CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>LGBTQ rights in Iran - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"39cfee04-a71c-4baa-a602-0cf47cbf302c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran","wgTitle":"LGBTQ rights in Iran","wgCurRevisionId":1259530509,"wgRevisionId":1259530509,"wgArticleId":1794863,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: postscript","CS1 maint: date and year","CS1 maint: location","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)","Subscription required using via","Pages containing links to subscription-only content","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 uses Persian-language script (fa)","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from August 2015","Articles with short description", "Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from June 2013","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2023","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018","Articles containing Persian-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022","Articles containing Dutch-language text","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from March 2022","LGBTQ rights in Iran","Persecution of LGBTQ people in Asia","LGBTQ and Islam"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran","wgRelevantArticleId":1794863, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"LGBT_rights_in_Iran","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1275939","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/1200px-Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/800px-Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/640px-Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="LGBTQ rights in Iran - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran rootpage-LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=LGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=LGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=LGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=LGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT_history_in_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_history_in_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>LGBT history in Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_history_in_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legality_of_same-sex_sexual_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality_of_same-sex_sexual_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legality of same-sex sexual activity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legality_of_same-sex_sexual_activity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legality of same-sex sexual activity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legality_of_same-sex_sexual_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Male_same-sex_sexual_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_same-sex_sexual_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Male same-sex sexual activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male_same-sex_sexual_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_same-sex_sexual_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_same-sex_sexual_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Female same-sex sexual activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_same-sex_sexual_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adultery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adultery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Adultery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adultery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_morality_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_morality_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Public morality laws</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_morality_laws-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Public morality laws subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Public_morality_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capital_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Capital punishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sodomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sodomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Sodomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sodomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Arrests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_of_same-sex_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_of_same-sex_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Recognition of same-sex relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_of_same-sex_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_identity_and_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_identity_and_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gender identity and expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_identity_and_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_donation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_donation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Blood donation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_donation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exiled_political_parties_and_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exiled_political_parties_and_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Exiled political parties and groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exiled_political_parties_and_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LGBT_rights_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LGBT_rights_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>LGBT rights movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LGBT_rights_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HIV/AIDS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIV/AIDS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>HIV/AIDS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIV/AIDS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asylum_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asylum_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Asylum cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asylum_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_of_the_government_on_homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_of_the_government_on_homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Views of the government on homosexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_of_the_government_on_homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_related_to_LGBTQ_in_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_related_to_LGBTQ_in_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Media related to LGBTQ in Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_related_to_LGBTQ_in_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Human rights reports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_rights_reports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human rights reports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_Department_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Department_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>United States Department of State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Department_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices_of_2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices_of_2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1.1</span> <span>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices of 2017</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices_of_2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Summary table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBTQ rights in Iran</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="معاملة المثليين في إيران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاملة المثليين في إيران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ইরানে সমকামীদের অধিকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরানে সমকামীদের অধিকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drets_del_col%C2%B7lectiu_LGBT_a_l%27Iran" title="Drets del col·lectiu LGBT a l'Iran – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Drets del col·lectiu LGBT a l'Iran" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_pr%C3%A1va_v_%C3%8Dr%C3%A1nu" title="LGBT práva v Íránu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="LGBT práva v Íránu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexualit%C3%A4t_im_Iran" title="Homosexualität im Iran – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Homosexualität im Iran" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversidad_sexual_en_Ir%C3%A1n" title="Diversidad sexual en Irán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diversidad sexual en Irán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حقوق ال‌جی‌بی‌تی در ایران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حقوق ال‌جی‌بی‌تی در ایران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_LGBT_en_Iran" title="Droits LGBT en Iran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droits LGBT en Iran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_LGBT_di_Iran" title="Hak LGBT di Iran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hak LGBT di Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritti_LGBT_in_Iran" title="Diritti LGBT in Iran – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritti LGBT in Iran" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%98%22%D7%91_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="זכויות להט"ב באיראן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זכויות להט"ב באיראן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maf%C3%AAn_kes%C3%AAn_LGBT_li_%C3%8Eran%C3%AA" title="Mafên kesên LGBT li Îranê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mafên kesên LGBT li Îranê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9B%E8%80%85%E8%BF%AB%E5%AE%B3" title="イランにおける同性愛者迫害 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イランにおける同性愛者迫害" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sytuacja_prawna_i_spo%C5%82eczna_os%C3%B3b_LGBT_w_Iranie" title="Sytuacja prawna i społeczna osób LGBT w Iranie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sytuacja prawna i społeczna osób LGBT w Iranie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direitos_LGBT_no_Ir%C3%A3" title="Direitos LGBT no Irã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direitos LGBT no Irã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%93%D0%91%D0%A2_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Права ЛГБТ в Иране – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Права ЛГБТ в Иране" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%95%DB%95%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B2%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مافی ھاوڕەگەزخوازان لە ئێران – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مافی ھاوڕەگەزخوازان لە ئێران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo%C5%BEaj_LGBT_osoba_u_Iranu" title="Položaj LGBT osoba u Iranu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Položaj LGBT osoba u Iranu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran%27da_LGBT_haklar%C4%B1" title="İran'da LGBT hakları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İran'da LGBT hakları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82" title="ایران میں ایل جی بی ٹی حقوق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایران میں ایل جی بی ٹی حقوق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%81n_LGBT_%E1%BB%9F_Iran" title="Quyền LGBT ở Iran – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quyền LGBT ở Iran" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97LGBT%E6%AC%8A%E7%9B%8A" title="伊朗LGBT權益 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊朗LGBT權益" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1275939#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&oldid=1259530509" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&id=1259530509&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLGBTQ_rights_in_Iran"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLGBTQ_rights_in_Iran"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:LGBT_rights_in_Iran" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1275939" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_rights_in_Iran&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT rights in Iran</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="vcard" style="background:none; font-size:100%; padding:0.15em 0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">LGBTQ rights in Iran</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Status</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Same-sex relations illegal: <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> is applied.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Penalty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iran" title="Capital punishment in Iran">Execution</a>, imprisonment, lashings, fines.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuysuz_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuysuz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">Sex reassignment surgery</a>, which is required to change legal gender, is legalized and is partially paid for by the government.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_and_military_service" title="LGBT people and military service">Military</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Discrimination protections</a></th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Family rights</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Template:Same-sex_unions" title="Template:Same-sex unions">Recognition of relationships</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No recognition of same-sex unions</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a>) people in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> face severe challenges not experienced by non-<a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> residents. Sexual activity between members of the same sex is illegal and can be <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iran" title="Capital punishment in Iran">punishable by death</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ind_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ind-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and people can legally change their assigned sex only through <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a>. Currently, Iran is the only country confirmed to execute gay people, though death penalty for homosexuality might be enacted in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a> in Iran have come in conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Penal_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal code">penal code</a> since the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">post-revolutionary Iran</a>, any type of sexual activity outside a <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a> marriage is forbidden. Same-sex sexual activities are punishable by imprisonment,<sup id="cite_ref-Ind_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ind-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a>, fines, or <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iran" title="Capital punishment in Iran">execution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ind_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ind-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gay men have faced stricter enforcement actions under the law than lesbians. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a> is considered to be one of the most <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">discriminatory towards homosexuals</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that hundreds or thousands<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of people were executed in the immediate aftermath of revolution of whom some 20 were homosexuals. <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> called for them to be exterminated in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender identity</a> is recognized through sex reassignment surgery. <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgeries">Sex reassignment surgeries</a> are partially financially supported by the state. Some <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a> individuals in Iran have been pressured to undergo sex reassignment surgery in order to avoid legal and social persecution for being gay.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SexChange_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SexChange-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran carries out more sex reassignment surgeries than any other country in the world, ranking second place after <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LGBT_history_in_Iran">LGBT history in Iran</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: LGBT history in Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Iran">LGBT history in Iran</a></div> <p>Around 250 BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> text <a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a> was written. It contains provisions that are part of sexual code promoting procreative sexuality that is interpreted to prohibit same-sex intercourse as sinful. Ancient commentary on this passage suggests that those engaging in <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> could be killed without permission from <a href="/wiki/Dastur" title="Dastur">a high priest</a>. However, a strong homosexual tradition in Iran is attested to by Greek historians from the 5th century onward, and so the prohibition apparently had little effect on Iranian attitudes or sexual behavior outside the ranks of devout Zoroastrians in rural eastern Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-ZoroTenents_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZoroTenents-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frashogard_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frashogard-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HI_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mercury_Biography_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercury_Biography-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sacred_Books_of_the_East_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacred_Books_of_the_East-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a significant amount of literature in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> that contains explicit same-sex illustrations.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few Persian <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">love poems</a> and texts from prominent medieval Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi Shirazi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Bustan_(book)" title="Bustan (book)">Bustan</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gulistan_(book)" title="Gulistan (book)">Gulistan</a></i> have also been interpreted as homoerotic poems.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Shah</a>, the last monarch of the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>, homosexuality was criminalised, though it was mostly tolerated even to the point of allowing news coverage of a mock same-sex wedding. <a href="/wiki/Janet_Afary" title="Janet Afary">Janet Afary</a> has argued that the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">1979 Revolution</a> was partly motivated by moral outrage against the Shah's government, and in particular against a mock same-sex wedding between two young men with ties to the court. She says that this explains the virulence of the anti-homosexual oppression in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-gaycitynews.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaycitynews.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reza_Pahlavi,_Crown_Prince_of_Iran" title="Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran">Reza Pahlavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">Crown Prince</a> and the son of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah Mohammed Reza</a>, argued that LGBT individuals had freedom before the “Mullah Regime” (the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">1979 revolution</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 1979 Revolution, thousands of people were executed in public, including some homosexuals.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Abbas_and_Wine_Boy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Safavid Persian miniature from 1627, depicting Abbas I of Iran with a page. Louvre, Paris."><img alt="A Safavid Persian miniature from 1627, depicting Abbas I of Iran with a page. Louvre, Paris." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shah_Abbas_and_Wine_Boy.jpg/70px-Shah_Abbas_and_Wine_Boy.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shah_Abbas_and_Wine_Boy.jpg/105px-Shah_Abbas_and_Wine_Boy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shah_Abbas_and_Wine_Boy.jpg/140px-Shah_Abbas_and_Wine_Boy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> from 1627, depicting <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Abbas I of Iran</a> with a page. <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Men_engaging_in_anal_sex,_Safavid_painting,_1660.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two men engaged in anal sex. Watercolour on paper. From Iran. Kinsey Institute, Bloomington, Indiana. Around 1880 - 1926."><img alt="Two men engaged in anal sex. Watercolour on paper. From Iran. Kinsey Institute, Bloomington, Indiana. Around 1880 - 1926." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Men_engaging_in_anal_sex%2C_Safavid_painting%2C_1660.jpg/81px-Men_engaging_in_anal_sex%2C_Safavid_painting%2C_1660.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Men_engaging_in_anal_sex%2C_Safavid_painting%2C_1660.jpg/122px-Men_engaging_in_anal_sex%2C_Safavid_painting%2C_1660.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Men_engaging_in_anal_sex%2C_Safavid_painting%2C_1660.jpg/163px-Men_engaging_in_anal_sex%2C_Safavid_painting%2C_1660.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two men engaged in anal sex. Watercolour on paper. From Iran. <a href="/wiki/Kinsey_Institute" title="Kinsey Institute">Kinsey Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a>. Around 1880 - 1926.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Men_engaging_in_anal_sex,_Safavid_painting,_1720.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two men engaged in anal sex. Watercolour on paper.From Iran.Kinsey Institute, Bloomington, Indiana. Around 1880 - 1926."><img alt="Two men engaged in anal sex. Watercolour on paper.From Iran.Kinsey Institute, Bloomington, Indiana. Around 1880 - 1926." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Men_engaging_in_anal_sex%2C_Safavid_painting%2C_1720.jpg/80px-Men_engaging_in_anal_sex%2C_Safavid_painting%2C_1720.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Men_engaging_in_anal_sex%2C_Safavid_painting%2C_1720.jpg/119px-Men_engaging_in_anal_sex%2C_Safavid_painting%2C_1720.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Men_engaging_in_anal_sex%2C_Safavid_painting%2C_1720.jpg/159px-Men_engaging_in_anal_sex%2C_Safavid_painting%2C_1720.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two men engaged in anal sex. Watercolour on paper.From Iran.<a href="/wiki/Kinsey_Institute" title="Kinsey Institute">Kinsey Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a>. Around 1880 - 1926.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Youth_and_suitors.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A depiction of a youth conversing with suitors from Jami's Haft Awrang, in the story A Father Advises his Son About Love. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC."><img alt="A depiction of a youth conversing with suitors from Jami's Haft Awrang, in the story A Father Advises his Son About Love. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Youth_and_suitors.jpg/155px-Youth_and_suitors.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Youth_and_suitors.jpg/233px-Youth_and_suitors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Youth_and_suitors.jpg/310px-Youth_and_suitors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A depiction of a youth conversing with suitors from <a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Haft_Awrang" title="Haft Awrang">Haft Awrang</a></i>, in the story <i>A Father Advises his Son About Love</i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, Washington, DC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chehel_Sutun_-_Men_and_youths_by_a_stream.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Men and youths depicted on a Safavid ceramic panel from Chehel Sotoun, Isfahan. Louvre, Paris."><img alt="Men and youths depicted on a Safavid ceramic panel from Chehel Sotoun, Isfahan. Louvre, Paris." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Chehel_Sutun_-_Men_and_youths_by_a_stream.jpg/181px-Chehel_Sutun_-_Men_and_youths_by_a_stream.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Chehel_Sutun_-_Men_and_youths_by_a_stream.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="166" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Men and youths depicted on a <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> ceramic panel from <a href="/wiki/Chehel_Sotoun" title="Chehel Sotoun">Chehel Sotoun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality_of_same-sex_sexual_activity">Legality of same-sex sexual activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legality of same-sex sexual activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">1979 Revolution</a>, the legal code has been based on <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>. Despite allowing <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a>, homosexuality in Iran remains a crime punishable by death.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ind_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ind-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Iran, this framework is occasionally viewed as a means to "correct" individuals who may otherwise express <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">same-sex desires</a>, offering an option to conform to <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">heteronormative standards</a> (Najmabadi, 2011, p. 534).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SexChange_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SexChange-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All sexual activities that occur outside a <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">traditional islamic marriage</a> (i.e., sodomy or adultery) are illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Same-sex sexual activities that occur between consenting adults are criminalized and carry a maximum punishment of death,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ind_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ind-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though not generally implemented.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rape, whether same-sex or opposite-sex, often results in execution, but is related to adultery and sodomy in Iran's penal code rather than being classified as "sexual assault". The death penalty is legal for those above 18, and if a murder was committed, legal at the age of 15. Approved by the Parliament on July 30, 1991, and finally ratified by the Guardian Council on November 28, 1991, articles 108 through 140 distinctly deal with same-sex sexual activities and their punishments in detail.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Male_same-sex_sexual_activity">Male same-sex sexual activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Male same-sex sexual activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Articles 108 to 112, <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> (<i>lavāt</i>) can in certain circumstances be a crime for which both partners can be punished by death. If the participants are adults, of sound mind, and consenting, the method of execution is for the judge to decide. If one person is non-consenting (i.e., rape), the punishment would only apply to the rapist. A non-adult who engages in consensual sodomy is subject to a punishment of 74 lashes. Articles 114 to 119 assert that sodomy is proved either if a person confesses four times to having committed sodomy or by the testimony of four righteous men. Testimony of women alone or together with a man does not prove sodomy. According to Articles 125 and 126, if sodomy or any lesser crime referred to above, is proved by confession and the person concerned repents, the judge may request that he be pardoned. If a person who has committed the lesser crimes referred to above repents before the giving of testimony by the witnesses, the punishment is quashed. The judge may punish the person for lesser crimes at his discretion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_same-sex_sexual_activity">Female same-sex sexual activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Female same-sex sexual activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Articles 127, 129, and 130, the punishment for female same-sex sexual activity (<i>mosāheqe</i>) involving persons who are mature, of sound mind and consenting, is 100 lashes. If the act is repeated three times and punishment is enforced each time, the death sentence will apply on the fourth occasion. Article 128 asserts that the ways of proving female same-sex sexual activity in court are the same as for sodomy. Article 130 says that both Muslims and non-Muslims are subject to the punishment. According to Articles 132 and 133, the rules for the quashing of sentences, or for pardoning, are the same as for the lesser male homosexual offenses. According to Article 134, women who "stand naked under one cover without necessity" and are not relatives may receive a punishment of 50 lashes. </p><p>At the discretion of the Iranian court, fines, prison sentences, and corporal punishment are usually carried out rather than the death penalty, unless the crime was a rape.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The charges of same-sex sexual activity have in a few occasions been used in political crimes. Other charges had been paired with the sodomy crime, such as rape or acts against the state, and convictions are obtained in grossly flawed trials. On March 14, 1994, famous dissident writer <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Saidi_Sirjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Akbar Saidi Sirjani">Ali Akbar Saidi Sirjani</a> was charged with offenses ranging from drug dealing to espionage to homosexual activity. He died in prison under disputed circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adultery">Adultery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adultery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adultery (<i>zina-e-mohsen</i>) is punishable by 100 lashes for unmarried people and by death on the fourth offense. It is punishable by death by stoning (under moratorium since 2002, officially replaced in 2012, by an unspecified punishment) for married people and in all cases of incest. If an unmarried non-Muslim male has sexual relations with a Muslim female, the non-Muslim male will be put to death. Four witnesses (rather than two witnesses) are required to prove adultery, the person must confess four times, or they must be convicted by judge's knowledge (through definite circumstantial evidence). If the person confesses twice and is "repentant" or the victim's family forgives the adulterer, the judge can give a tazir sentence of 99 lashes instead, or imprisonment. Convictions and executions for this crime are extremely rare, usually only carried out in the case of death and rare even then. </p><p>In November 2021, a married Iranian man and his male lover, ages 27 and 33, were given the death penalty for adultery. The married man's wife pleaded for their lives, while her father asked that they be executed. The judge upheld her father's request.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_morality_laws">Public morality laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Public morality laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under more public morality laws, offenders face additional jail time, whippings, and fines.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 637 – Any man and woman who are not married and who commit a crime against public morality, excluding adultery, should be sentenced to flogging (99 lashes). If one of them did not consent to the crime, then only the one who initiated the crime should be punished. Article 638- Anyone who explicitly violates any religious taboo in public beside being punished for the act should also be imprisoned from ten days to two months, or should be flogged (74 lashes). Note- women who appear in public without a proper hijab should be imprisoned from ten days to two months or pay a fine of 50,000 to 500,000 Ryal. Article 639 – The following people should be imprisoned from one to ten years, and in the case of category (a) the property should be confiscated according to decision of the court. a) anyone who manages a property where activities against public morality take place; b) anyone who encourages people to violate public morality; Article 640 – The following people should be imprisoned from three months to one year and pay a fine of 1,500,000 to 6,000,000, and also be flogged up to 74 lashes, or any of these punishments. c) anyone who publicizes any picture, text, photo, drawing, article, newsletter, newspaper, movie, or any other thing that violates public morality; d) anyone who is included in the circulation of the above items; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_punishment">Capital punishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Capital punishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran.StopKillingGays.WDC.19jul06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Iran.StopKillingGays.WDC.19jul06.jpg/220px-Iran.StopKillingGays.WDC.19jul06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Iran.StopKillingGays.WDC.19jul06.jpg/330px-Iran.StopKillingGays.WDC.19jul06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Iran.StopKillingGays.WDC.19jul06.jpg/440px-Iran.StopKillingGays.WDC.19jul06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A protester of the killing of homosexual people in Iran. Washington, DC. July 19, 2006.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iran" title="Capital punishment in Iran">Capital punishment in Iran</a></div> <p>Some human rights activists and opponents of the government in Iran claim between 4,000 and 6,000 gay men and lesbians have been executed in Iran for crimes related to their sexual orientation since 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-foreignaffairstrumpandgayrights_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreignaffairstrumpandgayrights-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to The Boroumand Foundation,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are records of at least 107 executions with charges related to homosexuality between 1979 and 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, a male homosexual was executed in January 1990 under unclear circumstances that is no reason was given. At least five people convicted of homosexual activity, three men and two women were executed in January 1990 as a result of the government policy of demanding executions of those who "practice homosexuality".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a November 2007 meeting with his British counterpart, Iranian member of parliament Mohsen Yahyavi admitted that the government in Iran believes in the death penalty for homosexuality. According to Yahyavi, gays deserve to be executed. He said that if they do it privately then it's okay but if they do it overtly then they are to be executed.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LGBT rights activists <a href="/wiki/Zahra_Seddiqi_Hamedani" title="Zahra Seddiqi Hamedani">Zahra Seddiqi Hamedani</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elham_Choubdar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elham Choubdar (page does not exist)">Elham Choubdar</a> were sentenced to death in 2021 by a court in Iran for "promoting homosexuality, promoting Christianity and communicating with media opposed to the Islamic Republic". The sentence was confirmed by Iran's judiciary, but said the charges involved "human trafficking and not activism".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 5, 2022, Iran's official <a href="/wiki/IRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="IRNA">IRNA</a> news agency reported that the two women had been sentenced to death on charges of "corruption on earth" and human tracking. The European Union condemned the death sentences on September 13, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sodomy">Sodomy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sodomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></div> <p>Few consenting participants of <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> (<i>lavāt</i>) are sentenced to death, but prior to 2012, both partners could receive the death penalty. On March 15, 2005, the daily newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Etemad" title="Etemad">Etemad</a></i> reported that the Tehran Criminal Court sentenced two men to death following the discovery of a video showing them engaged in sexual acts to which they confessed. Another two men were allegedly hanged publicly in the northern town of <a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a> for sodomy in November 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2006, two youths in north-eastern Iran were hanged for "sex crimes", probably consensual homosexual acts.<sup id="cite_ref-Ind_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ind-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 16, 2006, the State-run news agency reported the public execution of a man convicted of sodomy in the western city of <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In January 2022, two gay men allegedly sentenced for "forced sexual intercourse between two men" were executed in the city of <a href="/wiki/Maragheh" title="Maragheh">Maragheh</a> after spending six years on death row.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrests">Arrests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arrests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 23, 2008, Hamzeh Chavi, 18, and Loghman Hamzehpour, 19, were arrested in <a href="/wiki/Sardasht,_West_Azerbaijan" title="Sardasht, West Azerbaijan">Sardasht</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="West Azerbaijan Province">West Azerbaijan</a>, for homosexual activity. An on-line petition for their release began to circulate around the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They apparently confessed to the authorities that they were in a relationship and in love, prompting a court to charge them with <i>mohārebe</i> ("waging war against God") and <i>lavāt</i> (sodomy). </p><p>There were two reported crackdowns in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, Iran's third-largest city. On May 10, 2007, Isfahan police arrested 87 people at a birthday party, including 80 suspected gay men, beating and detaining them through the weekend.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All but 17 of the men were released. Those who remained in custody were believed to have been wearing women's clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photos of the beaten men were released by the <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Railroad_for_Queer_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Railroad for Queer Refugees">Iranian Railroad for Queer Refugees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, in February 2008, the police in Isfahan raided a party in a private home and arrested 30 men, who were held indefinitely without a lawyer on suspicion of homosexual activity.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2017, 30 men were arrested in a raid in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Isfahan Province">Isfahan Province</a>, "charged with sodomy, drinking alcohol and using psychedelic drugs".<sup id="cite_ref-jerusalempostshotsfired_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jerusalempostshotsfired-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition_of_same-sex_relationships">Recognition of same-sex relationships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Recognition of same-sex relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">civil unions</a> are not legally recognized in Iran. Traditional Iranian families often exercise strong influence in whom, and when, their children marry and even what profession they chose.<sup id="cite_ref-cultureofiran.com_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cultureofiran.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few LGBT Iranians <a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">come out</a> to family due to the fear of being rejected. No legislation exists to address discrimination or bias motivated violence on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Traditional Iranian families tend to prohibit their children from dating, as it is not a part of Iranian culture, although this has become somewhat more tolerated, among liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-cultureofiran.com_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cultureofiran.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, an independent film<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> was released, directed by <a href="/wiki/Maryam_Keshavarz" title="Maryam Keshavarz">Maryam Keshavarz</a>, that examined the changing mores of Iranian youth when it comes to sex and dating.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gay Iranian couples are often afraid to be seen together<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in public, and report that <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> people were widely stereotyped as being sex-obsessed child molesters, rapists, and disease-ridden.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_identity_and_expression">Gender identity and expression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gender identity and expression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Iran" title="Transgender rights in Iran">Transgender rights in Iran</a></div> <p>Before the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the Iranian government did not address the issue of transsexuality. However, in 1964, while in exile under the shah's regime, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini issued a fatwa approving sex reassignment surgeries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Article 20 in Clause 14 states, a person who has <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a> can legally change their name and gender on the birth certification upon the order of court. </p><p>Those who are in favor of legitimately being able to reassign one's sex surgically utilize article 215 of Iran's civil code, stating that the acts of every person should be subject to rational benefit, meaning gender reassignment surgery would be in the best interest of whoever is appealing for governmental support. Caveats, however, include the need to have medical approval from a doctor that supports a dissonance between assigned gender and their true gender. </p><p>Although legally recognized by the current Supreme Leader in Iran, <a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Grand Ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>, Grand Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Yousef_Madani_Tabrizi" title="Yousef Madani Tabrizi">Yousef Madani Tabrizi</a> addresses gender reassignment surgery as "unlawful" and "not permissible by Sharia (Islamic law)".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Reasons for his contestation include the altering of God's creation and disfiguration of vital organs as being unlawful.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (March 2018)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1976, the Iranian Medical Association ruled that such surgeries were unethical, except for intersex individuals (hermaphrodites).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the mid-1980s, the Iranian government has legalized the practice of sex reassignment surgery (under medical approval) and the modification of pertinent legal documents to reflect the reassigned gender. In 1983, Khomeini passed a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> allowing gender reassignment operations as a cure for "diagnosed transsexuals", allowing for the basis of this practice becoming legal.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, Khomeini reaffirmed his earlier fatwa, once again permitting the procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some homosexual individuals in Iran have been pressured to undergo sex reassignment surgery in order to avoid legal and social persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-SexChange_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SexChange-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_saf"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran#endnote_saf">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>Iran’s medical and legal endorsement of sex reassignment often pushes individuals who express gender nonconformity or <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_attraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex attraction">same-sex attraction</a> toward sex reassignment, framing it as a way to normalize their gender identity in accordance with societal expectations of <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">heteronormativity</a> (Najmabadi, 2011, p. 534).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a transsexual individual can avoid committing sins or what it refers to as "same-sex playing" (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">همجنس‌باز</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">hamjinsbâz</i></span>), such as engaging in same-sex acts, they are not required to undergo bodily alterations (Najmabadi, 2014, p. 82).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Maraj’e Taghlid have stressed that sex reassignment is not permissible for individuals who are simply cross-dressers or those who engage in same-sex behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hujatal Islam Kariminia asserts that society is largely unaware of the clear distinction between <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">transsexuality</a>, comparing the gap between the two to the "Great Wall of China" (Najmabadi, 2014, p. 185).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tanaz_Eshaghian" title="Tanaz Eshaghian">Tanaz Eshaghian</a>'s 2008 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Be_Like_Others" title="Be Like Others">Be Like Others</a></i> highlighted this.<sup id="cite_ref-SexChange_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SexChange-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The documentary explores issues of gender and sexual identity while following the personal stories of some of the patients at a gender reassignment clinic in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>. The film was featured at the <a href="/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival" title="Sundance Film Festival">Sundance Film Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="Berlin International Film Festival">Berlin International Film Festival</a>, winning three awards.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarah Farizan's novel <i><a href="/wiki/If_You_Could_Be_Mine" title="If You Could Be Mine">If You Could Be Mine</a></i> explores the relationship between two young girls, Sahar and Nisrin, who live in Iran through gender identity and the possibility of undergoing gender reassignment surgery. In order for the two to be in an open relationship, Sahar considers surgery to work within the confines of law which permits relationships after transitioning due to the relationship being between a male and female. </p><p>As a result of Khomeini's policies, Iran is now ranked second only to Thailand in performing the most sex reassignment surgeries (Halasa, 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, despite this allowance, homosexuality in Iran remains a crime punishable by death.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trans men and trans women are treated differently from each other in Iranian society. Trans men are more visible socially and are able to find acceptance in society more easily than trans women, who are often misgendered and put in the same category as gay men.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blood_donation">Blood donation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Blood donation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homosexuals and bisexuals are <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">banned from donating blood</a> in Iran. The ban also extends to lesbians. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Censorship">Censorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Censorship in Iran</a></div> <p>In 2002, a book entitled <i>Witness Play</i> by Cyrus Shamisa was banned from shelves (despite being initially approved) because it said that certain notable <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian</a> writers were homosexuals and bisexuals.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art" title="Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art">Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art</a> loaned a collection of artwork that formerly belonged to <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Reza Pahlavi">Mohammed Reza Pahlavi</a> that had been locked away since the <a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1979 Iranian Revolution">Revolution in 1979</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a>. The artwork included explicit homoerotic artwork by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(artist)" title="Francis Bacon (artist)">Francis Bacon</a> and the government in Iran stated that upon its return, it would also be put on display in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformist</a> paper <i><a href="/wiki/Shargh" title="Shargh">Shargh</a></i> was shut down by the government after it interviewed an Iranian author, living in Canada. While the interview never mentioned the sexual orientation of Saghi Ghahreman, it did quote her as stating that, "sexual boundaries must be flexible... The immoral is imposed by culture on the body".<sup id="cite_ref-globalgayz.com_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalgayz.com-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conservative paper <i><a href="/wiki/Kayhan" title="Kayhan">Kayhan</a></i> attacked the interview and the paper, "<a href="/wiki/Shargh" title="Shargh">Shargh</a> has interviewed this homosexual while aware of her sick sexual identity, dissident views and porno-personality."<sup id="cite_ref-globalgayz.com_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalgayz.com-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid being permanently shut down, the paper issued a public apology stating it was unaware of the author's "personal traits" and promised to "avoid such people and movements."<sup id="cite_ref-globalgayz.com_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalgayz.com-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violence">Violence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2021, a 20-year-old Iranian, <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ali_Fazeli_Monfared" title="Killing of Ali Fazeli Monfared">Ali Monfared</a>, was murdered, allegedly by his half-brother and cousins, days after the military mailed him a document exempting him from military service because of his sexual orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuysuz_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuysuz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LGBT Iranians have fled Iran in recent years hoping to gain asylum in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exiled_political_parties_and_groups">Exiled political parties and groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Exiled political parties and groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government in Iran does not allow a political party or organization to endorse LGBT rights. Vague support for LGBT rights in Iran has fallen to a handful of exiled political organizations. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Iran" title="Green Party of Iran">Green Party of Iran</a> has an English translation of its website that states, "Every Iranian citizen is equal by law, regardless of gender, age, race, nationality, religion, marital status, sexual orientation, or political beliefs" and calls for a "separation of state and religion".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Worker_Communist_Party_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker Communist Party of Iran">Worker Communist Party of Iran</a> homepage has an English translation of its manifesto that supports the right of "All adults, women or men" to be "completely free in deciding over their sexual relationships with other adults. Voluntary relationship of adults with each other is their private affair and no person or authority has the right to scrutinize it, interfere with it or make it public".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leftist <a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_Way" title="Worker's Way">Worker's Way</a>, the liberal <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Frontiers_Party" title="Glorious Frontiers Party">Glorious Frontiers Party</a>, and the center-right <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Party_of_Iran" title="Constitutionalist Party of Iran">Constitutionalist Party of Iran</a> have all expressed support for the separation of religion and the state, which might promote LGBT rights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LGBT_rights_movement">LGBT rights movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: LGBT rights movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boat_15_Iran,_Canal_Parade_Amsterdam_2017_foto_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Boat_15_Iran%2C_Canal_Parade_Amsterdam_2017_foto_2.JPG/220px-Boat_15_Iran%2C_Canal_Parade_Amsterdam_2017_foto_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Boat_15_Iran%2C_Canal_Parade_Amsterdam_2017_foto_2.JPG/330px-Boat_15_Iran%2C_Canal_Parade_Amsterdam_2017_foto_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Boat_15_Iran%2C_Canal_Parade_Amsterdam_2017_foto_2.JPG/440px-Boat_15_Iran%2C_Canal_Parade_Amsterdam_2017_foto_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Boat 15 Iran, 2017 Amsterdam Gay Pride.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1972, scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saviz_Shafaie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saviz Shafaie (page does not exist)">Saviz Shafaie</a> gave a public lecture on homosexuality at <a href="/wiki/Shiraz_University" title="Shiraz University">Pahlavi University</a> and in 1976 would research sexual orientation and gender issues at <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a>. In the 1990s, he joined the first human rights group for LGBT Iranians, HOMAN, and continued his work until he died of cancer in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, an online Iranian LGBT rights organization called "Rainbow" was founded by <a href="/wiki/Arsham_Parsi" title="Arsham Parsi">Arsham Parsi</a>, a well-known Iranian gay activist, followed by a clandestine organization named the "Persian Gay and Lesbian Organization". As of 2008, this group has been renamed as the "<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Railroad_for_Queer_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Railroad for Queer Refugees">Iranian Railroad for Queer Refugees</a>" (IRQR). While the founder of this group had to flee Iran and continue his work as an exile, there is an underground LGBT rights movement in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ali Mafi, an openly gay Iranian-born comedian started his career in 2016. In all his shows, Mafi mentions his status as an Iranian citizen and his commitment to being proud of who he is regardless. Mafi currently resides in San Francisco, California, which hosts a prominent gay community. </p><p>In 2007, the Canadian CBC TV produced a documentary that interviewed several LGBT Iranians who talked about their struggles. </p><p>During protests against the outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian presidential election, 2009">Iranian election</a> in July 2009, it was reported that several openly gay Iranians joined crowds of protesters in the United Kingdom and were welcomed with mostly positive attitudes towards LGBT rights.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, a group of LGBT activists inside Iran declared a day to be <a href="/wiki/Iran_Pride_Day" title="Iran Pride Day">Iran Pride Day</a>. The day is on the fourth Friday of July and is and celebrated annually in secret.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2012, <a href="/wiki/OutRight_Action_International" title="OutRight Action International">OutRight Action International</a> develops an online resource for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iran.outrightinternational.org/">LGBTIQ Iranians in Persian</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=JoopeA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JoopeA (page does not exist)">JoopeA</a> organized the <i>Iran in Amsterdam Pride</i> as the <i>Iran Boat</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Iraanse Boot</i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Gay_Pride" title="Amsterdam Gay Pride">Amsterdam Gay Pride</a> festival in 2017 and 2018. The Iran Boat won the <i>Best of Pride Amsterdam 2018</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Publieksprijs</i>) award.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2015 graphic novel <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yousef_and_Farhad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yousef and Farhad (page does not exist)">Yousef and Farhad</a></i>, published by <a href="/wiki/OutRight_Action_International" title="OutRight Action International">OutRight Action International</a> in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, explores the relationship between two young Iranian men. The story, produced in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Khalil_Bendib" title="Khalil Bendib">Khalil Bandib</a>, an American-Algerian political cartoonist, and Amir Soltani, a well-known Iranian-American author who is also the creator of the best-selling graphic novel "Behesht-e Zahra," highlights the struggles for acceptance and aims to foster understanding among families.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HIV/AIDS"><span id="HIV.2FAIDS"></span>HIV/AIDS</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: HIV/AIDS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the deeply conservative character of the government in Iran, its efforts to stop the spread of <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> have been quite progressive.<sup id="cite_ref-commondreams.org_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commondreams.org-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first official reports of HIV/AIDS in Iran were reported in 1987, and a government commission was formed, albeit it was not until the 1990s that a comprehensive policy began to arise.<sup id="cite_ref-commondreams.org_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commondreams.org-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, Arash Alaei and his brother, Kamiar, were given permission to open up a small office for <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_research" title="HIV/AIDS research">HIV/AIDS research</a> among prisoners and with a few years, despite public protests, they helped open the first general HIV/AIDS clinics. A booklet was approved, with explanation of condoms, and distributed to high school students. By the late 1990s, a comprehensive educational campaign existed. Several clinics opened up to offer free testing and counseling. Government funds were allocated to distribute condoms to prostitutes, clean needles and drug rehabilitation to addicts and programs aired on television advocating the use of condoms.<sup id="cite_ref-commondreams.org_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commondreams.org-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are shortages, medication is given to all Iranian citizens free of charge. </p><p>The Alaei brothers were joined in their educational campaign by <a href="/wiki/Minoo_Mohraz" title="Minoo Mohraz">Minoo Mohraz</a>, who was also an early proponent of greater HIV/AIDS education, who chairs a research center in Tehran. Along with government funding, UNICEF has funded several Iranian volunteer based groups that seek to promote greater education about the pandemic and to combat the prejudice that often follows Iranians who have it.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2008, the Alaei brothers were detained, without charge, by the government in Iran, after attending an international conference on HIV/AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government has since accused the two doctors of attending the conference as part of a larger plotting to overthrow the government.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the government in Iran stated that 18,320 Iranians had been infected with HIV, bringing the official number of deaths to 2,800, although critics claimed that the actual number might've been much higher.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officially, drug addiction is the most common way that Iranians become infected. </p><p>While educational programs exist for prostitutes and drug addicts, no educational campaign for LGBT people has been allowed to exist. In talking about the situation Kaveh Khoshnood stated, "Some people would be able to talk about their own drug addiction or their family members, but they find it incredibly difficult to talk about homosexuality in any way". "If you're not acknowledging its existence, you're certainly not going to be developing any programs [for gays]".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asylum_cases">Asylum cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Asylum cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consequences of a same-sex relationship deemed a punishable crime or even death in Iran, results in a toil that forces many LGBT people to seek asylum in countries where the life situation is better. Many LGBT individuals seek refugee status from the UNHCR to be resettled in Australia, Canada, or the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some middle-class Iranians have received an education in a Western nation. There is a small population of gay Iranian immigrants who live in Western nations. </p><p>In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> rejected a plea from an Iranian man who escaped from an Iranian prison after being convicted and sentenced to death for the crime of homosexual activity.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the problem with this case was that the man had entered the country illegally and was later convicted of killing his boyfriend, after he discovered that he had been unfaithful. </p><p>In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese government">Japanese government</a> rejected an asylum plea from another Iranian gay man. That same year, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish government">Swedish government</a> also rejected a similar claim by an Iranian gay man's appeal. The Netherlands is also going through a review of its asylum policies in regards to Iranians claiming to be victims of the anti-gay policies in Iran. </p><p>In 2006, the Netherlands stopped deporting gay men back to Iran temporarily. In March 2006, Dutch Immigration Minister <a href="/wiki/Rita_Verdonk" title="Rita Verdonk">Rita Verdonk</a> said that it was now clear "that there is no question of executions or death sentences based solely on the fact that a defendant is gay", adding that homosexuality was never the primary charge against people. However, in October 2006, after pressure from both within and outside the Netherlands, Verdonk changed her position and announced that Iranian LGBTs would not be deported.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Kingdom came under fire<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> for its continued deporting, especially due to news reports documenting gay Iranians who committed suicide when faced with deportation. Some cases have provoked lengthy campaigning on behalf of potential deportees, sometimes resulting in gay Iranians being granted asylum, as in the cases of <a href="/wiki/Kiana_Firouz" title="Kiana Firouz">Kiana Firouz</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Kazemi" title="Mehdi Kazemi">Mehdi Kazemi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_of_the_government_on_homosexuality">Views of the government on homosexuality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Views of the government on homosexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iran's state media have shown hatred toward homosexuals on many occasions. In particular, <i><a href="/wiki/Mashregh_News" title="Mashregh News">Mashregh News</a></i>, a news website "close to the security and intelligence organizations", has described homosexuals in an article as "individuals who have become mentally troubled in natural human tendencies, have lost their balance, and require psychological support and treatment".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2007, the then President of Iran <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>, speaking to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, stated that "In Iran, we don't have homosexuals", though his spokesperson later stated that his comments were misunderstood.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a November 2007 meeting with his British counterpart, Iranian member of parliament, Mohsen Yahyavi admitted that the government in Iran believes in the death penalty for homosexuality. According to Yahyavi, "if homosexual activity is in private there is no problem, but those in overt activity should be executed".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a March 2013 interview on the state television, Iran's secretary of <a href="/wiki/High_Council_for_Human_Rights" title="High Council for Human Rights">High Council for Human Rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Javad_Larijani" title="Mohammad-Javad Larijani">Mohammad-Javad Larijani</a> called homosexuality an "illness" while denying the persecution of gay people in Iran. He stated that "Promoting homosexuality is illegal and we have strong laws against it. ... We consider homosexuality an illness that should be cured. We don't consider it acceptable to beat or mistreat homosexuals, either. ... [Homosexuality] is considered as a norm in the west and they are forcing us to accept it. We are strongly against this."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This narrative matches the same <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bahrain">anti-gay narrative in Bahrain</a>, also amongst the <a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Bahrain" title="Ajam of Bahrain">Iranians of Bahrain</a>, and the dominant <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Middle East">narrative in islamic-coded/majority countries</a>, besides Israel, Jordan, and Turkey. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Iran" title="Chief Justice of Iran">Chief Justice of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Larijani" title="Sadeq Larijani">Sadeq Larijani</a> at a 2014 conference in Tehran denied the execution of gay people in Iran, stating "That they say we execute homosexuals is not more than a lie. ... We do not provide these people with opportunity, but what they say that we hang them is a lie that they have fabricated for the Islamic Republic."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2019, in a press conference held in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> between <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Javad_Zarif" title="Mohammad Javad Zarif">Mohammad Javad Zarif</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Iran">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heiko_Maas" title="Heiko Maas">Heiko Maas</a> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>, openly gay German journalist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ronzheimer" title="Paul Ronzheimer">Paul Ronzheimer</a> of the tabloid <i><a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a></i> asked Zarif "Why are homosexuals executed in Iran because of their sexual orientation?", to which Zarif seem to affirm that execution of gay people takes place by saying that his "society has principles. And we live according to these principles. These are moral principles concerning the behavior of the people in general, and that means that the law is respected and the law is obeyed."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms">Terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hamjinsbaaz (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">همجنس‌باز</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">hamjinsbâz</i></span>): This word is a compound word with prefix "ham" (same) and suffix "bâz" (player) added to the word jins (sex), which is translated into English as "same-sex player."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term is considered more derogatory than medical or social.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Hamjinsgaraa (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">همجنسگرا</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">hamjinsgaraa</i></span>): This is a different word for homosexuals (gays), with a different suffix garaa (desire) that can be translated to English as same-sex desire (homosexuality), it is used mainly for homosocial.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tarajinsi (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">تراجنسی</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">tarajinsi</i></span>): is a relatively new term that has emerged in contemporary Iranian linguistic culture to refer to transsexual individuals. The prefix "tara" serves as an equivalent for "<a href="/wiki/Trans" class="mw-disambig" title="Trans">trans</a>" in English, and when combined with the adjective "jinsi" (meaning "sexual"), it translates to "<a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">transsexual</a>." Participants in this study generally understand "tarajinsi" as someone who is willing to undergo sex change surgery.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_related_to_LGBTQ_in_Iran">Media related to LGBTQ in Iran</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Media related to LGBTQ in Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Movies & Films: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Be_Like_Others" title="Be Like Others">Be Like Others</a></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Tanaz_Eshaghian" title="Tanaz Eshaghian">Tanaz Eshaghian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Circumstance_(2011_film)" title="Circumstance (2011 film)">Circumstance</a></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Maryam_Keshavarz" title="Maryam Keshavarz">Maryam Keshavarz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Facing_Mirrors" title="Facing Mirrors">Facing Mirrors</a></i> directed by Negar Azarbayjani<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>I don't like her</i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Javad_Daraei" title="Javad Daraei">Javad Daraei</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opponent_(film)" title="Opponent (film)">Opponent</a></i> directed by Milad Alami<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Paper_(film)" title="White Paper (film)">White Paper</a></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Seyed_Mohsen_Pourmohseni_Shakib" title="Seyed Mohsen Pourmohseni Shakib">Seyed Mohsen Pourmohseni Shakib</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Documentaris: </p> <ul><li>Iranian, Gay and seeking Asylum (2009), short film.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">Visual Novels</a>: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yousef_and_Farhad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yousef and Farhad (page does not exist)">Yousef and Farhad</a></i> (2015)<i>, a <a href="/wiki/Gay_romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay romance">gay romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance visual novel</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Khalil_Bendib" title="Khalil Bendib">Khalil Bendib</a> and Amir Soltani.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_rights_reports">Human rights reports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Human rights reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Department_of_State">United States Department of State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United States Department of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices_of_2017">Country Reports on Human Rights Practices of 2017</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices of 2017"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p><b>Children</b><br />The review noted many concerns, including discrimination against girls; children with disabilities; unregistered, refugee, and migrant children; and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) minors.<sup id="cite_ref-IRAN_2017_HUMAN_RIGHTS_REPORT_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRAN_2017_HUMAN_RIGHTS_REPORT-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p><b>Acts of Violence, Discrimination, and Other Abuses Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity</b><br />The law criminalizes consensual same-sex sexual activity, which is punishable by death, flogging, or a lesser punishment. The law does not distinguish between consensual and nonconsensual same sex intercourse, and NGOs reported this lack of clarity led to both the victim and the perpetrator being held criminally liable under the law in cases of assault. The law does not prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. </p><p>Security forces harassed, arrested, and detained individuals they suspected of being gay or transgender. In some cases security forces raided houses and monitored internet sites for information on LGBTI persons. Those accused of “sodomy” often faced summary trials, and evidentiary standards were not always met. Punishment for same-sex sexual activity between men was more severe than between women. According to international and local media reports, on April 13 at least 30 men suspected of homosexual conduct were arrested by IRGC agents at a private party in Isfahan Province. The agents reportedly fired weapons and used electric Tasers during the raid. According to the Canadian-based nonprofit organization Iranian Railroad for Queer Refugees, those arrested were taken to Dastgerd Prison in Isfahan, where they were led to the prison yard and told they would be executed. The Iranian LGBTI activist group 6Rang noted that, following similar raids, those arrested and similarly charged were subjected to forced “anal” or “sodomy” tests and other degrading treatment and sexual insults. </p><p>The government censored all materials related to LGBTI issues. Authorities particularly blocked websites or content within sites that discussed LGBTI issues, including the censorship of Wikipedia pages defining LGBTI and other related topics. There were active, unregistered LGBTI NGOs in the country. Hate crime laws or other criminal justice mechanisms did not exist to aid in the prosecution of bias-motivated crimes. </p><p>The law requires all male citizens over age 18 to serve in the military, but exempts gay men and transgender individuals, who are classified as having mental disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New military identity cards listed the subsection of the law dictating the exemption. According to 6Rang, this practice identified the individuals as gay or transgender and put them at risk of violence and discrimination. </p><p> The government provided transgender persons financial assistance in the form of grants of up to 45 million rials $1,240 and loans up to 55 million rials $1,500 to undergo gender reassignment surgery. Additionally, the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare required health insurers to cover the cost of such surgery. Individuals who undergo gender reassignment surgery may petition a court for new identity documents with corrected gender data, which the government reportedly provided efficiently and transparently. NGOs reported that authorities pressured LGBTI persons to undergo gender reassignment surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-IRAN_2017_HUMAN_RIGHTS_REPORT_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRAN_2017_HUMAN_RIGHTS_REPORT-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_table">Summary table</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Summary table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 400px;">Right </th> <th>Legal status </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Same-sex sexual activity legal </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skull_and_Crossbones.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/15px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/23px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/30px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span> </td> <td>Punishments include imprisonment, <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iran" title="Capital punishment in Iran">execution</a>, lashings, fines<sup id="cite_ref-Tuysuz_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuysuz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Equal age of consent </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anti-discrimination laws in employment only </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Recognition of same-sex couples</a> (e.g. unregistered cohabitation, life partnership) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepchild adoption</a> by same-sex couples </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Joint adoption by same-sex couples </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>LGBT allowed to serve openly in the military </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>Based on Article 33 of the army's medical exemption regulations, "moral and sexual deviancy, such as transsexuality" is considered to be grounds for a medical exemption from the military service, which is mandatory for eligible male individuals over 18.<sup id="cite_ref-justice_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justice-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Human Rights Watch, in order to "prove" their sexual orientation or gender identity, men seeking a military exemption on that basis would be required to undergo "numerous" "humiliating" physical and psychological tests, which may be costly, and they may also encounter administrative barriers, such as "few doctors" to perform such tests and doctors that refuse to perform them without parental accompaniment.<sup id="cite_ref-justice_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justice-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Right to change legal gender </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yes_check.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yes"><img alt="Yes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">Sex reassignment surgery</a> required. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Access to <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">IVF</a> for lesbians </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a> banned </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Commercial <a href="/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">surrogacy</a> for gay male couples </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">MSM</a> allowed to donate blood </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Female sex partners of <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">MSMs</a> allowed to donate blood </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:X_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="No"><img alt="No" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/15px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/23px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Human rights in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Middle East">LGBT rights in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Asia">LGBT rights in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Iran">LGBT history in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Identity_Organization_of_Iran" title="Gender Identity Organization of Iran">Gender Identity Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Be_Like_Others" title="Be Like Others">Be Like Others</a></i>, a documentary film about transsexuality in Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Iran" title="Transgender rights in Iran">Transgender rights in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ali_Fazeli_Monfared" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of Ali Fazeli Monfared">Murder of Ali Fazeli Monfared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tuysuz-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuysuz_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuysuz_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuysuz_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTuysuz2021" class="citation web cs1">Tuysuz, Gul (May 15, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/15/middleeast/alireza-fazeli-monfared-iran-death-intl/index.html">"A card exempted a gay man from serving in Iran's military. It may have cost him his life"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=A+card+exempted+a+gay+man+from+serving+in+Iran%27s+military.+It+may+have+cost+him+his+life&rft.date=2021-05-15&rft.aulast=Tuysuz&rft.aufirst=Gul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F05%2F15%2Fmiddleeast%2Falireza-fazeli-monfared-iran-death-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-BernoussiDupret2017" class="citation journal cs1">El-Bernoussi, Zaynab; Dupret, Baudouin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/hal-02624696/document">"Sex Reassignment"</a>. <i>Oxford Islamic Studies Online</i>: 2, 3 – via <a href="/wiki/HAL_Open_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="HAL Open Science">HAL Open Science</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft.atitle=Sex+Reassignment&rft.pages=2%2C+3&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=El-Bernoussi&rft.aufirst=Zaynab&rft.au=Dupret%2C+Baudouin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.science%2Fhal-02624696%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/518a19404.html">"Iran: Islamic Penal Code"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2021</span>. <q>Article 234: 'The hadd punishment for the receptive/passive party, in any case (whether or not he meets the conditions for ihsan) shall be the death penalty.' Article 236: 'If the active party is a non-Muslim and the passive party is a Muslim, the hadd punishment for the active party shall be the death penalty'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Islamic+Penal+Code&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F518a19404.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ind-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ind_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ind_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ind_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ind_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ind_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ind_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn_Penketh2008" class="citation news cs1">Ann Penketh (March 6, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/brutal-land-where-homosexuality-is-punishable-by-death-792057.html">"Brutal land where homosexuality is punishable by death"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Brutal+land+where+homosexuality+is+punishable+by+death&rft.date=2008-03-06&rft.au=Ann+Penketh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fbrutal-land-where-homosexuality-is-punishable-by-death-792057.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0809/23/lkl.01.html">"Interview with Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad"</a>. <i>Larry King Live</i>. CNN. September 23, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Larry+King+Live&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Iranian+President+Mahmoud+Ahmadinejad&rft.date=2008-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscripts.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0809%2F23%2Flkl.01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanning-Lover2017" class="citation news cs1">Banning-Lover, Rachel (March 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/mar/01/where-are-the-most-difficult-places-in-the-world-to-be-gay-or-transgender-lgbt">"Where are the most difficult places in the world to be gay or transgender?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Where+are+the+most+difficult+places+in+the+world+to+be+gay+or+transgender%3F&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.aulast=Banning-Lover&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development-professionals-network%2F2017%2Fmar%2F01%2Fwhere-are-the-most-difficult-places-in-the-world-to-be-gay-or-transgender-lgbt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinthal2020" class="citation news cs1">Weinthal, Benjamin (September 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/irans-regime-most-dangerous-country-for-gay-travelers-report-643340">"Iran is the most dangerous country for gay travelers - report"</a>. The Jerusalem Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran+is+the+most+dangerous+country+for+gay+travelers+-+report&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft.aulast=Weinthal&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Firans-regime-most-dangerous-country-for-gay-travelers-report-643340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/12/15/we-are-buried-generation/discrimination-and-violence-against-sexual-minorities">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We Are a Buried Generation' Discrimination and Violence against Sexual Minorities in Iran"</a>. Human Rights Watch. December 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27We+Are+a+Buried+Generation%27+Discrimination+and+Violence+against+Sexual+Minorities+in+Iran&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2010-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freport%2F2010%2F12%2F15%2Fwe-are-buried-generation%2Fdiscrimination-and-violence-against-sexual-minorities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113210906/https://outrightinternational.org/sites/default/files/Denied-Identity.pdf">"Denied Identity: Human Rights Abuses Against Iran's LGBT Community"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Iran Human Rights Documentation Center. November 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://outrightinternational.org/sites/default/files/Denied-Identity.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Denied+Identity%3A+Human+Rights+Abuses+Against+Iran%27s+LGBT+Community&rft.pub=Iran+Human+Rights+Documentation+Center&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foutrightinternational.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FDenied-Identity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncarnacion2017" class="citation news cs1">Encarnacion, Omar (February 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2017-02-13/trump-and-gay-rights?cid=nlc-fatoday-20170213&sp_mid=53412954&sp_rid=dmljdG9yLnN0ZXBpZW5AZ21haWwuY29tS0&spMailingID=53412954&spUserID=MjEwNDg3MDc2NzQ4S0&spJobID=1102227291&spReportId=MTEwMjIyNzI5MQS2">"Trump and Gay Rights: The Future of the Global Movement"</a>. Foreign Affairs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trump+and+Gay+Rights%3A+The+Future+of+the+Global+Movement&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft.aulast=Encarnacion&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F2017-02-13%2Ftrump-and-gay-rights%3Fcid%3Dnlc-fatoday-20170213%26sp_mid%3D53412954%26sp_rid%3DdmljdG9yLnN0ZXBpZW5AZ21haWwuY29tS0%26spMailingID%3D53412954%26spUserID%3DMjEwNDg3MDc2NzQ4S0%26spJobID%3D1102227291%26spReportId%3DMTEwMjIyNzI5MQS2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinthal2020" class="citation news cs1">Weinthal, Benjamin (June 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-executes-high-number-of-gays-says-german-intelligence-630751">"Iran executes 'high number' of gays, says German intelligence"</a>. The Jerusalem Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran+executes+%27high+number%27+of+gays%2C+says+German+intelligence&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft.aulast=Weinthal&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Firan-executes-high-number-of-gays-says-german-intelligence-630751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Parsi, Arsham (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43649271">"Iranian Queers and Laws: Fighting for Freedom of Expression"</a>. <i>Harvard International Review</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 53. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43649271">43649271</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+International+Review&rft.atitle=Iranian+Queers+and+Laws%3A+Fighting+for+Freedom+of+Expression&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=53&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43649271%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Parsi&rft.aufirst=Arsham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43649271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SexChange-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SexChange_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SexChange_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SexChange_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SexChange_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/iran-s-gay-plan-1.729253">"Iran's gay plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. August 26, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416140030/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/film/story/2008/08/26/f-homosexuality-iran-sex-change.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+gay+plan&rft.date=2008-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fentertainment%2Firan-s-gay-plan-1.729253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeidzadeh2014" class="citation web cs1">Saeidzadeh, Zara (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=5045547&fileOId=8895301">"The legality of sex change surgery and construction of transsexual identity in contemporary Iran"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a></i>. pp. 12, 13, 7, 18, 48, 49. Sociology of Law, Master's thesis on Social Studies of Gender</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lund+University&rft.atitle=The+legality+of+sex+change+surgery+and+construction+of+transsexual+identity+in+contemporary+Iran&rft.pages=12%2C+13%2C+7%2C+18%2C+48%2C+49&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Saeidzadeh&rft.aufirst=Zara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flup.lub.lu.se%2Fluur%2Fdownload%3Ffunc%3DdownloadFile%26recordOId%3D5045547%26fileOId%3D8895301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagamiRoudsariSadeghi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zagami, Samira E.; Roudsari, Robab L.; Sadeghi, Ramin (August 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brieflands.com/articles/ijpbs-69086.pdf">"Quality of Life After Sex Reassignment Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5812%2Fijpbs.69086">10.5812/ijpbs.69086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+J+Psychiatry+Behav+Sci&rft.atitle=Quality+of+Life+After+Sex+Reassignment+Surgery%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2019-08-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5812%2Fijpbs.69086&rft.aulast=Zagami&rft.aufirst=Samira+E.&rft.au=Roudsari%2C+Robab+L.&rft.au=Sadeghi%2C+Ramin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrieflands.com%2Farticles%2Fijpbs-69086.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZoroTenents-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZoroTenents_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErvad_Behramshah_Hormusji_Bharda1990" class="citation web cs1">Ervad Behramshah Hormusji Bharda (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tenets.zoroastrianism.com/vndimp33.html">"The Importance of Vendidad in the Zarathushti Religion"</a>. <i>tenets.zoroastrianism.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tenets.zoroastrianism.com&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Vendidad+in+the+Zarathushti+Religion&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Ervad+Behramshah+Hormusji+Bharda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftenets.zoroastrianism.com%2Fvndimp33.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frashogard-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frashogard_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErvad_Marzban_Hathiram" class="citation web cs1">Ervad Marzban Hathiram. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frashogard.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/the-vendidad-part-3.pdf">"Significance and Philosophy of the Vendidad"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>frashogard.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=frashogard.com&rft.atitle=Significance+and+Philosophy+of+the+Vendidad&rft.au=Ervad+Marzban+Hathiram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frashogard.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2007%2F09%2Fthe-vendidad-part-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HI-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HI_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/ranghaya/index.htm">"Ranghaya, Sixteenth Vendidad Nation & Western Aryan Lands"</a>. <i>heritageinstitute.com</i>. Heritage Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heritageinstitute.com&rft.atitle=Ranghaya%2C+Sixteenth+Vendidad+Nation+%26+Western+Aryan+Lands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritageinstitute.com%2Fzoroastrianism%2Franghaya%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mercury_Biography-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mercury_Biography_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Lesley-Ann (October 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJOPWGEUEZ4C&pg=PT28"><i>Freddie Mercury: The Definitive Biography: The Definitive Biography</i></a>. Hachette UK, 2011. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444733709" title="Special:BookSources/9781444733709"><bdi>9781444733709</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freddie+Mercury%3A+The+Definitive+Biography%3A+The+Definitive+Biography&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Hachette+UK%2C+2011&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft.isbn=9781444733709&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Lesley-Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVJOPWGEUEZ4C%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sacred_Books_of_the_East-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sacred_Books_of_the_East_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarmesteter1898" class="citation book cs1">Darmesteter, James (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/vendidad/vd8sbe.htm"><i>Sacred Books of the East</i></a> (American ed.). Vd 8:32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2015</span>. <q>(...) Ahura Mazda answered: 'The man that lies with mankind as man lies with womankind, or as woman lies with mankind, is the man that is a Daeva; this one is the man that is a worshipper of the Daevas, that is a male paramour of the Daevas, that is a female paramour of the Daevas, that is a wife to the Daeva; this is the man that is as bad as a Daeva, that is in his whole being a Daeva; this is the man that is a Daeva before he dies, and becomes one of the unseen Daevas after death: so is he, whether he has lain with mankind as mankind, or as womankind. The guilty may be killed by any one, without an order from the Dastur (see § 74 n.), and by this execution an ordinary capital crime may be redeemed. (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Books+of+the+East&rft.place=Vd+8%3A32&rft.edition=American&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Darmesteter&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avesta.org%2Fvendidad%2Fvd8sbe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004071033/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/mid_e_lit_persian.html">">> literature >> Middle Eastern Literature: Persian"</a>. glbtq. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtq.com/literature/mid_e_lit_persian.html">the original</a> on October 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3E%3E+literature+%3E%3E+Middle+Eastern+Literature%3A+Persian&rft.pub=glbtq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glbtq.com%2Fliterature%2Fmid_e_lit_persian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiukkonen" class="citation web cs1">Liukkonen, Petri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530014707/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/sadi.htm">"Sa'di"</a>. <i>Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi)</i>. Finland: <a href="/wiki/Kuusankoski" title="Kuusankoski">Kuusankoski</a> Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/sadi.htm">the original</a> on May 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Books+and+Writers+%28kirjasto.sci.fi%29&rft.atitle=Sa%27di&rft.aulast=Liukkonen&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirjasto.sci.fi%2Fsadi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaycitynews.com-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gaycitynews.com_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723203632/http://gaycitynews.com/gcn_432/iraniansourcesquestion.html">"Iranian Sources Question Rape Charges in Teen Executions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaycitynews.com/gcn_432/iraniansourcesquestion.html">the original</a> on July 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iranian+Sources+Question+Rape+Charges+in+Teen+Executions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaycitynews.com%2Fgcn_432%2Firaniansourcesquestion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.voanews.com/amp/prince-reza-pahlavi-lgbt-iran/7352697.html">"شاهزاده رضا پهلوی: اقلیت‌های جنسی و جنسیتی در ایران پیش از «رژیم ملاها» آزادی داشتند"</a> [Prince Reza Pahlavi: Sexual and gender minorities in Iran had freedom before the “Mullah regime.”]. <i>ir.voanews.com</i> (in Persian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241004014837/https://ir.voanews.com/amp/prince-reza-pahlavi-lgbt-iran/7352697.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ir.voanews.com&rft.atitle=%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87+%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7+%D9%BE%D9%87%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%3A+%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C+%D9%88+%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4+%D8%A7%D8%B2+%C2%AB%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%85+%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%C2%BB+%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.voanews.com%2Famp%2Fprince-reza-pahlavi-lgbt-iran%2F7352697.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/04/obituaries/ayatollah-ruhollah-khomeini-89-the-unwavering-iranian-spiritual-leader.html?pagewanted=all">"Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, 89, the Unwavering Iranian Spiritual Leader"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ayatollah+Ruhollah+Khomeini%2C+89%2C+the+Unwavering+Iranian+Spiritual+Leader&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F06%2F04%2Fobituaries%2Fayatollah-ruhollah-khomeini-89-the-unwavering-iranian-spiritual-leader.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/10/07/archives/an-interview-with-khomeini.html">"An Interview With KHOMEINI"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. October 7, 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Interview+With+KHOMEINI&rft.date=1979-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F10%2F07%2Farchives%2Fan-interview-with-khomeini.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/28/world/leading-dissident-writer-in-iran-dies-after-8-months-in-detention.html">"Leading Dissident Writer in Iran Dies After 8 Months in Detention"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. November 28, 1994<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leading+Dissident+Writer+in+Iran+Dies+After+8+Months+in+Detention&rft.date=1994-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F11%2F28%2Fworld%2Fleading-dissident-writer-in-iran-dies-after-8-months-in-detention.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wionews.com/world/iran-gay-couple-sentenced-to-death-for-adultery-after-family-demanded-execution-427557">"Iran: Gay couple sentenced to death for adultery after family demanded execution"</a>. <i>WION</i>. November 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WION&rft.atitle=Iran%3A+Gay+couple+sentenced+to+death+for+adultery+after+family+demanded+execution&rft.date=2021-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wionews.com%2Fworld%2Firan-gay-couple-sentenced-to-death-for-adultery-after-family-demanded-execution-427557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/irans-regime-sentences-couple-to-death-for-adultery-684321">"Couple in Iran sentenced to death for adultery"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%26%23124%3B+Jpost.com&rft.atitle=Couple+in+Iran+sentenced+to+death+for+adultery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Firan-news%2Firans-regime-sentences-couple-to-death-for-adultery-684321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/518a19404.html">"Refworld | Iran: Islamic Penal Code"</a>. <i>Refworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%7C+Iran%3A+Islamic+Penal+Code&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F518a19404.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/wikileaks-files/london-wikileaks/8305064/IRAN-UK-GRANTS-ASYLUM-TO-VICTIM-OF-TEHRAN-PERSECUTION-OF-GAYS-CITING-PUBLICITY.html">"Iran: Uk Grants Asylum To Victim Of Tehran Persecution Of Gays, Citing Publicity"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. February 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Iran%3A+Uk+Grants+Asylum+To+Victim+Of+Tehran+Persecution+Of+Gays%2C+Citing+Publicity&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwikileaks-files%2Flondon-wikileaks%2F8305064%2FIRAN-UK-GRANTS-ASYLUM-TO-VICTIM-OF-TEHRAN-PERSECUTION-OF-GAYS-CITING-PUBLICITY.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foreignaffairstrumpandgayrights-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foreignaffairstrumpandgayrights_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncarnación2017" class="citation news cs1">Encarnación, Omar G. (February 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2017-02-13/trump-and-gay-rights?cid=nlc-fatoday-20170213&sp_mid=53412954&sp_rid=dmljdG9yLnN0ZXBpZW5AZ21haWwuY29tS0">"Trump and Gay Rights: The Future of the Global Movement"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Amnesty International reports that some 5,000 gays and lesbians have been executed in Iran since the 1979 Iranian Revolution, including two gay men executed in 2014, both hanged for engaging in consensual homosexual relations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Trump+and+Gay+Rights%3A+The+Future+of+the+Global+Movement&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft.aulast=Encarnaci%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Omar+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F2017-02-13%2Ftrump-and-gay-rights%3Fcid%3Dnlc-fatoday-20170213%26sp_mid%3D53412954%26sp_rid%3DdmljdG9yLnN0ZXBpZW5AZ21haWwuY29tS0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span>  – via Foreign Affairs <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029022121/http://www.abfiran.org/english/memorial.php">"The Boroumand Foundation"</a>. Abfiran.org. December 10, 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abfiran.org/english/memorial.php">the original</a> on October 29, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Boroumand+Foundation&rft.pub=Abfiran.org&rft.date=1998-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abfiran.org%2Fenglish%2Fmemorial.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080424114804/http://www.abfiran.org/english/memorial-search.php?do_search=Search&charges=1778515990&pagenum=0">"Search the Iran Human Rights Memorial, Omid – Boroumand Foundation for Human Rights in Iran"</a>. Abfiran.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abfiran.org/english/memorial-search.php?do_search=Search&charges=1778515990&pagenum=0">the original</a> on April 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+the+Iran+Human+Rights+Memorial%2C+Omid+%E2%80%93+Boroumand+Foundation+for+Human+Rights+in+Iran&rft.pub=Abfiran.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abfiran.org%2Fenglish%2Fmemorial-search.php%3Fdo_search%3DSearch%26charges%3D1778515990%26pagenum%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109220143/http://www.abfiran.org/english/person-12694.php">"Un-named person (male) – Promoting Human Rights in Iran"</a>. Abfiran.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abfiran.org/english/person-12694.php">the original</a> on November 9, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Un-named+person+%28male%29+%E2%80%93+Promoting+Human+Rights+in+Iran&rft.pub=Abfiran.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abfiran.org%2Fenglish%2Fperson-12694.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071115231936/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article2859606.ece">Gays should be hanged, says Iranian minister</a>; <i>The Times</i>, November 13, 2007; Retrieved on April 1, 2008<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-62793573">"Iran sentences two LGBT activists to death"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Iran+sentences+two+LGBT+activists+to+death&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-62793573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/eu-condemns-death-sentences-two-women-iran-2022-09-13/">"EU condemns death sentences for two women in Iran"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. September 13, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=EU+condemns+death+sentences+for+two+women+in+Iran&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Feu-condemns-death-sentences-two-women-iran-2022-09-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2005/11/21/iran-two-more-executions-homosexual-conduct">"Iran: Two More Executions for Homosexual Conduct"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. November 21, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Two+More+Executions+for+Homosexual+Conduct&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2005-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2005%2F11%2F21%2Firan-two-more-executions-homosexual-conduct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-iran-crime-dubai-united-arab-emirates-e3d7108441665c40982329f26ff07fc9">"Rights group: Iran executes 2 gay men over sodomy charges"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. February 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Rights+group%3A+Iran+executes+2+gay+men+over+sodomy+charges&rft.date=2022-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fmiddle-east-iran-crime-dubai-united-arab-emirates-e3d7108441665c40982329f26ff07fc9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indymedia.be/index.html%3Fq=node%252F25698.html">"Petition for the Lives of Two Iranian Gay Guys: Hamzeh and Loghman, at Risk of Death Sentence"</a>. indymedia.be. January 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Petition+for+the+Lives+of+Two+Iranian+Gay+Guys%3A+Hamzeh+and+Loghman%2C+at+Risk+of+Death+Sentence&rft.date=2008-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indymedia.be%2Findex.html%253Fq%3Dnode%25252F25698.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110414062406/http://ukgaynews.org.uk/Archive/07/May/1404.htm">"More Than Eighty 'Gay' Men Arrested at Birthday Party in Isfahan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Advocate (LGBT magazine)">The Advocate</a></i>. ukgaynews.org.uk. May 14, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukgaynews.org.uk/Archive/07/May/1404.htm">the original</a> on April 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advocate&rft.atitle=More+Than+Eighty+%27Gay%27+Men+Arrested+at+Birthday+Party+in+Isfahan&rft.date=2007-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukgaynews.org.uk%2FArchive%2F07%2FMay%2F1404.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGUSA20070521002&lang=e">Amnesty International press release</a>, May 17, 2007. Retrieved September 20, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221020707/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGUSA20070521002&lang=e">Archived</a> February 21, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irqr.net/">Photos of Isfahan men beaten by police</a>, Iranian Queer Organization. Retrieved September 20, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081113074059/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/03/28/iran18385.htm">"Iran: Private Homes Raided for 'Immorality'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Human Rights Watch. March 28, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/03/28/iran18385.htm">the original</a> on November 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Private+Homes+Raided+for+%27Immorality%27&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2008-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs%2F2008%2F03%2F28%2Firan18385.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jerusalempostshotsfired-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jerusalempostshotsfired_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinthal2017" class="citation news cs1">Weinthal, Benjamin (April 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Shots-fired-as-Iran-arrests-over-30-gay-men-in-violent-raid-488419">"SHOTS FIRED AS IRAN ARRESTS OVER 30 GAY MEN IN VIOLENT RAID"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=SHOTS+FIRED+AS+IRAN+ARRESTS+OVER+30+GAY+MEN+IN+VIOLENT+RAID&rft.date=2017-04-20&rft.aulast=Weinthal&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FMiddle-East%2FShots-fired-as-Iran-arrests-over-30-gay-men-in-violent-raid-488419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cultureofiran.com-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cultureofiran.com_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cultureofiran.com_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030201202558/http://www.cultureofiran.com/Patriarchy.php">"Culture of Iran"</a>. February 1, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultureofiran.com/Patriarchy.php">the original</a> on February 1, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culture+of+Iran&rft.date=2003-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cultureofiran.com%2FPatriarchy.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiburonfilmfestival.com/filmInfo.php?film_id=4564">"The Color of Love (Range Eshgh)"</a>. Tiburon International Film Festival. March 26, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Color+of+Love+%28Range+Eshgh%29&rft.pub=Tiburon+International+Film+Festival&rft.date=2007-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiburonfilmfestival.com%2FfilmInfo.php%3Ffilm_id%3D4564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFozoole_Mahaleh2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fozoole Mahaleh (December 5, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fozoolemahaleh.com/2010/12/05/هم-جنس-بازی-دلبستگی-دو-انسان-و-طبیعی-است"><bdi lang="fa">آیا هم جنس گرایی، یک بیماری است و یا یک نوع علاقه و دلبستگی میان دو انسان؟</bdi></a> [Is homosexuality a disease or a kind of interest and attachment between two people?] (in Persian). FozooleMahaleh.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%A7+%D9%87%D9%85+%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3+%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%8C+%DB%8C%DA%A9+%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA+%D9%88+%DB%8C%D8%A7+%DB%8C%DA%A9+%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9+%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C+%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AF%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%9F&rft.pub=FozooleMahaleh.com&rft.date=2010-12-05&rft.au=Fozoole+Mahaleh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fozoolemahaleh.com%2F2010%2F12%2F05%2F%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsi2007" class="citation web cs1">Parsi, Arsham (September 7, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gayrepublic.org/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1787&lead=1">"Interview with Iranian Gay Couple"</a>. Gay Republic Daily<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Iranian+Gay+Couple&rft.pub=Gay+Republic+Daily&rft.date=2007-09-07&rft.aulast=Parsi&rft.aufirst=Arsham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgayrepublic.org%2Findex.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D1787%26lead%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeidzadeh2014" class="citation web cs1">Saeidzadeh, Zara (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117064353/http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=5045547&fileOId=5045582">"The Legality of Sex Change Surgery and Construction of Transsexual Identity in Contemporary Iran"</a>. Lund University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=5045547&fileOId=5045582">the original</a> on November 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Legality+of+Sex+Change+Surgery+and+Construction+of+Transsexual+Identity+in+Contemporary+Iran&rft.pub=Lund+University&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Saeidzadeh&rft.aufirst=Zara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flup.lub.lu.se%2Fluur%2Fdownload%3Ffunc%3DdownloadFile%26recordOId%3D5045547%26fileOId%3D5045582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarford2008" class="citation news cs1">Barford, Vanessa (February 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7259057.stm">"Iran's 'diagnosed transsexuals'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229004936/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7259057.stm">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+%27diagnosed+transsexuals%27&rft.date=2008-02-25&rft.aulast=Barford&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F7259057.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/iran-s-gay-plan-1.729253">"Film – Iran's gay plan"</a>. CBC News. August 26, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100222091444/http://www.cbc.ca/arts/film/story/2008/08/26/f-homosexuality-iran-sex-change.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Film+%E2%80%93+Iran%27s+gay+plan&rft.date=2008-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fentertainment%2Firan-s-gay-plan-1.729253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlizekRuby_Ramji2008" class="citation journal cs1">Blizek, William L.; Ruby Ramji (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080210040115/http://www.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol12no1/sundance_2008.htm">"Report from Sundance 2008: Religion in Independent Film"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Religion_and_Film" title="Journal of Religion and Film">Journal of Religion and Film</a></i>. <b>12</b> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol12no1/sundance_2008.htm#be">the original</a> on February 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Film&rft.atitle=Report+from+Sundance+2008%3A+Religion+in+Independent+Film&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Blizek&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft.au=Ruby+Ramji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unomaha.edu%2Fjrf%2Fvol12no1%2Fsundance_2008.htm%23be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeidzadeh2020" class="citation journal cs1">Saeidzadeh, Zara (April 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09589236.2019.1635439">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Are trans men the manliest of men?" Gender practices, trans masculinity and mardānegī in contemporary Iran"</a>. <i>Journal of Gender Studies</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 295–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09589236.2019.1635439">10.1080/09589236.2019.1635439</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0958-9236">0958-9236</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199145725">199145725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Gender+Studies&rft.atitle=%22Are+trans+men+the+manliest+of+men%3F%22+Gender+practices%2C+trans+masculinity+and+mard%C4%81neg%C4%AB+in+contemporary+Iran&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=295-309&rft.date=2020-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199145725%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0958-9236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09589236.2019.1635439&rft.aulast=Saeidzadeh&rft.aufirst=Zara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09589236.2019.1635439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Book on homosexuality ordered off shelves". Iran News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Book+on+homosexuality+ordered+off+shelves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090408045630/http://globalgayz.com/iran-news97-04.html">"Gay Iran News & Reports 1997-2004"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalgayz.com/iran-news97-04.html#article8">the original</a> on April 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gay+Iran+News+%26+Reports+1997-2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalgayz.com%2Firan-news97-04.html%23article8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-globalgayz.com-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-globalgayz.com_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globalgayz.com_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globalgayz.com_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090314002508/http://www.globalgayz.com/iran-news07-02.html">"Gay Iran News and Reports Jun-Dec 2007"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalgayz.com/iran-news07-02.html#article7">the original</a> on March 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gay+Iran+News+and+Reports+Jun-Dec+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalgayz.com%2Firan-news07-02.html%23article7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/man-allegedly-beheaded-family-being-gay-iran-1590822">"Who Was Ali Fazeli Monfared? Man Allegedly Beheaded by His Family for Being Gay"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. May 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Who+Was+Ali+Fazeli+Monfared%3F+Man+Allegedly+Beheaded+by+His+Family+for+Being+Gay&rft.date=2021-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fman-allegedly-beheaded-family-being-gay-iran-1590822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran-e-sabz.org/program/program.html#equal%20rights">"Green Party of Iran Platform"</a>. Green Party of Iran<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Green+Party+of+Iran+Platform&rft.pub=Green+Party+of+Iran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iran-e-sabz.org%2Fprogram%2Fprogram.html%23equal%2520rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100224072700/http://www.wpiran.org/English/english.htm">"Worker-communist Party of Iran"</a>. Wpiran.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpiran.org/English/english.htm">the original</a> on February 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worker-communist+Party+of+Iran&rft.pub=Wpiran.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wpiran.org%2FEnglish%2Fenglish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090408045630/http://globalgayz.com/iran-news97-04.html">"Gay Iran News & Reports 1997-2004"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalgayz.com/iran-news97-04.html#article1">the original</a> on April 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gay+Iran+News+%26+Reports+1997-2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalgayz.com%2Firan-news97-04.html%23article1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317042859/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mu_tiFZjNQY">"Broadcast Yourself"</a>. YouTube. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mu_tiFZjNQY">the original</a> on March 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Broadcast+Yourself&rft.pub=YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DMu_tiFZjNQY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNell_Frizzell2009" class="citation news cs1">Nell Frizzell (June 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2009/06/19/president-of-iran-admits-gays-do-exist-in-his-country-as-700-strong-crowd-protests-in-london/">"President of Iran admits gays do exist in his country as 700-strong crowd protests in London"</a>. <i>Pink News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pink+News&rft.atitle=President+of+Iran+admits+gays+do+exist+in+his+country+as+700-strong+crowd+protests+in+London&rft.date=2009-06-19&rft.au=Nell+Frizzell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinknews.co.uk%2F2009%2F06%2F19%2Fpresident-of-iran-admits-gays-do-exist-in-his-country-as-700-strong-crowd-protests-in-london%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2017" class="citation news cs1">Morgan, Michaela (July 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/sexuality/agenda/article/2017/07/28/lgbt-iranians-are-set-celebrate-pride-secret-rainbow-friday">"LGBT+ Iranians are set to celebrate Pride in secret with 'Rainbow Friday'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>SBS</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SBS&rft.atitle=LGBT%2B+Iranians+are+set+to+celebrate+Pride+in+secret+with+%27Rainbow+Friday%27&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Michaela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Ftopics%2Fsexuality%2Fagenda%2Farticle%2F2017%2F07%2F28%2Flgbt-iranians-are-set-celebrate-pride-secret-rainbow-friday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.at5.nl/artikelen/185109/prijswinnaars-canal-parade-bekend-iraanse-boot-wint-publieksprijs">"Prijswinnaars Canal Parade bekend, Iraanse boot wint publieksprijs"</a> (in Dutch). AT5. August 5, 2018. <q>De Iraanse boot heeft de publieksprijs van de Canal Parade gewonnen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prijswinnaars+Canal+Parade+bekend%2C+Iraanse+boot+wint+publieksprijs&rft.date=2018-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.at5.nl%2Fartikelen%2F185109%2Fprijswinnaars-canal-parade-bekend-iraanse-boot-wint-publieksprijs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolwijn2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bolwijn, Marjon (August 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/-iedereen-mag-zijn-wie-hij-wil-zijn-tijdens-de-canal-parade~b1d00898/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Iedereen mag zijn wie hij wil zijn' tijdens de Canal Parade"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Volkskrant" title="De Volkskrant">de Volkskrant</a></i> (in Dutch). <q>Hun (Iraaniers) opvallend ingetogen blauw gekleurde boot won de publieksprijs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=de+Volkskrant&rft.atitle=%27Iedereen+mag+zijn+wie+hij+wil+zijn%27+tijdens+de+Canal+Parade&rft.date=2018-08-05&rft.aulast=Bolwijn&rft.aufirst=Marjon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.volkskrant.nl%2Fnieuws-achtergrond%2F-iedereen-mag-zijn-wie-hij-wil-zijn-tijdens-de-canal-parade~b1d00898%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iran.outrightinternational.org/publication/yusefandfarhad/">"رمان مصور یوسف و فرهاد"</a> [Visual Romance Yusuf and Farhad]. <i><a href="/wiki/OutRight_Action_International" title="OutRight Action International">OutRight Action International</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303212416/https://iran.outrightinternational.org/publication/yusefandfarhad/">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OutRight+Action+International&rft.atitle=%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1+%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81+%D9%88+%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firan.outrightinternational.org%2Fpublication%2Fyusefandfarhad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-commondreams.org-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-commondreams.org_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-commondreams.org_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-commondreams.org_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090314034821/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0414-03.htm">"Iran's AIDS-prevention Program Among World's Most Progressive"</a>. Commondreams.org. April 14, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0414-03.htm">the original</a> on March 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+AIDS-prevention+Program+Among+World%27s+Most+Progressive&rft.pub=Commondreams.org&rft.date=2006-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commondreams.org%2Fheadlines06%2F0414-03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709184925/https://www.unicef.org/iran/hiv_aids_2029.html">"Celebrity Football Match Launches Global Campaign in Iran"</a>. UNICEF. December 5, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/iran/hiv_aids_2029.html">the original</a> on July 9, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrity+Football+Match+Launches+Global+Campaign+in+Iran&rft.pub=UNICEF&rft.date=2005-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Firan%2Fhiv_aids_2029.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112180945/http://hotzone.yahoo.com/b/hotzone/blogs2212">"Kevin Sites in the Hot Zone – Video – Yahoo! News"</a>. Hotzone.yahoo.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hotzone.yahoo.com/b/hotzone/blogs2212">the original</a> on January 12, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kevin+Sites+in+the+Hot+Zone+%E2%80%93+Video+%E2%80%93+Yahoo%21+News&rft.pub=Hotzone.yahoo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhotzone.yahoo.com%2Fb%2Fhotzone%2Fblogs2212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Amon2008" class="citation web cs1">Joe Amon (July 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/07/20/iran-release-detained-hivaids-experts">"Iran: Release Detained HIV/AIDS Experts"</a>. Human Rights Watch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Release+Detained+HIV%2FAIDS+Experts&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2008-07-20&rft.au=Joe+Amon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2008%2F07%2F20%2Firan-release-detained-hivaids-experts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranfreethedocs.org">"Freed!"</a>. Physicians for Human Rights.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freed%21&rft.pub=Physicians+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranfreethedocs.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Link is to blog home page; the specifics are probably in a blog posting here (August 2015)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebody.com/content/art49072.html">"Iran Reports 30 Percent Rise in HIV Infection on 2007"</a>. The Body. Agence France Presse. October 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran+Reports+30+Percent+Rise+in+HIV+Infection+on+2007&rft.date=2008-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebody.com%2Fcontent%2Fart49072.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090817225842/http://www.internationalreportingproject.org/stories/detail/574/">"Stories – Iran tackles AIDS head-on — International Reporting Project"</a>. International Reporting Project. December 31, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalreportingproject.org/stories/detail/574/">the original</a> on August 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stories+%E2%80%93+Iran+tackles+AIDS+head-on+%E2%80%94+International+Reporting+Project&rft.pub=International+Reporting+Project&rft.date=2004-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalreportingproject.org%2Fstories%2Fdetail%2F574%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAḥmadī2021" class="citation book cs1">Aḥmadī, Kāmīl (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1289179482"><i>The forbidden tale : a comprehensive research on LGBT in Iran</i></a>. Marziye Nekookar, Samaneh Maddah, Mohammad Hosseini. Avaye Buf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-93926-90-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-93926-90-5"><bdi>978-87-93926-90-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1289179482">1289179482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+forbidden+tale+%3A+a+comprehensive+research+on+LGBT+in+Iran&rft.pub=Avaye+Buf&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1289179482&rft.isbn=978-87-93926-90-5&rft.aulast=A%E1%B8%A5mad%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=K%C4%81m%C4%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1289179482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402163831/http://www.hri.ca/fortherecord2003/documentation/tbodies/cat-c-30-d-190-2001.htm">"The Universal Periodic Review"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hri.ca/archives/">the original</a> on April 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Universal+Periodic+Review&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhri.ca%2Farchives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/10/19/nether14428.htm">Netherlands: Asylum Rights Granted to Lesbian and Gay Iranians</a>; October 26, 2006. Retrieved August 13, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081112025806/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/10/19/nether14428.htm">Archived</a> November 12, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181021112348/http://www.everyonegroup.com/EveryOne/MainPage/Entries/2010/6/18_Refugees._EveryOne_Group__Kiana_Firouz,_has_been_granted_permission_to_remain_in_the_UK.html">"Refugees. EveryOne Group: Kiana Firouz, has been granted permission to remain in the UK"</a>. Everyonegroup.com. June 18, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyonegroup.com/EveryOne/MainPage/Entries/2010/6/18_Refugees._EveryOne_Group__Kiana_Firouz,_has_been_granted_permission_to_remain_in_the_UK.html">the original</a> on October 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refugees.+EveryOne+Group%3A+Kiana+Firouz%2C+has+been+granted+permission+to+remain+in+the+UK&rft.pub=Everyonegroup.com&rft.date=2010-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.everyonegroup.com%2FEveryOne%2FMainPage%2FEntries%2F2010%2F6%2F18_Refugees._EveryOne_Group__Kiana_Firouz%2C_has_been_granted_permission_to_remain_in_the_UK.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanning2008" class="citation web cs1">Canning, Paul (April 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madikazemi.blogspot.com/2008/04/mehdi-kazemi-on-his-way-back-dutch-we.html">"Mehdi Kazemi: On his way back : Dutch "We have confidence in a good outcome"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. LGBT Asylum News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mehdi+Kazemi%3A+On+his+way+back+%3A+Dutch+%22We+have+confidence+in+a+good+outcome%22&rft.pub=LGBT+Asylum+News&rft.date=2008-04-03&rft.aulast=Canning&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmadikazemi.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F04%2Fmehdi-kazemi-on-his-way-back-dutch-we.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mashreghnews.ir/amp/144874/"><bdi lang="fa">آشنایی با ابعاد آشکار و پنهان ترویج همجنس بازی در جهان</bdi></a> [Understanding the Evident and Hidden Dimensions of the Promotion of Homophilia in the World]. <i>Mashregh News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mashregh+News&rft.atitle=%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF+%D8%A2%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%88+%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AC+%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mashreghnews.ir%2Famp%2F144874%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/ahmadinejad-says-comments-about-gays-were-misunderstood/">"Ahmadinejad Says Comments About Gays Were Misunderstood"</a>. Fox News. October 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ahmadinejad+Says+Comments+About+Gays+Were+Misunderstood&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2007-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fahmadinejad-says-comments-about-gays-were-misunderstood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamali_Dehghan2013" class="citation news cs1">Kamali Dehghan, Saeed (March 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/iran-blog/2013/mar/14/iran-official-homosexuality-illness">"Iranian human rights official describes homosexuality as an illness"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Iranian+human+rights+official+describes+homosexuality+as+an+illness&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.aulast=Kamali+Dehghan&rft.aufirst=Saeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Firan-blog%2F2013%2Fmar%2F14%2Firan-official-homosexuality-illness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.farsnews.ir/en/news/13930520001541">"Judiciary Chief Refutes Claims on Iran Executing Homosexuals as Sheer Lie"</a>. <i>Fars News Agency</i>. August 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fars+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Judiciary+Chief+Refutes+Claims+on+Iran+Executing+Homosexuals+as+Sheer+Lie&rft.date=2014-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.farsnews.ir%2Fen%2Fnews%2F13930520001541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Irans-FM-affirms-right-to-execute-gays-and-blasts-US-and-Israel-592055">"Iran's FM affirms right to execute gays and blasts U.S. and Israel - Middle East"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+FM+affirms+right+to+execute+gays+and+blasts+U.S.+and+Israel+-+Middle+East&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FMiddle-East%2FIrans-FM-affirms-right-to-execute-gays-and-blasts-US-and-Israel-592055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2019" class="citation news cs1">McKay, Hollie (June 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/javad-zarif-paul-ronzheimer-iran-death-penalty-homosexuals">"Openly gay reporter presses Iran's top diplomat on death penalty for homosexuals"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Openly+gay+reporter+presses+Iran%27s+top+diplomat+on+death+penalty+for+homosexuals&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Hollie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fjavad-zarif-paul-ronzheimer-iran-death-penalty-homosexuals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2019" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Alistair (June 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/iran-defends-execution-of-gay-people/a-49144899">"Iran defends execution of gay people"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Iran+defends+execution+of+gay+people&rft.date=2019-06-12&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Firan-defends-execution-of-gay-people%2Fa-49144899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarford2008" class="citation news cs1">Barford, Vanessa (February 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7259057.stm">"Iran's 'diagnosed transsexuals'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080229004936/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7259057.stm">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+%27diagnosed+transsexuals%27&rft.date=2008-02-25&rft.aulast=Barford&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F7259057.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefilmcollaborative.org/films/facingmirrors">"FACING MIRRORS"</a>. <i>thefilmcollaborative</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=thefilmcollaborative&rft.atitle=FACING+MIRRORS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefilmcollaborative.org%2Ffilms%2Ffacingmirrors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929081016/https://www.queerbee.org/programs/i-dont-like-hermov">"I Don't Like Her"</a>. <i>QueerBee Films</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.queerbee.org/programs/i-dont-like-hermov">the original</a> on September 29, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QueerBee+Films&rft.atitle=I+Don%27t+Like+Her&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.queerbee.org%2Fprograms%2Fi-dont-like-hermov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qfestnj.org/categories/short-film/">"I DON'T LIKE HER (Iran) – Directed by Javad daraei"</a>. <i>qfest</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=qfest&rft.atitle=I+DON%27T+LIKE+HER+%28Iran%29+%E2%80%93+Directed+by+Javad+daraei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqfestnj.org%2Fcategories%2Fshort-film%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norden.org/en/nominee/opponent-sweden">"Opponent"</a>. <i>Ape&Bjørn, Tangy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ape%26Bj%C3%B8rn%2C+Tangy&rft.atitle=Opponent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.norden.org%2Fen%2Fnominee%2Fopponent-sweden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120910184018/http://www.southtexasundergroundfilm.com/lgbt/">"LGBT"</a>. South Texas Underground Film. September 24, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southtexasundergroundfilm.com/lgbt/">the original</a> on September 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LGBT&rft.pub=South+Texas+Underground+Film&rft.date=2011-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southtexasundergroundfilm.com%2Flgbt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.traileraddict.com/iranian-gay-seeking-asylum/short-film">"Iranian, Gay & Seeking Asylum (2009) - Short Film"</a>. <i>Trailer Addict</i>. April 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trailer+Addict&rft.atitle=Iranian%2C+Gay+%26+Seeking+Asylum+%282009%29+-+Short+Film&rft.date=2011-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.traileraddict.com%2Firanian-gay-seeking-asylum%2Fshort-film&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRAN_2017_HUMAN_RIGHTS_REPORT-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IRAN_2017_HUMAN_RIGHTS_REPORT_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRAN_2017_HUMAN_RIGHTS_REPORT_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420184105/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/277485.pdf">"IRAN 2017 HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/277485.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IRAN+2017+HUMAN+RIGHTS+REPORT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F277485.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/gay-iranian-man-dead-alleged-honor-killing-rights-group-says-n1266995">"Gay Iranian man dead in alleged 'honor killing,' rights group says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i>. May 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Gay+Iranian+man+dead+in+alleged+%27honor+killing%2C%27+rights+group+says&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Ffeature%2Fnbc-out%2Fgay-iranian-man-dead-alleged-honor-killing-rights-group-says-n1266995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-justice-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-justice_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-justice_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303040119/https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/pages/attachments/2015/12/07/irn104809.e.pdf">"Iran: Military service, including recruitment age, length of service, reasons for exemption, the possibility of performing a replacement service and the treatment of people who refuse military service by authorities; whether there are sanctions against conscientious objectors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United States Department of Justice</i>. March 28, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/pages/attachments/2015/12/07/irn104809.e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Iran%3A+Military+service%2C+including+recruitment+age%2C+length+of+service%2C+reasons+for+exemption%2C+the+possibility+of+performing+a+replacement+service+and+the+treatment+of+people+who+refuse+military+service+by+authorities%3B+whether+there+are+sanctions+against+conscientious+objectors&rft.date=2014-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpages%2Fattachments%2F2015%2F12%2F07%2Firn104809.e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuitoo2020" class="citation book cs1">Guitoo, Arash (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/9783956507427/die-geschichte-der-mann-maennlichen-begierde-in-iran-von-der-vormoderne-bis-heute"><i>Die Geschichte der mann-männlichen Begierde in Iran von der Vormoderne bis heute</i></a>. Ergon-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F9783956507427">10.5771/9783956507427</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95650-741-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95650-741-0"><bdi>978-3-95650-741-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226752156">226752156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Geschichte+der+mann-m%C3%A4nnlichen+Begierde+in+Iran+von+der+Vormoderne+bis+heute&rft.pub=Ergon-Verlag&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226752156%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5771%2F9783956507427&rft.isbn=978-3-95650-741-0&rft.aulast=Guitoo&rft.aufirst=Arash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomos-elibrary.de%2F10.5771%2F9783956507427%2Fdie-geschichte-der-mann-maennlichen-begierde-in-iran-von-der-vormoderne-bis-heute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_saf"><b><a href="#ref_saf">^</a></b></span> Safra Project <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916211211/http://www.safraproject.org/Reports/SP_Country_Information_Report_Iran.pdf">Country Information Report Iran</a>. 2004 report, and consider UNHCR report underestimate the pressure. Mentions gender diversity on pp, 15.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710224753/http://www.faryadmagazine.com/humanity_gay_rights.html">The Secret World of Iran's Gay and Lesbian community</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/gay-rights-iran_n_1579292">"LGBT Activists Gather For Rare Show Of Public Pride In Iran (PHOTOS)"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. December 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=LGBT+Activists+Gather+For+Rare+Show+Of+Public+Pride+In+Iran+%28PHOTOS%29&rft.date=2017-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fgay-rights-iran_n_1579292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/homosexuality">"Homosexuality"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. April 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Homosexuality&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhomosexuality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALGBTQ+rights+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran_topics" title="Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran_topics" title="Template talk:Iran topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Prehistory"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistory</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">3400–539 BC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes <span class="nowrap">culture (3400–2000 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite <span class="nowrap">civilization (3100–2700 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite <span class="nowrap">dynasties (2700–540 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian <span class="nowrap">Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi <span class="nowrap">(c.2300–675 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites <span class="nowrap">(c.1595–c.1155 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Mannai (10th–7th century BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian <span class="nowrap">Empire (911–609 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu <span class="nowrap">(860 BC–590 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median <span class="nowrap">Empire (678–549 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian <span class="nowrap">Kingdom (652–625 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian <span class="nowrap">Empire (626–539 BC)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">550 BC–AD 224</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid <span class="nowrap">Empire (550–330 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene <span class="nowrap">(c.323 BC–AD 226)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid <span class="nowrap">Empire (312–63 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frataraka" title="Frataraka">Frataraka <span class="nowrap">(c.295–220 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian <span class="nowrap">Empire (247 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of <span class="nowrap">Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">AD 224–651</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian <span class="nowrap">Empire (AD 224–651)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and<br />early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">632–1090</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (632–661)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (661–750)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (750–1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (819–999)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (821–873)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (864–928)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (861–1003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (931–1090)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (934–1062)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">977–1432</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (977–1186)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1011–1215)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk <span class="nowrap">Empire (1037–1194)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1077–1231)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids <span class="nowrap">(1135/36-1225)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1244–1381)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate"><span class="nowrap">Ilkhanate (1256–1335)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1314–1393)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1335–1432)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1338–1357)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1370–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1370–1507)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1374–1468)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1378–1508)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1501–1736)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1736–1796)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand <span class="nowrap">Dynasty (1751–1794)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar <span class="nowrap">Empire (1789–1925)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the <span class="nowrap">Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1925–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1925–1979)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab_dispute" title="Shatt al-Arab dispute">Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Iranian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election">1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian <span class="nowrap">revolution (1979)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a></span><br />1979–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran"><span class="nowrap">History (1979–)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy <span class="nowrap">siege (1980)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">Nojeh coup plot (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq <span class="nowrap">War (1980–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1981)" title="Interim Government of Iran (1981)">Interim Government of Iran (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655 <span class="nowrap">shootdown (1988)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">PJAK conflict (2004–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war (2011–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against the Islamic State">International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">United States withdrawal (2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–2022 Iranian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Persians" title="List of ancient Persians">Ancient Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy in classical Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electricity_in_Iran" title="History of electricity in Iran">Electric history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iran" title="List of years in Iran">Years in Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Iran" title="Borders of Iran">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iran" title="List of largest cities of Iran">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran">twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran" title="List of earthquakes in Iran">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Iranian Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran" title="List of islands of Iran">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran" title="List of mountains in Iran">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 presidential</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childrens%27_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrens' Rights in Iran">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_judicial_system_of_Iran" title="History of the judicial system of Iran">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_Iran" title="Cyberwarfare and Iran">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran" title="List of political parties in Iran">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_and_terrorism_in_Iran" title="Assassination and terrorism in Iran">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsorship allegations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement_in_Iran" title="Women's rights movement in Iran">Women's rights movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly (or Council) of Experts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Iran" title="Local councils of Iran">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials" title="List of Iranian officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Iran_governors-general" title="List of current Iran governors-general">Provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Bonyad (charitable trust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight_from_Iran" title="Human capital flight from Iran">Brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Automotive industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iran" title="Child labour in Iran">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Economic Reform Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">International oil bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Iran and the World Trade Organization">Iran and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">Main economic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy of the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milad_Tower" title="Milad Tower">Milad Tower and complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran" title="List of military equipment manufactured in Iran">Military equipment manufactured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Rial (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Setad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital in Iran">Venture capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran#Technology_start-ups" title="Communications in Iran">Technology start-ups</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">Sectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_production_in_Iran" title="Fruit production in Iran">fruit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">Shetab Banking System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Health care</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Telecommunications and IT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">TCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iran" title="List of airlines of Iran">airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Metro" title="Tehran Metro">metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Railways">railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRISL_Group" title="IRISL Group">shipping</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned<br />companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Industries_Organization" title="Defense Industries Organization">Defense Industries Organization (DIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Free_Trade-Industrial_Zone" title="Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone">Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island Free Trade Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_research_centers" title="List of Iranian research centers">Research centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iran" title="Category:Society of Iran">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian (Farsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranian citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">abroad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Iran" title="Ethnic minorities in Iran">Ethnic minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼí Faith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iran" title="Crime in Iran">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">higher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars">scientists and scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran" title="List of universities in Iran">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iran" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iran">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">architects</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">modern / contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran" title="Blogging in Iran">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Calendars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Persian New Year (<i>Nowruz</i>)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Persian_antiquities_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Persian antiquities dispute">Chicago Persian antiquities dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranians" title="List of Iranians">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iran" title="Mass media in Iran">Media</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_news_agencies" title="List of Iranian news agencies">news agencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Students News Agency">student</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran" title="List of newspapers in Iran">newspapers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_National_Jewels" title="Iranian National Jewels">National Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national symbols of Iran">National symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">Imperial Anthem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_in_Iran" title="Opium in Iran">Opium consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran" title="Public holidays in Iran">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Iran" title="Scouting in Iran">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Sport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Football_in_Iran" title="Football in Iran">football</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Rap and hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Traditional</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Ey Iran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrangeles" title="Tehrangeles">Tehrangeles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran" title="Category:Iran">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBT_rights_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBT_rights_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Asia">LGBT rights in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="LGBT rights in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="LGBT rights in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Criminalization_of_homosexuality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Template:Criminalization of homosexuality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Template talk:Criminalization of homosexuality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criminalization of homosexuality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Criminalization_of_homosexuality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Death penalty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2023" title="Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023">Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British colonies (<a href="/wiki/Section_377" title="Section 377">Section 377</a>, 1860–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (1860–, with caning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Uganda">Uganda</a> (1894–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Invalidated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality_in_Ecuador" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality in Ecuador">Ecuador</a> (1871-<a href="/wiki/Case_No._111-97-TC" title="Case No. 111-97-TC">1997</a>)</li> <li>India (<a href="/wiki/Section_377_of_the_Indian_Penal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code">Section 377</a>, 1861–2018)</li> <li>Sri Lanka (<a href="/wiki/Article_365_of_the_Sri_Lankan_Penal_Code" title="Article 365 of the Sri Lankan Penal Code">Article 365</a>, 1883–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Sodomy laws in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Repealed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_same-sex_sexual_activity_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Legality of same-sex sexual activity in Australia">Australia</a> (1975/1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_homosexuality_in_Brazil" title="Legal status of homosexuality in Brazil">Brazil</a> (1533–1830)</li> <li>Canada (?–<a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Amendment_Act,_1968%E2%80%9369" title="Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69">1969</a>)</li> <li>Cyprus (<a href="/wiki/Section_171_of_the_Criminal_Code_of_Cyprus" title="Section 171 of the Criminal Code of Cyprus">Section 171</a>, 1929–1998)</li> <li>Germany (<a href="/wiki/Paragraph_175" title="Paragraph 175">Paragraph 175</a>, 1871–1969/1994)</li> <li>New Zealand (1840–<a href="/wiki/Homosexual_Law_Reform_Act_1986" title="Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986">1986</a>)</li> <li>Singapore (<a href="/wiki/Section_377A_of_the_Penal_Code_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 377A of the Penal Code (Singapore)">Section 377A</a>, 1938–2007/2022)</li> <li>Norway (<a href="/wiki/Section_213_of_the_Norwegian_Penal_Code" title="Section 213 of the Norwegian Penal Code">Section 213</a>, ?–1972)</li> <li>Romania (<a href="/wiki/Article_200" title="Article 200">Article 200</a>, 1968–1996/2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Russia">Russia</a> (1832–1917, 1933–1993)</li> <li>South Africa (<a href="/wiki/Section_20A" title="Section 20A">Section 20A</a>, 1969–2007)</li> <li>United Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Buggery_Act_1533" title="Buggery Act 1533">1533</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sexual_Offences_Act_1967" title="Sexual Offences Act 1967">1967</a>/<a href="/wiki/Homosexual_Offences_(Northern_Ireland)_Order_1982" title="Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982">1982</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia#LGBT_rights" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&oldid=1259530509">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&oldid=1259530509</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran" title="Category:LGBTQ rights in Iran">LGBTQ rights in Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_LGBTQ_people_in_Asia" title="Category:Persecution of LGBTQ people in Asia">Persecution of LGBTQ people in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_and_Islam" title="Category:LGBTQ and Islam">LGBTQ and Islam</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">CS1 maint: postscript</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">CS1 maint: date and year</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">CS1 maint: location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Persian-language_sources_(fa)" title="Category:CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)">CS1 Persian-language sources (fa)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subscription_required_using_via" title="Category:Subscription required using via">Subscription required using via</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Persian-language_script_(fa)" title="Category:CS1 uses Persian-language script (fa)">CS1 uses Persian-language script (fa)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_August_2015" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from August 2015">Articles with failed verification from August 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_June_2013" title="Category:Use mdy dates from June 2013">Use mdy dates from June 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2023">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_March_2018" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018">Articles lacking reliable references from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_March_2022" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from March 2022">Vague or ambiguous time from March 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 17:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-brsn5","wgBackendResponseTime":207,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.502","walltime":"1.720","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20952,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":332191,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14087,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":377659,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1465.177 1 -total"," 42.90% 628.508 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.80% 319.479 45 Template:Cite_web"," 11.39% 166.953 41 Template:Cite_news"," 10.30% 150.922 1 Template:Asia_topic"," 10.02% 146.767 1 Template:Navbox"," 9.24% 135.387 1 Template:Iran_topics"," 8.82% 129.157 56 Template:Iso2country"," 8.25% 120.807 6 Template:Langx"," 7.35% 107.682 11 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.854","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16845064,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-ldkm2","timestamp":"20241130021704","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"LGBTQ rights in Iran","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LGBTQ_rights_in_Iran","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1275939","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1275939","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-04-25T13:47:17Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T17:56:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a8\/Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg","headline":"rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in Iran"}</script> </body> </html>