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<span>Unequal forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unequal_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outbreak_of_war_and_first_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak_of_war_and_first_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Outbreak of war and first battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_of_war_and_first_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglo-French_diplomacy_in_Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglo-French_diplomacy_in_Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Anglo-French diplomacy in Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglo-French_diplomacy_in_Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1813:_Treaty_of_Gulistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1813:_Treaty_of_Gulistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>1813: Treaty of Gulistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1813:_Treaty_of_Gulistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Assessment and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_(1804-1813)" title="الحرب الروسية الفارسية (1804-1813) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الروسية الفارسية (1804-1813)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiya%E2%80%93%C4%B0ran_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Rusiya–İran müharibəsi (1804–1813) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rusiya–İran müharibəsi (1804–1813)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_(%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B0%DB%B4-%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B1%DB%B3)" title="روسیه-ایران ساواشی (۱۸۰۴-۱۸۱۳) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روسیه-ایران ساواشی (۱۸۰۴-۱۸۱۳)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8D%CD%98-se-a_Pho-su_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng_(1804%E2%80%931813_n%C3%AE)" title="Lō͘-se-a Pho-su Chiàn-cheng (1804–1813 nî) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lō͘-se-a Pho-su Chiàn-cheng (1804–1813 nî)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1804_%E2%80%93_1813)" title="Руско-иранска война (1804 – 1813) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руско-иранска война (1804 – 1813)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_russo-persa_(1804-1813)" title="Guerra russo-persa (1804-1813) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra russo-persa (1804-1813)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko-persk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Rusko-perská válka (1804–1813) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rusko-perská válka (1804–1813)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_russisk-persiske_krig_(1804-1813)" title="Den russisk-persiske krig (1804-1813) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den russisk-persiske krig (1804-1813)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisch-Persischer_Krieg_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russisch-Persischer Krieg (1804–1813) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russisch-Persischer Krieg (1804–1813)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene-P%C3%A4rsia_s%C3%B5da_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Vene-Pärsia sõda (1804–1813) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vene-Pärsia sõda (1804–1813)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_(1804-1813)" title="Ρωσοπερσικός πόλεμος (1804-1813) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωσοπερσικός πόλεμος (1804-1813)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_ruso-persa_(1804-1813)" title="Guerra ruso-persa (1804-1813) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra ruso-persa (1804-1813)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus-Persa_Milito_(1804-1813)" title="Rus-Persa Milito (1804-1813) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rus-Persa Milito (1804-1813)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87_(%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B1%DB%B3%E2%80%93%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B0%DB%B4)" title="جنگ ایران و روسیه (۱۸۱۳–۱۸۰۴) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ ایران و روسیه (۱۸۱۳–۱۸۰۴)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_russo-persane_de_1804-1813" title="Guerre russo-persane de 1804-1813 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre russo-persane de 1804-1813" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD-%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4_(1804-1813)" title="Ռուս-պարսկական պատերազմ (1804-1813) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուս-պարսկական պատերազմ (1804-1813)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_russo-persiana_(1804-1813)" title="Guerra russo-persiana (1804-1813) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra russo-persiana (1804-1813)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94%E2%80%93%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="מלחמת רוסיה–פרס (1804–1813) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת רוסיה–פרס (1804–1813)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(1804-1813)" title="რუსეთ-სპარსეთის ომი (1804-1813) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსეთ-სპარსეთის ომი (1804-1813)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievu%E2%80%94persie%C5%A1u_kar%C5%A1_(1804%E2%80%941813)" title="Krievu—persiešu karš (1804—1813) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievu—persiešu karš (1804—1813)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisch-Perzische_Oorlog_(1804-1813)" title="Russisch-Perzische Oorlog (1804-1813) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russisch-Perzische Oorlog (1804-1813)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89_(1804%E5%B9%B4-1813%E5%B9%B4)" title="ロシア・ペルシャ戦争 (1804年-1813年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア・ペルシャ戦争 (1804年-1813年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_(1804%E2%80%931813_)" title="روس-فارس جنگ (1804–1813 ) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روس-فارس جنگ (1804–1813 )" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_rosyjsko-perska_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Wojna rosyjsko-perska (1804–1813) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna rosyjsko-perska (1804–1813)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Russo-Persa_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Guerra Russo-Persa (1804–1813) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Russo-Persa (1804–1813)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1804%E2%80%941813)" title="Русско-персидская война (1804—1813) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русско-персидская война (1804—1813)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko-perzijska_vojna_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Rusko-perzijska vojna (1804–1813) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rusko-perzijska vojna (1804–1813)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B8_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Трећи руско-персијски рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трећи руско-персијски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n%E2%80%93Persian_sota_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Venäjän–Persian sota (1804–1813) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venäjän–Persian sota (1804–1813)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rysk-persiska_kriget_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Rysk-persiska kriget (1804–1813) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rysk-persiska kriget (1804–1813)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1804–1813 war between the Persian Empire and Imperial Russia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Special:EditPage/Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Russo-Persian+War%22+1804%E2%80%931813">"Russo-Persian War" 1804–1813</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Russo-Persian+War%22+1804%E2%80%931813+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Russo-Persian+War%22+1804%E2%80%931813&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Russo-Persian+War%22+1804%E2%80%931813+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Russo-Persian+War%22+1804%E2%80%931813">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Russo-Persian+War%22+1804%E2%80%931813&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Livebridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Livebridge.jpg/300px-Livebridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Livebridge.jpg/450px-Livebridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Livebridge.jpg/600px-Livebridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2146" data-file-height="1288" /></a></span><br />This painting by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Roubaud" title="Franz Roubaud">Franz Roubaud</a> illustrates an episode near the Askerna river where the Russians managed to repel attacks by a larger Persian army for two weeks. They made a "living bridge", so that two cannons could be transported over their bodies.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>22 June 1804 – 24 October 1813</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>, North <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> victory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein199272_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein199272-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Persia is forced to cede what is now <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, Southern <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, and parts of northern <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> to the Russian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowling2014728–729_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowling2014728–729-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Gudovich" title="Ivan Gudovich">Ivan Gudovich</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Tsitsianov" title="Pavel Tsitsianov">Pavel Tsitsianov</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kotlyarevsky" title="Pyotr Kotlyarevsky">Pyotr Kotlyarevsky</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tormasov" title="Alexander Tormasov">Alexander Tormasov</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fath Ali Shah Qajar">Fath Ali Shah Qajar</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Mirza" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Dowlatshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowlatshah">Ali Mirza</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Javad_Khan" title="Javad Khan">Javad Khan Qajar</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Agha_Mohammad_Khan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Khan_Qajar" title="Sadeq Khan Qajar">Sadeq Khan Qajar</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bagrationi_of_Mukhrani.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bagrationi_of_Mukhrani.svg/22px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bagrationi_of_Mukhrani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bagrationi_of_Mukhrani.svg/33px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bagrationi_of_Mukhrani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bagrationi_of_Mukhrani.svg/44px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bagrationi_of_Mukhrani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="490" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander of Georgia">Alexander of Georgia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div 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title="Karyagin's Raid">Karyagin's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Zagam_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Zagam River (page does not exist)">Zagam River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Bandar-e_Anzali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Bandar-e Anzali (page does not exist)">Bandar-e Anzali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Derbent_(1806)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Derbent (1806) (page does not exist)">Derbent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Shaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Shaki (page does not exist)">Shaki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Baku_(1806)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Baku (1806) (page does not exist)">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Karakapet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Karakapet (page does not exist)">Karakapet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Shusha_(1806)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Shusha (1806) (page does not exist)">Shusha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Nakhchevan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Nakhchevan (page does not exist)">Nakhchevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Erivan_(1808)" title="Siege of Erivan (1808)">2nd Yerevan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ganja_(1809)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ganja (1809) (page does not exist)">2nd Ganja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alkhalkalaki_(1810)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Alkhalkalaki (1810) (page does not exist)">Alkhalkalaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sultanabad" title="Battle of Sultanabad">Sultanabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aslanduz" title="Battle of Aslanduz">Aslanduz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lankaran" title="Siege of Lankaran">Lankaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russo-Persian_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Russo-Persian Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Russo-Persian Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Russo-Persian Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russo-Persian_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars"><span class="wrap">Russo-Persian Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">1651–1653</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">1722–1723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_expedition_of_1796" title="Persian expedition of 1796">1796</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1804–1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">1826–1828</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleonic_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars"><span class="wrap">Napoleonic Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">First Serbian Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">English Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Polish_War" title="Austro-Polish War">Austro-Polish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_(1813%E2%80%931814)" title="Dano-Swedish War (1813–1814)">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish-Norwegian War</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_War" title="Neapolitan War">Neapolitan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_campaign" title="Waterloo campaign">Waterloo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_campaigns_of_1815" title="Minor campaigns of 1815">Minor campaigns of 1815</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linois%27s_expedition_to_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Linois's expedition to the Indian Ocean">Linois's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_campaign_of_1803%E2%80%931810" title="Caribbean campaign of 1803–1810">Caribbean campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troude%27s_expedition_to_the_Caribbean" title="Troude's expedition to the Caribbean">Troude's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roquebert%27s_expedition_to_the_Caribbean" title="Roquebert's expedition to the Caribbean">Roquebert's expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allemand%27s_expedition_of_1805" title="Allemand's expedition of 1805">Allemand's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Hermite%27s_expedition" title="L'Hermite's expedition">L'Hermite's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellerie%27s_expedition" title="Lamellerie's expedition">Lamellerie's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Archipelago_Expedition" title="Second Archipelago Expedition">Senyavin's expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_1807%E2%80%931814" title="Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814">Adriatic campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_campaign_of_1806%E2%80%931807" title="Java campaign of 1806–1807">1st Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">River Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Spice Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_campaign_of_1809%E2%80%931811" title="Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811">Mauritius campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">2nd Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Banda_Oriental_(1811%E2%80%931812)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental (1811–1812)">Banda Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_3_February_1812" title="Action of 3 February 1812">Haiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was one of the many wars between the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a>, and, like many of their other conflicts, began as a territorial dispute. The new <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> king, <a href="/wiki/Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fath Ali Shah Qajar">Fath Ali Shah Qajar</a>, wanted to consolidate the northernmost reaches of his kingdom—modern-day <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>—which had been annexed by Tsar <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a> several years after the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War of 1796</a>. Like his Persian counterpart, the Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a> was also new to the throne and equally determined to control the disputed territories. </p><p>The war ended in 1813 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a> which ceded the previously disputed territory of Georgia to Imperial Russia, and also the undisputed Iranian territories of <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, most of what is modern <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, and minor parts of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ganja_(1804)" title="Siege of Ganja (1804)">Siege of Ganja (1804)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg/200px-%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg/300px-%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg/400px-%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="5524" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ganja_(1804)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ganja (1804)">siege of Ganja Fortress in 1804</a> by Russian forces led by General Pavel Tsitsianov</figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of the war can be traced back to the decision of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a> to annex Eastern Georgia (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a>) in December 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier, in 1783, the Georgian king <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_II_of_Georgia" title="Heraclius II of Georgia">Heraclius II</a> had signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Georgievsk" title="Treaty of Georgievsk">Treaty of Georgievsk</a> with Russia, bringing his kingdom under Russian protection and swearing allegiance to Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991328_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991328-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Russia had failed to protect Georgia against the assault of <a href="/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar" title="Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar">Agha Mohammad Khan</a> in 1795, and an <a href="/wiki/Persian_expedition_of_1796" title="Persian expedition of 1796">expedition against Iran</a> was called off by Tsar Paul, in September 1799 Russia reasserted its protectorate over Georgia at the request of the Georgian king and stationed troops there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991329–330_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991329–330-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the Iranian perspective, however, Georgia and all the South Caucasus remained integral Iranian territories,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourjavady2023_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourjavady2023-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Iran's new shah <a href="/wiki/Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Fath-Ali Shah Qajar">Fath-Ali Qajar</a> could not accept their loss. Russia's annexation of Georgia in December 1800 was seen as a major threat to Iran's territorial integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991330–331_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991330–331-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Tsar Paul's assassination on 11 March 1801, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Tsar Alexander</a> continued Russia's involvement in the region and sought to incorporate the <a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">khanates of the eastern Caucasus</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into his empire. In 1803, the newly appointed <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Viceroyalty_(1801%E2%80%931917)" title="Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)">governor of the Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Tsitsianov" title="Pavel Tsitsianov">Pavel Tsitsianov</a>, attacked <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a> and captured its <a href="/wiki/Ganja_Fortress" title="Ganja Fortress">citadel</a> on 15 January 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ganja's governor, <a href="/wiki/Javad_Khan" title="Javad Khan">Javad Khan Qajar</a>, was killed, and a large number of the inhabitants slaughtered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel2001_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the Iranian side, the capture of Shia Muslim territory was seen as an outright invasion that carried the risk of further losses and the imposition of foreign rule. It provoked a strong emotional reaction and the mobilization of Iran's clergy and educated elite. In fact, Tsitsianov intended to expand Russia's territories further southward into Iran, even beyond the Kur and Aras rivers, if possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991331–332_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991331–332-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Elton L. Daniel notes, Fath-Ali Shah saw the Russian threat to Iran's northwestern territories "not only as source of instability [...] but as a direct challenge to Qajar authority."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel2001_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unequal_forces">Unequal forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Unequal forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Russians were unable to commit a large portion of their troops to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region, because Alexander's attention was continually distracted by simultaneous wars with <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Great Britain</a>. Therefore, the Russians were forced to rely on superior technology, training, and strategy in the face of an overwhelming disparity in numbers. Some estimates put the Persian numerical advantage at five to one. Shah Fath Ali's heir, <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Mirza" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a>, tried to modernize the Persian army, seeking help from French experts through the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Persian_alliance" title="Franco-Persian alliance">Franco-Persian alliance</a>, and then from British experts, in order to address the tactical disparity between the forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outbreak_of_war_and_first_battles">Outbreak of war and first battles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Outbreak of war and first battles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Echmiadzin_(1804)" title="Battle of Echmiadzin (1804)">Battle of Echmiadzin (1804)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Erivan_(1804)" title="Siege of Erivan (1804)">Siege of Erivan (1804)</a></div> <p>Having captured Ganja, Tsitsianov turned to the <a href="/wiki/Erivan_Khanate" title="Erivan Khanate">Khanate of Yerevan</a> (Erivan), the territory of which could serve as an invasion route to Tiflis from the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202161_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202161-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used a dispute over the election of the <a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians" title="Catholicos of All Armenians">Armenian Catholicos</a> (head of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Church</a>) as a means to place pressure on the khan of Yerevan, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khan_Qajar_of_Erivan" title="Mohammad Khan Qajar of Erivan">Mohammad Khan Qajar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202161–65_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202161–65-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, Fath-Ali Shah sent a letter to Tsitsianov requesting that he leave Tiflis and place <a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexander_of_Georgia" title="Prince Alexander of Georgia">Prince Alexander</a>, who had earlier fled to Iran, on the Georgian throne. He warned Tsitsianov that he was raising a large army but stated that he wanted to avoid bloodshed. Tsitsianov sent back a hostile response, prompting the Shah to send Abbas Mirza toward the South Caucasus at the head of an army of 20,000 or 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202166–67_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202166–67-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abbas Mirza set out for <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> from Tabriz on 8 May 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202168_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202168-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mohammad Khan of Yerevan, caught between the approaching Iranian army and the Russians, offered his submission to Tsitsianov, but the latter responded with more threats and harsh demands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202169–70_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202169–70-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abbas Mirza arrived in Iranian Armenia and encamped on the Zangi (Hrazdan) River half a league from the city of Yerevan on June 7.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202170_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202170-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mohammad Khan, hoping for the arrival of the Russians, refused Abbas Mirza's demand to come out of the city and join him, and the two sides fired upon each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202170–71_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202170–71-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsitsianov crossed into the Yerevan Khanate with an army of about 5,000 men, and Abbas Mirza abandoned the siege of Yerevan to confront him on June 24.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202171–72_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202171–72-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abbas Mirza's army, reinforced by local forces, numbered around 40,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202172–73_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202172–73-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first battle between the armies of Tsitsianov and Abbas Mirza occurred at <a href="/wiki/Echmiadzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Echmiadzin">Echmiadzin</a> (also known at the time as Üç-Kilisa), the center of the Armenian Church. Accounts of the battle differ on the details, with sources from each side claiming victory. After the main battle on July 3, mainly skirmishes occurred. Tsitsianov was running out of supplies and had heard that the khan of Yerevan had joined the Shah, so on July 8 he ordered his troops to march for <a href="/wiki/Kanaker" title="Kanaker">Kanaker</a>, a village in the vicinity of Yerevan, in order to besiege the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202176–80_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202176–80-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abbas Mirza moved to Kanaker to block the Russians' path, but the Russians successfully forced their way into the city and besieged <a href="/wiki/Erivan_Fortress" title="Erivan Fortress">its citadel</a>. Abbas Mirza regrouped his forces and requested aid from the Shah, who arrived with reinforcements on July 27.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202180–81_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202180–81-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, Iranian and Russian sources give differing details about the battles that occurred during the siege of Yerevan.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iranians succeeded in disrupting Russian supply lines, and the Russians were not able to attempt an assault on the fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202191–94_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202191–94-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late August, Tsitsianov's forces were running dangerously low on supplies. He requested provisions from Georgia, but the peasants there refused to provide the grain, and <a href="/wiki/1804_Mtiuleti_rebellion" title="1804 Mtiuleti rebellion">a rebellion</a> occurred along the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Military_Road" title="Georgian Military Road">Georgian Military Road</a>, temporarily blocking the passes through the Caucasus Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202194_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202194-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-September, Tsitsianov ended the siege and retreated towards Tiflis while being chased by the Iranian vanguard.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived back in Tiflis on October 16, having lost half of his men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202198_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202198-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these ineffective forays, the Russians held the advantage for the majority of the war, due to superior troops and strategy. Russia's inability, however, to dedicate anything more than 10,000 troops to the campaign allowed the Persians to mount a fairly respectable resistance effort. The Persian troops were of a low grade, mostly irregular cavalry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War">War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od 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style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steppe Nomads"><img alt="Steppe Nomads" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/8px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/12px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/16px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Steppe Nomads</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.308%;left:62.997%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Free Mountaineers"><img alt="Free Mountaineers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/8px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/12px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/16px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Free Mountaineers</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:8.534%;left:23.983%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Free Mountaineers"><img alt="Free Mountaineers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/8px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/12px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/16px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Free Mountaineers</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.154%;left:68.267%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="~1786 Tarki"><img alt="~1786 Tarki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/8px-Dot-yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/12px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/16px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" 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Derbent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/8px-Dot-yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/12px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/16px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>1806 Derbent</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.19%;left:89.917%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1806 Baku"><img alt="1806 Baku" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/8px-Dot-yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/12px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/16px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>1806 Baku</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:91.896%;left:81.836%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Talysh Khanate"><img alt="Talysh Khanate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Filled_diamond.svg/8px-Filled_diamond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Filled_diamond.svg/12px-Filled_diamond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Filled_diamond.svg/16px-Filled_diamond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="25" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Talysh Khanate</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.852%;left:66.237%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1805 Shaki Khanate"><img alt="1805 Shaki Khanate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/8px-Dot-yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/12px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/16px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>1805 Shaki Khanate</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.759%;left:80.929%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1805 Shirvan Khanate"><img alt="1805 Shirvan Khanate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/8px-Dot-yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/12px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/16px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>1805 Shirvan Khanate</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.55%;left:63.017%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1805 Karabakh Khanate"><img alt="1805 Karabakh Khanate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/8px-Dot-yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/12px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/16px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>1805 Karabakh Khanate</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.042%;left:59.42%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1804 Ganja Khanate"><img alt="1804 Ganja Khanate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/8px-Dot-yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/12px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/16px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>1804 Ganja Khanate</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.026%;left:43.549%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Khanate of Erevan"><img alt="Khanate of Erevan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Filled_diamond.svg/8px-Filled_diamond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Filled_diamond.svg/12px-Filled_diamond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Filled_diamond.svg/16px-Filled_diamond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="25" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Khanate of Erevan</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.661%;left:51.344%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nakhchivan Khanate"><img alt="Nakhchivan Khanate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Filled_diamond.svg/8px-Filled_diamond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Filled_diamond.svg/12px-Filled_diamond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Filled_diamond.svg/16px-Filled_diamond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="25" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Nakhchivan Khanate</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.023%;left:45.813%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1800 Kartli"><img alt="1800 Kartli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Solid_blue.png/8px-Solid_blue.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Solid_blue.png/12px-Solid_blue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Solid_blue.png/16px-Solid_blue.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>1800 Kartli</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.073%;left:51.895%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1800 Kakheti"><img alt="1800 Kakheti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Solid_blue.png/8px-Solid_blue.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Solid_blue.png/12px-Solid_blue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Solid_blue.png/16px-Solid_blue.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>1800 Kakheti</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.289%;left:28.328%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1810 Imereti"><img alt="1810 Imereti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/8px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/12px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/16px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>1810 Imereti</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.401%;left:19.629%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1803 Mingrelia"><img alt="1803 Mingrelia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/8px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/12px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/16px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>1803 Mingrelia</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.7%;left:24.026%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1810 Guria"><img alt="1810 Guria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/8px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/12px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_dot_blue.svg/16px-Location_dot_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>1810 Guria</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.498%;left:22.222%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ajaria"><img alt="Ajaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/8px-Red_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/12px-Red_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/16px-Red_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Ajaria</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.951%;left:31.323%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kars"><img alt="Kars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/8px-Red_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/12px-Red_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/16px-Red_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Kars</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.926%;left:30.619%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Akhaltsikhe"><img alt="Akhaltsikhe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/8px-Red_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/12px-Red_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/16px-Red_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Akhaltsikhe</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.783%;left:34.736%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Akhalkalaki"><img alt="Akhalkalaki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/8px-Red_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/12px-Red_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/16px-Red_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Akhalkalaki</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.854%;left:19.622%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Poti"><img alt="Poti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/8px-Red_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/12px-Red_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_dot.svg/16px-Red_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Poti</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.559%;left:37.637%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gyumri"><img alt="Gyumri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Circle-empty-512px.svg/7px-Circle-empty-512px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Circle-empty-512px.svg/10px-Circle-empty-512px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Circle-empty-512px.svg/14px-Circle-empty-512px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Gyumri</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.707%;left:63.668%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="A"><img alt="A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>A</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.491%;left:64.326%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="B"><img alt="B" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>B</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.903%;left:56.383%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="S"><img alt="S" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>S</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.231%;left:68.888%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Z"><img alt="Z" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Z</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.17%;left:41.292%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="E"><img alt="E" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>E</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:91.993%;left:58.633%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="M"><img alt="M" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>M</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus_topo_map-blank.svg" title="File:Caucasus topo map-blank.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><b>Russo-Persian War 1804-1812</b> <br /><b>Blue</b>=Georgia from Persia (square) or Turkey (circle)<br /><b>Yellow</b>=Khanate from Persia before or early in war<br /><b>Black Diamond</b>=Persian<br /><b>Red</b>=Turkish<br />A=Askeran, B=Shakh-Bulakh, S=Shamkir. Shusha is the yellow dot for Karabakh Khanate<br />Z=Aslanduz, E=Echmiadzin, M=Meghri.</div></div></div> <p>In early 1805 the <a href="/wiki/Shoragel_sultanate" title="Shoragel sultanate">Shoragel sultanate</a> was taken by the Russians. This was a small area at the junction of Georgia, the Yerevan Khanate, and Turkey and included the militarily important town of <a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a>. On 14 May, the <a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate" title="Karabakh Khanate">Karabakh Khanate</a> submitted to the Russians, and on 21 May the <a href="/wiki/Shaki_Khanate" title="Shaki Khanate">Shaki Khanate</a> did the same. In response to the loss of Karabakh, Abbas Mirza occupied the <a href="/wiki/Askeran_Fortress" title="Askeran Fortress">Askeran Fortress</a> at the mouth of a valley leading from the plain southwest to <a href="/wiki/Shusha" title="Shusha">Shusha</a>, the capital of Karabakh. The Russians responded by sending Koryagin <a href="/wiki/Karyagin%27s_Raid" title="Karyagin's Raid">to take</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahbulag_Castle" title="Shahbulag Castle">Shahbulag Castle</a>. Abbas Mirza marched north and besieged the place. On hearing of the approach of another army under Fath Ali, Koryagin slipped out at night and headed for Shusha. He was caught at the <a href="/wiki/Askeran" title="Askeran">Askeran</a> gorge but not defeated. More Russian troops relieved the blockade of Koryagin and Shusha. Seeing that the main Russian force had pushed far to the southeast, Abbas Mirza made a wide swing north and besieged Ganja. On 27 July, 600 Russian infantry routed his camp at <a href="/wiki/Shamkir_(city)" title="Shamkir (city)">Shamkir</a>. </p><p>In September, a naval attack on <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> failed. In November, Tsitsianov marched east toward Baku, en route to accepting the submission of the <a href="/wiki/Shirvan_Khanate" title="Shirvan Khanate">Shirvan Khanate</a> (27 December). On 8 February 1806, he was murdered while accepting the surrender of Baku. Russian honor was restored by Glazenap, who marched from north of the mountains and took <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quba" title="Quba">Quba</a>, and Baku (technically Baku surrendered to Bulgakov). <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Gudovich" title="Ivan Gudovich">Ivan Gudovich</a> replaced Tsitsianov as viceroy. In December, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> declared war on Russia. </p><p>Troops were moved west to deal with the Turks, a truce was made and Nibolshin was left to guard the frontier. Fighting resumed in 1808 when Russia took <a href="/wiki/Vagharshapat" title="Vagharshapat">Echmiadzin</a>. Abbas Mirza was defeated south of Lake Shirvan; as a result, <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhichevan</a>, or some part of it, was occupied. In September 1808, Gudovich attacked Yerevan. The assault failed, withdrawal became necessary and 1,000 men, mostly sick and wounded, froze to death on the retreat. Escape was only possible because Nibolshin and Lissanevich defeated a "vast horde" of Persians. Gudovich resigned and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tormasov" title="Alexander Tormasov">Alexander Tormasov</a>. In 1809, Fath Ali was driven back from Gyumri and Abbas Mirza from Ganja. In 1810 Abbas Mirza tried to invade Karabakh but was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Meghri" title="Meghri">Meghri</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras River</a>. </p><p>In early 1812, Persia invaded Karabagh. They occupied Shahbulag Castle, which the Russians later recaptured. They attacked a Russian battalion at "Sultan-Buda" using European-style infantry and a few British officers. After a day of fighting the Russians surrendered. Russia responded to this unusual defeat by moving <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kotlyarevsky" title="Pyotr Kotlyarevsky">Pyotr Kotlyarevsky</a>, the hero of <a href="/wiki/Akhalkalaki" title="Akhalkalaki">Akhalkalaki</a>, from the Turkish to the Persian front. </p><p>In the summer of 1812, just as Napoleon was preparing to invade Russia, the Russians made peace with the Ottoman Empire and Russian troops in Caucasia turned to Persia. On 19 October, Kotlyarevsky ignored the cautious Ritishchev's orders, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras</a> river and routed the Persians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aslanduz" title="Battle of Aslanduz">Battle of Aslanduz</a>. He then crossed the snow-covered <a href="/wiki/Mughan_plain" title="Mughan plain">Mughan Plain</a> and, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lankaran" title="Siege of Lankaran">after a five-day siege</a>, stormed the newly-built fort of <a href="/wiki/Lenkaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenkaran">Lankaran</a>. The Russians lost 1000 men, two-thirds of their force. Of the 4000-man Persian garrison, every survivor was bayonetted. Kotlyarevsky was found wounded among a heap of corpses. He was carried half-dead to <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tiflis</a> (now Tbilisi) and survived for 39 more years, unfit for further service. A victory at "Karabezouk" completed the discomfiture of the Persians (3 April 1813). News of <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia#Retreat" title="French invasion of Russia">Napoleon's defeat</a> reached Persia in the spring of 1813. Peace negotiations were already underway and an <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> was made in October. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a>, Persia recognized Russian possession of all the khanates it held and gave up all pretensions to Dagestan and Georgia. The border in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Talish_(region)" title="Talish (region)">Talysh</a> was left for later decision. Persia kept <a href="/wiki/Meghri" title="Meghri">Meghri</a> in southwest Karabakh, which the Russians had abandoned as unhealthy and inaccessible from the rest of Karabakh. </p><p>Thirteen years later, in another <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War</a> fought from 1826 to 1828, Persia tried to regain its territory. It was defeated and lost the khanates of <a href="/wiki/Erivan_Khanate" title="Erivan Khanate">Yerevan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nakhichevan_Khanate" title="Nakhichevan Khanate">Nakhichevan</a>, roughly corresponding to modern Armenia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anglo-French_diplomacy_in_Persia">Anglo-French diplomacy in Persia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anglo-French diplomacy in Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Persian_Envoy_Mirza_Mohammed_Reza_Qazvini_Finkenstein_Castle_27_Avril_1807_by_Francois_Mulard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_Persian_Envoy_Mirza_Mohammed_Reza_Qazvini_Finkenstein_Castle_27_Avril_1807_by_Francois_Mulard.jpg/200px-The_Persian_Envoy_Mirza_Mohammed_Reza_Qazvini_Finkenstein_Castle_27_Avril_1807_by_Francois_Mulard.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_Persian_Envoy_Mirza_Mohammed_Reza_Qazvini_Finkenstein_Castle_27_Avril_1807_by_Francois_Mulard.jpg/300px-The_Persian_Envoy_Mirza_Mohammed_Reza_Qazvini_Finkenstein_Castle_27_Avril_1807_by_Francois_Mulard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_Persian_Envoy_Mirza_Mohammed_Reza_Qazvini_Finkenstein_Castle_27_Avril_1807_by_Francois_Mulard.jpg/400px-The_Persian_Envoy_Mirza_Mohammed_Reza_Qazvini_Finkenstein_Castle_27_Avril_1807_by_Francois_Mulard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>The Iranian Envoy Mirza Mohammad-Reza Qazvini meeting with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Finckenstein_Palace" title="Finckenstein Palace">Finckenstein Palace</a>, 27 April 1807, to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finckenstein" title="Treaty of Finckenstein">Treaty of Finckenstein</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> Although this Russo-Persian War was in many respects a continuation of a struggle for supremacy in <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a> dating back to the time of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>, it differed from earlier conflicts between Persia and Russia in that its course came to be affected as much by the diplomatic maneuvering of European powers during the Napoleonic era as by developments on the battlefield. Following the Russian occupation of the various khanates, Fath Ali Shah, strapped for cash and anxious to find an ally, had made a request for <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> support as early as December 1804. In 1805, however, Russia and Britain allied in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a> against France, which meant that Britain was not in a position to cultivate its <i>Persian connection</i> at Russian expense and felt it necessary to evade repeated requests from the shah for assistance. As the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Arbuthnot" title="Charles Arbuthnot">Charles Arbuthnot</a>, put it in August 1806, </p><blockquote><p><i>To please the Emperor [of Russia], we have thrown away all our influence in Persia</i></p></blockquote><p> This opened the door for France to use Persia to threaten both Russian and British interests. Hoping to forge a tripartite alliance of France, the Ottoman Empire, and Persia, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> sent various envoys to Persia, notably <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Jaubert" title="Pierre Amédée Jaubert">Pierre Amédée Jaubert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Matthieu,_Count_Gardane" title="Claude Matthieu, Count Gardane">Claude Matthieu, Count Gardane</a>, whose diplomatic efforts culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finckenstein" title="Treaty of Finckenstein">Treaty of Finckenstein</a>, signed on 4 May 1807, under which France recognized Persian claims to Georgia and promised assistance in training and equipping the Persian army. Only two months later, however, Napoleon and Alexander I agreed to an armistice and signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tilsit">Treaty of Tilsit</a> (7 July 1807), which effectively rendered the French commitments to Persia untenable, although the French mission did continue to provide some military assistance and tried to mediate a settlement with Russia. The French efforts failed, prompting Gudovich to resume the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Erivan_(1808)" title="Siege of Erivan (1808)">Siege of Erevan</a> in 1808. </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Askar_Khan_Afshar_received_by_Napoleon_I_at_Saint_Cloud_4_September_1808_by_Benjamin_Zix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Askar_Khan_Afshar_received_by_Napoleon_I_at_Saint_Cloud_4_September_1808_by_Benjamin_Zix.jpg/200px-Askar_Khan_Afshar_received_by_Napoleon_I_at_Saint_Cloud_4_September_1808_by_Benjamin_Zix.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Askar_Khan_Afshar_received_by_Napoleon_I_at_Saint_Cloud_4_September_1808_by_Benjamin_Zix.jpg/300px-Askar_Khan_Afshar_received_by_Napoleon_I_at_Saint_Cloud_4_September_1808_by_Benjamin_Zix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Askar_Khan_Afshar_received_by_Napoleon_I_at_Saint_Cloud_4_September_1808_by_Benjamin_Zix.jpg/400px-Askar_Khan_Afshar_received_by_Napoleon_I_at_Saint_Cloud_4_September_1808_by_Benjamin_Zix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Askar_Khan_Afshar" title="Askar Khan Afshar">Askar Khan Afshar</a> received by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Cloud" title="Château de Saint-Cloud">Saint Cloud</a> 4 September 1808 by Benjamin Zix</figcaption></figure> <p>The rise of French influence in Persia, viewed as the prelude to an attack on India, had greatly alarmed the British, and the Franco-Russian rapprochement at Tilsit conveniently provided an opportunity for a now isolated Britain to resume its efforts in Persia, as reflected in the subsequent missions of <a href="/wiki/John_Malcolm" title="John Malcolm">John Malcolm</a> (1807–8) and <a href="/wiki/Harford_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Harford Jones">Harford Jones</a> (1809). According to the preliminary treaty of Tehran arranged by Jones (15 March 1809), Britain agreed to train and equip 16,000 Persian infantry and pay a subsidy of £100,000 should Persia be invaded by a European power, or to mediate if that power should be at peace with Great Britain. Although Russia had been making peace overtures, and Jones had hoped the preliminary agreement would encourage a settlement, these developments strengthened Fath Ali Shah 's determination to continue the war. Anglo-Persian relations warmed even further with the visit of <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Abolhassan_Khan_Ilchi" title="Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ilchi">Abu’l-Hasan Khan</a> to London in 1809 and his return to Persia with <a href="/wiki/Gore_Ouseley" title="Gore Ouseley">Gore Ouseley</a> as ambassador and minister plenipotentiary in 1810. Under Ouseley's auspices, the preliminary treaty was converted into the Definitive Treaty of Friendship and Alliance in 1812, which confirmed the earlier promises of military assistance and increased the amount of the subsidy for that purpose to £150,000 . </p><p>Then, in the third and final twist to this story, <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">Napoleon invaded Russia in June 1812</a>, making Russia and Britain allies once again. Britain, like France after Tilsit, was thus obliged to steer a course between antagonizing Russia and violating its commitments to Persia, with its best option being to broker a settlement of the conflict between the two. The Russians had been periodically interested in finding a negotiated settlement since the setbacks of 1805–6 and as recently as 1810, when <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tormasov" title="Alexander Tormasov">Alexander Tormasov</a>, who had replaced Gudovich as commander after his unsuccessful siege of Erevan, and <a href="/wiki/Ghaem_Magham_Farahani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaem Magham Farahani">Mirza Bozorg Qaem-magham</a> had sought to arrange an armistice . Yet the Russians were unwilling to make serious concessions in order to end the war, and the Persians were also less than eager to settle since from their point of view the war was not going all that badly. Ouseley, however, realized the awkwardness of having Britain's resources deployed against its Russian ally and that the situation for Persia was likely to worsen once Russia was freed from the struggle with Napoleon. He was thus receptive to Russian requests to act as an intermediary and sought ways to pressure the Qajars into accepting a settlement. He proposed revisions to the Definitive Treaty, scaled back British military involvement (leaving two officers, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Christie_(officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Christie (officer)">Charles Christie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lindsay_Bethune" title="Henry Lindsay Bethune">Lindesay Bethune</a>, and some drill sergeants with the Persian army), and threatened to withhold payment of the subsidy promised to the Qajars. </p><p>In February 1812, <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Rtishchev" title="Nikolay Rtishchev">Nikolay Rtishchev</a> assumed command of the Russian forces and opened peace negotiations with the Persians. Ouseley and his representative at the talks, <a href="/wiki/James_Justinian_Morier" title="James Justinian Morier">James Morier</a>, acted as intermediaries and made various proposals to Rtishchev, but they were not accepted. In August, Abbas Mirza resumed hostilities and captured <a href="/wiki/Lankaran" title="Lankaran">Lankaran</a>. After news arrived that Napoleon had occupied Moscow, the negotiations were suspended (September 1812). Then, on 31 October 1812, while Ritischev was away in Tbilisi, the general <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kotlyarevsky" title="Pyotr Kotlyarevsky">Peter Kotliarevski</a> launched a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aslanduz" title="Battle of Aslanduz">surprise night attack</a> on the Persian encampment at Aslanduz, which resulted in the complete rout of the army of Abbas Mirza and the death of one of the British supporting officers (Christie). As it also became increasingly apparent that Napoleon's offensive in Russia had failed disastrously, the Russians were emboldened to pursue a more aggressive campaign in the Caucasus. In early 1813, the Persian fortress at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lankaran" title="Siege of Lankaran">Lankaran fell</a> and its garrison was annihilated, enabling the Russians to occupy most of <a href="/wiki/Talesh_County" title="Talesh County">Talesh</a> again. Although Fath Ali Shah and Abbas Mirza wanted to fight on after these setbacks, they eventually had to yield to Ouseley, who assured the Shah that either the Russians would make territorial concessions, or the British would continue the subsidy they had promised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel2001_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1813:_Treaty_of_Gulistan">1813: Treaty of Gulistan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1813: Treaty of Gulistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a></div> <p>Russia fought on two frontiers: against the Ottomans between 1806 and 1812; and against the Persians from 1804 to 1813. Both frontiers were concluded via treaties: the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1812)">Treaty of Bucharest</a> in 1812 with the Ottoman Empire; and the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813 that lasted until 1826 when Russian troops, acting outside of the control of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a>, occupied <a href="/wiki/Mirak,_Armenia" title="Mirak, Armenia">Mirak</a>. Under the Gulistan treaty, Russia was acknowledged as the power in control of the South Caucasus; western and eastern Georgia and the Muslim khanates until Baku and Quba were placed under Russian administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing200830–31_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200830–31-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_and_aftermath">Assessment and aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Assessment and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although Russia was recognized as a dominant power over the Caucasus, the success of the Treaty of Gulistan was overshadowed by the threat of the Ottomans. The Treaty of Bucharest was in favor of the Ottoman Empire which had claimed the territories that Russia conquered during the war: <a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Anapa</a>, which were Black Sea port cities, as well as <a href="/wiki/Akhalkalaki" title="Akhalkalaki">Akhalkalaki</a>. Still, the conditions of sovereignty were comparatively stable in these years. In the complex political map of the South Caucasus, Russia had the means to control the region through defensive lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing200830–31_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200830–31-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Kazemzadeh" title="Firuz Kazemzadeh">Firuz Kazemzadeh</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The defeat of Napoleon enabled Russia to allocate greater resources to the Caucasus front. The difference between well-drilled, well-equipped, disciplined armies and the tribal levies of Abbas Mirza was decisive. At Aslanduz on the Aras, 2,260 Russians under General P. S. Kotlyarevsky fought a two-day battle with 30,000 Persians under Abbas Mirza, killing 1,200 enemy soldiers, and capturing 537 at a loss to themselves of only 127 dead and wounded. Though on occasion the Persians fought well, for instance at Lankaran, where the same Kotlyarevsky lost 950 of 1,500 men under his command and was himself permanently disabled, the war was obviously lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991334_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991334-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also called the <b>Russo-Iranian War of 1804–1813</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourjavady2023_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourjavady2023-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iranian provinces that passed in and out of Iranian control over the course of the eighteenth century, but which were always viewed as Iranian territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambly1991145–146_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambly1991145–146-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All dates <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">old style</a> (12 days behind the Gregorian calendar)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsitsianov's goal was to secure the territory between Georgia and the Caspian Sea. He used as justification the fact that the khans of Ganja had sometimes recognized Heraclius II's overlordship in the second half of the eighteenth century; he also referred to Georgian possession of Ganja and its vicinity during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Queen Tamar</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1184–1213</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202145,_48_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202145,_48-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsitsianov reported that 2,329 able-bodied men had made it back to Tiflis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202198,_note_145_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202198,_note_145-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Iranian sources, the Russians lost 4,000 men during the retreat, while the Iranians suffered 1,000–2,000 dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202182–83_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202182–83-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein199272-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein199272_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldstein1992">Goldstein 1992</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowling2014728–729-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowling2014728–729_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowling2014">Dowling 2014</a>, pp. 728–729.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPourjavady2023-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourjavady2023_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPourjavady2023_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPourjavady2023">Pourjavady 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel2001-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel2001_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel2001_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel2001_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniel2001_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniel2001">Daniel 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991328-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991328_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazemzadeh1991">Kazemzadeh 1991</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991329–330-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991329–330_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazemzadeh1991">Kazemzadeh 1991</a>, pp. 329–330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991330–331-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991330–331_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazemzadeh1991">Kazemzadeh 1991</a>, pp. 330–331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambly1991145–146-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambly1991145–146_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHambly1991">Hambly 1991</a>, pp. 145–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202145,_48-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202145,_48_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, pp. 45, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991331–332-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991331–332_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazemzadeh1991">Kazemzadeh 1991</a>, pp. 331–332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202161-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202161_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202161–65-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202161–65_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, pp. 61–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202166–67-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202166–67_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202168-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202168_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202169–70-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202169–70_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202170-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202170_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202170–71-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202170–71_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202171–72-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202171–72_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202172–73-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202172–73_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202176–80-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202176–80_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, pp. 76–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202180–81-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202180–81_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a> presents parallel accounts based on Iranian and Russian sources, respectively, on pp. 80–83 and 84–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202191–94-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202191–94_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, pp. 91–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202194-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202194_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the parallel Persian and Russian accounts, respectively, in <a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, pp. 82–83 and 94–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202198-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202198_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202198,_note_145-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202198,_note_145_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, p. 98, note 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202182–83-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBournoutian202182–83_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBournoutian2021">Bournoutian 2021</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200830–31-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing200830–31_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing200830–31_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing2008">King 2008</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991334-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991334_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazemzadeh1991">Kazemzadeh 1991</a>, pp. 334.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAtkin1980" class="citation book cs1">Atkin, Muriel (1980). <i>Russia and Iran, 1780–1828</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0924-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0924-6"><bdi>978-0-8166-0924-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Iran%2C+1780%E2%80%931828&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0924-6&rft.aulast=Atkin&rft.aufirst=Muriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Persian+War+%281804%E2%80%931813%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBournoutian2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bournoutian" title="George Bournoutian">Bournoutian, George</a> (2021). <i>From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813</i>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44515-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44515-4"><bdi>978-90-04-44515-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Kur+to+the+Aras%3A+A+Military+History+of+Russia%27s+Move+into+the+South+Caucasus+and+the+First+Russo-Iranian+War%2C+1801%E2%80%931813&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-44515-4&rft.aulast=Bournoutian&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Persian+War+%281804%E2%80%931813%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Daniel, Elton L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/golestan-treaty">"Golestān Treaty"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition</i>. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Golest%C4%81n+Treaty&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Online+Edition&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Elton+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgolestan-treaty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Persian+War+%281804%E2%80%931813%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling2014" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Timothy C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728"><i>Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond</i></a>. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-948-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+War%3A+From+the+Mongol+Conquest+to+Afghanistan%2C+Chechnya%2C+and+Beyond&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-948-6&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=Timothy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTq2BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Persian+War+%281804%E2%80%931813%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dubrovin, N. История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе, volumes 4–6. SPb, 1886–88.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1992" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Erik (1992). <i>Wars and Peace Treaties: 1816 to 1991</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07822-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07822-9"><bdi>0-415-07822-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+and+Peace+Treaties%3A+1816+to+1991&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-415-07822-9&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Persian+War+%281804%E2%80%931813%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHambly1991" class="citation book cs1">Hambly, Gavin R. G. (1991). "Iran during the reigns of Fath 'Alī Shāh and Muhammad Shāh". In <a href="/wiki/Peter_Avery" title="Peter Avery">Avery, Peter</a>; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i>. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521200950" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521200950"><bdi>978-0521200950</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran+during+the+reigns+of+Fath+%E2%80%98Al%C4%AB+Sh%C4%81h+and+Muhammad+Sh%C4%81h&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=144-173&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0521200950&rft.aulast=Hambly&rft.aufirst=Gavin+R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Persian+War+%281804%E2%80%931813%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazemzadeh1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Firuz_Kazemzadeh" title="Firuz Kazemzadeh">Kazemzadeh, Firuz</a> (1991). "Iranian relations with Russia and the Soviet Union, to 1921". In <a href="/wiki/Peter_Avery" title="Peter Avery">Avery, Peter</a>; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i>. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. pp. 314–349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521200950" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521200950"><bdi>978-0521200950</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iranian+relations+with+Russia+and+the+Soviet+Union%2C+to+1921&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=314-349&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0521200950&rft.aulast=Kazemzadeh&rft.aufirst=Firuz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Persian+War+%281804%E2%80%931813%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2008" class="citation book cs1">King, Charles (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ghostoffreedomhi0000king"><i>The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517775-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517775-6"><bdi>978-0-19-517775-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghost+of+Freedom%3A+A+History+of+the+Caucasus&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517775-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fghostoffreedomhi0000king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Persian+War+%281804%E2%80%931813%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPourjavady2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pourjavady, Reza (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/christian-muslim-relations-ii/russo-iranian-wars-1804-13-and-1826-8-COM_34286">"Russo-Iranian wars 1804-13 and 1826-8"</a>. <i>Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 20. Iran, Afghanistan and the Caucasus (1800-1914)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russo-Iranian+wars+1804-13+and+1826-8&rft.btitle=Christian-Muslim+Relations.+A+Bibliographical+History+Volume+20.+Iran%2C+Afghanistan+and+the+Caucasus+%281800-1914%29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Pourjavady&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fchristian-muslim-relations-ii%2Frusso-iranian-wars-1804-13-and-1826-8-COM_34286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Persian+War+%281804%E2%80%931813%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrooz2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maziar_Behrooz" title="Maziar Behrooz">Behrooz, Maziar</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TnevEAAAQBAJ"><i>Iran at War: Interactions with the Modern World and the Struggle with Imperial Russia</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0755637379" title="Special:BookSources/978-0755637379"><bdi>978-0755637379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+at+War%3A+Interactions+with+the+Modern+World+and+the+Struggle+with+Imperial+Russia&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0755637379&rft.aulast=Behrooz&rft.aufirst=Maziar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTnevEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Persian+War+%281804%E2%80%931813%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Coup attempt (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of<br />Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Central Asian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Guerrilla war in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia war (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign" title="Western Libya campaign">Western Libya campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139887#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2018003260">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16704908d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16704908d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012408572205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–Russia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Template:Iran–Russia relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–Russia relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Russia relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–Russia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Iran–Russia relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Iran,_Moscow" title="Embassy of Iran, Moscow">Embassy of Iran, Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia,_Tehran" title="Embassy of Russia, Tehran">Embassy of Russia, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of Russia to Iran">Ambassadors of Russia to Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_Russia,_Isfahan" title="Consulate General of Russia, Isfahan">Consulate General of Russia, Isfahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kurakchay" title="Treaty of Kurakchay">Treaty of Kurakchay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1723)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Security_Belt" title="Marine Security Belt">Marine Security Belt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">1651–1653</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">1722–1723</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1804–1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">1826–1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasabad_(fortress)" title="Abbasabad (fortress)">Abbasabad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Iranian famine of 1942–1943">Iranian famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1903_Isfahan_anti-Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_riots" title="1903 Isfahan anti-Baháʼí riots">1903 Isfahan anti-Baháʼí riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tabriz_(1908%E2%80%931909)" title="Siege of Tabriz (1908–1909)">Siege of Tabriz (1908–1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Mirza" title="Abbas Mirza">Abbas Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Taqi_Pessian" title="Mohammad Taqi Pessian">Mohammad Taqi Pessian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi_Khan_Qajar" title="Shafi Khan Qajar">Shafi Khan Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qulu_Mirza_Qajar" title="Ali Qulu Mirza Qajar">Ali Qulu Mirza Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Kazim_Mirza_Qajar" title="Amir Kazim Mirza Qajar">Amir Kazim Mirza Qajar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Upheaval" title="Axis of Upheaval">Axis of Upheaval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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