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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconquest_of_Georgia_and_the_rest_of_the_Caucasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Reconquest of Georgia and the rest of the Caucasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconquest_of_Georgia_and_the_rest_of_the_Caucasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_with_Russia_and_irrevocable_loss_of_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_with_Russia_and_irrevocable_loss_of_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Wars with Russia and irrevocable loss of territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_with_Russia_and_irrevocable_loss_of_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migration_of_Caucasian_Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_of_Caucasian_Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Migration of Caucasian Muslims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_of_Caucasian_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Development and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Constitutional Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_related_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_related_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>World War I and related events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_related_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Robat_Karim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Robat_Karim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Battle of Robat Karim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Robat_Karim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_the_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Fall of the dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government and administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Qajar Iran</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة القاجارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدولة القاجارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qacar_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99ti" title="Qacar dövləti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qacar dövləti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="قاجار ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قاجار ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কাজার ইরান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাজার ইরান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Qajar" title="Imperi Qajar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Qajar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ایران قاجاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایران قاجاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_kadjar" title="Empire kadjar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire kadjar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9E%90%EB%A5%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="카자르 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카자르 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Qajar" title="Daular Qajar – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Qajar" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%82%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ղաջարական Պարսկաստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ղաջարական Պարսկաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C5%BEarsko_Carstvo" title="Kadžarsko Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kadžarsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Qajar" title="Iran Qajar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iran Qajar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ყაჯარების იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყაჯარების იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Erana_Qacar%C3%AE" title="Îrana Qacarî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îrana Qacarî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E6%9C%9D" title="ガージャール朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガージャール朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Qajar Iran" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qojarlar_davlati" title="Qojarlar davlati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qojarlar davlati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قاجاري ايران – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قاجاري ايران" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Cajar" title="Império Cajar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Cajar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каджарский Иран – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каджарский Иран" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C5%BEarsko_cesarstvo" title="Kadžarsko cesarstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kadžarsko cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%95%DB%8C" title="ئێرانی قاجاڕی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێرانی قاجاڕی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Каџарска монархија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каџарска монархија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C5%BEarska_Monarhija" title="Kadžarska Monarhija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kadžarska Monarhija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கஜர் ஈரான் – Tamil" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Western Asia (1789–1925)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Qajar" redirects here. For the modern-day country on the other side of the Persian Gulf, see <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Qajar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Qajar (disambiguation)">Qajar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Guarded Domains of Iran</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ممالک محروسه ایران</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Mamalek e Mahruse ye Iran</i></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1789–1925</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_flag_of_Persia_(1907%E2%80%931933).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Qajar Iran"><img alt="Flag of Qajar Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg/125px-State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg/188px-State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg/250px-State_flag_of_Persia_%281907%E2%80%931933%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iran#History" title="Flag of Iran">Flag (1906–1925)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Emblem_of_the_Qajar_Dynasty_(Lion_and_Sun).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Qajar Iran"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Qajar Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Imperial_Emblem_of_the_Qajar_Dynasty_%28Lion_and_Sun%29.svg/85px-Imperial_Emblem_of_the_Qajar_Dynasty_%28Lion_and_Sun%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Imperial_Emblem_of_the_Qajar_Dynasty_%28Lion_and_Sun%29.svg/128px-Imperial_Emblem_of_the_Qajar_Dynasty_%28Lion_and_Sun%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Imperial_Emblem_of_the_Qajar_Dynasty_%28Lion_and_Sun%29.svg/170px-Imperial_Emblem_of_the_Qajar_Dynasty_%28Lion_and_Sun%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="766" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Iran#Early_Modern_Iran_(16th_to_20th_centuries)" title="Emblem of Iran"> Coat of Arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> (1873–1909)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Salute_(anthem)" title="Royal Salute (anthem)">Salâm-e Shâh</a></i><br /><i>(Royal salute)</i><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="169" data-mwtitle="Salam-e_shah_1906.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Salam-e_shah_1906.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/Salam-e_shah_1906.ogg/Salam-e_shah_1906.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div><hr />(1909–1925)<br /><i><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" class="extiw" title="fa:سلامتی دولت علیه ایران">Salamati-ye Dowlat-e 'Aliyye-ye Iran</a></i><br /><i>(Salute of the Sublime State of Iran)</i><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Iran_1900-en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Iran under the Qajar dynasty in the 19th century."><img alt="Map of Iran under the Qajar dynasty in the 19th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_Iran_1900-en.png/250px-Map_Iran_1900-en.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_Iran_1900-en.png/375px-Map_Iran_1900-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_Iran_1900-en.png/500px-Map_Iran_1900-en.png 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="911" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of Iran under the Qajar dynasty in the 19th century.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (court literature/language, administrative, cultural, official),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatouzian2007128_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatouzian2007128-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> (court language, mother tongue of royal family)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJavadiBurrill1988251–255_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavadiBurrill1988251–255-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> (official)<br />minority religions: <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Jews" title="Iranian Jews">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> (1789–1906; 1907–1909<sup id="cite_ref-a_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> (1906–1907; 1909–1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Shah</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1789–1797 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar" title="Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1909–1925 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah Qajar</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_viziers_of_Persia" title="List of grand viziers of Persia">Grand viziers</a>/<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">Prime minister</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1795-1801 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hajji_Ebrahim_Shirazi" title="Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi">Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1923–1925 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Pahlavi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">None (until 1906; 1907–1909)<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Consultative_Assembly" title="National Consultative Assembly">National Consultative Assembly</a> (1906–1907; from 1909)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Establishment </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1789</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 1813</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 1828</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1857)" title="Treaty of Paris (1857)">Treaty of Paris</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 March 1857</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Akhal" title="Treaty of Akhal">Treaty of Akhal</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 September 1881</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 August 1906</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/1915" title="1915">1915</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Deposed by Constituent Assembly </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 October 1925</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_toman" title="Iranian toman">toman</a> (1789–1825)<br /><a href="/wiki/Iranian_qiran" title="Iranian qiran">qiran</a> (1825–1925)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zand_Dynasty_flag.svg/20px-Zand_Dynasty_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zand_Dynasty_flag.svg/30px-Zand_Dynasty_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zand_Dynasty_flag.svg/40px-Zand_Dynasty_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Coat_of_arms_of_Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Coat_of_arms_of_Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Coat_of_arms_of_Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg/20px-Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg/30px-Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg/40px-Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/20px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/30px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg/40px-State_flag_of_Iran_1964-1980.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Guarded Domains of Iran</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alternatively the <b>Sublime State of Iran</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and commonly called <b>Qajar Iran</b>, <b>Qajar Persia</b> or the <b>Qajar Empire</b>, was the Iranian state<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat19972–3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat19972–3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a>, which was of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> origin,<sup id="cite_ref-ghani1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghani1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-William_Bayne_Fisher_1993,_p._344_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Bayne_Fisher_1993,_p._344-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-online_edition_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online_edition-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically from the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_(tribe)" title="Qajar (tribe)">Qajar tribe</a>, from 1789 to 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat19972–3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat19972–3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qajar family took full control of Iran in 1794, deposing <a href="/wiki/Lotf_%27Ali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotf 'Ali Khan">Lotf 'Ali Khan</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a>, and re-asserted Iranian sovereignty over large parts of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. In 1796, <a href="/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar" title="Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar</a> seized <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> with ease,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> putting an end to the <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid dynasty</a>. He was formally crowned as Shah after his <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">punitive campaign against Iran's Georgian subjects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Caucasus, the Qajar dynasty permanently lost much territory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991330_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991330-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> over the course of the 19th century, comprising modern-day eastern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Timothy_C._Dowling_pp_729_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timothy_C._Dowling_pp_729-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its territorial losses, Qajar Iran reinvented the Iranian notion of kingship<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017177_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017177-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and maintained relative political independence, but faced major challenges to its sovereignty, predominantly from the Russian and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> empires. Foreign advisers became powerbrokers in the court and military. They eventually partitioned Qajar Iran in the 1907 <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a>, carving out Russian and British influence zones and a neutral zone.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:92_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a> created an elected parliament or <a href="/wiki/Majlis" title="Majlis">Majles</a>, and sought the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, deposing <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar">Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah Qajar</a>, but many of the constitutional reforms were reversed by an <a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Russian involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution">intervention led by the Russian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:142_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qajar Iran's territorial integrity was further weakened during the <a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian campaign of World War I</a> and the invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Four years after the <a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a>, the military officer <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> took power in 1925, thus establishing the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>, the last Iranian royal dynasty. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> era, <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">Mamalik-i Mahrusa-yi Iran</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Guarded_Domains_of_Iran" title="Guarded Domains of Iran">Guarded Domains of Iran</a>) was the common and official name of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat199713_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat199713-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017443_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017443-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of the Guarded Domains illustrated a feeling of territorial and political uniformity in a society where the Persian language, culture, monarchy, and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> became integral elements of the developing national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat199715_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat199715-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept presumably had started to form under the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> in the late 13th-century, a period in which regional actions, trade, written culture, and partly Shia Islam, contributed to the establishment of the early modern <a href="/wiki/Persianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate">Persianate</a> world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat201933_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat201933-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its shortened variant was <i>mamalik-i Iran</i> ("Domains of Iran"), most commonly used in the writings from Qajar Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202482_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202482-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A late legend holds that the Qajars first came to Iran in the 11th-century along with other <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turkic</a> clans. However, the Qajars neither appear in the Oghuz tribal lists of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din Hamadani</a>. It has been speculated that the Qajars were originally part of a larger tribal group, with the <a href="/wiki/Bayat_(tribe)" title="Bayat (tribe)">Bayats</a> often considered the most likely tribe from which they later separated. According to the same late legend, the Qajar tribe's namesake ancestor was Qajar Noyan, said to be the son of a <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> named Sartuq Noyan, who reportedly served as <a href="/wiki/Atabeg" title="Atabeg">atabeg</a> to the Ilkhanate ruler <a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1284–1291</span>). This legend also claims that the <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Mongol">Turco-Mongol</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1370–1405</span>) was descended from Qajar Noyan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambly1991104_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambly1991104-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the claims of the legend, <a href="/wiki/Iranologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranologist">Iranologist</a> Gavin R. G. Hambly reconstructed the early history of the Qajars in a hypothetical manner, suggesting that they immigrated towards <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> following the collapse of the Ilkhanate in 1335. Then, during the late 15th-century, the Qajars resettled in the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a>, becoming affiliated with the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Erivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karabakh" title="Karabakh">Karabakh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambly1991104–105_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambly1991104–105-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the other Oghuz tribes in Azerbaijan and eastern Anatolia during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a>, the Qajars likely also converted to <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> and adopted the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safavid order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambly1991105_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambly1991105-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Qajar_(tribe)" title="Qajar (tribe)">Qajar</a> tribe first started to gain prominence during the establishment of the Safavids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambly1991105_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambly1991105-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Ismail led the 7,000 tribal soldiers on his successful expedition from <a href="/wiki/Erzincan" title="Erzincan">Erzincan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a> in 1500/1501, a contingent of Qajars was among them. After this, they emerged as a prominent group within the <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> confederacy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambly1991105–106_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambly1991105–106-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were made up of <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a> warriors and served as the main force of the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Safavid_Iran" title="Military of Safavid Iran">Safavid military</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat201743_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat201743-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being smaller than other tribes, the Qajars continued to play a major role in important events during the 16th-century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambly1991106_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambly1991106-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Safavids "left <a href="/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arran</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Republic of Azerbaijan</a>) to local Turkic khans",<sup id="cite_ref-rohborn_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rohborn-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, "in 1554 <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a> was governed by <a href="/wiki/Shahverdi_Sultan" title="Shahverdi Sultan">Shahverdi Soltan Ziyadoglu Qajar</a>, whose family came to govern <a href="/wiki/Karabakh" title="Karabakh">Karabakh</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Arran_(Caucasus)" title="Arran (Caucasus)">Arran</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-iranicaganja_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranicaganja-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qajars filled a number of diplomatic missions and governorships in the 16–17th centuries for the Safavids. The Qajars were resettled by <a href="/wiki/Abbas_the_Great" title="Abbas the Great">Shah Abbas I</a> throughout Iran. The great number of them also settled in Astarabad (present-day <a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>) near the south-eastern corner of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ghani1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghani1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it would be this branch of Qajars that would rise to power. The immediate ancestor of the Qajar dynasty, Shah Qoli Khan of the Quvanlu of Ganja, married into the Quvanlu Qajars of Astarabad. His son, <a href="/wiki/Fath_Ali_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fath Ali Khan">Fath Ali Khan</a> (born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1685</span>–1693) was a renowned military commander during the rule of the Safavid shahs <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Husayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Husayn">Sultan Husayn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_II" title="Tahmasp II">Tahmasp II</a>. He was killed in 1726. Fath Ali Khan's son <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hasan_Khan_Qajar" title="Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar">Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar</a> (1722–1758) was the father of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khan_Qajar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Khan Qajar">Mohammad Khan Qajar</a> and Hossein Qoli Khan (Jahansouz Shah), father of "Baba Khan," the future <a href="/wiki/Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Fath-Ali Shah Qajar">Fath-Ali Shah Qajar</a>. Mohammad Hasan Khan was killed on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Karim_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karim Khan">Karim Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a>. </p><p>Within 126 years between the demise of the Safavid state and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser al-Din Shah Qajar</a>, the Qajars had evolved from a shepherd-warrior tribe with strongholds in northern Persia into a Persian dynasty with all the trappings of a Perso-Islamic monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat19972–3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat19972–3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar" title="Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar</a></div> <p>"Like virtually every dynasty that ruled Persia since the 11th century, the Qajars came to power with the backing of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> tribal forces, while using educated <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> in their bureaucracy".<sup id="cite_ref-keddie_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keddie-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these Turkic tribes, however, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmens of Iran</a> played the most prominent role in bringing Qajars to power.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1779 following the death of <a href="/wiki/Karim_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karim Khan">Karim Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar" title="Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar</a>, the leader of the Qajars, set out to reunify <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Agha Mohammad Khan was known as one of the cruelest kings, even by the standards of 18th-century Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-ghani1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghani1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his quest for power, he razed cities, massacred entire populations, and blinded some 20,000 men in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kerman</a> because the local populace had chosen to defend the city against his <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ghani1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghani1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qajar armies at that time were mostly composed of <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkoman</a> warriors and <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1794, Agha Mohammad Khan had eliminated all his rivals, including <a href="/wiki/Lotf_Ali_Khan" title="Lotf Ali Khan">Lotf Ali Khan</a>, the last of the Zand dynasty. He reestablished Iranian control over the territories in the entire <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. Agha Mohammad established his capital at <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, a town near the ruins of the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Rayy</a>. In 1796, he was formally crowned as <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a>. In 1797, Agha Mohammad Khan was assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Shusha" title="Shusha">Shusha</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate" title="Karabakh Khanate">Karabakh Khanate</a>, and was succeeded by his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Fath-Ali Shah Qajar">Fath-Ali Shah Qajar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconquest_of_Georgia_and_the_rest_of_the_Caucasus">Reconquest of Georgia and the rest of the Caucasus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reconquest of Georgia and the rest of the Caucasus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">Battle of Krtsanisi</a></div> <p>In 1744, <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> had granted the kingship of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kartli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kakheti</a> to <a href="/wiki/Teimuraz_II_of_Kakheti" title="Teimuraz II of Kakheti">Teimuraz II</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_II_of_Georgia" title="Heraclius II of Georgia">Erekle II</a> (Heraclius II) respectively, as a reward for their loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny199455_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199455-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Nader Shah died in 1747, they capitalized on the chaos that had erupted in mainland Iran, and declared <i>de facto</i> independence. After Teimuraz II died in 1762, Erekle II assumed control over Kartli, and united the two kingdoms in a personal union as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a>, becoming the first Georgian ruler to preside over a politically unified eastern Georgia in three centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins1998541–542_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins1998541–542-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about the same time, <a href="/wiki/Karim_Khan_Zand" title="Karim Khan Zand">Karim Khan Zand</a> had ascended the Iranian throne; Erekle II quickly tendered his <i>de jure</i> submission to the new Iranian ruler, however, <i>de facto</i>, he remained autonomous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry199196_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry199196-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1783, Erekle II placed his kingdom under the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protection</a> of the Russian Empire in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Georgievsk" title="Treaty of Georgievsk">Treaty of Georgievsk</a>. In the last few decades of the 18th century, Georgia had become a more important element in <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Russo-Iranian relations</a> than some provinces in northern mainland Iran, such as <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_province" title="Mazandaran province">Mazandaran</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Gilan_province" title="Gilan province">Gilan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991327_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991327-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, the then-ruling monarch of Russia, viewed Georgia as a pivot for her Caucasian policy, as Russia's new aspirations were to use it as a base of operations against both Iran and the Ottoman Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011327_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011327-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both immediate bordering geopolitical rivals of Russia. On top of that, having another port on the Georgian coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> would be ideal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991327_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991327-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A limited Russian contingent of two infantry battalions with four artillery pieces arrived in <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> in 1784,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was withdrawn in 1787, despite the frantic protests of the Georgians, as <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">a new war against Ottoman Turkey</a> had started on a different front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Tiflis_by_Agha_Muhammad_Shah._A_Qajar-era_miniature._03.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Capture_of_Tiflis_by_Agha_Muhammad_Shah._A_Qajar-era_miniature._03.png/220px-Capture_of_Tiflis_by_Agha_Muhammad_Shah._A_Qajar-era_miniature._03.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Capture_of_Tiflis_by_Agha_Muhammad_Shah._A_Qajar-era_miniature._03.png/330px-Capture_of_Tiflis_by_Agha_Muhammad_Shah._A_Qajar-era_miniature._03.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Capture_of_Tiflis_by_Agha_Muhammad_Shah._A_Qajar-era_miniature._03.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>The capture of <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> by Agha Muhammad Khan. A Qajar-era Persian miniature from the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The consequences of these events came a few years later when a strong new Iranian dynasty under the Qajars emerged victorious in the protracted power struggle in Iran. Their head, <a href="/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha Mohammad Khan">Agha Mohammad Khan</a>, as his first objective,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011409_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011409-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resolved to bring the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> again fully under the Persian orbit. For Agha Mohammad Khan, the resubjugation and reintegration of Georgia into the Iranian empire was part of the same process that had brought <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> under his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He viewed, like the Safavids and Nader Shah before him, the territories no different from the territories in mainland Iran. Georgia was a province of Iran the same way <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_province" title="Khorasan province">Khorasan</a> was.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran" title="The Cambridge History of Iran">The Cambridge History of Iran</a></i> states, its permanent secession was inconceivable and had to be resisted in the same way as one would resist an attempt at the separation of <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a> or Gilan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was therefore natural for Agha Mohammad Khan to perform whatever necessary means in the Caucasus in order to subdue and reincorporate the recently lost regions following Nader Shah's death and the demise of the Zands, including putting down what in Iranian eyes was seen as treason on the part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Vali_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vali (governor)">vali</a></i> of Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finding an interval of peace amid their own quarrels and with northern, western, and central Iran secure, the Iranians demanded Erekle II to renounce the treaty with Russia and to reaccept Iranian suzerainty,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011409_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011409-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in return for peace and the security of his kingdom. The Ottomans, Iran's neighboring rival, recognized the latter's rights over Kartli and Kakheti for the first time in four centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Donald_Rayfield_p_255_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donald_Rayfield_p_255-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erekle appealed then to his theoretical protector, Empress Catherine II of Russia, asking for at least 3,000 Russian troops,<sup id="cite_ref-Donald_Rayfield_p_255_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donald_Rayfield_p_255-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he was ignored, leaving Georgia to fend off the Iranian threat alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Erekle II still rejected Agha Mohammad Khan's <a href="/wiki/Ultimatum" title="Ultimatum">ultimatum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Suny_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1795, Agha Mohammad Khan crossed the <a href="/wiki/Aras_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Aras River">Aras River</a>, and after a turn of events by which he gathered more support from his subordinate khans of <a href="/wiki/Erivan_Khanate" title="Erivan Khanate">Erivan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganja_Khanate" title="Ganja Khanate">Ganja</a>, and having re-secured the territories up to including parts of <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> in the north and up to the westernmost border of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> in the west, he sent Erekle the last ultimatum, which he also declined, but, sent couriers to St.Petersburg. <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Gudovich" title="Ivan Gudovich">Gudovich</a>, who sat in <a href="/wiki/Georgiyevsk" title="Georgiyevsk">Georgiyevsk</a> at the time, instructed Erekle to avoid "expense and fuss",<sup id="cite_ref-Donald_Rayfield_p_255_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donald_Rayfield_p_255-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Erekle, together with <a href="/wiki/Solomon_II_of_Imereti" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon II of Imereti">Solomon II</a> and some Imeretians headed southwards of Tbilisi to fend off the Iranians.<sup id="cite_ref-Donald_Rayfield_p_255_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donald_Rayfield_p_255-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With half of the troop's Agha Mohammad Khan crossed the Aras river with, he now marched directly upon Tbilisi, where it commenced into a huge battle between the Iranian and Georgian armies. Erekle had managed to mobilize some 5,000 troops, including some 2,000 from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a> under its King Solomon II. The Georgians, hopelessly outnumbered, were eventually defeated despite stiff resistance. In a few hours, the Iranian king Agha Mohammad Khan was in full control of the Georgian capital. The Iranian army marched back laden with spoil and carrying off many thousands of captives.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this, after the conquest of Tbilisi and being in effective control of eastern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_1991_128–129_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher_1991_128–129-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agha Mohammad was formally crowned <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> in 1796 in the <a href="/wiki/Mughan_plain" title="Mughan plain">Mughan plain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran" title="The Cambridge History of Iran">The Cambridge History of Iran</a></i> notes; "Russia's client, Georgia, had been punished, and Russia's prestige, damaged." Erekle II returned to Tbilisi to rebuild the city, but the destruction of his capital was a death blow to his hopes and projects. Upon learning of the fall of Tbilisi General Gudovich put the blame on the <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991329_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991329-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To restore Russian prestige, Catherine II <a href="/wiki/Persian_expedition_of_1796" title="Persian expedition of 1796">declared war on Iran</a>, upon the proposal of Gudovich,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991329_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991329-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sent an army under <a href="/wiki/Valerian_Zubov" title="Valerian Zubov">Valerian Zubov</a> to the Qajar possessions on April of that year, but the new <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar of Russia">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a>, who succeeded Catherine in November, shortly recalled it. </p><p>Agha Mohammad Shah was later assassinated while preparing a second expedition against Georgia in 1797 in <a href="/wiki/Shusha" title="Shusha">Shusha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991329_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991329-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reassessment of Iranian hegemony over Georgia did not last long; in 1799 the Russians marched into Tbilisi, two years after Agha Mohammad Khan's death.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next two years were a time of muddle and confusion, and the weakened and devastated Georgian kingdom, with its capital half in ruins, was easily <a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">absorbed by Russia</a> in 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-Lang_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suny_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Iran could not permit or allow the cession of <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, which had formed part of the concept of Iran for centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991330_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991330-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it would also directly lead up to the wars of even several years later, namely the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a>, which would eventually prove for the irrevocable forced cession of aforementioned regions to Imperial Russia per the treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Gulistan</a> (1813) and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Turkmenchay</a> (1828), as the ancient ties could only be severed by a superior force from outside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991330_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991330-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was therefore also inevitable that Agha Mohammad Khan's successor, <a href="/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fath Ali Shah">Fath Ali Shah</a> (under whom Iran would lead the two above-mentioned wars) would follow the same policy of restoring Iranian central authority north of the <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kura_(South_Caucasus_river)" title="Kura (South Caucasus river)">Kura</a> rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991330_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991330-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_with_Russia_and_irrevocable_loss_of_territories">Wars with Russia and irrevocable loss of territories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wars with Russia and irrevocable loss of territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Akhal" title="Treaty of Akhal">Treaty of Akhal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulistan-Treaty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gulistan-Treaty.jpg/250px-Gulistan-Treaty.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gulistan-Treaty.jpg/375px-Gulistan-Treaty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gulistan-Treaty.jpg/500px-Gulistan-Treaty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Irans's northwestern borders in the 19th century, comprising Eastern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(Country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia (Country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, before being forced to cede the territories to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a> per the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">two Russo-Persian Wars of the 19th century</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 12 September 1801, four years after Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's death, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a> capitalized on the moment, and annexed <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a> (eastern Georgia).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1804, the Russians <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ganja_(1804)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ganja (1804)">invaded and sacked the Iranian town of Ganja</a>, massacring and expelling thousands of its inhabitants,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowling2014728_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowling2014728-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thereby beginning the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fath Ali Shah">Fath Ali Shah</a> (r. 1797–1834), the Qajars set out to fight against the invading Russian Empire, who were keen to take the Iranian territories in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambly1991145–146_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambly1991145–146-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period marked the first major economic and military encroachments on Iranian interests during the colonial era. The Qajar army suffered a major military defeat in the war, and under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a> in 1813, Iran was forced to cede most of its Caucasian territories comprising modern-day <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, and most of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Timothy_C._Dowling_pp_729_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timothy_C._Dowling_pp_729-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About a decade later, in violation of the Gulistan Treaty, the Russians invaded Iran's <a href="/wiki/Erivan_Khanate" title="Erivan Khanate">Erivan Khanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz2013a63_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz2013a63-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sparked the final bout of hostilities between the two; the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828</a>. It ended even more disastrously for Qajar Iran with temporary occupation of <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> and the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a> in 1828, acknowledging Russian sovereignty over the entire <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> and Dagestan, as well as therefore the ceding of what is nowadays <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and the remaining part of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Azerbaijan">Republic of Azerbaijan</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Timothy_C._Dowling_pp_729_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timothy_C._Dowling_pp_729-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the new border between neighboring Russia and Iran were set at the <a href="/wiki/Aras_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Aras River">Aras River</a>. Iran had by these two treaties, in the course of the 19th century, irrevocably lost the territories which had formed part of the concept of Iran for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991330_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991330-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area to the North of the river Aras, among which the territory of the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia was Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Timothy_C._Dowling_pp_729_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timothy_C._Dowling_pp_729-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swietochowski_Borderland_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swietochowski_Borderland-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a further direct result and consequence of the Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties of 1813 and 1828 respectively, the formerly Iranian territories became part of Russia for around the next 180 years, except Dagestan, which has remained a Russian possession ever since. Out of the greater part of the territory, six separate nations would be formed through the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, namely Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and three generally unrecognized republics <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Republic">Artsakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> claimed by Georgia. Lastly and equally important, as a result of Russia's imposing of the two treaties, It also decisively parted the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ever since between two nations. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_Between_Persians_and_Russians_-_State_Hermitage_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Sultanabad, 13 February 1812. State Hermitage Museum."><img alt="Battle of Sultanabad, 13 February 1812. State Hermitage Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Battle_Between_Persians_and_Russians_-_State_Hermitage_Museum.jpg/336px-Battle_Between_Persians_and_Russians_-_State_Hermitage_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Battle_Between_Persians_and_Russians_-_State_Hermitage_Museum.jpg/505px-Battle_Between_Persians_and_Russians_-_State_Hermitage_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Battle_Between_Persians_and_Russians_-_State_Hermitage_Museum.jpg/673px-Battle_Between_Persians_and_Russians_-_State_Hermitage_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1114" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sultanabad" title="Battle of Sultanabad">Battle of Sultanabad</a>, 13 February 1812. <a href="/wiki/State_Hermitage_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="State Hermitage Museum">State Hermitage Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_troops_storming_Lankaran_fortress,_January_13th,_1813..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Storming of Lankaran, 13 January 1813. Franz Roubaud."><img alt="Storming of Lankaran, 13 January 1813. Franz Roubaud." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Russian_troops_storming_Lankaran_fortress%2C_January_13th%2C_1813..jpg/294px-Russian_troops_storming_Lankaran_fortress%2C_January_13th%2C_1813..jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Russian_troops_storming_Lankaran_fortress%2C_January_13th%2C_1813..jpg/441px-Russian_troops_storming_Lankaran_fortress%2C_January_13th%2C_1813..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Russian_troops_storming_Lankaran_fortress%2C_January_13th%2C_1813..jpg/587px-Russian_troops_storming_Lankaran_fortress%2C_January_13th%2C_1813..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="930" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_Lankaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Storming of Lankaran">Storming of Lankaran</a>, 13 January 1813. <a href="/wiki/Franz_Roubaud" title="Franz Roubaud">Franz Roubaud</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Ganja, 1826. Franz Roubaud. Part of the collection of the Museum for History, Baku."><img alt="Battle of Ganja, 1826. Franz Roubaud. Part of the collection of the Museum for History, Baku." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpeg/283px-%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpeg" decoding="async" width="189" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpeg/426px-%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpeg/567px-%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="964" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ganja_(1826)" title="Battle of Ganja (1826)">Battle of Ganja</a>, 1826. Franz Roubaud. Part of the collection of the Museum for History, <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Migration_of_Caucasian_Muslims">Migration of Caucasian Muslims</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Migration of Caucasian Muslims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ayrums" title="Ayrums">Ayrums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qarapapaqs" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarapapaqs">Qarapapaqs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a></div> <p>Following the official losing of the aforementioned vast territories in the Caucasus, major demographic shifts were bound to take place. Solidly Persian-speaking territories of Iran were lost, with all its inhabitants in it. Following the 1804–1814 War, but also per the 1826–1828 war which ceded the last territories, large migrations, so-called <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_of_Circassians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Cleansing of Circassians">Caucasian Muhajirs</a>, set off to migrate to mainland Iran. Some of these groups included the <a href="/wiki/Ayrums" title="Ayrums">Ayrums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qarapapaqs" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarapapaqs">Qarapapaqs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, Shia <a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasus">Transcaucasian</a> Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Caucasus_Survey_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caucasus_Survey-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="5524" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C,_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Шарлемань, Адольф Иосифович">A. Sharlmann</a> "<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ganja_(1804)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ganja (1804)">Battle of Ganja</a>" during the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</figcaption></figure> <p>Through the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ganja_(1804)" title="Siege of Ganja (1804)">Battle of Ganja of 1804</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a>, many thousands of Ayrums and Qarapapaqs were settled in Tabriz. During the remaining part of the 1804–1813 war, as well as through the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">1826–1828 war</a>, the absolute bulk of the Ayrums and Qarapapaqs that were still remaining in newly conquered Russian territories were settled in and migrated to <a href="/wiki/Solduz" class="mw-redirect" title="Solduz">Solduz</a> (in modern-day Iran's <a href="/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_province" title="West Azerbaijan province">West Azerbaijan province</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mansoori_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansoori-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Iran" title="The Cambridge History of Iran">The Cambridge History of Iran</a></i> states; "The steady encroachment of Russian troops along the frontier in the Caucasus, General <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Yermolov_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksey Yermolov (general)">Yermolov</a>'s brutal punitive expeditions and misgovernment, drove large numbers of Muslims, and even some <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> Christians, into exile in Iran."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991336_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991336-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1864 until the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">another mass expulsion took place</a> of Caucasian Muslims as a result of the Russian victory in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a>. Others simply voluntarily refused to live under <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> Russian rule, and thus disembarked for Turkey or Iran. These migrations once again, towards Iran, included masses of Caucasian <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>, other Transcaucasian Muslims, as well as many North Caucasian Muslims, such as Circassians, Shia Lezgins and <a href="/wiki/Lak_people_(Dagestan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lak people (Dagestan)">Laks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Caucasus_Survey_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caucasus_Survey-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these migrants would prove to play a pivotal role in further Iranian history, as they formed most of the ranks of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Cossack_Brigade" title="Persian Cossack Brigade">Persian Cossack Brigade</a>, which was also to be established in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-mepc.org_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mepc.org-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial ranks of the brigade would be entirely composed of <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> and other Caucasian Muhajirs.<sup id="cite_ref-mepc.org_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mepc.org-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brigade would prove decisive in the following decades to come in Qajar history. </p><p>Furthermore, the 1828 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a> included the official rights for the Russian Empire to encourage settling of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> from Iran in the newly conquered Russian territories.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the mid-fourteenth century, Armenians had constituted a majority in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenia" title="Eastern Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian198011,_13–14_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian198011,_13–14-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the close of the fourteenth century, after <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>'s campaigns, Islam had become the dominant faith, and Armenians became a minority in Eastern Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian198011,_13–14_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian198011,_13–14-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After centuries of constant warfare on the Armenian Plateau, many Armenians chose to emigrate and settle elsewhere. Following <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abbas_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abbas I">Shah Abbas I</a>'s massive relocation of Armenians and Muslims in 1604–05,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their numbers dwindled even further. </p><p>At the time of the Russian invasion of Iran, some 80% of the population of <a href="/wiki/Erivan_Khanate" title="Erivan Khanate">Erivan Khanate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">Iranian Armenia</a> were Muslims (<a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>) whereas Christian <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> constituted a minority of about 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian198012–13_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian198012–13-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a> (1813) and the Treaty of Turkmenchay (1828), Iran was forced to cede Iranian Armenia (which also constituted the present-day <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>), to the Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian19801–2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian19801–2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015141_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015141-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Russian administration took hold of Iranian Armenia, the ethnic make-up shifted, and thus for the first time in more than four centuries, ethnic Armenians started to form a majority once again in one part of historic Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian198014_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian198014-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_and_decline">Development and decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Development and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molla2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Molla2.jpg/220px-Molla2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Molla2.jpg/330px-Molla2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Molla2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">Mullahs</a> in the royal presence. The painting style is distinctly Qajar.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Zoroastrian_Family_Teheran_1910.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A_Zoroastrian_Family_Teheran_1910.JPG/220px-A_Zoroastrian_Family_Teheran_1910.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A_Zoroastrian_Family_Teheran_1910.JPG/330px-A_Zoroastrian_Family_Teheran_1910.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/A_Zoroastrian_Family_Teheran_1910.JPG/440px-A_Zoroastrian_Family_Teheran_1910.JPG 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> family in Qajar Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>Fath Ali Shah's reign saw increased diplomatic contacts with the West and the beginning of intense European diplomatic rivalries over Iran. His grandson <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Shah_Qajar" title="Mohammad Shah Qajar">Mohammad Shah</a>, who fell under the Russian influence and made two unsuccessful attempts to capture <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, succeeded him in 1834. When Mohammad Shah died in 1848 the succession passed to his son <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser al-Din</a>, who proved to be the ablest and most successful of the Qajar sovereigns. He founded the first modern hospital in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Naser al-Din Shah's reign, Western science, technology, and educational methods were introduced into Iran and the country's modernization was begun. Naser al-Din Shah tried to exploit the mutual distrust between Great Britain and Russia to preserve Iran's independence, but foreign interference and territorial encroachment increased under his rule. He was not able to prevent <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> and Russia from encroaching into regions of traditional Iranian influence. </p><p>In 1856, during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a>, Britain prevented Iran from reasserting control over <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>. The city had been part of Iran in Safavid times, but Herat had been under <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani</a> rule since the mid–18th century. Britain also extended its control to other areas of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> during the 19th century. Meanwhile, by 1881, Russia had completed its conquest of present-day <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, bringing Russia's frontier to Persia's northeastern borders and severing historic Iranian ties to the cities of <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarqand" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarqand">Samarqand</a>. With the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Akhal" title="Treaty of Akhal">Treaty of Akhal</a> on 21 September 1881, Iran ceased any claim to all parts of <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a>, setting the <a href="/wiki/Atrek_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrek River">Atrek River</a> as the new boundary with Imperial Russia. Hence <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarahs" title="Sarahs">Sarakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, and the surrounding areas were transferred to Russian control under the command of General Alexander Komarov in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several trade concessions by the Iranian government put economic affairs largely under British control. By the late 19th century, many Iranians believed that their rulers were beholden to foreign interests. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Taghi_Khan_Amir_Kabir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir">Mirza Taghi Khan Amir Kabir</a>, was the young prince Naser al-Din's advisor and constable. With the death of Mohammad Shah in 1848, Mirza Taqi was largely responsible for ensuring the crown prince's succession to the throne. When Nasser ed-Din succeeded to the throne, Amir Nezam was awarded the position of the prime minister and the title of <a href="/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a>, the Great Ruler. </p><p>At that time, Iran was nearly bankrupt. During the next two and a half years Amir Kabir initiated important reforms in virtually all sectors of society. Government expenditure was slashed, and a distinction was made between the private and public purses. The instruments of central administration were overhauled, and Amir Kabir assumed responsibility for all areas of the bureaucracy. There were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Tabarsi" title="Battle of Fort Tabarsi">Bahai revolts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Hasan_Khan_Salar" title="Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar">a revolt in Khorasan</a> at the time but were crushed under Amir Kabir.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign interference in Iran's domestic affairs was curtailed, and foreign trade was encouraged. Public works such as the bazaar in Tehran were undertaken. Amir Kabir issued an edict banning ornate and excessively formal writing in government documents; the beginning of a modern Persian prose style dates from this time. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1800_19th_Street_NW.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1800_19th_Street_NW.JPG/220px-1800_19th_Street_NW.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1800_19th_Street_NW.JPG/330px-1800_19th_Street_NW.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/1800_19th_Street_NW.JPG/440px-1800_19th_Street_NW.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3079" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>A former Iranian <a href="/wiki/Legation" title="Legation">Legation</a> in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the greatest achievements of Amir Kabir was the building of <a href="/wiki/Dar_ul-Funun_(Persia)" title="Dar ul-Funun (Persia)">Dar ol Fonoon</a> in 1851, the first modern university in Iran and the Middle East. Dar-ol-Fonoon was established for training a new cadre of administrators and acquainting them with Western techniques. It marked the beginning of modern education in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-DĀR_AL-FONŪN_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DĀR_AL-FONŪN-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amir Kabir ordered the school to be built on the edge of the city so it could be expanded as needed. He hired French and Russian instructors as well as Iranians to teach subjects as different as Language, Medicine, Law, Geography, History, Economics, and Engineering, amongst numerous others.<sup id="cite_ref-DĀR_AL-FONŪN_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DĀR_AL-FONŪN-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, Amir Kabir did not live long enough to see his greatest monument completed, but it still stands in Tehran as a sign of a great man's ideas for the future of his country. </p><p>These reforms antagonized various notables who had been excluded from the government. They regarded the Amir Kabir as a social upstart and a threat to their interests, and they formed a coalition against him, in which the queen mother was active. She convinced the young shah that Amir Kabir wanted to usurp the throne. In October 1851, the shah dismissed him and exiled him to <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a>, where he was murdered on the shah's orders. Through his marriage to Ezzat od-Doleh, Amir Kabir had been the brother-in-law of the shah. </p><p>Qajar Iran would become a victim of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a> between Russia and Britain for influence over central Asia. As the Qajar state's sovereignty was challenged this took the form of military conquests, diplomatic intrigues, and the competition of trade goods between two foreign empires.<sup id="cite_ref-:92_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20, 74">: 20, 74 </span></sup> Ever since the 1828 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmanchay</a>, Russia had received territorial domination in Iran. With the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanovs</a> shifting to a policy of 'informal support' for the weakened <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a> — continuing to place pressure with advances in the largely nomadic Turkestan, a crucial frontier territory of the Qajars — this Russian domination of Iran continued for nearly a century.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iranian monarchy became more of a symbolic concept in which Russian diplomats were themselves powerbrokers in Iran and the monarchy was dependent on British and Russian loans for funds.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1879, the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Cossack_Brigade" title="Persian Cossack Brigade">Cossack Brigade</a> by Russian officers gave the Russian Empire influence over the modernization of the Qajar army. This influence was especially pronounced because the Iranian monarchy's legitimacy was predicated on an image of military prowess, first Turkic and then European-influenced.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1890s, Russian tutors, doctors and officers were prominent at the Shah's court, influencing policy personally.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia and Britain had competing investments in the industrialisation of Iran including roads and telegraph lines,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a way to profit and extend their influence. However, until 1907 the Great Game rivalry was so pronounced that mutual British and Russian demands to the Shah to exclude the other, blocked all railroad construction in Iran at the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 20">: 20 </span></sup> In 1907 the British and Russian Empires partitioned Iran into spheres of influence with the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_Revolution">Constitutional Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Constitutional Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Constitutional Revolution">Iranian Constitutional Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yek_toman_qajar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Yek_toman_qajar.jpg/220px-Yek_toman_qajar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Yek_toman_qajar.jpg/330px-Yek_toman_qajar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Yek_toman_qajar.jpg/440px-Yek_toman_qajar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Qajar-era currency bill featuring a depiction of <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser al-Din Shah Qajar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Nasser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar">Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar</a> was assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Reza_Kermani" title="Mirza Reza Kermani">Mirza Reza Kermani</a> in 1896,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat1997440_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat1997440-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the crown passed to his son <a href="/wiki/Mozaffar_ad-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar">Mozaffar al-Din</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat1997440_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat1997440-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mozaffar al-Din Shah was a moderate, but relatively ineffective ruler. Royal extravagances coincided with an inadequate ability to secure state revenue which further exacerbated the financial woes of the Qajar. In response, the Shah procured two large loans from Russia (in part to fund personal trips to Europe). Public anger mounted as the Shah sold off concessions – such as road building monopolies, the authority to collect duties on imports, etc. – to European interests in return for generous payments to the Shah and his officials. Popular demand to curb arbitrary royal authority in favor of the rule of law increased as concern regarding growing foreign penetration and influence heightened. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Mozaffar_al-Din_Shah_and_Attendants_Seated_in_a_Garden_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Mozaffar_al-Din_Shah_and_Attendants_Seated_in_a_Garden_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Mozaffar_al-Din_Shah_and_Attendants_Seated_in_a_Garden_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Mozaffar_al-Din_Shah_and_Attendants_Seated_in_a_Garden_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Mozaffar_al-Din_Shah_and_Attendants_Seated_in_a_Garden_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Mozaffar_al-Din_Shah_and_Attendants_Seated_in_a_Garden_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Mozaffar_al-Din_Shah_and_Attendants_Seated_in_a_Garden_One_of_274_Vintage_Photographs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption>Mozaffar al-Din Shah and Attendants Seated in a Garden One of 274 vintage photographs (<a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The shah's failure to respond to protests by the religious establishment, the merchants, and other classes led the merchants and clerical leaders in January 1906 to take sanctuary from probable arrest in mosques in Tehran and outside the capital. When the shah reneged on a promise to permit the establishment of a "house of justice", or consultative assembly, 10,000 people, led by the merchants, took sanctuary in June in the compound of the British legation in Tehran. In August, the shah, through the issue of a decree promised a constitution. In October, an elected assembly convened and drew up a constitution that provided for strict limitations on royal power, an elected parliament, or <a href="/wiki/Majles" class="mw-redirect" title="Majles">Majles</a>, with wide powers to represent the people and a government with a cabinet subject to confirmation by the Majles. The shah signed the constitution on 30 December 1906, but refusing to forfeit all of his power to the Majles, attached a caveat that made his signature on all laws required for their enactment. He died five days later. The Supplementary Fundamental Laws approved in 1907 provided, within limits, for freedom of press, speech, and association, and for the security of life and property. The hopes for the constitutional rule were not realized, however. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Cossack_Brigade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Persian_Cossack_Brigade.jpg/250px-Persian_Cossack_Brigade.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Persian_Cossack_Brigade.jpg/375px-Persian_Cossack_Brigade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Persian_Cossack_Brigade.jpg/500px-Persian_Cossack_Brigade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>Persian Cossack Brigade in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> in 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>Mozaffar al-Din Shah's son <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Shah">Mohammad Ali Shah</a> (reigned 1907–1909), who, through his mother, was also the grandson of Prime-Minister Amir Kabir (see before), with the aid of Russia, <a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Russian involvement in the Persian Constitutional Revolution">attempted to rescind the constitution</a> and abolish parliamentary government. After several disputes with the members of the Majles, in June 1908 he used his Russian-officered <a href="/wiki/Persian_Cossack_Brigade" title="Persian Cossack Brigade">Persian Cossack Brigade</a> (almost solely composed of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_of_Circassians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Cleansing of Circassians">Caucasian Muhajirs</a>), to <a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">bomb the Majlis building</a>, arrest many of the deputies (December 1907), and close down the assembly (June 1908).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohn2006408_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2006408-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resistance to the shah, however, coalesced in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rasht" title="Rasht">Rasht</a>, and elsewhere. In July 1909, constitutional forces marched from Rasht to Tehran led by Mohammad Vali Khan Sepahsalar Khalatbari Tonekaboni, deposed the Shah, and re-established the constitution. The ex-shah went into exile in Russia. Shah died in <a href="/wiki/San_Remo,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="San Remo, Italy">San Remo, Italy</a>, in April 1925. Every future Shah of Iran would also die in exile. </p><p>On 16 July 1909, the Majles voted to place Mohammad Ali Shah's 11-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah</a> on the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1977597_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1977597-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the constitutional forces had triumphed, they faced serious difficulties. The upheavals of the Constitutional Revolution and civil war had undermined stability and trade. In addition, the ex-shah, with Russian support, attempted to regain his throne, landing troops in July 1910. Most serious of all, the hope that the Constitutional Revolution would inaugurate a new era of independence from the great powers ended when, under the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Entente" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Russian Entente">Anglo-Russian Entente</a> of 1907, Britain and Russia agreed to divide Iran into spheres of influence. The Russians were to enjoy exclusive right to pursue their interests in the northern sphere, the British in the south and east; both powers would be free to compete for economic and political advantage in a neutral sphere in the center. Matters came to a head when <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Shuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Shuster">Morgan Shuster</a>, a United States administrator hired as treasurer-general by the Persian government to reform its finances, sought to collect taxes from powerful officials who were Russian protégés and to send members of the treasury gendarmerie, a tax department police force, into the Russian zone. When in December 1911 the Majlis unanimously refused a Russian ultimatum demanding Shuster's dismissal, Russian troops, already in the country, moved to occupy the capital. To prevent this, on 20 December, Bakhtiari chiefs and their troops surrounded the Majles building, forced acceptance of the Russian ultimatum, and shut down the assembly, once again suspending the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-:142_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British and Russian officials coordinated as the Russian army, still present in Iran, invaded the capital again and suspended the parliament. The Tsar ordered the troops in Tabriz "to act harshly and quickly", while purges were ordered, leading to many executions of prominent revolutionaries. The British Ambassador, <a href="/wiki/George_Head_Barclay" title="George Head Barclay">George Head Barclay</a> reported disapproval of this "reign of terror", though would soon pressure Persian ministers to officialize the Anglo-Russian partition of Iran. By June 1914, Russia established near-total control over its northern zone, while Britain had established influence over <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baluch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_people" title="Bakhtiari people">Bakhtiari</a> autonomous tribal leaders in the southeastern zone.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qajar Iran would become a battleground between Russian, Ottoman, and British forces in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian campaign of World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_related_events">World War I and related events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War I and related events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian campaign (World War I)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jungle_Movement_of_Gilan" title="Jungle Movement of Gilan">Jungle Movement of Gilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Persian Socialist Soviet Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1917%E2%80%931919" title="Persian famine of 1917–1919">Persian famine of 1917–1919</a></div> <p>Though Qajar Iran had announced strict neutrality on the first day of November 1914 (which was reiterated by each successive government thereafter),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtabaki20069_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtabaki20069-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> invaded it relatively shortly after, in the same year. At that time, large parts of Iran were under tight Russian influence and control, and since 1910 Russian forces were present inside the country, while many of its cities possessed Russian garrisons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtabaki20069_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtabaki20069-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the latter reason, as Prof. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Touraj_Atabaki" title="Touraj Atabaki">Touraj Atabaki</a> states, declaring neutrality was useless, especially as Iran had no force to implement this policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtabaki20069_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtabaki20069-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the war, the Ottomans invaded <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Azerbaijan">Iranian Azerbaijan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtabaki200610_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtabaki200610-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous clashes would take place there between the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Army_(Russian_Empire,_1914%E2%80%931917)" title="Caucasus Army (Russian Empire, 1914–1917)">Russians</a>, who were further aided by the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> under <a href="/wiki/Agha_Petros" title="Agha Petros">Agha Petros</a> as well as Armenian volunteer units and battalions, and the Ottomans on the other side.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917 and the subsequent withdrawal of most of the Russian troops, the Ottomans gained the upper hand in Iran, occupying significant portions of the country until the end of the war. Between 1914 and 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Ottoman troops</a> massacred many thousands of Iran's Assyrian and Armenian population, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocides</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny2015243–244_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny2015243–244-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÜngör201618_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÜngör201618-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The front in Iran would last up to the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> in 1918. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Robat_Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battle of Robat Karim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></div> <p>In late 1915, due to pro-CP actions by Iranian gendarmerie (encouraged by Ahmad Shah Qajar and the Majlis), Russian forces in northwest Iran marched toward Tehran. Russian occupation of Tehran would mean complete Russian control of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local irregular forces under Heydar Latifiyan blocked the Russian advance at Robat Karim.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-:43_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russian force won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a> on 27 December, and Heydar Latifiyan was killed, but the Russian advance was delayed, long enough for the Majlis to dissolve and the Shah and his court to escape to Qom. This preserved the independence of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_the_dynasty">Fall of the dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fall of the dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar" title="Ahmad Shah Qajar">Ahmad Shah Qajar</a> was born 21 January 1898 in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, and succeeded to the throne at age 11. However, the occupation of Persia during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a>, British, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> troops was a blow from which Ahmad Shah never effectively recovered. </p><p>In February 1921, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Khan</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Cossack_Brigade" title="Persian Cossack Brigade">Persian Cossack Brigade</a>, staged a <a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">coup d'état</a>, becoming the effective ruler of Iran. In 1923, Ahmad Shah went into exile in Europe. Reza Khan induced the <a href="/wiki/Majles" class="mw-redirect" title="Majles">Majles</a> to depose Ahmad Shah in October 1925 and to exclude the Qajar dynasty permanently. Reza Khan was subsequently proclaimed monarch as <i><a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Reza Shah Pahlavi">Reza Shah Pahlavi</a></i>, reigning from 1925 to 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-Ervand,_2008_p.91_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ervand,_2008_p.91-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahmad Shah died on February 21, 1930, in <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a>, France.<sup id="cite_ref-qajar2_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qajar2-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_administration">Government and administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Government and administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Iran was divided into five large provinces and a large number of smaller ones at the beginning of Fath Ali Shah's reign, about 20 provinces in 1847, 39 in 1886, but 18 in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1868, most province governors were Qajar princes.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran#Qajar_Empire_(1789–1925)" title="Military history of Iran">Military history of Iran § Qajar Empire (1789–1925)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Iran" title="Category:History of Iran">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History of <span class="fn org label">Iran</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qajar-AbbasMirza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Qajar-AbbasMirza.jpg/200px-Qajar-AbbasMirza.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Qajar-AbbasMirza.jpg/300px-Qajar-AbbasMirza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Qajar-AbbasMirza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="572" /></a></span><br /> The <a href="/wiki/Gate_of_All_Nations" title="Gate of All Nations">Gate of All Nations</a> in Fars</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE / BC</a></i> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Baradostian_culture" title="Baradostian culture">Baradostian culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 36,000–18,000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 20,000–10,000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6000–5000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zayandeh_River_Culture" title="Zayandeh River Culture">Zayandeh River Culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6th millennium</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dalma_culture" title="Dalma culture">Dalma culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5th millennium</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Prehistory" title="History of Iran">Ancient period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3400–2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Helmand_culture" title="Helmand culture">Helmand culture</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3300–2200</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3200–2700</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi Kingdom</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zamua" title="Zamua">Zamua</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100-675</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2700–539</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Marhasi" title="Marhasi">Marhaši</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2550-2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus Civilization</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2400–1700</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2400–2150</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–1155</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Avestan_period" title="Avestan period">Avestan period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–500</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 911–609</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 860–590</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mannaea" title="Mannaea">Mannaea</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 850–616</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zikirti" title="Zikirti">Zikirti</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 750-521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Saparda" title="Saparda">Saparda</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 720-670</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Classical_antiquity" title="History of Iran">Imperial period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Median_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Median state">Median Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 678–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 652–625 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Teispids" title="Teispids">Anshanite Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 635 BC–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 626 BC–539 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 6th century BC</span>–11th century AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 550 BC–330 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 331 BC–428 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 323 BC</span>–226 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of Cappadocia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 320s BC–17 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 312 BC–63 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 281 BC–62 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Fratarakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fratarakas">Fratarakas</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3rd-century BC–132 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 247 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 147 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Characene" title="Characene">Characene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 141 BC–222 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of Persis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 132 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 19 AD–224/5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Paratarajas" title="Paratarajas">Paratarajas</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 125–300</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 224–651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zarmihrids" title="Zarmihrids">Zarmihrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 6th century–785</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qarinvand_dynasty" title="Qarinvand dynasty">Qarinvandids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 550s–11th century</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Medieval_period" title="History of Iran">Medieval period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE / AD</a></i> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 632-661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 750–1258</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dabuyid_dynasty" title="Dabuyid dynasty">Dabuyids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 642–760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bavand_dynasty" title="Bavand dynasty">Bavandids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 651–1349</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Masmughans_of_Damavand" title="Masmughans of Damavand">Masmughans of Damavand</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 651–760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Baduspanids" title="Baduspanids">Baduspanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 665–1598</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Justanids" title="Justanids">Justanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 791 – 11th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 864 – 14th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 821–873</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 819–999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 861–1003</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> pre-879 – 1215</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 889–929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 919–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 930–1090</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ilyas" title="Banu Ilyas">Ilyasids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 932–968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 934–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 955–1070</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hasanwayhids" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 959–1095</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 977–1186</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 990/1–1117</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kakuyids" title="Kakuyids">Kakuyids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1008–1141</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty_(Sistan)" title="Nasrid dynasty (Sistan)">Nasrid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1029–1236</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Shabankara" title="Shabankara">Shabankara</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1030–1355</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1037–1194</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1077–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1135–1225</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Atabegs_of_Yazd" title="Atabegs of Yazd">Atabegs of Yazd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1141–1319</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Salghurids" title="Salghurids">Salghurids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1148–1282</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hazaraspids" title="Hazaraspids">Hazaraspids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1155–1424</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Pishkinid_dynasty" title="Pishkinid dynasty">Pishkinid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1155–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Khorshidi_dynasty" title="Khorshidi dynasty">Khorshidi dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1184-1597</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qutlugh-Khanids" title="Qutlugh-Khanids">Qutlugh-Khanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1223-1306</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mihrabanids" title="Mihrabanids">Mihrabanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1236–1537</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt dynasty">Kurt dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1244–1396</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1256–1335</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1357</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1393</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1337–1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sarbadars" title="Sarbadars">Sarbadars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1337–1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Injuids" title="Injuids">Injuids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1357</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_dynasty" title="Afrasiyab dynasty">Afrasiyab dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1349–1504</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mar%27ashis" title="Mar'ashis">Mar'ashis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1359–1596</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1370–1507</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kar-Kiya_dynasty" title="Kar-Kiya dynasty">Kar-Kiya dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1370s–1592</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1406–1468</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1468–1508</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Early_modern_period" title="History of Iran">Early modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1501–1736</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> (<a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1722–1729</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1736–1796</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1751–1794</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Modern_period" title="History of Iran">Modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qajar Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1789–1925</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1925–1979</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Contemporary_period" title="History of Iran">Contemporary period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Iran">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Iran">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iran" title="List of wars involving Iran">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Iranian_history" title="Timeline of Iranian history">Timeline</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Iran" title="Template:History of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Iran" title="Template talk:History of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Qajar military was one of the dynasty's largest conventional sources of legitimacy, albeit was increasingly influenced by foreign powers over the course of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irregular forces, such as tribal cavalry, were a major element until the late nineteenth century, and irregular forces long remained a significant part of the Qajar army.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of Agha Mohammad Khan's death in 1797, his military was at its apex and counted 60,000 men, consisting of 50,000 tribal cavalry (<i>savar</i>) and 10,000 infantry (<i>tofangchi</i>) recruited from the sedentary population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202340_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202340-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army of his nephew and successor Fath-Ali Shah was much larger and from 1805 onwards incorporated European-trained units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the French general <a href="/wiki/Claude_Matthieu,_Count_Gardane" title="Claude Matthieu, Count Gardane">Gardane</a>, who was stationed in Iran, the army under Fath-Ali Shah numbered 180,000 men in 1808, thus far surpassing the army of Agha Mohammad Khan in size.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern historian <a href="/wiki/Maziar_Behrooz" title="Maziar Behrooz">Maziar Behrooz</a> explains that there are other estimates which roughly match Gardane's estimate, however, Gardane was the first to complete a full outline of the Qajar army as he and his men were tasked with training the Qajar army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gardane's report of Fath-Ali Shah's contemporaneous army, some 144,000 were tribal cavalry, 40,000 were infantry (which included those trained on European lines), whilst 2,500 were part of the artillery units (which included the zamburakchis). Some half of the total amount of cavalrymen, that is 70,000–75,000, were so-called <i>rekabi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that they received their salaries from the shah's personal funds during periods of supposed mobilization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347_108-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All others were so-called <i>velayati</i>, that is, they were paid for and were under the command of provincial Iranian rulers and governors. They were mobilized to join the royal army when the call required to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347_108-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, as was custom, tribes were supposed to provide troops for the army depending on their size. Thus, larger tribes were supposed to provide larger numbers, whilst smaller tribes provided smaller numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347_108-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After receiving payment, the central government expected military men to (for the greater part) to pay for their own supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347_108-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the era of wars with Russia, with crown prince <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Mirza" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a>'s command of the army of the Azerbaijan Province, his segment of the army was the main force that defended Iran against the Russian invaders. Hence, the quality and organization of his units were superior to that of the rest of the Iranian army. Soldiers of Abbas Mirza's units were furnished from the villages of Azerbaijan and according to quotas in line with the rent each village was responsible for. Abbas Mirza provided for the payment of his troops' outfits and armaments. James Justinian Morier estimated the force under Abbas Mirza's command at 40,000 men, consisting of 22,000 cavalry, 12,000 infantry which included an artillery force, as well as 6,000 <i>Nezam</i> infantry. </p><p>Russia established the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Cossack_Brigade" title="Persian Cossack Brigade">Persian Cossack Brigade</a> in 1879, a force which was led by Russian officers and served as a vehicle for Russian influence in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-:93_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:93-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1910s, the Qajar Iran was decentralised to the extent that foreign powers sought to bolster the central authority of the Qajars by providing military aid. It was viewed as a process of defensive modernisation; however, this also led to <a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">internal colonisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Gendarmerie" title="Iranian Gendarmerie">Iranian Gendarmerie</a> was founded in 1911 with the assistance of Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The involvement of a neutral country was seen to avoid "Great Game" rivalry between Russia and Britain, as well as avoid siding with any particular alliance (in the prelude to World War I). Iranian administrators thought the reforms could strengthen the country against foreign influences. The Swedish-influenced police had some success in building up Persian police in centralizing the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1915, Russia and Britain demanded the recall of the Swedish advisers. Some Swedish officers left, while others sided with the Germans and Ottomans in their intervention in Persia. The remainder of the Gendarmerie was named <i>amniya</i> after a patrol unit that existed in the early Qajar dynasty. <sup id="cite_ref-:3_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of Russian officers in the Cossack Brigade would increase over time. Britain also sent <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoys</a> to reinforce the Brigade. After the start of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, many <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">tsarist supporters</a> remained in Iran as members of the Cossack Brigade rather than fighting for or against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British formed the <a href="/wiki/South_Persia_Rifles" title="South Persia Rifles">South Persia Rifles</a> in 1916, which was initially separate from the Persian army until 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1921, the Russian-officered <a href="/wiki/Persian_Cossack_Brigade" title="Persian Cossack Brigade">Persian Cossack Brigade</a> was merged with the gendarmerie and other forces, and would become supported by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the Qajar dynasty in 1925, Reza Shah's Pahlavi army would include members of the gendarmerie, Cossacks, and former members of the South Persia Rifles.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qajar_dynasty_era,_painting_of_a_seated_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Qajar_dynasty_era%2C_painting_of_a_seated_woman.jpg/170px-Qajar_dynasty_era%2C_painting_of_a_seated_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Qajar_dynasty_era%2C_painting_of_a_seated_woman.jpg/255px-Qajar_dynasty_era%2C_painting_of_a_seated_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Qajar_dynasty_era%2C_painting_of_a_seated_woman.jpg/340px-Qajar_dynasty_era%2C_painting_of_a_seated_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Painting of a woman in Qajar Iran.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar art</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 18th century, during the final period of <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar" title="Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar">Agha Mohammad Khan</a>'s reign, Iran (including the <a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the Caucasus</a>) numbered some five to six million inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202354_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202354-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1800, three years into Fath-Ali Shah's reign, Iran numbered an estimated six million people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202338–39_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202338–39-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few years later, in 1812, the population numbered an estimated nine million. At the time, the country numbered some 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Jews" title="Iranian Jews">Jews</a>, 170,000 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenian</a> Christians, and 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202338–39_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202338–39-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> in the south numbered circa 50,000, while <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> was the largest city at the time, with a population of about 200,000 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202338–39_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202338–39-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More to the north, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, which became the capital of Iran under the Qajars in 1786 under Agha Mohammad Khan, resembled more-so a garrison rather than a town prior to becoming the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202338–39_116-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202338–39-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, as a developing city, it held some 40,000 to 50,000 inhabitants, but only when the Iranian royal court was in residence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202338–39_116-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202338–39-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During summer, the royal court moved to a cooler area of <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a> such as at <a href="/wiki/Soltaniyeh" title="Soltaniyeh">Soltaniyeh</a>, near Khamseh (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Zanjan,_Iran" title="Zanjan, Iran">Zanjan</a>), or at Ujan near <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> Province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Tehrani residents moved to <a href="/wiki/Shemiran" title="Shemiran">Shemiran</a> in Tehran's north during summer, which was located at a higher altitude and thus had a more cool climate. These seasonal movements used to reduce Tehran's population to a few thousand seasonally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Iran's east, in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, holding the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Reza_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Reza Shrine">Imam Reza Shrine</a> and being Iran's former capital during the <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid era</a>, held a population of less than 20,000 by 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, the largest city of the Azerbaijan Province, as well as the seat of the Qajar <i>vali ahd</i> ("crown prince"), used to be a prosperous city, but the <a href="/wiki/1780_Tabriz_earthquake" title="1780 Tabriz earthquake">1780 earthquake</a> had devastated the city and reversed its fortunes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1809, the population of Tabriz was estimated at 50,000 including 200 Armenian families who lived in their own quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Azerbaijan province's total population, as per a 1806 estimate, was somewhere between 500,000 and 550,000 souls. The towns of <a href="/wiki/Khoy" title="Khoy">Khoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marand" title="Marand">Marand</a>, which at the time were no more than an amalgam of villages, were estimated to hold 25,000 and 10,000 inhabitants respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Iran's domains in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, the town of <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a> (Nakhjavan) held a total population of some 5,000 in the year 1807, whereas the total population of the <a href="/wiki/Erivan_Khanate" title="Erivan Khanate">Erivan Khanate</a> was some 100,000 in 1811.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the latter figure does not account for the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_tribes" title="Kurdish tribes">Kurdish tribes</a> that had migrated into the province. A Russian estimate asserted that the Pambak region of the northern part of the Erivan Khanate, which had been occupied by the Russians <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">after 1804</a>, held a total population of 2,832, consisting of 1,529 Muslims and 1,303 Christian Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Russian demographic survey of 1823 of the <a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate" title="Karabakh Khanate">Karabakh Khanate</a>, its largest city, <a href="/wiki/Shusha" title="Shusha">Shusha</a>, held 371 households, who were divided in four quarters or parishes (<i><a href="/wiki/Mahallah" title="Mahallah">mahaleh</a></i>). The province itself consisted of twenty-one districts, in which nine large domains were located that belonged to Muslims and Armenians, twenty-one Armenian villages, ninety Muslim villages (both settled and nomadic), with Armenians constituting an estimated minority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Ganja_Khanate" title="Ganja Khanate">Ganja Khanate</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a> held 10,425 inhabitants in 1804 at the time of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ganja_(1804)" title="Siege of Ganja (1804)">the Russian conquest and occupation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1868, Jews were the most significant minority in Tehran, numbering 1,578 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Sohrabi_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sohrabi-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1884 this figure had risen to 5,571.<sup id="cite_ref-Sohrabi_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sohrabi-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_(tribe)" title="Qajar (tribe)">Qajar (tribe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Iranian War 1804–1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1821%E2%80%931823)" title="Ottoman–Persian War (1821–1823)">Ottoman–Iranian War 1821–1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Iranian War 1826–1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Iranian War 1856–1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1857)" title="Treaty of Paris (1857)">Treaty of Paris 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmanchay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1870%E2%80%931872" title="Persian famine of 1870–1872">Iranian famine of 1870–1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1917%E2%80%931919" title="Persian famine of 1917–1919">Iranian famine of 1917–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_ul-Funun_(Persia)" title="Dar ul-Funun (Persia)">Dar ul-Funun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalization_attempts_in_Iran" title="Constitutionalization attempts in Iran">Constitutionalization attempts in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Iranian Constitutional Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Iranian_Majlis" title="1st Iranian Majlis">1st Iranian Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morteza_Gholi_Khan_Hedayat" title="Morteza Gholi Khan Hedayat">Morteza Gholi Khan Hedayat</a> (1st <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Iran" title="List of speakers of the Parliament of Iran">Speaker of the Majlis of Iran</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Nasrullah_Khan" title="Mirza Nasrullah Khan">Mirza Nasrullah Khan</a> (1st <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iran" title="List of prime ministers of Iran">Prime Minister of Iran</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Persian Constitution of 1906">Iranian Constitution of 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Treaty of Saint Petersburg 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_Tyranny" title="Minor Tyranny">Minor Tyranny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Occupation of Iran In World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Bushehr" title="British occupation of Bushehr">British occupation of Bushehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">Iranian coup d'état 1921</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">ممالک محروسهٔ ایران</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">دولت عِلیّهٔ ایران</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homa Katouzian, <i>State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis</i>, published by I. B. Tauris, 2006. pg 327: "In post-Islamic times, the mother-tongue of Iran's rulers was often Turkic, but Persian was almost invariably the cultural and administrative language."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatouzian2007128-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatouzian2007128_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatouzian2007">Katouzian 2007</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ardabil Becomes a Province: Center-Periphery Relations in Iran", H. E. Chehabi, <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>, Vol. 29, No. 2 (May, 1997), 235; "Azeri Turkish was widely spoken at the two courts in addition to Persian, and Mozaffareddin Shah (r. 1896–1907) spoke Persian with an Azeri Turkish accent."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJavadiBurrill1988251–255-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJavadiBurrill1988251–255_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJavadiBurrill1988">Javadi & Burrill 1988</a>, pp. 251–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDonzel1994" class="citation book cs1">Donzel, Emeri "van" (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicdeskrefer00donz_0"><i>Islamic Desk Reference</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09738-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09738-4"><bdi>90-04-09738-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Desk+Reference&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=90-04-09738-4&rft.aulast=Donzel&rft.aufirst=Emeri+%22van%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicdeskrefer00donz_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span> p. 285-286</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">علی‌اصغر شمیم، <i>ایران در دوره سلطنت قاجار</i>، ته‍ران‌: انتشارات علمی، ۱۳۷۱، ص ۲۸۷</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat19972–3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat19972–3_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat19972–3_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat19972–3_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat1997">Amanat 1997</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghani1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ghani1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghani1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghani1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghani1_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyrus Ghani. <i>Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power</i>, I. B. Tauris, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-629-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-629-8">1-86064-629-8</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_Bayne_Fisher_1993,_p._344-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-William_Bayne_Fisher_1993,_p._344_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Bayne Fisher. <i>Cambridge History of Iran</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 344, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20094-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20094-6">0-521-20094-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-online_edition-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-online_edition_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr <a href="/wiki/Parviz_Kambin" title="Parviz Kambin">Parviz Kambin</a>, <i>A History of the Iranian Plateau: Rise and Fall of an Empire</i>, Universe, 2011, p.36, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tZkSLozhXxAC">online edition</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Choueiri, Youssef M., <i>A companion to the history of the Middle East</i>, (Blackwell Ltd., 2005), 231,516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._ScheelJaschkeH._BraunSpuler1981" class="citation book cs1">H. Scheel; Jaschke, Gerhard; H. Braun; Spuler, Bertold; T. Koszinowski; Bagley, Frank (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VNgUAAAAIAAJ"><i>Muslim World</i></a>. Brill Archive. pp. 65, 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06196-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06196-5"><bdi>978-90-04-06196-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+World&rft.pages=65%2C+370&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06196-5&rft.au=H.+Scheel&rft.au=Jaschke%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=H.+Braun&rft.au=Spuler%2C+Bertold&rft.au=T.+Koszinowski&rft.au=Bagley%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVNgUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.nl-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Axworthy" title="Michael Axworthy">Michael Axworthy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k9HyyYrPIGgC&dq=agha+mohammad+khan+conquer+georgia&pg=PT192"><i>Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day</i></a>, Penguin UK, 6 November 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0141903414" title="Special:BookSources/0141903414">0141903414</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991330-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991330_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991330_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991330_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991330_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991330_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991">Fisher et al. 1991</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timothy_C._Dowling_pp_729-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Timothy_C._Dowling_pp_729_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timothy_C._Dowling_pp_729_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timothy_C._Dowling_pp_729_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timothy_C._Dowling_pp_729_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy C. Dowling. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&dq=russo+persian+war+1804%E2%80%931813&pg=PA728"><i>Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond</i></a>, pp 728–730 ABC-CLIO, 2 December 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1598849484" title="Special:BookSources/1598849484">1598849484</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017177-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017177_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat2017">Amanat 2017</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutschmann2013" class="citation journal cs1">Deutschmann, Moritz (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24482848">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"All Rulers are Brothers": Russian Relations with the Iranian Monarchy in the Nineteenth Century"</a>. <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 401–413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2012.759334">10.1080/00210862.2012.759334</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-0862">0021-0862</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24482848">24482848</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143785614">143785614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=%22All+Rulers+are+Brothers%22%3A+Russian+Relations+with+the+Iranian+Monarchy+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=401-413&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0021-0862&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143785614%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24482848%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210862.2012.759334&rft.aulast=Deutschmann&rft.aufirst=Moritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24482848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:92-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:92_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:92_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreeva2007" class="citation book cs1">Andreeva, Elena (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PmSAgAAQBAJ"><i>Russia and Iran in the great game : travelogues and Orientalism</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 20, 63–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96220-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96220-6"><bdi>978-0-203-96220-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/166422396">166422396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Iran+in+the+great+game+%3A+travelogues+and+Orientalism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=20%2C+63-76&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F166422396&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96220-6&rft.aulast=Andreeva&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5PmSAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/anglo-russian-convention-of-1907-an-agreement-relating-to-persia-afghanistan-and-tibet">"ANGLO-RUSSIAN CONVENTION OF 1907"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=ANGLO-RUSSIAN+CONVENTION+OF+1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fanglo-russian-convention-of-1907-an-agreement-relating-to-persia-afghanistan-and-tibet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:142-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:142_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:142_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfary1996" class="citation book cs1">Afary, Janet (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl_ZmZ7B5BEC&pg=PA331"><i>The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906–1911: Grassroots Democracy, Social Democracy, & the Origins of Feminism</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 330–338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10351-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10351-0"><bdi>978-0-231-10351-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+Constitutional+Revolution%2C+1906%E2%80%931911%3A+Grassroots+Democracy%2C+Social+Democracy%2C+%26+the+Origins+of+Feminism&rft.pages=330-338&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10351-0&rft.aulast=Afary&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFl_ZmZ7B5BEC%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat199713-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat199713_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat1997">Amanat 1997</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017443-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat2017443_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat2017">Amanat 2017</a>, p. 443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat199715-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat199715_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat1997">Amanat 1997</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat201933-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat201933_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat2019">Amanat 2019</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshraf202482-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshraf202482_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshraf2024">Ashraf 2024</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambly1991104-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambly1991104_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHambly1991">Hambly 1991</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambly1991104–105-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambly1991104–105_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHambly1991">Hambly 1991</a>, pp. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambly1991105-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambly1991105_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambly1991105_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHambly1991">Hambly 1991</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambly1991105–106-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambly1991105–106_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHambly1991">Hambly 1991</a>, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat201743-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat201743_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat2017">Amanat 2017</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambly1991106-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambly1991106_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHambly1991">Hambly 1991</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rohborn-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rohborn_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. 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"The Iranian Power Structure and Social Change 1800–1969: An Overview". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 3–20 [p. 4]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800000842">10.1017/S0020743800000842</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163247729">163247729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Iranian+Power+Structure+and+Social+Change+1800%E2%80%931969%3A+An+Overview&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-20+p.+4&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800000842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163247729%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Keddie&rft.aufirst=Nikki+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrons1975" class="citation book cs1">Irons, William (1975). <i>The Yomut Turkmen: A Study of Social Organization among a Central Asian Turkic-Speaking Population</i>. University of Michigan Press. p. 8. <q>For example, the Turkmen of Iran were instrumental in the establishment of Kajar dynasty in Iran in the late eighteenth century, and opponents of the Iranian constitution sought Turkmen support in the revolution of 1909.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yomut+Turkmen%3A+A+Study+of+Social+Organization+among+a+Central+Asian+Turkic-Speaking+Population&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Irons&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus2002" class="citation book cs1">Lapidus, Ira Marvin (2002). <i>A History of Islamic Societies</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77933-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77933-3"><bdi>978-0-521-77933-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.pages=469&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77933-3&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Ira+Marvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuny199455-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuny199455_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuny1994">Suny 1994</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins1998541–542-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins1998541–542_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitchins1998">Hitchins 1998</a>, pp. 541–542.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991328_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991">Fisher et al. 1991</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry199196-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry199196_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerry1991">Perry 1991</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991327-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991327_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991327_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991">Fisher et al. 1991</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011327-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011327_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2011">Mikaberidze 2011</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011409-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011409_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011409_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2011">Mikaberidze 2011</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donald_Rayfield_p_255-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donald_Rayfield_p_255_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donald_Rayfield_p_255_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donald_Rayfield_p_255_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donald_Rayfield_p_255_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Rayfield. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PxQpmg_JIpwC&dq=agha+mohammad+khan+conquer+georgia&pg=PA255"><i>Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia</i></a> Reaktion Books, 15 February. 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1780230702" title="Special:BookSources/1780230702">1780230702</a> p 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lang-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lang_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Marshall_Lang" title="David Marshall Lang">Lang, David Marshall</a> (1962), <i>A Modern History of Georgia</i>, p. 38. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suny-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suny_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suny_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (1994), <i>The Making of the Georgian Nation</i>, p. 59. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20915-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20915-3">0-253-20915-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P.Sykes, <i>A history of Persia</i>, 3rd edition, Barnes and Noble 1969, Vol. 2, p. 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Malcolm" title="John Malcolm">Malcolm, Sir John</a> (1829), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historypersiafr00malcgoog"><i>The History of Persia from the Earliest Period to the Present Time</i></a>, pp. 189–191. London: John Murray.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fisher_1991_128–129-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fisher_1991_128–129_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1991" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, William Bayne (1991). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i>. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–129. <q>(...) Agha Muhammad Khan remained nine days in the vicinity of Tiflis. His victory proclaimed the restoration of Iranian military power in the region formerly under Safavid domination.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=William+Bayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991329-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991329_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991329_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991329_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991">Fisher et al. 1991</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alekseĭ I. Miller. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_8niIYSTqToC&dq=agha+mohammad+khan+conquer+georgia&pg=PA204"><i>Imperial Rule</i></a> Central European University Press, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9639241989" title="Special:BookSources/9639241989">9639241989</a> p 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gvosdev (2000), p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Marshall_Lang" title="David Marshall Lang">Lang</a> (1957), p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowling2014728-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowling2014728_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowling2014">Dowling 2014</a>, p. 728.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2010" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). <i>A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 1035. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851096725" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851096725"><bdi>978-1851096725</bdi></a>. <q>January 1804. (...) Russo-Persian War. The Russian invasion of Persia. (...) In January 1804 Russian forces under General Paul Tsitsianov (Sisianoff) invade Persia and storm the citadel of Ganjeh, beginning the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=1035&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1851096725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambly1991145–146-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambly1991145–146_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHambly1991">Hambly 1991</a>, pp. 145–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz2013a63-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz2013a63_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz2013a">Behrooz 2013a</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling2015" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Timothy C., ed. (2015). <i>Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 729. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598849486" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598849486"><bdi>978-1598849486</bdi></a>. <q>In May 1826, Russia, therefore, occupied Mirak, in the Erivan khanate, in violation of the Treaty of Gulistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+War%3A+From+the+Mongol+Conquest+to+Afghanistan%2C+Chechnya%2C+and+Beyond&rft.pages=729&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1598849486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swietochowski_Borderland-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swietochowski_Borderland_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwietochowski1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Swietochowski" title="Tadeusz Swietochowski">Swietochowski, Tadeusz</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FfRYRwAACAAJ&q=Russia+and+Iran+in+the+great+game:+travelogues+and+orientalism"><i>Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 69, 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07068-3"><bdi>978-0-231-07068-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Azerbaijan%3A+A+Borderland+in+Transition&rft.pages=69%2C+133&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07068-3&rft.aulast=Swietochowski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFfRYRwAACAAJ%26q%3DRussia%2Band%2BIran%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bgreat%2Bgame%3A%2Btravelogues%2Band%2Borientalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Batalden1997" class="citation book cs1">L. Batalden, Sandra (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WFjPAxhBEaEC&q=The+newly+independent+states+of+Eurasia:+handbook+of+former+Soviet+republics"><i>The newly independent states of Eurasia: Handbook of former Soviet republics</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89774-940-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89774-940-4"><bdi>978-0-89774-940-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+newly+independent+states+of+Eurasia%3A+Handbook+of+former+Soviet+republics&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-89774-940-4&rft.aulast=L.+Batalden&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWFjPAxhBEaEC%26q%3DThe%2Bnewly%2Bindependent%2Bstates%2Bof%2BEurasia%3A%2Bhandbook%2Bof%2Bformer%2BSoviet%2Brepublics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Ebel,_Robert2000" class="citation book cs1">E. Ebel, Robert, Menon, Rajan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-sCpf26vBZ0C&q=Energy+and+conflict+in+Central+Asia+and+the+Caucasus"><i>Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0063-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0063-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-0063-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+and+conflict+in+Central+Asia+and+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-0063-1&rft.aulast=E.+Ebel%2C+Robert&rft.aufirst=Menon%2C+Rajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-sCpf26vBZ0C%26q%3DEnergy%2Band%2Bconflict%2Bin%2BCentral%2BAsia%2Band%2Bthe%2BCaucasus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreeva2010" class="citation book cs1">Andreeva, Elena (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FfRYRwAACAAJ&q=%3DRussia+and+Iran+in+the+great+game:+travelogues+and+orientalism"><i>Russia and Iran in the great game: travelogues and orientalism</i></a> (reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78153-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78153-4"><bdi>978-0-415-78153-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Iran+in+the+great+game%3A+travelogues+and+orientalism&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-78153-4&rft.aulast=Andreeva&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFfRYRwAACAAJ%26q%3D%253DRussia%2Band%2BIran%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bgreat%2Bgame%3A%2Btravelogues%2Band%2Borientalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇiçek,_Kemal2000" class="citation book cs1">Çiçek, Kemal, Kuran, Ercüment (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c5VpAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Great+Ottoman-Turkish+Civilisation"><i>The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation</i></a>. University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-6782-18-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-6782-18-7"><bdi>978-975-6782-18-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Ottoman-Turkish+Civilisation&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-975-6782-18-7&rft.aulast=%C3%87i%C3%A7ek%2C+Kemal&rft.aufirst=Kuran%2C+Erc%C3%BCment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc5VpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BGreat%2BOttoman-Turkish%2BCivilisation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnest_Meyer,_Karl2006" class="citation book cs1">Ernest Meyer, Karl, Blair Brysac, Shareen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ssv-GONnxTsC&q=Tournament+of+Shadows:+The+Great+Game+and+the+Race+for+Empire+in+Central+Asia"><i>Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04576-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04576-1"><bdi>978-0-465-04576-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tournament+of+Shadows%3A+The+Great+Game+and+the+Race+for+Empire+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-465-04576-1&rft.aulast=Ernest+Meyer%2C+Karl&rft.aufirst=Blair+Brysac%2C+Shareen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSsv-GONnxTsC%26q%3DTournament%2Bof%2BShadows%3A%2BThe%2BGreat%2BGame%2Band%2Bthe%2BRace%2Bfor%2BEmpire%2Bin%2BCentral%2BAsia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael P. Croissant, "The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: causes and implications", Praeger/Greenwood,1998 – Page 67: <i>The historical homeland of the Talysh was divided between Russia and Iran in 1813</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caucasus_Survey-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caucasus_Survey_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caucasus_Survey_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415070826/http://www.caucasus-survey.org/vol1-no2/yemelianova-islam-nationalism-state-muslim-caucasus.php">"Caucasus Survey"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caucasus-survey.org/vol1-no2/yemelianova-islam-nationalism-state-muslim-caucasus.php">the original</a> on 15 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caucasus+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caucasus-survey.org%2Fvol1-no2%2Fyemelianova-islam-nationalism-state-muslim-caucasus.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mansoori-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mansoori_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansoori2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mansoori, Firooz (2008). "17". <i>Studies in History, Language and Culture of Azerbaijan</i> (in Persian). Tehran: Hazar-e Kerman. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-600-90271-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-600-90271-1-8"><bdi>978-600-90271-1-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17&rft.btitle=Studies+in+History%2C+Language+and+Culture+of+Azerbaijan&rft.place=Tehran&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Hazar-e+Kerman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-600-90271-1-8&rft.aulast=Mansoori&rft.aufirst=Firooz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991336-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991336_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991">Fisher et al. 1991</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">А. Г. Булатова. Лакцы (XIX – нач. XX вв.). Историко-этнографические очерки. — Махачкала, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mepc.org-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mepc.org_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mepc.org_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/iranian-armed-forces-politics-revolution-and-war-part-one?print">"The Iranian Armed Forces in Politics, Revolution and War: Part One"</a>. 22 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Iranian+Armed+Forces+in+Politics%2C+Revolution+and+War%3A+Part+One&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmepc.org%2Fjournal%2Fmiddle-east-policy-archives%2Firanian-armed-forces-politics-revolution-and-war-part-one%3Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Griboedov not only extended protection to those Caucasian captives who sought to go home but actively promoted the return of even those who did not volunteer. Large numbers of Georgian and Armenian captives had lived in Iran since 1804 or as far back as 1795." Fisher, William Bayne;Avery, Peter; Gershevitch, Ilya; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles. <i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i> Cambridge University Press, 1991. p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://feb-web.ru/feb/griboed/texts/piks3/3_4_v3.htm">A. S. Griboyedov. "Записка о переселеніи армянъ изъ Персіи въ наши области"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113142046/http://feb-web.ru/feb/griboed/texts/piks3/3_4_v3.htm">Archived</a> 13 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Фундаментальная Электронная Библиотека</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian198011,_13–14-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian198011,_13–14_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian198011,_13–14_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian1980">Bournoutian 1980</a>, pp. 11, 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arakel_of_Tabriz" title="Arakel of Tabriz">Arakel of Tabriz</a>. <i>The Books of Histories</i>; chapter 4. Quote: "[The Shah] deep inside understood that he would be unable to resist Sinan Pasha, i.e. the Sardar of Jalaloghlu, in a[n open] battle. Therefore he ordered to relocate the whole population of Armenia – Christians, Jews, and Muslims alike, to Persia, so that the Ottomans find the country depopulated."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian198012–13-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian198012–13_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian1980">Bournoutian 1980</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian19801–2-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian19801–2_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian1980">Bournoutian 1980</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015141-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015141_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2015">Mikaberidze 2015</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian198014-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian198014_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian1980">Bournoutian 1980</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Azizi, Mohammad-Hossein. "The historical backgrounds of the Ministry of Health foundation in Iran." Arch Iran Med 10.1 (2007): 119–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdle2005" class="citation book cs1">Adle, Chahryar (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XPfcfF8LRWQC&pg=PA469"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the contemporary period: from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century</i></a>. UNESCO. pp. 470–477. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231039850" title="Special:BookSources/9789231039850"><bdi>9789231039850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+Towards+the+contemporary+period%3A+from+the+mid-nineteenth+to+the+end+of+the+twentieth+century&rft.pages=470-477&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789231039850&rft.aulast=Adle&rft.aufirst=Chahryar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXPfcfF8LRWQC%26pg%3DPA469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlgar1989" class="citation web cs1">Algar, Hamid (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/amir-e-kabir-mirza-taqi-khan">"AMĪR KABĪR, MĪRZĀ TAQĪ KHAN"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Iranica">Encyclopedia Iranica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=AM%C4%AAR+KAB%C4%AAR%2C+M%C4%AARZ%C4%80+TAQ%C4%AA+KHAN&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Algar&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Famir-e-kabir-mirza-taqi-khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DĀR_AL-FONŪN-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DĀR_AL-FONŪN_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DĀR_AL-FONŪN_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dar-al-fonun-lit">"DĀR AL-FONŪN"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=D%C4%80R+AL-FON%C5%AAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdar-al-fonun-lit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojtahed-Zadeh2004" class="citation book cs1">Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (31 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B_F8vFhxsU0C"><i>The Small Players of the Great Game: The Settlement of Iran's Eastern Borderlands and the Creation of Afghanistan</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-38378-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-38378-8"><bdi>978-1-134-38378-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Small+Players+of+the+Great+Game%3A+The+Settlement+of+Iran%27s+Eastern+Borderlands+and+the+Creation+of+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-07-31&rft.isbn=978-1-134-38378-8&rft.aulast=Mojtahed-Zadeh&rft.aufirst=Pirouz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB_F8vFhxsU0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabiTer-Oganov2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rabi, Uzi; Ter-Oganov, Nugzar (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25597565">"The Russian Military Mission and the Birth of the Persian Cossack Brigade: 1879–1894"</a>. <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 445–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210860902907396">10.1080/00210860902907396</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-0862">0021-0862</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25597565">25597565</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143812599">143812599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Military+Mission+and+the+Birth+of+the+Persian+Cossack+Brigade%3A+1879%E2%80%931894&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=445-463&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0021-0862&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143812599%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25597565%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210860902907396&rft.aulast=Rabi&rft.aufirst=Uzi&rft.au=Ter-Oganov%2C+Nugzar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25597565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreeva" class="citation web cs1">Andreeva, Elena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/">"RUSSIA v. RUSSIANS AT THE COURT OF MOḤAMMAD-ʿALI SHAH"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=RUSSIA+v.+RUSSIANS+AT+THE+COURT+OF+MO%E1%B8%A4AMMAD-%CA%BFALI+SHAH&rft.aulast=Andreeva&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/">"INDO-EUROPEAN TELEGRAPH DEPARTMENT"</a>. <i>ENCYCLOPEDIA IRANICA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 20, 63–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96220-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96220-6"><bdi>978-0-203-96220-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/166422396">166422396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Iran+in+the+great+game+%3A+travelogues+and+Orientalism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=20%2C+63-76&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F166422396&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96220-6&rft.aulast=Andreeva&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5PmSAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmanat1997440-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat1997440_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmanat1997440_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmanat1997">Amanat 1997</a>, p. 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2006408-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohn2006408_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohn2006">Kohn 2006</a>, p. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1977597-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1977597_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1977">Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977</a>, p. 597.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:10_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1987" class="citation news cs1">Meyer, Karl E. 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Floor, <i>A Fiscal History of Iran in the Safavid and Qajar Periods, 1500–1925</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_van_Millingen" title="Frederick van Millingen">Frederick van Millingen</a>, <i>La Turquie sous le règne d’Abdul-Aziz</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabiTer-Oganov2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rabi, Uzi; Ter-Oganov, Nugzar (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41445213">"The Military of Qajar Iran: The Features of an Irregular Army from the Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century"</a>. <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>45</b> (3): 333–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2011.637776">10.1080/00210862.2011.637776</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-0862">0021-0862</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41445213">41445213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159730844">159730844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Military+of+Qajar+Iran%3A+The+Features+of+an+Irregular+Army+from+the+Eighteenth+to+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-354&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0021-0862&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159730844%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41445213%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210862.2011.637776&rft.aulast=Rabi&rft.aufirst=Uzi&rft.au=Ter-Oganov%2C+Nugzar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41445213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202340-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202340_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz2023">Behrooz 2023</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347_108-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347_108-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347_108-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347_108-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202347_108-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz2023">Behrooz 2023</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:93-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:93_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreeva2007" class="citation book cs1">Andreeva, Elena (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PmSAgAAQBAJ"><i>Russia and Iran in the great game : travelogues and Orientalism</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 20, 63–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96220-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96220-6"><bdi>978-0-203-96220-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/166422396">166422396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Iran+in+the+great+game+%3A+travelogues+and+Orientalism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=20%2C+63-76&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F166422396&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96220-6&rft.aulast=Andreeva&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5PmSAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cossack-brigade">"Cossack Brigade"</a>. <i>Iranica Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/164440">"Imperial Power and Dictatorship: Britain and the Rise of Reza Shah, 1921–1926"</a>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 639–663. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800022388">10.1017/S0020743800022388</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438">0020-7438</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/164440">164440</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159878744">159878744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Imperial+Power+and+Dictatorship%3A+Britain+and+the+Rise+of+Reza+Shah%2C+1921%E2%80%931926&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=639-663&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0020-7438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159878744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F164440%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800022388&rft.aulast=Zirinsky&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F164440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202354-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202354_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz2023">Behrooz 2023</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202338–39-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202338–39_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202338–39_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202338–39_116-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202338–39_116-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202338–39_116-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz2023">Behrooz 2023</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrooz202339_117-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrooz2023">Behrooz 2023</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sohrabi-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sohrabi_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sohrabi_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohrabi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Sohrabi, Narciss M. (2023). "The politics of in/visibility: The Jews of urban Tehran". <i>Studies in Religion</i>. <b>53</b>: 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00084298231152642">10.1177/00084298231152642</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257370493">257370493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Religion&rft.atitle=The+politics+of+in%2Fvisibility%3A+The+Jews+of+urban+Tehran&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00084298231152642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257370493%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sohrabi&rft.aufirst=Narciss+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtabaki2006" class="citation book cs1">Atabaki, Touraj (2006). <i>Iran and the First World War: Battleground of the Great Powers</i>. 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I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860640971" title="Special:BookSources/9781860640971"><bdi>9781860640971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pivot+of+the+Universe%3A+Nasir+Al-Din+Shah+Qajar+and+the+Iranian+Monarchy%2C+1831%E2%80%931896&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781860640971&rft.aulast=Amanat&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanat2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Amanat" title="Abbas Amanat">Amanat, Abbas</a> (2017). <i>Iran: A Modern History</i>. 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Brill. pp. 15–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38728-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38728-7"><bdi>978-90-04-38728-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+Persianate&rft.btitle=The+Persianate+World%3A+Rethinking+a+Shared+Sphere&rft.pages=15-62&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38728-7&rft.aulast=Amanat&rft.aufirst=Abbas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshraf2024" class="citation book cs1">Ashraf, Assef (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WBrxEAAAQBAJ"><i>Making and Remaking Empire in Early Qajar Iran</i></a>. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521291361" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521291361"><bdi>978-0521291361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0521291361&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=P.M.&rft.au=Lambton%2C+Ann+K.S.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0yPHRapmT-QC%26q%3D16%2BJuly%2B1909%2Bmajlis%2Bahmad%2Bshah%26pg%3DPA597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJavadiBurrill1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Javadi, H.; Burrill, K. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-x">"Azerbaijan x. Azeri Turkish Literature"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/3: Azerbaijan IV–Bačča(-ye) Saqqā</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 251–255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-115-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-115-4"><bdi>978-0-71009-115-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan+x.+Azeri+Turkish+Literature&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+III%2F3%3A+Azerbaijan+IV%E2%80%93Ba%C4%8D%C4%8Da%28-ye%29+Saqq%C4%81&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=251-255&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-115-4&rft.aulast=Javadi&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Burrill%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fazerbaijan-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatouzian2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Homa_Katouzian" title="Homa Katouzian">Katouzian, Homa</a> (2007). <i>Iranian History and Politics: The Dialectic of State and Society</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415297547" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415297547"><bdi>978-0415297547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+History+and+Politics%3A+The+Dialectic+of+State+and+Society&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0415297547&rft.aulast=Katouzian&rft.aufirst=Homa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeddie1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikki_Keddie" title="Nikki Keddie">Keddie, Nikki R.</a> (1999). <i>Qajar Iran and the rise of Reza Khan, 1796–1925</i>. Mazda Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-156-859-084-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-156-859-084-4"><bdi>978-156-859-084-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qajar+Iran+and+the+rise+of+Reza+Khan%2C+1796%E2%80%931925&rft.pub=Mazda+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-156-859-084-4&rft.aulast=Keddie&rft.aufirst=Nikki+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettenhofenBournoutianHewsen1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kettenhofen, Erich; Bournoutian, George A.; <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Hewsen" title="Robert H. Hewsen">Hewsen, Robert H.</a> (1998). "EREVAN". <i>Encyclopǣdia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 5</i>. pp. 542–551.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=EREVAN&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C7%A3dia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+VIII%2C+Fasc.+5&rft.pages=542-551&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kettenhofen&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft.au=Bournoutian%2C+George+A.&rft.au=Hewsen%2C+Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn2006" class="citation book cs1">Kohn, George C. (2006). <i>Dictionary of Wars</i>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438129167" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438129167"><bdi>978-1438129167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Wars&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1438129167&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2011" class="citation book cs1">Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). <i>Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598843361" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598843361"><bdi>978-1598843361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Conquest+in+the+Islamic+World%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1598843361&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2015" class="citation book cs1">Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). <i>Historical Dictionary of Georgia</i> (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442241466" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442241466"><bdi>978-1442241466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Georgia&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1442241466&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gvosdev, Nikolas K.: <i>Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia: 1760–1819</i>, Macmillan, Basingstoke 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22990-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-22990-9">0-312-22990-9</a></li> <li>Lang, David M.: <i>The last years of the Georgian Monarchy: 1658–1832</i>, Columbia University Press, New York 1957</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaidar1997" class="citation book cs1">Paidar, Parvin (1997). <i>Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521595728" title="Special:BookSources/9780521595728"><bdi>9780521595728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+Political+Process+in+Twentieth-Century+Iran&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780521595728&rft.aulast=Paidar&rft.aufirst=Parvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1991" class="citation book cs1">Perry, John (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC&q=false">"The Zand dynasty"</a>. <i>The Cambridge History of Iran Volume=7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521200950" title="Special:BookSources/9780521200950"><bdi>9780521200950</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Zand+dynasty&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran+Volume%3D7%3A+From+Nadir+Shah+to+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=63-104&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780521200950&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH20Xt157iYUC%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (1994). <i>The Making of the Georgian Nation</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253209153" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253209153"><bdi>978-0253209153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Georgian+Nation&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0253209153&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (2015). <a href="/wiki/They_Can_Live_in_the_Desert_but_Nowhere_Else" title="They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else"><i>"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6558-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-6558-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22They+Can+Live+in+the+Desert+but+Nowhere+Else%22%3A+A+History+of+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6558-1&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜngör2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C3%9Cmit_%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r" title="Uğur Ümit Üngör">Üngör, Uğur Ümit</a> (2016). "The Armenian Genocide in the Context of 20th-Century Paramilitarism". <i>The Armenian Genocide Legacy</i>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56163-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56163-3"><bdi>978-1-137-56163-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Genocide+in+the+Context+of+20th-Century+Paramilitarism&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide+Legacy&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-56163-3&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=U%C4%9Fur+%C3%9Cmit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qajar_Iran&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrooz2013b" class="citation journal cs1">Behrooz, Maziar (2013b). "Revisiting the Second Russo-Iranian War (1826–28): Causes and Perceptions". <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 359–381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2012.758502">10.1080/00210862.2012.758502</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143736977">143736977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+Second+Russo-Iranian+War+%281826%E2%80%9328%29%3A+Causes+and+Perceptions&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=359-381&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210862.2012.758502&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143736977%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Behrooz&rft.aufirst=Maziar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBournoutian2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bournoutian" title="George Bournoutian">Bournoutian, George</a> (2020). <i>From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44516-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44516-1"><bdi>978-90-04-44516-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Kur+to+the+Aras%3A+A+Military+History+of+Russia%27s+Move+into+the+South+Caucasus+and+the+First+Russo-Iranian+War%2C+1801%E2%80%931813&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-04-44516-1&rft.aulast=Bournoutian&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutschmann2013" class="citation journal cs1">Deutschmann, Moritz (2013). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"All Rulers are Brothers": Russian Relations with the Iranian Monarchy in the Nineteenth Century". <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 383–413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2012.759334">10.1080/00210862.2012.759334</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143785614">143785614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=%22All+Rulers+are+Brothers%22%3A+Russian+Relations+with+the+Iranian+Monarchy+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=383-413&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210862.2012.759334&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143785614%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Deutschmann&rft.aufirst=Moritz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrobien2021" class="citation journal cs1">Grobien, Philip Henning (2021). "Iran and imperial nationalism in 1919". <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 292–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2020.1853535">10.1080/00263206.2020.1853535</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230604129">230604129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Iran+and+imperial+nationalism+in+1919&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=292-309&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2020.1853535&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A230604129%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Grobien&rft.aufirst=Philip+Henning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQajar+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSluglett2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sluglett, Peter (2014). "The Waning of Empires: The British, the Ottomans and the Russians in the Caucasus and North Iran, 1917–1921". <i>Middle East Critique</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 189–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19436149.2014.905084">10.1080/19436149.2014.905084</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143816605">143816605</a>.</cite><span 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href="http://www.kadjarfamily.org/">Qajar Family Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080426091748/http://www.worldisround.com/articles/255115/index.html">Some Photos of Qajar Family Members</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qajarwomen.org/">Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran</a> Digital Archive by Harvard University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10622/ARCH03181">Qajar Documentation Fund Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Social_History" title="International Institute of Social History">International Institute of Social History</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran_topics" title="Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran_topics" title="Template talk:Iran topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="Edit this 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">3400–539 BC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes <span class="nowrap">culture (3400–2000 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite <span class="nowrap">civilization (3100–2700 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite <span class="nowrap">dynasties (2700–540 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian <span class="nowrap">Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi <span class="nowrap">(c.2300–675 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites <span class="nowrap">(c.1595–c.1155 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Mannai (10th–7th century BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian <span class="nowrap">Empire (911–609 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu <span class="nowrap">(860 BC–590 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median <span class="nowrap">Empire (678–549 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian <span class="nowrap">Kingdom (652–625 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian <span class="nowrap">Empire (626–539 BC)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">550 BC–AD 224</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid <span class="nowrap">Empire (550–330 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene <span class="nowrap">(c.323 BC–AD 226)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid <span class="nowrap">Empire (312–63 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frataraka" title="Frataraka">Frataraka <span class="nowrap">(c.295–220 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian <span class="nowrap">Empire (247 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of <span class="nowrap">Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">AD 224–651</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian <span class="nowrap">Empire (AD 224–651)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and<br />early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">632–1090</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (632–661)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (661–750)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (750–1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (819–999)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (821–873)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (864–928)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (861–1003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (931–1090)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (934–1062)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">977–1432</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (977–1186)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1011–1215)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk <span class="nowrap">Empire (1037–1194)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1077–1231)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids <span class="nowrap">(1135/36-1225)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1244–1381)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate"><span class="nowrap">Ilkhanate (1256–1335)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1314–1393)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1335–1432)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1338–1357)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1370–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1370–1507)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1374–1468)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1378–1508)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1501–1736)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1736–1796)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand <span class="nowrap">Dynasty (1751–1794)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qajar <span class="nowrap">Empire (1789–1925)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the <span class="nowrap">Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1925–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1925–1979)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab_dispute" title="Shatt al-Arab dispute">Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Iranian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election">1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian <span class="nowrap">revolution (1979)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a></span><br />1979–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran"><span class="nowrap">History (1979–)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy <span class="nowrap">siege (1980)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">Nojeh coup plot (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq <span class="nowrap">War (1980–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1981)" title="Interim Government of Iran (1981)">Interim Government of Iran (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655 <span class="nowrap">shootdown (1988)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">PJAK conflict (2004–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war (2011–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against the Islamic State">International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">United States withdrawal (2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–2022 Iranian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Persians" title="List of ancient Persians">Ancient Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy in classical Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electricity_in_Iran" title="History of electricity in Iran">Electric history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iran" title="List of years in Iran">Years in Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Iran" title="Borders of Iran">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iran" title="List of largest cities of Iran">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran">twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran" title="List of earthquakes in Iran">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Iranian Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran" title="List of islands of Iran">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran" title="List of mountains in Iran">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 presidential</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childrens%27_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrens' Rights in Iran">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_judicial_system_of_Iran" title="History of the judicial system of Iran">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_Iran" title="Cyberwarfare and Iran">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran" title="List of political parties in Iran">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_and_terrorism_in_Iran" title="Assassination and terrorism in Iran">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsorship allegations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement_in_Iran" title="Women's rights movement in Iran">Women's rights movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly (or Council) of Experts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Iran" title="Local councils of Iran">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials" title="List of Iranian officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Iran_governors-general" title="List of current Iran governors-general">Provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Bonyad (charitable trust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight_from_Iran" title="Human capital flight from Iran">Brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Automotive industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iran" title="Child labour in Iran">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Economic Reform Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">International oil bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Iran and the World Trade Organization">Iran and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">Main economic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy of the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milad_Tower" title="Milad Tower">Milad Tower and complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran" title="List of military equipment manufactured in Iran">Military equipment manufactured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Rial (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Setad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital in Iran">Venture capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran#Technology_start-ups" title="Communications in Iran">Technology start-ups</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">Sectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_production_in_Iran" title="Fruit production in Iran">fruit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">Shetab Banking System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Health care</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Telecommunications and IT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">TCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iran" title="List of airlines of Iran">airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Metro" title="Tehran Metro">metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Railways">railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRISL_Group" title="IRISL Group">shipping</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned<br />companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Industries_Organization" title="Defense Industries Organization">Defense Industries Organization (DIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Free_Trade-Industrial_Zone" title="Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone">Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island Free Trade Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_research_centers" title="List of Iranian research centers">Research centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iran" title="Category:Society of Iran">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian (Farsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranian citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">abroad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Iran" title="Ethnic minorities in Iran">Ethnic minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼí Faith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iran" title="Crime in Iran">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">higher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars">scientists and scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran" title="List of universities in Iran">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iran" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iran">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">architects</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">modern / contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran" title="Blogging in Iran">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Calendars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Persian New Year (<i>Nowruz</i>)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Persian_antiquities_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Persian antiquities dispute">Chicago Persian antiquities dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranians" title="List of Iranians">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iran" title="Mass media in Iran">Media</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_news_agencies" title="List of Iranian news agencies">news agencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Students News Agency">student</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran" title="List of newspapers in Iran">newspapers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_National_Jewels" title="Iranian National Jewels">National Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national symbols of Iran">National symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">Imperial Anthem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_in_Iran" title="Opium in Iran">Opium consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran" title="Public holidays in Iran">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Iran" title="Scouting in Iran">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Sport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Football_in_Iran" title="Football in Iran">football</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Rap and hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Traditional</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Ey Iran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrangeles" title="Tehrangeles">Tehrangeles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran" title="Category:Iran">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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