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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Chelates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chelates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Soy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_animal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_animal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>By animal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_animal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Animal feed</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimento_para_animales" title="Alimento para animales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alimento para animales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azienda-bazka" title="Azienda-bazka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azienda-bazka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="خوراک دام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خوراک دام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentation_animale" title="Alimentation animale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alimentation animale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC_%EC%82%AC%EB%A3%8C" title="동물 사료 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동물 사료" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Համակցված կերեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համակցված կերեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nri_an%E1%BB%A5man%E1%BB%A5" title="Nri anụmanụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Nri anụmanụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakan" title="Pakan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pakan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panganan_k%C3%A9wan" title="Panganan kéwan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Panganan kéwan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಪ್ರಾಣಿ ಆಹಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಾಣಿ ಆಹಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyref%C3%B4r" title="Dyrefôr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dyrefôr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1" title="ਪਸ਼ੂ ਫੀਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਸ਼ੂ ਫੀਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Animal feed" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayvan_yemi" title="Hayvan yemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hayvan yemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A9c_%C4%83n_ch%C4%83n_nu%C3%B4i" title="Thức ăn chăn nuôi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thức ăn chăn nuôi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Food for various animals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Animal_feed" title="Special:EditPage/Animal feed">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Animal+feed%22">"Animal feed"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Animal+feed%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Animal+feed%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Animal+feed%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Animal+feed%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Animal+feed%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feedlot-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Feedlot-1.jpg/300px-Feedlot-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Feedlot-1.jpg/450px-Feedlot-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Feedlot-1.jpg/600px-Feedlot-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Feedlot" title="Feedlot">feedlot</a> in Texas, USA, where cattle are "<a href="/wiki/Cattle_feeding" title="Cattle feeding">finished</a>" (fattened on grains) prior to slaughter.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Animal feed</b> is <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> given to <a href="/wiki/Domestic_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic animal">domestic animals</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, in the course of <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>. There are two basic types: <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a>. Used alone, the word <i>feed</i> more often refers to <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>. Animal feed is an important input to <a href="/wiki/Animal_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal agriculture">animal agriculture</a>, and is frequently the main cost of the raising or keeping of animals. Farms typically try to reduce cost for this food, by growing their own, <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> animals, or supplementing expensive feeds with substitutes, such as <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a> like <a href="/wiki/Spent_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Spent grain">spent grain from beer brewing</a>. </p><p>Animal wellbeing is highly dependent on feed that reflects a well balanced nutrition. Some modern agricultural practices, such as fattening cows on grains or in feed lots, have detrimental effects on the environment and animals. For example, increased corn or other grain in feed for cows, makes their <a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">microbiomes</a> more acidic weakening their immune systems and making cows a more likely vector for <a href="/wiki/E.coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E.coli"><i>E. coli</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other feeding practices can improve animal impacts. For example, feeding cows certain kinds of seaweed, reduces their production of methane, reducing the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production#Greenhouse_gas_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">greenhouse gases from meat production</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When an environmental crisis strikes farmers or herders, such as a drought or <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> driven by climate change, farmers often have to shift to more expensive <a href="/wiki/Manufactured_animal_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufactured animal feed">manufactured animal feed</a>, which can negatively effect their economic viability. For example, a 2017 drought in Senegal reduced the availability of <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing lands</a> leading to skyrocketing demand and prices for manufactured animal feed, causing farmers to sell large portions of their herds.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally agriculture for producing animal feed puts pressure on land use: feed crops need land that otherwise might be used for human food and can be one of the driving factors for <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a> and climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fodder">Fodder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_feed&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Fodder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">Fodder</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horses_eating_hay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Horses_eating_hay.jpg/220px-Horses_eating_hay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Horses_eating_hay.jpg/330px-Horses_eating_hay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Horses_eating_hay.jpg/440px-Horses_eating_hay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Equine nutritionists recommend that 50% or more of a horse's diet by weight should be forages, such as hay<sup id="cite_ref-Feeding_factors_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feeding_factors-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">Fodder</a>" refers particularly to foods or forages given to the animals (including plants cut and carried to them), rather than that which they forage for themselves. It includes <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>, compressed and pelleted feeds, oils and mixed rations, and sprouted grains and <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>. Grass and crop residues are the most important source of animal feed globally.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grains account for 11% of the total dry matter consume by livestock at global level and oilseed crops by-products such as soybean cakes account for 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of grain used to produce the same unit of meat varies substantially between species and production systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a>, ruminants require an average of 2.8 kg of grains to produce 1 kg of meat while monogastrics require 3.2.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These figures vary between 0.1 for extensive ruminant systems to 9.4 in beef feedlots, and from 0.1 in backyard chicken production to 4 in industrial pig production.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Farmed_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmed fish">Farmed fish</a> can also be fed on grain and use even less than poultry. The two most important feed grains are <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">United States</a> is by far <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">the largest exporter</a> of both, averaging about half of the global maize trade and 40% of the global soya trade in the years leading up the 2012 drought.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other feed grains include <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, among many others. </p><p>Traditional sources of animal feed include <a href="/wiki/Food_waste#Animal_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">household food scraps</a> and the byproducts of <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a> industries such as <a href="/wiki/Milling_(grinding)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milling (grinding)">milling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">brewing</a>. Material remaining from milling oil crops like <a href="/wiki/Peanut#Animal_feed" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybean#Livestock_feed" title="Soybean">soy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maize#Fodder" title="Maize">corn</a> are important sources of fodder. Scraps fed to pigs are called <a href="/wiki/Food_waste#Animal_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">slop</a>, and those fed to chicken are called <a href="/wiki/Bird_food" title="Bird food">chicken scratch</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brewer%27s_spent_grain" title="Brewer's spent grain">Brewer's spent grain</a> is a byproduct of beer making that is widely used as animal feed. </p><p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Compound_feed"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Compound feed</span></span> is fodder that is blended from various raw materials and additives. These blends are formulated according to the specific requirements of the target animal. They are manufactured by feed compounders as <i>meal type</i>, <i>pellets</i> or <i>crumbles</i>. The main ingredients used in commercially prepared feed are the feed grains, which include <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybeans">soybeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>. </p><p>Compound feed may also include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Premixes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Premixes (page does not exist)">premixes</a>, which may also be sold separately. Premixes are composed of microingredients such as vitamins, minerals, chemical preservatives, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">antibiotics</a>, fermentation products, and other ingredients that are purchased from premix companies, usually in sacked form, for blending into commercial rations. Because of the availability of these products, farmers who use their own grain can formulate their own rations and be assured that their animals are getting the recommended levels of minerals and vitamins,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they are still subject to the <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_Feed_Directive" title="Veterinary Feed Directive">Veterinary Feed Directive</a>. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Feed_Industry_Association" title="American Feed Industry Association">American Feed Industry Association</a>, as much as $20 billion worth of feed ingredients are purchased each year. These products range from grain mixes to orange rinds and beet pulps. The feed industry is one of the most competitive businesses in the agricultural sector and is by far the largest purchaser of U.S. corn, feed grains, and soybean meal. Tens of thousands of farmers with feed mills on their own farms are able to compete with huge conglomerates with national distribution. Feed crops generated $23.2 billion in cash receipts on U.S. farms in 2001. At the same time, farmers spent a total of $24.5 billion on feed that year. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush-based_animal_feed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bush-based_animal_feed.jpg/220px-Bush-based_animal_feed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bush-based_animal_feed.jpg/330px-Bush-based_animal_feed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bush-based_animal_feed.jpg/440px-Bush-based_animal_feed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Milled <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant_encroachment" title="Woody plant encroachment">encroacher bush</a> that is used as a basis for local fodder production in Namibia</figcaption></figure> <p>With progressing climate change and reoccuring droughts, extensive rangeland agriculture increasingly suffers of forage shortage. Innovative approaches to substitute forage include the harvesting and processing of shrubs into animal feed. This has been extensively researched and applied in Namibia, using waste biomass resulting from <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant_encroachment" title="Woody plant encroachment">woody encroachment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, around 734.5 million tons of feed were produced annually around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_feed&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cows_eating_TMR.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cows_eating_TMR.JPG/220px-Cows_eating_TMR.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cows_eating_TMR.JPG/330px-Cows_eating_TMR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cows_eating_TMR.JPG/440px-Cows_eating_TMR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Cattle eating a <a href="/wiki/Total_mixed_ration" title="Total mixed ration">total mixed ration</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The US <a href="/wiki/Animal_Drug_Availability_Act_1996" title="Animal Drug Availability Act 1996">Animal Drug Availability Act 1996</a>, passed during the <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> era, was the first attempt in that country to regulate the use of <a href="/wiki/Medicated_feed" title="Medicated feed">medicated feed</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1997, in response to outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</a>, commonly known as mad cow disease, the United States and Canada banned a range of animal tissues from cattle feed. Feed bans in United States (2009) Canada (2007) expanded on this, prohibiting the use of potentially infectious tissue in all animal and pet food and fertilizers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forage">Forage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_feed&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Forage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg/330px-Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg/495px-Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg/660px-Maasai_man_with_cattle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4175" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">herdsman</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai people</a> watches as his cattle graze in the <a href="/wiki/Ngorongoro_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngorongoro crater">Ngorongoro crater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</figcaption></figure><div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forage&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a> is a plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the term <i>forage</i> has meant only plants eaten by the animals directly as <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crop_residue" title="Crop residue">crop residue</a>, or immature <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> crops, but it is also used more loosely to include similar plants cut for <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> and carried to the animals, especially as <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> While the term <i>forage</i> has a broad definition, the term <i>forage crop</i> is used to define crops, annual or biennial, which are grown to be utilized by grazing or harvesting as a whole crop.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_feed&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Feed_manufacturing" title="Feed manufacturing">Feed manufacturing</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feed_manufacturing&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Feed_manufacturing" title="Feed manufacturing">Feed manufacturing</a> refers to the process of producing animal feed from raw agricultural products. <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">Fodder</a> produced by manufacturing is formulated to meet specific <a href="/wiki/Animal_nutrition" title="Animal nutrition">animal nutrition</a> requirements for different species of animals at different life stages. According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Feed_Industry_Association" title="American Feed Industry Association">American Feed Industry Association</a> (AFIA),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are four basic steps: </p> <ol><li>Receive raw <a href="/wiki/Ingredient" title="Ingredient">ingredients</a>: Feed mills receive raw ingredients from suppliers. Upon arrival, the ingredients are weighed, tested and analyzed for various nutrients and to ensure their quality and safety.</li> <li>Create a formula: <a href="/wiki/Nutritionist" title="Nutritionist">Nutritionists</a> work side by side with scientists to formulate nutritionally sound and balanced diets for livestock, poultry, aquaculture and pets. This is a complex process, as every species has different nutritional requirements.</li> <li>Mix ingredients: Once the formula is determined, the mill mixes the ingredients to create a finished product.</li> <li>Package and label: Manufacturers determine the best way to ship the product. If it is prepared for retail, it will be "bagged and tagged," or placed into a bag with a label that includes the product's purpose, ingredients and instructions. If the product is prepared for commercial use, it will be shipped in bulk.</li></ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_feed&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In agriculture today, the nutritional needs of farm animals are well understood and may be satisfied through natural forage and fodder alone, or augmented by direct supplementation of nutrients in concentrated, controlled form. The nutritional quality of feed is influenced not only by the nutrient content, but also by many other factors such as feed presentation, hygiene, digestibility, and effect on intestinal health.<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Feed_additives" class="mw-redirect" title="Feed additives">Feed additives</a> provide a mechanism through which these nutrient deficiencies can be resolved, improving animal rate of growth, health, and well-being. Many farm animals have a diet largely consisting of grain-based ingredients because of the higher costs of quality feed.<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_ingredients">Major ingredients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_feed&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Major ingredients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chelates">Chelates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_feed&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chelates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Chelates_in_animal_nutrition" title="Chelates in animal nutrition">Chelates in animal nutrition</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chelates_in_animal_nutrition&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M(H2O)6_cation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/M%28H2O%296_cation.png/170px-M%28H2O%296_cation.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/M%28H2O%296_cation.png/255px-M%28H2O%296_cation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/M%28H2O%296_cation.png/340px-M%28H2O%296_cation.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Structure of typical <a href="/wiki/Metal_aquo_complex" title="Metal aquo complex">metal ion</a> in the absence of chelate.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chelates_in_animal_nutrition" title="Chelates in animal nutrition">Chelates in animal feed</a> is jargon for metalloorganic compounds added to animal feed. The compounds provide sources of various metals that improve the health or marketability of the animal. Typical metals salts are derived from <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. The objective of supplementation with trace minerals is to avoid a variety of <a href="/wiki/Deficiency_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Deficiency disease">deficiency diseases</a>. Trace minerals carry out key functions in relation to many <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic processes</a>, most notably as <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactors</a> for <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>, and are essential for optimum health, growth and productivity. For example, supplementary minerals help ensure good growth, bone development, <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathering</a> in birds, <a href="/wiki/Hoof" title="Hoof">hoof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a> quality in mammals, enzyme structure and functions, and appetite. Deficiency of trace minerals affect many metabolic processes and so may be manifested by different symptoms, such as poor growth and <a href="/wiki/Appetite" title="Appetite">appetite</a>, reproductive failures, impaired <a href="/wiki/Immune_response" title="Immune response">immune responses</a>, and general ill-thrift. From the 1950s to the 1990s most trace mineral supplementation of animal diets was in the form of inorganic minerals, and these largely eradicated associated deficiency diseases in farm animals. The role in <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> and reproductive diseases of <a href="/wiki/Dairy_cattle" title="Dairy cattle">dairy cattle</a> highlights that organic forms of Zn are retained better than inorganic sources and so may provide greater benefit in <a href="/wiki/Disease_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Disease prevention">disease prevention</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Mastitis" title="Mastitis">mastitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lameness_(equine)" title="Lameness (equine)">lameness.</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animals</a> are thought to better absorb, digest, and use mineral chelates than inorganic minerals or simple salts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In theory lower concentrations of these minerals can be used in animal feeds. In addition, animals fed chelated sources of essential trace minerals excrete lower amounts in their faeces, and so there is less environmental contamination.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insects">Insects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_feed&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Insects_as_feed" title="Insects as feed">Insects as feed</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insects_as_feed&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermetiaillucens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Hermetiaillucens.jpg/220px-Hermetiaillucens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Hermetiaillucens.jpg/330px-Hermetiaillucens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Hermetiaillucens.jpg/440px-Hermetiaillucens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_soldier_fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Black soldier fly">Black soldier fly</a> larvae produced as animal feed</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Insects_as_feed" title="Insects as feed">Insects as feed</a> are <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> species used as animal feed, either for <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Insect_based_pet_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect based pet food">as pet food</a>. </p> As livestock feed production <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">uses ~33% of the world's agricultural cropland use</a>, insects might be able to supplement livestock feed. They can transform low-value organic wastes, are nutritious and have low environmental impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1126/science.adc9165_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1126/science.adc9165-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soy">Soy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_feed&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Soy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Soybean_meal" title="Soybean meal">Soybean meal</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soybean_meal&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soybean_Meal_(10059014026).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Soybean_Meal_%2810059014026%29.jpg/220px-Soybean_Meal_%2810059014026%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Soybean_Meal_%2810059014026%29.jpg/330px-Soybean_Meal_%2810059014026%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Soybean_Meal_%2810059014026%29.jpg/440px-Soybean_Meal_%2810059014026%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="3328" /></a><figcaption>Soybean meal</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Soybean_meal" title="Soybean meal">Soybean meal</a> is used in <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> and animal feeds, principally as a <a href="/wiki/Protein_supplement" title="Protein supplement">protein supplement</a>, but also as a source of <a href="/wiki/Metabolizable_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolizable energy">metabolizable energy</a>. Typically 1 <a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">bushel</a> (i.e. 60 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">lbs.</a> or 27.2 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>) of soybeans yields 48 lbs. (21.8 kg) of <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a> meal.<sup id="cite_ref-Soybean_meal_MP197_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soybean_meal_MP197-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soybean meal is produced as a <a href="/wiki/Co-product" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-product">co-product</a> of <a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">soybean oil</a> extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, but not all, soybean meal contains ground soybean hulls. Soybean meal is heat-treated during production, to <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">denature</a> the <a href="/wiki/Trypsin_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Trypsin inhibitors">trypsin inhibitors</a> of soybeans, which would otherwise interfere with <a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis">protein digestion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Soybean_meal_Stein2008_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soybean_meal_Stein2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Soybean_meal_SFIG2010_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soybean_meal_SFIG2010-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_animal">By animal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_feed&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: By animal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird feed">Bird feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_food" title="Cat food">Cat food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_feeding" title="Cattle feeding">Cattle feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_food" title="Dog food">Dog food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_nutrition" title="Equine nutrition">Equine nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish feed">Fish feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_food" title="Pet food">Pet food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_feed" title="Poultry feed">Poultry feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_husbandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep husbandry">Sheep husbandry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_feed&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appetein" title="Appetein">Appetein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEFANA" title="FEFANA">FEFANA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammermill" title="Hammermill">Hammermill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_mill" title="Pellet mill">Pellet mill</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_feed&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Making+the+case+for+using+insects+as+food+for+both+humans+and+livestock&rft.aulast=Yirka&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2023-01-case-insects-food-humans-livestock.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+feed" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Soybean_meal_MP197-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soybean_meal_MP197_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurcellSalmeronAshlock2000" class="citation book cs1">Purcell, Larry C.; Salmeron, Montserrat; Ashlock, Lanny (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304011452/http://www.uaex.edu/publications/mp-197.aspx">"Chapter 19: Soybean Facts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaex.edu/publications/mp-197.aspx"><i>Arkansas Soybean Production Handbook - MP197</i></a>. Little Rock, AR: University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/mp197/chapter19.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+19%3A+Soybean+Facts&rft.btitle=Arkansas+Soybean+Production+Handbook+-+MP197&rft.place=Little+Rock%2C+AR&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Arkansas+Cooperative+Extension+Service&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=Larry+C.&rft.au=Salmeron%2C+Montserrat&rft.au=Ashlock%2C+Lanny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uaex.edu%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2Fmp197%2Fchapter19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+feed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengRosentrater2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Ming-Hsun; Rosentrater, Kurt A. 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H., L. L. Berger, J. K. Drackley, G. C. Fahey Jr, D. C. Hernot and C. M. Parsons. 2008. Nutritional properties and feeding values of soybeans and their coproducts. Soybeans chemistry, production, processing, and utilization. AOCS Press, Urbana, IL. pp. 613-660.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soybean_meal_SFIG2010-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soybean_meal_SFIG2010_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soybean Feed Industry Guide. 2010. 1st Ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://cigi.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/2010-Soybean-Feed-Industry-Guide.pdf">https://cigi.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/2010-Soybean-Feed-Industry-Guide.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308025835/https://cigi.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/2010-Soybean-Feed-Industry-Guide.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_feed&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/animal_feed" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/animal feed">animal feed</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.food.gov.uk/foodindustry/farmingfood/animalfeed/animalfeedlegislation">Animal feed legislation and guidance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213235422/http://www.food.gov.uk/foodindustry/farmingfood/animalfeed/animalfeedlegislation">Archived</a> 2010-12-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/ag/AGa/AGAP/FRG/Feedsafety/feedsafety.htm">FAO Feed Safety guidelines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202144046/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGa/AGAP/FRG/Feedsafety/feedsafety.htm">Archived</a> 2010-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081418/http://www.afia.org/Biosecurity_Guide.html">Feed - 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