">古希臘哲學</a></div> <p>學者一般都認為，科學哲學嘅開端係喺公元前嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>。嗰陣時啲希臘人好興傾<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>方面嘅話題，當中公元前 5 世紀嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="蘇格拉底">蘇格拉底</a><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>就有喺度試緊用哲學方法理解<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>，又有批判嗰時啲研究大自然啲學者唔夠<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89" title="實證">實證</a>，後嚟仲因為佢唔肯接受嗰時希臘人用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="希臘神話">希臘眾神</a>解釋自然現象嘅做法，俾人當係<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E7%AB%AF" title="異端">異端</a>份子處死<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>打後少少，喺公元前 4 世紀，都係好出名嘅哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="阿里士多德">阿里士多德</a><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>就有喺度講點樣將人嘅諗嘢方法分類：佢哋提咗歸納同演繹推理嘅概念，仲有傾到兩者之間有乜嘢分別，可以話係歷史上第一次有人喺度傾科學哲學嘅概念；雖然係噉，阿里士多德佢接受少少用人做中心解釋<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>嘅理論（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80" title="客觀">客觀</a>嘅科學應該係唔用任何人或物做中心嘅），而且又睇重用純理論分析去了解大自然－唔會點講用實驗同觀察攞數據，所以嗰時嘅科學哲學淨係得個初形，仲係未有乜嘢實證科學出現<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lindberg_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindberg-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1242160"><table class="gallery-mod gallery-mod-center"><tbody><tr><th class="gallery-mod-title">科學哲學嘅始祖</th></tr><tr><td><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:260px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="柏拉圖嘅頭像"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg/120px-Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg/180px-Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg/240px-Plato_Silanion_Musei_Capitolini_MC1377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><center>柏拉圖嘅頭像</center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:247px"><center>柏拉圖嘅頭像</center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:260px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="阿里士多德嘅頭像"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/134px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/202px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/269px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption><center>阿里士多德嘅頭像</center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:247px"><center>阿里士多德嘅頭像</center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="gallery-mod-box" style="width:260px"><tbody><tr><td class="thumb" style="height:200px"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Socrates_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="蘇格拉底冇傾科學哲學嘅概念，但有用科學方法。"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/135px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/202px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/270px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><center>蘇格拉底冇傾科學哲學嘅概念，<br />但有用科學方法。</center></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr class="gallery-mod-text"><td class="core"><div class="caption" style="min-height:3.1em;width:247px"><center>蘇格拉底冇傾科學哲學嘅概念，<br />但有用科學方法。</center> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中世紀"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E4.B8.96.E7.B4.80"></span>中世紀</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=23" title="編輯小節: 中世紀"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South-pointing_chariot_(Science_Museum_model).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/South-pointing_chariot_%28Science_Museum_model%29.jpg/240px-South-pointing_chariot_%28Science_Museum_model%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/South-pointing_chariot_%28Science_Museum_model%29.jpg/360px-South-pointing_chariot_%28Science_Museum_model%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/South-pointing_chariot_%28Science_Museum_model%29.jpg/480px-South-pointing_chariot_%28Science_Museum_model%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption>一架指南車</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="伊斯蘭黃金時代">伊斯蘭黃金時代</a></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>（大約係 5 至 15 世之間嗰段時間）嘅時候，世界各個地區都見到科學上嘅發展，例如當時嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="伊斯蘭世界">伊斯蘭世界</a>繼承咗古希臘哲學家嘅思想，喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1" title="中東">中東</a>多地建立咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="圖書館">圖書館</a>等嘅學問組織<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，用<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>嘅方法收集數據嚟研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="天文">天文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學">醫學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%89%E9%87%91%E8%A1%93" title="煉金術">煉金術</a>等各方面嘅知識；打後喺 10 世紀開始，仲出咗<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="阿拉伯人">阿拉伯人</a>學者用實驗嘅方法嚟研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84" title="反射">反射</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射">折射</a>（早期嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" title="光學">光學</a>）等嘅大創新，俾人覺得早期實證科學嘅代表之一。後嚟俾呢啲嘢影響咗，13 世紀嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="英格蘭">英格蘭</a>學者<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%82%91%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9" title="羅傑培根">羅傑培根</a><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>寫咗好幾本書講光學同<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a>等嘅學問，又提倡用實證嘅方法嚟追求知識，令到<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>嘅實證科學成咗形<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。喺中世紀後橛，歐洲嘅大學由結合<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="神學">神學</a>同阿里士多德思想嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="經院哲學">經院哲學</a><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>主導。喺呢個時代，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%B4%E9%83%8E%E8%AB%B8%E6%95%99" title="亞巴郎諸教">亞巴郎諸教</a>文明－包括歐洲同伊斯蘭世界－已經搞實驗科學搞得有聲有式－雖然呢個時期嘅科學好多時仲係俾宗教限住，例如係當時啲科學家間唔中就會因為討論科學嗰陣講錯嘢，得罪啲<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%B7%E4%BA%BA%E5%93%A1" title="神職人員">神職人員</a>而有麻煩<sup id="cite_ref-Lindberg_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindberg-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>同時屬於中世紀嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="宋朝">趙宋</a>皇朝喺各方面嘅科學度都有一定嘅發展。宋朝嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="漢人">漢人</a>發明咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E8%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="火藥">火藥</a>，仲利用呢樣發明品整咗一啲原始嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%82%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="大炮">大炮</a>出嚟；除咗噉，佢哋發明咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97%E8%BB%8A" title="指南車">指南車</a>，又喺數學上改進咗好多嘢，俾人覺得係華夏文明歷史上最識搞<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="科技">科技</a>嘅皇朝；同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="西人">西人</a>唔同嘅係，宋人嘅科學以實用為主，好似光學或者科學哲學呢啲冇乜實際用途嘅理論探究會少啲，但佢哋嗰啲科技仲係吸引到唔少人喺西面走嚟交流。後嚟<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B" title="南宋">南宋</a>皇朝喺 13 世紀尾俾<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙古人">蒙古人</a>打冧，令到中世紀華夏文明嘅科學發展停滯咗一排<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>值得一提嘅係，趙宋皇朝嘅科技發展主要係喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F" title="中原">中原</a>嗰頭：嗰陣時<a href="/wiki/%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97" title="嶺南">嶺南</a>仲未完全成為<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="漢人">漢人</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%B6%8A" title="南越">南越人</a>嘅文化冇咁先進，唔似得<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E8%B6%8A" title="閩越">閩越人</a>噉出名曉<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E8%88%B9" title="造船">造船</a><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，即係越人响科學上稍為落後啲，冇出到咁多有料到嘅學者或者技術。雖然係噉，嗰時嘅粵廣地區學咗啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%94%90" title="大唐">大唐</a>同大宋嘅先進漢文化，又有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96#工藝" title="嶺南文化">搞啲工藝</a>，所以喺科技上開始萌芽<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文藝復興"><span id=".E6.96.87.E8.97.9D.E5.BE.A9.E8.88.88"></span>文藝復興</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=24" title="編輯小節: 文藝復興"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei,_1636.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg/240px-Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg/360px-Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg/480px-Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3176" /></a><figcaption>伽利略嘅畫像；佢俾好多人覺得佢係現代科學之父。</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg/240px-Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg/360px-Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg/480px-Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="3119" /></a><figcaption>達爾文嘅物競天擇理論改革咗成個生物學界。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="文藝復興">文藝復興</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="科學革命">科學革命</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="自然哲學">自然哲學</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="文藝復興">文藝復興</a><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（1300 至 1700 年）係歐洲嘅一個黃金時代<sup id="cite_ref-Lindberg_194-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindberg-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，嗰時嘅歐洲人開始重新研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>留落嚟啲文化遺產，令到佢哋喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="藝術">藝術</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="思想">思想</a>方面有好多躍進。當中 16 至 17 世紀嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>物理同天文學家<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="伽利略">伽利略</a><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>最出位：佢用咗數學嘅概念嚟表達物理學嘅定律－呢樣嘢喺嗰時好新穎，因為佢之前嗰啲<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="自然哲學家">自然哲學家</a>多數都淨係會用文字嚟寫科學定律，而好少可用精確嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="數學方程式">數學方程式</a>表達<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。伽利略做咗好多創新嘅實驗，甚至仲挑戰當時<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%95%99%E5%BB%B7" title="羅馬教廷">羅馬教廷</a>認定嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BF%83%E8%AA%AA" title="地心說">地心說</a><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（話地球係宇宙中心嘅學說），最後搞到教廷唔妥佢，拉咗佢去審同軟禁，成為咗一個「因為唔服從當權者而受迫害嘅科學家」嘅典型例子<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。打後 16 世紀嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國">法國</a>哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%92" class="mw-redirect" title="笛卡兒">笛卡兒</a><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>俾伽利略影響咗，提倡用數學嚟理解大自然，又發明咗用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%A7%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="座標">座標</a>嚟計<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="幾何">幾何</a>嘅做法；同期嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國">英國</a>哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="培根">培根</a><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>寫咗好幾本有影響力嘅著作，主張自然哲學（嗰陣西人對<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>嘅稱呼）應該係用實證做主導，又批判咗阿里士多德嘅思想，宣揚一種以「描述自然定律」為核心嘅科學方法。現代科學喺呢個時期可以算係成咗形<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>呢個時期嘅嶺南地區已經做咗<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="明朝">明朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>嘅主要對外港口。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%BA%9C%E6%B0%91%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="廣府民系">粵人</a>（嗰時現代<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東話">廣東話</a>已經成咗形）發展咗好多有睇頭嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%97%9D" title="工藝">工藝</a>技術，會將佢哋啲工藝品（例如係<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%BD%A9" title="廣彩">廣彩</a>）賣俾<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AD%90" title="西歐">西歐</a>嘅人<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而且仲因為同西歐人交流得多，出咗啲有西歐味道嘅思想流派，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="嶺南學派">嶺南學派</a>噉，就會主張用「質疑」嘅方法嚟求學問。總體嚟講，呢個時期嘅嶺南同其他<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E" title="東亞">東亞</a>嘅社會一樣，喺純科學方面冇乜話重要影響力，但喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="科技">科技</a>上係有咁上下嘅水平。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="啟蒙時期"><span id=".E5.95.9F.E8.92.99.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F"></span>啟蒙時期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=25" title="編輯小節: 啟蒙時期"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="啟蒙時期">啟蒙時期</a></div> <p>喺 17 至 18 世紀，歐洲正係處於<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="啟蒙時期">啟蒙時期</a><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－俾笛卡兒同培根啟發咗，歐洲响自然哲學上開始有大幅嘅進步<sup id="cite_ref-Lindberg_194-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindberg-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，西歐諸國同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>成為咗橫掃成個世界嘅強國。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國">英國</a>物理學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓">牛頓</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國">德國</a>數學家<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="萊布尼茲">萊布尼茲</a><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>改革咗數學同物理學，形成咗今日講嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="古典力學">古典力學</a><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；而後者諗咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86" title="微積分">微積分</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>呢啲概念出嚟－兩樣都係自然哲學上嘅大突破；除此之外，萊布尼茲仲改咗吓自然哲學上用嘅字眼，唔再用啲帶有<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%AB%96" title="目的論">目的論</a><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（指一啲假設宇宙所有嘢都有<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84" title="目的">目的</a>嘅學說）嘅字眼嚟寫自然哲學嘢，令到現代科學更加<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80" title="客觀">客觀</a>咗。最後，西人就係响呢個時期開始用 <b>science</b> 呢個字嚟稱呼研究大自然嘅學問<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="摩登時代"><span id=".E6.91.A9.E7.99.BB.E6.99.82.E4.BB.A3"></span>摩登時代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=26" title="編輯小節: 摩登時代"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>自從喺 19 世紀頭開始，各門嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>就喺度起勢噉發展。歐美地區喺呢個時期出咗好多個有重大突破嘅科學理論－好似係<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="熱力學定律">熱力學定律</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" title="電磁學">電磁理論</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子論</a>同埋由<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="查理斯·達爾文">查理斯·達爾文</a><sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>英 68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>提出嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%AB%B6%E5%A4%A9%E6%93%87" title="物競天擇">物競天擇</a>呀噉。呢柞理論係現代科技嘅基礎－好多現代嘅科技都係要靠呢啲理論先至整到出嚟，例如係同醫學好有關係嘅細菌研究就成日都會用到物競天擇理論<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。除咗噉，19 世紀早期仲係<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>嘅開端<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>响同一時間，<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E6%9D%B1" title="遠東">遠東</a>地區亦都開始搞科學：<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>出咗好幾個好似係<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E5%8F%A3%E8%8B%B1%E4%B8%96" title="野口英世">野口英世</a>（平假名：のぐち　ひでよ）噉嘅著名科學家，成為咗二十至廿一世紀世界上喺科學方面最出色嘅國家之一；同期嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>亦都開咗好幾間大學搞科研，出咗啲好似係<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%8C%95" title="高錕">高錕</a>噉喺科學上有重大成就嘅人（<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%8C%95" title="高錕">高錕</a>仲攞埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" title="諾貝爾物理學獎">諾貝爾物理學獎</a>），而到咗廿一世紀初，香港嘅科研喺國際上都係處於算係比較前列嘅位置；<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="中國大陸">中國大陸</a>喺科研上水平都有返咁上下。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=27" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83" title="批判思考">批判思考</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學">數學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="科學運算">科學運算</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="科技">科技</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%BB%E6%83%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="科學幻想">科學幻想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%84%E5%BC%8F%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" title="範式轉移">範式轉移</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0" title="創新">創新</a></li></ul> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="哲學家">哲學家</a>呢類人，係對愈嚟愈多嘅嘢知得愈嚟愈少，直至佢哋對一切都一無所知。<br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="科學家">科學家</a>呢類人，係對愈嚟愈少嘅嘢知得愈嚟愈多，直至佢哋對一無所有嘅嘢乜都知。<br /> <p><b>解釋</b>：講緊哲學家廣泛涉獵多方知識，最後樣樣精通冇樣成功，而科學家就鑽入牛角尖，就極狹窄嘅課題做極深入嘅探究。 </p> </div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding-top: 10px"><p style="font-size:smaller;line-height:1em;text-align: right; margin-right: 4em"><cite style="font-style:normal;">——<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%80%AB%E8%8C%B2" title="康拉德·洛倫茲">康拉德·洛倫茲</a><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </cite></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=28" title="編輯小節: 文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>講<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="科學哲學">哲學</a>嘅文獻： </p> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; font-size:90%; column-count:2"> <ul><li>Feyerabend, P. (2005). <i>Science, history of the philosophy</i>, as cited in Honderich, Ted (2005). The Oxford companion to philosophy. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0199264791" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-926479-1</a>. OCLC 173262485.</li> <li>McComas, W. F. (1998). <i>The principal elements of the nature of science: Dispelling the myths</i>. In McComas, William F. The nature of science in science education: rationales and strategies (PDF). Springer. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780792361688" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7923-6168-8</a>.</li> <li>Papineau, D. (1996). <i>Philosophy of science</i> (pp. 286-316). New Jersey: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.</li> <li>Popper, K. (2002) <i>The Logic of Scientific Discovery, 2nd Edition</i>. UK: Routledge Classics, ISBN-10 8130908115.（原版喺 1959 年出）</li> <li>陳瑞麟. (2010). 科學哲學: 理論與歷史. 群學出版有限公司.</li></ul> </div> <p>講<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="科學史">歷史</a>嘅文獻： </p> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; font-size:90%; column-count:2"> <ul><li>Crease, R. P. (2011). <i>World in the Balance: the historic quest for an absolute system of measurement</i>. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780393072983" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-393-07298-3</a>.</li> <li>Gaukroger, S. (2006). <i>The Emergence of a Scientific Culture: Science and the Shaping of Modernity 1210–1685</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0199296448" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-929644-8</a>.</li> <li>Gribbin, J. (2003). <i>Science: A history</i>. London: Penguin UK.</li> <li>Kuhn, T. (1962). <i>The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</i>.</li> <li>Needham, J. (1954). <i>Science and Civilisation in China: Introductory Orientations</i>. 1. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Shanahan, M. (2015). <i>The Technological Singularity</i>. MIT Press.</li></ul> </div> <p>其他拉雜類型嘅文獻： </p> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; font-size:90%; column-count:2"> <ul><li>Augros, R. M., & Stanciu, G. N. (1984). <i>The New Story of Science: mind and the universe</i>, Lake Bluff, Ill.: Regnery Gateway. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0895268337" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-89526-833-7</a></li> <li>Becker, E. (1968). <i>The structure of evil; an essay on the unification of the science of man</i>. New York: G. Braziller.</li> <li>Cole, K. C. (1986). <i>Things your teacher never told you about science: Nine shocking revelations</i>. Newsday, Long Island, New York, March 23.</li> <li>Feynman, R. P. (1999). Robbins, Jeffrey, Ed. <i>The pleasure of finding things out the best short works of Richard P. Feynman</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0465013120" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0465013120</a>.</li> <li>Feynman, R. P. (1999). <i>The Pleasure of Finding Things Out: The Best Short Works of Richard P. Feynman</i>. Perseus Books Group. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0465023959" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-465-02395-9</a>. OCLC 181597764.</li> <li>Gopnik, A. (2004). <i>Finding Our Inner Scientist</i>. Daedalus, Winter 2004.</li> <li>Hagstrom, W. O. (1965). <i>The scientific community</i>. New York: Basic books.</li> <li>Kevles, D. J. (1995). <i>The physicists: The history of a scientific community in modern America</i>. Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Levin, Y. (2008). <i>Imagining the Future: Science and American Democracy</i>. New York, Encounter Books. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/1594032092" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-59403-209-2</a></li> <li>Nosek, B. A., Ebersole, C. R., DeHaven, A. C., & Mellor, D. T. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1708274114">The preregistration revolution</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, 115(11), 2600-2606，講到<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E8%A8%BB%E5%86%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="預註冊研究">預註冊研究</a>點樣可以應付<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%A1%A8%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE" title="發表偏差">發表偏差</a>（指啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="學術期刊">期刊</a>一味淨係登啲望落得意搶眼嘅結果）嘅問題，從而提升科研<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E7%8F%BE" title="再現">再現</a>嘅能力。</li> <li>Russell, B. (1985) [1952]. <i>The Impact of Science on Society</i>. London: Unwin. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/0043000908" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-04-300090-8</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=29" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">順帶一提，<b>知識就係力量</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>：Scientia potentia est）呢句嘢就係由拉丁文嗰度出嚟嘅。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">研究<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="道德">道德</a>嘅學問（<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="倫理學">倫理學</a>）就俾人分類做<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>嘅一門。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努爾·康德">康德</a>寫嘢用嘅唔係<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語白話文">粵語白話文</a>而係<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="德文">德文</a>。呢句粵文譯版嚟自英文譯句－"All our knowledge begins with the senses, proceeds then to the understanding, and ends with reason. There is nothing higher than reason."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">假設<b>橙</b>呢隻字有個明確嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">至於有關「點樣驗證啲講到<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%9C%83%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="機會率">機會率</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E8%BF%B0%E5%BC%8F_(%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF)" title="陳述式 (邏輯)">陳述</a>」嘅問題，可以睇吓<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AB%96" title="概率論">概率論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a>方面嘅內容。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">不過打後嘅事實亦都表明，喺計一啲質量極高嘅物體（例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a>噉）嘅數嗰陣，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a>先會俾到準嘅預測。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-168">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">原則上可以包埋<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="人文">人文</a>等領域嘅跨學科研究。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引述"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E8.BF.B0"></span>引述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=30" title="編輯小節: 引述"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>篇文用咗嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E8%A9%B1" title="行話">行話</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%9C%89%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="專有名詞">專有名詞</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>版本如下： </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Immanuel Kant</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">philosophy of science</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">empiricism</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">falsifiability</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">falsifiable</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Newton's law of universal gravitation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">theory</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hypo-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hypo_46-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hypo_46-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">hypothesis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">inductive reasoning</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">valid</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">prove</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">scientific theory</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">is just a theory</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">if... then...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">variable</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">continuous variable</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">discrete</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Occam's razor</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Feynman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">PhD</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">natural science</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">physical science</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">physics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">chemistry</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">earth science</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">astronomy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">life science</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">biology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">molecular biology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-114">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">genetics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-117">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">cell biology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">neuroscience</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ecology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">social science</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-129">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">psychology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-132">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">sociology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">economics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">linguistics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-138">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">archaeology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-140">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">information science</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">management</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">marketing，可以<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" title="借詞">借入粵語</a>做<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/科學/#yue"><span>maa<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> ket<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> ting<span class="Jpingtone">4</span></span></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-147">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">formal science</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-148">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">mathematics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-149">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">logic</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-154">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">applied science</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-155">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">engineering</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-156">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">medicine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-159">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">pure science</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-160">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">mind science</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-163">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">hard and soft science</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-167">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">transdisciplinary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-173">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">scientific literature</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-188">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Socrates</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-190">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-191">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-197">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Bacon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-199">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">scholasticism</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-203">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Renaissance</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-204">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Galileo</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-207">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">geocentrism</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-209">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">René Descartes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-210">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Bacon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-213">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Age of Enlightenment</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-214">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gottfried Leibniz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-215">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">classical mechanics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-216">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">teleology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-218">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Darwin</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> 篇文引用咗以下呢啲<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="文獻">文獻</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%A0%81" title="網頁">網頁</a>： </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bulger2002-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bulger2002_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bulger2002_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Bulger, Ruth Ellen; Heitman, Elizabeth; Reiser, Stanley Joel (2002). <i>The Ethical Dimensions of the Biological and Health Sciences</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. P. Feynman, <i>The Feynman Lectures on Physics</i>, Vol.1, Chaps.1,2,&3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, E.O. (1999). "The natural sciences". <i>Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge</i> (Reprint ed.). New York, New York: Vintage. pp. 49–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Godfrey-Smith, Peter (2003o). "Empiricism, naturalism, and scientific realism?". <i>Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science</i> (1st ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago. pp. 219-232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.factmonster.com/science/general-science/branches-science">The Branches of Science</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-editstaff2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-editstaff2008_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-editstaff2008_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Editorial Staff (March 7, 2008). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/scientific_method_relationships_among_scientific_paradigms/">Scientific Method: Relationships among Scientific Paradigms</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161101001155/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/scientific_method_relationships_among_scientific_paradigms/">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2016年11月1號，.". <i>Seed magazine</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knorrcetina1981-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-knorrcetina1981_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-knorrcetina1981_7-1">7.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Knorr-Cetina, K. D. (1981). Social and scientific method or what do we make of the distinction between the natural and the social sciences?. <i>Philosophy of the Social Sciences</i>, 11(3), 335-359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flannery, K. L. (1991). Aristotle: Prior Analytics. <i>Ancient Philosophy</i>, 11(1), 187-193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vinge, V. (1993). The coming technological singularity. <i>Whole Earth Review</i>, 81, 88-95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heilbron, J. L. (Ed.) (2003). <i>The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, <i>De Anima</i>, 429b29-430a1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymology-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-etymology_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=science">Online Etymology Dictionary - Science</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilson1999-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wilson1999_14-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wilson1999_14-1">13.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Edward (1999). <i>Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge</i>. New York: Vintage.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">《禮記‧大學》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/empiricism">Empiricism Quotes</a>. <i>Goodreads</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kant, I. (1908). <i>Critique of pure reason</i>. 1781. Modern Classical Philosophers, Cambridge, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 370-456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 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.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zit3 .hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710153827/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/philosophy">"Philosophy; note meaning 5"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/philosophy">原著</a>喺2017年7月10號歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺2017年7月2號搵到</span>.</cite><span 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University of Chicago Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-195">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bayt al-Hikmah". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 3, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-196">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Science in Islam". <i>Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages</i>. 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-198">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindberg, D. C. (Ed.). (1980). <i>Science in the middle ages</i>. University of Chicago Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-200">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, J., & Yates, R. D. (1994). <i>Science and Civilisation in China–Vol 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology</i>, <i>Part 6: Military Technology: Missiles and Sieges</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-201">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">《漢書 · 嚴助傳》：「(閩)越方外之地，斷髮紋身之民也，以處溪谷之間，篁竹之中，習於水斗，便於用舟。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-202">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809171012/http://www.gdwh.com.cn/lnwh/2010/0629/article_1451.html"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈越人底色＋移民－广府源流〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>越</span><span class="zit3">人底色＋移民－广府源流</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gdwh.com.cn/lnwh/2010/0629/article_1451.html">原著</a>喺2017年8月9號歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2017年8月6號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%B6%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%BA%95%E8%89%B2%EF%BC%8B%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%EF%BC%8D%E5%B9%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%BA%90%E6%B5%81&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdwh.com.cn%2Flnwh%2F2010%2F0629%2Farticle_1451.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-205">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brecht, B. (2015). <i>Life of Galileo</i>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-206">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Galileo and the Birth of Modern Science". <i>American Heritage of Invention and Technology</i>. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-208">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Numbers, Ronald (2009). <i>Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-211">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brugger, E. Christian (2004). "Casebeer, William D. Natural Ethical Facts: Evolution, Connectionism, and Moral Cognition". <i>The Review of Metaphysics</i>. 58 (2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-212">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222024037/http://www.worldjournal.com/4779055/article-%E3%80%8A%E6%8C%96%E8%B6%A3%E3%80%8B%E5%9C%A8%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%B6%E8%97%8F%E5%BB%A3%E5%BD%A9%E7%93%B7%E5%99%A8/"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈《挖趣》在美國收藏廣彩瓷器〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>挖</span><span class="zit3">趣</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6siu2siu2">》</span>在</span><span class="zit3">美國收藏廣彩瓷器</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldjournal.com/4779055/article-%E3%80%8A%E6%8C%96%E8%B6%A3%E3%80%8B%E5%9C%A8%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%B6%E8%97%8F%E5%BB%A3%E5%BD%A9%E7%93%B7%E5%99%A8/">原著</a>喺2017年2月22號歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2017年8月7號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%8C%96%E8%B6%A3%E3%80%8B%E5%9C%A8%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%B6%E8%97%8F%E5%BB%A3%E5%BD%A9%E7%93%B7%E5%99%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldjournal.com%2F4779055%2Farticle-%25E3%2580%258A%25E6%258C%2596%25E8%25B6%25A3%25E3%2580%258B%25E5%259C%25A8%25E7%25BE%258E%25E5%259C%258B%25E6%2594%25B6%25E8%2597%258F%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E5%25BD%25A9%25E7%2593%25B7%25E5%2599%25A8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-217">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cahan, David, ed. (2003). <i>From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-219">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dykhuizen, D. E. (1990). Experimental studies of natural selection in bacteria. <i>Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</i>, 21(1), 373-398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-220">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, W. (1824). <i>An Inquiry Into the Principles of the Distribution of Wealth Most Conducive to Humane Happiness Applied to the Newly Proposed System of Voluntary Equality of Wealth</i>. London: Longman.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-221">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lightman, Bernard (2011). "13. Science and the Public". In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter. <i>Wrestling with Nature : From Omens to Science</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-222">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/488819-philosophers-are-people-who-know-less-and-less-about-more">Konrad Lorenz > Quotes > Quotable Quote</a>, <i>goodreads</i>，原版英文："Philosophers are people who know less and less about more and more, until they know nothing about everything. Scientists are people who know more and more about less and less, until they know everything about nothing."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拎"><span id=".E6.8B.8E"></span>拎</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=31" title="編輯小節: 拎"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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title="自然科學">自然科學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="物理科學">物理科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="地球科學">地球科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="生命科學">生命科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學">生物學</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知科學">認知科學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="語言學">語言學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="人類學">人類學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="神經科學">神經科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學">心理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="地理學">地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8" title="考古學">考古學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" title="社會學">社會學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟學">經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="資訊科學">資訊科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="政治學">政治學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="應用科學">應用科學</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="計量學">計量學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="農學">農學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="農業科學">農業科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工程學">工程學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學">醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="運動科學">運動科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%89%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="法證科學">法證科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="電腦科學">電腦科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">AI</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">拉雜相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E5%AF%86%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="精密科學">精密科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E5%90%8C%E8%BB%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="硬同軟科學">硬同軟科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="跨學科研究">跨學科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="假科學">假科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="科技">科技</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B9%BB" title="科幻">科幻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%AB%96" title="科學論">科學論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="開放科學">開放科學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>睇埋</b><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經驗主義">經驗主義</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%AD%B8" title="商學">商學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="人文學">人文學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93" title="學術">學術</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88" title="學術出版">學術出版</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="科學哲學" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:科學哲學"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:科學哲學 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="科學哲學" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="科學哲學">科學哲學</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="探討「科學呢家嘢應該點樣搞？」嘅哲學">探討「<a class="mw-selflink selflink">科學</a>呢家嘢應該點樣搞？」嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">重要概念</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">界定<a class="mw-selflink selflink">科學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E7%BE%A9" title="定義">定義</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E7%95%8C%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="科學分界問題">科學分界問題</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經驗主義">經驗主義</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89" title="實證">實證</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AD%89%E5%BA%A6" title="可否證度">可否證度</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E5%BA%A6" title="可測試度">可測試度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="假科學">假科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80" title="客觀">客觀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE" title="發現">發現</a>定係<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E" title="發明">發明</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="科學理論">科學理論</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%95%B8_(%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94)" title="變數 (科研)">變數</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%8C%96" title="量化">量化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B" title="建構">建構</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B" title="解釋">解釋</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%8A%9B" title="解釋力">解釋力</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%84%E5%8E%9F%E8%AB%96" title="還原論">還原論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="科學定律">定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="因果關係">因果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="證據">證據</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9D%8E%E5%89%83%E5%88%80" title="奧坎剃刀">奧坎剃刀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%84%E5%BC%8F" title="範式">範式</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%84%E5%BC%8F%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" title="範式轉移">轉移</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%9A%E7%B4%84" title="可通約">可通約</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E6%BB%B2%E9%80%8F" title="理論滲透">理論滲透</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="理論選擇">理論選擇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E5%8C%96" title="理想化">理想化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理論間歸約" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Intertheoretic reduction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E9%96%93%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理論間歸約 (無呢版)">理論間歸約</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertheoretic_reduction" class="extiw" title="en:Intertheoretic reduction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Intertheoretic reduction</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="量度">量度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F" title="觀察">觀察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D" title="歸納">歸納</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E7%B4%8D%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="歸納問題">歸納問題</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A4%A9%E9%B5%9D%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="黑天鵝效應">黑天鵝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E7%8F%BE" title="再現">再現</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%85%E5%88%86%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="不充分決定論">不充分決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4" title="證據一致">證據一致</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E5%92%97%E5%96%BA%E5%B7%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%98%85%E8%86%8A%E9%A0%AD%E4%B8%8A%E9%9D%A2" title="企咗喺巨人嘅膊頭上面">企喺巨人嘅膊頭上面</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">其他概念</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6" title="事實">事實</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%A6%8B" title="意見">意見</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="哲學分析">哲學分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%B3%AA" title="本質">本質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然">自然</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90-%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%8D%80%E5%88%A5" title="分析-綜合區別">分析-綜合區別</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="齊一論">齊一論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%93%8B%E8%80%8C%E5%AE%B6%E5%94%94%E7%9F%A5%EF%BC%8C%E5%B0%87%E4%BE%86%E9%83%BD%E5%94%94%E6%9C%83%E7%9F%A5" title="我哋而家唔知，將來都唔會知">我哋而家唔知，將來都唔會知</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關思想</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="理性主義">理性</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經驗主義">經驗</a>主義</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="實證主義">實證主義</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="實用主義">實用主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="自然主義">自然主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E8%9E%8D%E8%B2%AB%E8%AB%96" title="真理融貫論">真理融貫論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="基礎主義">基礎主義</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_holism" class="extiw" title="en:Confirmation holism">整體確定主義</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_empiricism" class="extiw" title="en:Constructive empiricism">建構經驗主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">領域哲學</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學哲學">物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="化學哲學">化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學哲學">生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學哲學">社會科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="人工智能哲學">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="電腦科學哲學">電腦科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心靈哲學">心靈哲學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理學哲學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">拉雜相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="科學革命">科學革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E5%90%8C%E8%BB%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="硬同軟科學">硬同軟科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%AB%96" title="科學論">科學論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="科學史">科學史</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E5%8F%B2" title="進化論史">進化論史</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="哲學邏輯">哲學邏輯</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形而上學">形而上學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%89%E9%87%91%E8%A1%93" title="煉金術">煉金術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="複雜系統">複雜系統</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:科學哲學">科學哲學類</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="研究" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Template:研究"><abbr title="去睇呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:研究 (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="研究" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究">研究</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="「用創意同有系統嘅方法嚟增進知識」嘅過程">「用<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%84%8F" title="創意">創意</a>同有系統嘅方法嚟增進<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" title="知識">知識</a>」嘅過程</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93" title="學術">學術</a>領域</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="純科學">純科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="形式科學">形式科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="社會科學">社會科學</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="應用科學">應用科學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC" title="研究開發">研究開發</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="人文學">人文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%AD%B8" title="商學">商學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%A5%AD" title="專業">專業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="跨學科研究">跨學科</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BookReader-favicon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BookReader-favicon.svg/150px-BookReader-favicon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BookReader-favicon.svg/225px-BookReader-favicon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BookReader-favicon.svg/300px-BookReader-favicon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="449" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究過程</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="研究設計" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Research design"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="研究設計 (無呢版)">研究設計</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_design" class="extiw" title="en:Research design"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Research design</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83%E6%9B%B8" title="研究計劃書">計劃書</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="定性研究">定性</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%87%8F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="定量研究">定量</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="研究問題">問題</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="假說">假說</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%AF%AB%E4%BD%9C" title="學術寫作">學術寫作</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%B6%9C%E8%BF%B0" title="文獻綜述">文獻綜述</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="參考文獻">參考文獻</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E6%96%87%E6%80%A7" title="互文性">互文性</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="論證">論證</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究方法</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="方法學">方法研究</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="敘事分析">敘事分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AE%E6%A0%B9%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="紮根理論">紮根理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="批判理論">批判理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="史學方法">史學方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="解釋學">解釋學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藝術方法學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Art methodology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藝術方法學 (無呢版)">藝術方法學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_methodology" class="extiw" title="en:Art methodology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Art methodology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="實用主義">實用主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實驗">實驗</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7" title="科學對照">對照</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="實驗設計">設計</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E7%B5%84%E5%90%8C%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E7%B5%84" title="實驗組同對照組">實驗組同對照組</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="隨機化實驗">隨機化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%90%E5%9B%A0%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="析因實驗">析因</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%B0%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="實地實驗">實地</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="自然實驗">自然</a>實驗</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="盲實驗">盲實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="準實驗">準實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="實驗室">實驗室</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="二次研究">二次研究</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E7%B6%9C%E8%BF%B0" title="文獻綜述">文獻綜述</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%9C%E8%BF%B0" title="系統綜述">系統綜述</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="元分析">元分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8" title="文獻計量學">文獻計量學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="科學模型">科學模型</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC" title="模擬">模擬</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="檔案研究">檔案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="統計學">統計學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="觀察研究">觀察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5" title="社會統計調查">社會調查</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%AF%9F" title="考察">考察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E8%A9%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="面試研究">面談</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="內容分析">內容分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="對話分析">對話分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="主題分析">主題分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E6%A1%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="個案研究">個案</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">機構制度</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="大學">大學</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2" title="研究院">研究院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%A9%E5%A3%AB" title="碩士">碩士</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="博士">博士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%80%85" title="學者">學者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%8A%A9%E7%90%86" title="研究助理">研究助理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="論文">論文</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87" title="博士論文">博士論文</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88" title="學術出版">出版</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="學術期刊">期刊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E5%90%8C%E5%84%95%E4%BA%92%E8%A9%95" title="學術同儕互評">同儕互評</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E7%A0%94%E8%A8%8E%E6%9C%83" title="學術研討會">研討會</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E5%90%8C%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="先驗同後驗">先驗同後驗</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="哲學邏輯">哲學邏輯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形而上學">形而上學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="理性主義">理性主義</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經驗主義">經驗主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="科學哲學">科學哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E4%BB%BD%E5%AD%90" title="知識份子">知識份子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">拉雜相關</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%BE%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="事後分析">事後分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%8C%96" title="量化">量化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E5%AD%B8" title="圖書館學">圖書館學</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%A1%A8" title="圖書館學詞彙表">詞彙表</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="科學運算">科學運算</a></li> <li><a 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