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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84" title="بقایای محصول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بقایای محصول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9sidu_de_culture" title="Résidu de culture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Résidu de culture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D5%A3%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Խոզան (գյուղատնտեսություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խոզան (գյուղատնտեսություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihe_%E1%BB%8Dk%E1%BB%A5k%E1%BB%A5_f%E1%BB%8Dd%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5n%E1%BB%A5" title="Ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụnụ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụnụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7" title="ಬೆಳೆ ಶೇಷ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆಳೆ ಶೇಷ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A6" title="ਫ਼ਸਲ ਦੀ ਰਹਿੰਦ ਖੂੰਹਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਸਲ ਦੀ ਰਹਿੰਦ ਖੂੰਹਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resztki_po%C5%BCniwne" title="Resztki pożniwne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Resztki pożniwne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%BF_ph%E1%BA%A9m_n%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87p" title="Phế phẩm nông nghiệp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phế phẩm nông nghiệp" 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.ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Crop_residue" title="Special:EditPage/Crop residue">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Crop+residue%22">"Crop residue"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Crop+residue%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Crop+residue%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Crop+residue%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Crop+residue%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Crop+residue%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stubble_field_in_Brastad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Stubble_field_in_Brastad.jpg/220px-Stubble_field_in_Brastad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Stubble_field_in_Brastad.jpg/330px-Stubble_field_in_Brastad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Stubble_field_in_Brastad.jpg/440px-Stubble_field_in_Brastad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Stubble field in <a href="/wiki/Brastad" title="Brastad">Brastad</a>, Sweden</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Crop residues</b> are waste materials generated by <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. The two types are: </p> <ul><li><b>Field residues</b> are materials left in an <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural field">agricultural field</a> or <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchard</a> after the crop has been <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvested</a>. These <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/residue" class="extiw" title="wikt:residue">residues</a> include <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stalks</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stubble" class="extiw" title="wikt:stubble">stubble</a> (stems), <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seed_pods" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed pods">seed pods</a>. Good management of field residues can increase efficiency of <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and control of <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>. The residue can be ploughed directly into the ground, or <a href="/wiki/Stubble_burning" title="Stubble burning">burned</a> first. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/No-till" class="mw-redirect" title="No-till">no-till</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strip-till" title="Strip-till">strip-till</a> or reduced-till agriculture practices are carried out to maximize crop residue cover. Simple line-transect measurements can be used to estimate residue coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Process residues</b> are materials left after the crop is processed into a usable resource. These residues include <a href="/wiki/Husk" title="Husk">husks</a>, seeds, <a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">bagasse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>. They can be used as animal <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_amendments" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil amendments">soil amendment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_value">Economic value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crop_residue&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Economic value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crop residues can be used effectively in many ways: </p> <ul><li><b>Biofertilizer</b>: Most discussions about the <a href="/wiki/Economic_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic value">economic value</a> of crop residues focus on the equivalent fertilizer cost of the nutrients within. Although crop residues contain both <a href="/wiki/Macronutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Macronutrients">macronutrients</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micronutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronutrients">micronutrients</a>, only macronutrients such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> are economically significant.</li> <li><b>Use in agronomic practice</b> as strawbed to produce crops (e.g. in strawberry cultivation). They are widely used in mushroom cultivation. The residues after mushroom cultivation can act as good substrate for composting and biofertilizer applications.</li> <li><b>Particle board</b>: Recent developments suggest potential use of crop residues in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">particle board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biofuel_production_from_crop_residues">Biofuel production from crop residues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crop_residue&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biofuel production from crop residues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the high carbohydrate content, crop residues can be considered as an appropriate feedstock to produce biofuels. Some algorithms have been developed to estimate the potential capacity of biofuel production from agricultural residues.<sup id="cite_ref-Hydrogen_Step_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hydrogen_Step-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biochemical_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biochemical-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the experimental data obtained from a study that used ethanol organosolv pretreated rice straw to produce <a href="/wiki/Biohydrogen" title="Biohydrogen">biohydrogen</a> using <i>Enterobacter aerogenes</i>, the annual global amount of collectable rice straw (not total produced straw) for biofuel production was estimated about 249 million tonnes, that could approximately produce 355.78 kilotonnes of hydrogen and 11.32 million tonnes of lignin by the proposed organosolv technology and it was found that China contributes to about 32% of global potential capacity to produce biohydrogen from rice straw.<sup id="cite_ref-Organosolv_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Organosolv-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mineralization">Mineralization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crop_residue&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mineralization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nutrients in most crop residue are not immediately available for crop use. Their release (called <a href="/wiki/Mineralization_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineralization (biology)">mineralization</a>) occurs over a period of years. The biological processes involved in soil <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">nutrient cycles</a> are complex. As a rough guide, cereal <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a> releases about 10 to 15 per cent of its nutrients and pea residues release about 35 percent of their nutrients by the next year. </p><p>The speed of mineralization depends on the nitrogen and <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> (fiber) content, soil moisture, temperature, and degree of mixing with the soil. N is released fairly quickly from residue when the content is higher than 1.5 per cent (such as in pea residues). In contrast, below 1.2 per cent (such as cereal residue), soil-available N is fixed (called immobilization) by the microbes as they decompose the residue. </p><p>Thus pea residue would have short- and long-term benefits to <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil fertility</a>, whereas cereal straw would reduce next year's soil supply of available nutrients. Over time, the nutrients fixed by soil microbes and humus are released and available to crops. Nutrients from residue are not fully recovered by crops. Just like fertilizer nutrients, nutrients released from crop residue into the soil are susceptible to losses such as <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">leaching</a> (N and S), <a href="/wiki/Denitrification" title="Denitrification">denitrification</a> (N), <a href="/wiki/Immobilization_(soil_science)" title="Immobilization (soil science)">immobilization</a> (N, P, K and S), and fixation (P and K). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efficiency_of_nutrient_uptake">Efficiency of nutrient uptake</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crop_residue&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Efficiency of nutrient uptake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The efficiency of nutrient uptake by crops from fertilizers or residue release is generally thought to be similar. For example, about 50 percent recovery of N in the above-ground plant in the first year. There is some residual benefit of fertilizers as the crops take up a small amount of the nutrients two and three years later. Fertilizer placement can significantly affect the efficiency of crop uptake. The impact of residue placement (buried by <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">tillage</a> or left on the surface in <a href="/wiki/Zero_tillage" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero tillage">zero tillage</a>) on <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrient cycling">nutrient cycling</a> and efficiency is under study.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Thus, the practice of calculating the fertilizer equivalent value of the nutrients in crop residue is a reasonable guide to estimating the partial value of crop residues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crop_residue&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_tillage" title="Conventional tillage">Conventional tillage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crop_residue&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichardsMuckWalter1984" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, B. K.; Muck, R. E.; Walter, M. F. (1 January 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jswconline.org/content/39/1/60">"Variation in line transect measurements of crop residue cover"</a>. <i>Journal of Soil and Water Conservation</i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">60–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4561">0022-4561</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017085207/https://www.jswconline.org/content/39/1/60">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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A paper presented at the Workshop on Animal Feed Resources for Small Scale livestock Producers, 11–15 November 1985, Nairobi, Kenya. 12 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterworthMosi1986" class="citation journal cs1">Butterworth, M.H.; Mosi, A.K. (1986). "The voluntary intake and digestibility of combinations of cereal crop residues and legume hay for sheep". <i>ILCA Bulletin</i>. <b>24</b>: <span class="nowrap">14–</span>17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ILCA+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+voluntary+intake+and+digestibility+of+combinations+of+cereal+crop+residues+and+legume+hay+for+sheep&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Butterworth&rft.aufirst=M.H.&rft.au=Mosi%2C+A.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrop+residue" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crop_residue&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050216074935/http://www.ctic.purdue.edu/Core4/CT/CRM/Benefits.html">Field residue management benefits</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crop_residue&oldid=1248352662">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crop_residue&oldid=1248352662</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crops" title="Category:Crops">Crops</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biofuels" title="Category:Biofuels">Biofuels</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_January_2013" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2013">Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2013" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2013">Articles needing additional references from January 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 September 2024, at 01:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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