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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Romanization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic_invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Germanic invasions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Germanic_invasions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Germanic invasions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Germanic_invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Suebi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Suebi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Suebi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Suebi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Visigoths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Visigoths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The Visigoths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Visigoths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Andalus_(711–868)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Andalus_(711–868)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Al-Andalus (711–868)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Andalus_(711–868)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconquista" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconquista"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reconquista</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reconquista-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reconquista subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reconquista-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation_of_the_County_of_Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_the_County_of_Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Creation of the County of Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_the_County_of_Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Foundation of the Kingdom of Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affirmation_of_Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affirmation_of_Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Affirmation of Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affirmation_of_Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_exploration_and_Portuguese_Empire_(15th–16th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_exploration_and_Portuguese_Empire_(15th–16th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Naval exploration and Portuguese Empire (15th–16th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Naval_exploration_and_Portuguese_Empire_(15th–16th_centuries)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Naval exploration and Portuguese Empire (15th–16th centuries) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Naval_exploration_and_Portuguese_Empire_(15th–16th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India_and_the_Treaty_of_Tordesillas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India_and_the_Treaty_of_Tordesillas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Discovery of the sea route to India and the Treaty of Tordesillas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India_and_the_Treaty_of_Tordesillas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portuguese_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Portuguese Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1580_succession_crisis,_Iberian_Union_and_decline_of_the_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1580_succession_crisis,_Iberian_Union_and_decline_of_the_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>1580 succession crisis, Iberian Union and decline of the Empire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1580_succession_crisis,_Iberian_Union_and_decline_of_the_Empire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1580 succession crisis, Iberian Union and decline of the Empire subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1580_succession_crisis,_Iberian_Union_and_decline_of_the_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decline_of_the_Portuguese_Empire_under_the_Philippine_Dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_the_Portuguese_Empire_under_the_Philippine_Dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Decline of the Portuguese Empire under the Philippine Dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_the_Portuguese_Empire_under_the_Philippine_Dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_Restoration_War_(1640–1668)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_Restoration_War_(1640–1668)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Portuguese Restoration War (1640–1668)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_Restoration_War_(1640–1668)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pombaline_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pombaline_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Pombaline era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pombaline_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pombaline era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pombaline_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portuguese-led_invasion_of_Spain_in_1707" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese-led_invasion_of_Spain_in_1707"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Portuguese-led invasion of Spain in 1707</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese-led_invasion_of_Spain_in_1707-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Ghost_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ghost_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span><i>The Ghost War</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ghost_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crises_of_the_nineteenth_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crises_of_the_nineteenth_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Crises of the nineteenth century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crises_of_the_nineteenth_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crises of the nineteenth century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crises_of_the_nineteenth_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Napoleonic era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Constitutional monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_First_Republic_(1910–1926)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_First_Republic_(1910–1926)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>The First Republic (1910–1926)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_First_Republic_(1910–1926)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The First Republic (1910–1926) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_First_Republic_(1910–1926)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_instability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_instability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Political instability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_instability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evaluation_of_the_republican_experiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evaluation_of_the_republican_experiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Evaluation of the republican experiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evaluation_of_the_republican_experiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-28_May_1926_coup_d'état" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#28_May_1926_coup_d'état"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>28 May 1926 coup d'état</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-28_May_1926_coup_d'état-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estado_Novo_(1933–1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estado_Novo_(1933–1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Estado Novo (1933–1974)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Estado_Novo_(1933–1974)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Estado Novo (1933–1974) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Estado_Novo_(1933–1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salazar_dictatorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salazar_dictatorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Salazar dictatorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salazar_dictatorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Third_Republic_(1974–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Third_Republic_(1974–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>The Third Republic (1974–present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Third_Republic_(1974–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Third Republic (1974–present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Third_Republic_(1974–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Third_Portuguese_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Portuguese_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Third Portuguese Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Portuguese_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violent_decolonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violent_decolonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Violent decolonisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violent_decolonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socio-economic_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-economic_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Socio-economic evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-economic_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Portugal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="تاريخ البرتغال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ البرتغال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Portugal" title="Historia de Portugal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="পর্তুগালের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পর্তুগালের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Португалия тарихы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Португалия тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Партугаліі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Партугаліі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Партугаліі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гісторыя Партугаліі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История на Португалия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на Португалия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istor_Portugal" title="Istor Portugal – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Istor Portugal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Portugal" title="Història de Portugal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Portugalska" title="Dějiny Portugalska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Portugalska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes_Portiwgal" title="Hanes Portiwgal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanes Portiwgal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugals_historie" title="Portugals historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portugals historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Portugals" title="Geschichte Portugals – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Portugals" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugali_ajalugu" title="Portugali ajalugu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portugali ajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιστορία της Πορτογαλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιστορία της Πορτογαλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Portugal" title="Historia de Portugal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_de_Portugalio" title="Historio de Portugalio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio de Portugalio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalgo_historia" title="Portugalgo historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Portugalgo historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="تاریخ پرتغال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ پرتغال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_Portugal" title="Histoire du Portugal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire du Portugal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Portugal" title="Historia de Portugal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EA%B0%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="포르투갈의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르투갈의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պորտուգալիայի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորտուգալիայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="पुर्तगाल का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुर्तगाल का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Portugala" title="Povijest Portugala – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Portugala" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Portugal" title="Historio di Portugal – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Portugal" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Portugal" title="Sejarah Portugal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Portugal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_del_Portogallo" title="Storia del Portogallo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia del Portogallo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9C" title="היסטוריה של פורטוגל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של פורטוגל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პორტუგალიის ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორტუგალიის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Ureno" title="Historia ya Ureno – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Ureno" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C4%81les_v%C4%93sture" title="Portugāles vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Portugāles vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Португалиядин тарих – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Португалиядин тарих" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalijos_istorija" title="Portugalijos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Portugalijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_de_Portugal" title="Istoria de Portugal – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Istoria de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C3%A1lia_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Portugália történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portugália történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Историја на Португалија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на Португалија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3ria_de_Pertual" title="Stória de Pertual – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Stória de Pertual" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Portugal" title="Geschiedenis van Portugal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Portugal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="ポルトガルの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポルトガルの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugals_historie" title="Portugals historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Portugals historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="د پرتګال تاریخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د پرتګال تاریخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Portugalii" title="Historia Portugalii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Portugalii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_de_Portugal" title="História de Portugal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_Portugaliei" title="Istoria Portugaliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria Portugaliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История Португалии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Португалии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovina_Portugalske" title="Zgodovina Portugalske – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina Portugalske" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Историја Португалије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Португалије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalin_historia" title="Portugalin historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Portugalin historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugals_historia" title="Portugals historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portugals historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Portugal" title="Category:History of Portugal">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of <span class="fn org label">Portugal</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/80px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/120px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/160px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Portugal" title="Ancient Portugal">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Hispania">Roman conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Romanization of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Suebic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharb_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gharb Al-Andalus">Gharb Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Reconquista" title="Portugal in the Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy" title="Portuguese House of Burgundy">Portuguese House of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1383–1385 Crisis">1383–1385 Crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Naval_exploration_and_Portuguese_Empire_(15th–16th_centuries)">Age of Discovery</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Imperial expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portuguese Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">War of the Portuguese Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch-Portuguese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-Portuguese War">Dutch-Portuguese War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1640%E2%80%931777)" title="History of Portugal (1640–1777)">Bragantine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">Great Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">Imperial decline, war, and revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">Transfer of Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Constitutional Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">1910 Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_First_Republic_(1910–1926)">First Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_North" title="Monarchy of the North">Monarchy of the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portugal during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">1926 coup d'état</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Estado_Novo_(1933–1974)">Second Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ditadura_Nacional" title="Ditadura Nacional">Ditadura Nacional</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_Third_Republic_(1974–)">Third Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Processo_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Em_Curso" class="mw-redirect" title="Processo Revolucionário Em Curso">Processo Revolucionário Em Curso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_transition_to_democracy" title="Portuguese transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Portuguese_Republic" title="Third Portuguese Republic">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_Portuguese_financial_crisis" title="2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis">Financial crisis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010–2014)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–2022)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Topic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Category:Archives_in_Portugal" title="Category:Archives in Portugal">Archives</a> - <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economy</a> - <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Language</a> - <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Portugal" title="LGBT history in Portugal">LGBT</a> - <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Judaism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military</a> - <a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal" title="Autonomous Regions of Portugal">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Azores" title="History of the Azores">Azorean history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeiran history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/24px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portugal portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Portugal" title="Template:History of Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Portugal" title="Template talk:History of Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of Portugal</b> can be traced from circa 400,000 years ago, when the region of present-day <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> was inhabited by <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a>, which lasted almost two centuries, led to the establishment of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a> in the north of what is now Portugal. Following the fall of Rome, Germanic tribes controlled the territory between the 5th and 8th centuries, including the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a> centred in Braga and the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a> in the south. </p><p>The 711–716 invasion by the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> conquered the Visigoth Kingdom and founded the Islamic State of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, gradually advancing through Iberia. In 1095, Portugal broke away from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal" title="Afonso I of Portugal">Afonso Henriques</a>, son of the count <a href="/wiki/Henry,_Count_of_Portugal" title="Henry, Count of Portugal">Henry of Burgundy</a>, proclaimed himself king of Portugal in 1139. The <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> (the southernmost province of Portugal) was conquered from the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> in 1249, and in 1255 <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> became the capital. Portugal's land boundaries have remained almost unchanged since then. During the reign of King <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Portugal" title="John I of Portugal">John I</a>, the Portuguese defeated the <a href="/wiki/Castilians" title="Castilians">Castilians</a> in a war over the throne (1385) and established a political alliance with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> (by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor_(1386)" title="Treaty of Windsor (1386)">Treaty of Windsor</a> in 1386). </p><p>From the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal ascended to the status of a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">world power</a> during Europe's "<a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>" as it <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">built up a vast empire</a>. Signs of military decline began with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Battle of Alcácer Quibir</a> in Morocco in 1578; this defeat led to the death of <a href="/wiki/Sebastian,_King_of_Portugal" title="Sebastian, King of Portugal">King Sebastian</a> and the imprisonment of much of the high nobility, which had to be ransomed at great cost. This eventually led to a small interruption in Portugal's 800-year-old independence by way of a 60-year dynastic union with Spain between 1580 and the beginning of the Portuguese Restoration War led by John IV in 1640. Spain's disastrous defeat in its attempt to conquer England in 1588 by means of the <a href="/wiki/Invincible_Armada" class="mw-redirect" title="Invincible Armada">Invincible Armada</a> was also a factor, as Portugal had to contribute ships for the invasion. Further setbacks included the destruction of much of its capital city in an <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">earthquake in 1755</a>, occupation during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and the loss of its largest colony, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a>, in 1822. From the middle of the 19th century to the late 1950s, nearly two million <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> left Portugal to live in Brazil and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910, a revolution deposed the monarchy. A military coup in 1926 installed a dictatorship that remained until <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">another coup</a> in 1974. The new government instituted sweeping <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> reforms and granted independence to all of Portugal's African colonies in 1975. Portugal is a founding member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD), the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA), and the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a>. It entered the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>) in 1986. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>Portugal</i> derives from the combined <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a>-<a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> place name <a href="/wiki/Portus_Cale" title="Portus Cale">Portus Cale</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a settlement where present-day's <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_Gaia" title="Vila Nova de Gaia">Vila Nova de Gaia</a> (or simply, Gaia) stand, along the banks of river <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> in the north of what is now Portugal. </p><p>Porto stems from the Latin word for <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> or harbour, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">portus</i></span>, with the second element <i>Cale</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s meaning and precise origin being less clear. The mainstream explanation points to an <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> derived from the Callaeci also known as the <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a> peoples, who occupied the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names <i>Cale</i> and <i>Callaici</i> are the origin of today's <i><a href="/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_Gaia" title="Vila Nova de Gaia">Gaia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory proposes that <i>Cale</i> or <i>Calle</i> is a derivation of the Celtic word for 'port',<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">caladh</i></span> or <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">cala</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These explanations, would require the pre-Roman language of the area to have been a branch of Q-Celtic, which is not generally accepted because the region's pre-Roman language was <a href="/wiki/Gallaecian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallaecian">Gallaecian</a>. However, scholars like <a href="/wiki/Jean_Markale" title="Jean Markale">Jean Markale</a> and Tranoy propose the Celtic branches all share the same origin, and placenames such as Cale, Gal, Gaia, <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>, Galatia, Galicia, <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic language">Gaelic</a>, Gael, <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Gallia</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, Cornwall, <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> and others all stem from one linguistic root.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cala is sometimes considered not Celtic, but from Late Latin <i>calatum</i> > <i>calad</i> > <i>cala</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compare Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">cala</i></span>, French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cale</i></span>, itself from Occitan <i>cala</i> "cove, small harbour" from a Pre-Indo-European root <i>*kal</i> / <i>*cala</i><sup id="cite_ref-CNRTL_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNRTL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Calanque" title="Calanque">calanque</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-CNRTL_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNRTL-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and maybe <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Galici-a</a> < <i><a href="/wiki/Callaeci" class="mw-redirect" title="Callaeci">Callaeci</a></i> or <i>Calaeci</i>). Another theory claims it derives from the word <i>Caladunum</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in fact an unattested compound <i>*Caladunum</i>, that may explain the toponym Calezun in <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A further explanation proposes <i>Gatelo</i> as having been the origin of present-day <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, and consequently the wider regions of Northern Portugal and Galicia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different theory has it that <i>Cala</i> was the name of a Celtic goddess (drawing a comparison with the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic languages">Gaelic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cailleach" title="Cailleach">Cailleach</a></i>, a supernatural hag). Some French scholars believe the name may have come from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Portus Gallus</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the port of the Gauls or Celts. </p><p>Around 200 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> took the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> from the Carthaginians during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>. In the process they conquered Cale, renaming it <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Portus Cale</i></span> ('Port of Cale') and incorporating it in the province of <a href="/wiki/Gaelicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelicia">Gaellicia</a> with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Bracara_Augusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracara Augusta">Bracara Augusta</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>, Portugal). During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the region around Portus Cale became known by the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> as <i>Portucale</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The name <i>Portucale</i> changed into <i>Portugale</i> during the 7th and 8th centuries. By the 9th century, <i>Portugale</i> was used extensively to refer to the region between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minho_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Minho River">Minho</a>, the Minho flowing along what would become the northern <a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="Portugal–Spain border">Portugal–Spain border</a>. By the 11th and 12th centuries, <i>Portugale</i>, <i>Portugallia</i>, <i>Portvgallo</i> or <i>Portvgalliae</i> was already referred to as <i>Portugal</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> name for the country, <span title="Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text"><i lang="frm">Portingal</i></span>, which added an intrusive /n/ sound through the process of <a href="/wiki/Excrescence_(phonology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excrescence (phonology)">excrescence</a>, spread to <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middle English variant spellings included <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Portingall</i></span>, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Portingale</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Portyngale</i></span> and <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Portingaill</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spelling <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Portyngale</i></span> is found in Chaucer's Epilogue to <a href="/wiki/The_Nun%27s_Priest%27s_Tale" title="The Nun's Priest's Tale">the Nun's Priest's Tale</a>. These variants survive in the <i><a href="/wiki/Torrent_of_Portyngale" title="Torrent of Portyngale">Torrent of Portyngale</a></i>, a Middle English romance composed around 1400, and "<a href="/wiki/Old_Robin_of_Portingale" title="Old Robin of Portingale">Old Robin of Portingale</a>", an English Child ballad. <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">Portingal</i></span> and variants were also used in <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a><sup id="cite_ref-OED_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and survive in the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> name for the country, <i><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portyngal" class="extiw" title="kw:Portyngal">Portyngal</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> located in southwestern Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name <a href="/wiki/Portus_Cale" title="Portus Cale">Portus Cale</a>. The region was <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">settled</a> by Pre-<a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cynetes" title="Cynetes">Cynetes</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Conii" class="mw-redirect" title="Conii">Conii</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some coastal areas were visited by <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>-<a href="/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greeks</a>. It was incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> dominions as <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, after 45 BC until 298 AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aroeira3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aroeira3.jpg/220px-Aroeira3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aroeira3.jpg/330px-Aroeira3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Aroeira3.jpg/440px-Aroeira3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aroeira_3" title="Aroeira 3">Aroeira 3</a> skull of 400,000 year old <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i>.<br />The oldest trace of human history in Portugal.</figcaption></figure> <p>The region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by humans since circa 400,000 years ago, when <a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a> entered the area. The oldest human fossil found in Portugal is the 400,000-year-old <i><a href="/wiki/Aroeira_3" title="Aroeira 3">Aroeira 3</a></i> <i>H. Heidelbergensis</i> skull discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Aroeira" title="Cave of Aroeira">Cave of Aroeira</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> roamed the northern Iberian peninsula and a tooth has been found at Nova da Columbeira cave in <a href="/wiki/Estremadura_Province_(1936%E2%80%9376)" class="mw-redirect" title="Estremadura Province (1936–76)">Estremadura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birmp1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birmp1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens sapiens">Homo sapiens sapiens</a> arrived in Portugal around 35,000 years ago, spreading and roaming the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Birmp1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birmp1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were subsistence societies and although they did not establish prosperous settlements, they did form organized societies. Neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-Birmp1_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birmp1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pre-Celtic tribes inhabited Portugal leaving a cultural footprint. The <a href="/wiki/Cynetes" title="Cynetes">Cynetes</a> developed a written language, leaving many <a href="/wiki/Stelae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stelae">stelae</a>, which are mainly found in the south of Portugal. Early in the first millennium BC, waves of <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> invaded Portugal from Central Europe and inter-married with the local populations, forming <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">different tribes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory suggests that Celts inhabited western Iberia / Portugal well before any large Celtic migrations from <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of linguists expert in ancient Celtic have presented compelling evidence that the <a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian language</a>, once spoken in parts of SW Spain and SW Portugal, is at least proto-Celtic in structure.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_Art_Foz_Coa_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rock_Art_Foz_Coa_01.jpg/220px-Rock_Art_Foz_Coa_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rock_Art_Foz_Coa_01.jpg/330px-Rock_Art_Foz_Coa_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rock_Art_Foz_Coa_01.jpg/440px-Rock_Art_Foz_Coa_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Rock_Art_Sites_in_the_C%C3%B4a_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley">Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Celtic presence in Portugal is traceable, in broad outline, through archaeological and linguistic evidence. They dominated much of northern and central Portugal; but in the south, they were unable to establish their stronghold, which retained its non-Indo-European character until the Roman conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In southern Portugal, some small, semi-permanent commercial coastal settlements were also founded by Phoenician-Carthaginians. </p><p>Modern archaeology and research shows a Portuguese root to the Celts in Portugal and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that period and until the Roman invasions, the Castro culture (a variation of the <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a> also known as <i>Urnenfelderkultur</i>) was prolific in Portugal and modern Galicia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This culture, together with the surviving elements of the Atlantic megalithic culture<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the contributions that come from the more Western Mediterranean cultures, ended up in what has been called the Cultura Castreja or <a href="/wiki/Castro_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Castro Culture">Castro Culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This designation refers to the characteristic Celtic populations called 'dùn', 'dùin' or 'don' in <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Gaelic</a> and that the Romans called castrae in their chronicles.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centro_de_Alcalar_2017_-_Monumento_9_-_Entrada_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Centro_de_Alcalar_2017_-_Monumento_9_-_Entrada_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Centro_de_Alcalar_2017_-_Monumento_9_-_Entrada_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Centro_de_Alcalar_2017_-_Monumento_9_-_Entrada_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Centro_de_Alcalar_2017_-_Monumento_9_-_Entrada_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Centro_de_Alcalar_2017_-_Monumento_9_-_Entrada_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Centro_de_Alcalar_2017_-_Monumento_9_-_Entrada_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1819" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Monuments_of_Alcalar" title="Megalithic Monuments of Alcalar">Megalithic Monuments of Alcalar</a>, built in the 3rd millennium BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citania_briteiros_casa_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Citania_briteiros_casa_2.jpg/220px-Citania_briteiros_casa_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Citania_briteiros_casa_2.jpg/330px-Citania_briteiros_casa_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Citania_briteiros_casa_2.jpg/440px-Citania_briteiros_casa_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Example of Castræ round houses, <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A2nia_de_Briteiros" title="Citânia de Briteiros">Citânia de Briteiros</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Based on the Roman chronicles about the <a href="/wiki/Callaeci" class="mw-redirect" title="Callaeci">Callaeci</a> peoples, along with the <a href="/wiki/Lebor_Gab%C3%A1la_%C3%89renn" title="Lebor Gabála Érenn">Lebor Gabála Érenn</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> narrations and the interpretation of the archaeological remains throughout the northern half of Portugal and Galicia, it is possible to infer that there was a matriarchal society, with a military and religious aristocracy probably of the feudal type.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The figures of maximum authority were the chieftain (chefe tribal), of military type and with authority in his Castro or clan, and the druid, mainly referring to medical and religious functions that could be common to several castros. The Celtic cosmogony remained homogeneous due to the ability of the <a href="/wiki/Druids" class="mw-redirect" title="Druids">druids</a> to meet in councils with the druids of other areas, which ensured the transmission of knowledge and the most significant events.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first documentary references to Castro society are provided by chroniclers of Roman military campaigns such as <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> among others, about the social organization, and describing the inhabitants of these territories, the <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaeci of Northern Portugal</a> as: "A group of barbarians who spend the day fighting and the night eating, drinking and dancing under the moon." </p><p>There were other similar tribes, and chief among them were the <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a>; the core area of these people lay in inland central Portugal, while numerous other related tribes existed such as the <a href="/wiki/Celtici" title="Celtici">Celtici of Alentejo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cynetes" title="Cynetes">Cynetes or Conii of the Algarve</a>. Among the tribes or sub-divisions were the <a href="/wiki/Bracari" title="Bracari">Bracari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coelerni" title="Coelerni">Coelerni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equaesi" title="Equaesi">Equaesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grovii" title="Grovii">Grovii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interamici" title="Interamici">Interamici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuni" title="Leuni">Leuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luanqui" title="Luanqui">Luanqui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limici" title="Limici">Limici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narbasi" title="Narbasi">Narbasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nemetati" title="Nemetati">Nemetati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paesuri" title="Paesuri">Paesuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quaquerni" title="Quaquerni">Quaquerni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seurbi" title="Seurbi">Seurbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamagani" title="Tamagani">Tamagani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapoli" title="Tapoli">Tapoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turduli" title="Turduli">Turduli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turduli_Veteres" title="Turduli Veteres">Turduli Veteres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turduli_Oppidani" title="Turduli Oppidani">Turduli Oppidani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turodi" title="Turodi">Turodi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoelae" title="Zoelae">Zoelae</a>. A few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements (such as <a href="/wiki/Tavira_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavira Municipality">Tavira</a>) were also founded in the <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> region by <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>–<a href="/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Portugal" title="Ancient Portugal">Ancient Portugal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberia_300BC-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iberia_300BC-en.svg/220px-Iberia_300BC-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iberia_300BC-en.svg/330px-Iberia_300BC-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Iberia_300BC-en.svg/440px-Iberia_300BC-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>The main language areas in Iberia, c. 300 BC.</figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anta_Cerqueira_em_Couto_Esteves.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dolmen of Cerqueira, Sever do Vouga"><img alt="Dolmen of Cerqueira, Sever do Vouga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Anta_Cerqueira_em_Couto_Esteves.JPG/120px-Anta_Cerqueira_em_Couto_Esteves.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Anta_Cerqueira_em_Couto_Esteves.JPG/180px-Anta_Cerqueira_em_Couto_Esteves.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Anta_Cerqueira_em_Couto_Esteves.JPG/240px-Anta_Cerqueira_em_Couto_Esteves.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dolmen of Cerqueira, <a href="/wiki/Sever_do_Vouga" title="Sever do Vouga">Sever do Vouga</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museu_da_Cultura_Castreja_(14926282396).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archaeological artifact from the work developed in the area of Citânia de Briteiros"><img alt="Archaeological artifact from the work developed in the area of Citânia de Briteiros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Museu_da_Cultura_Castreja_%2814926282396%29.jpg/120px-Museu_da_Cultura_Castreja_%2814926282396%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Museu_da_Cultura_Castreja_%2814926282396%29.jpg/180px-Museu_da_Cultura_Castreja_%2814926282396%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Museu_da_Cultura_Castreja_%2814926282396%29.jpg/240px-Museu_da_Cultura_Castreja_%2814926282396%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Archaeological artifact from the work developed in the area of <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A2nia_de_Briteiros" title="Citânia de Briteiros">Citânia de Briteiros</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:23.4.14_Briteiros_109_(14012600704).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross or cruzado in Citânia de Briteiros"><img alt="Cross or cruzado in Citânia de Briteiros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/23.4.14_Briteiros_109_%2814012600704%29.jpg/80px-23.4.14_Briteiros_109_%2814012600704%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/23.4.14_Briteiros_109_%2814012600704%29.jpg/120px-23.4.14_Briteiros_109_%2814012600704%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/23.4.14_Briteiros_109_%2814012600704%29.jpg/159px-23.4.14_Briteiros_109_%2814012600704%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross or <i>cruzado</i> in Citânia de Briteiros</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Megalithic_spirals_at_Almendres_Cromlech.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Megalithic spirals, cromlech near Évora"><img alt="Megalithic spirals, cromlech near Évora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Megalithic_spirals_at_Almendres_Cromlech.jpg/120px-Megalithic_spirals_at_Almendres_Cromlech.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Megalithic_spirals_at_Almendres_Cromlech.jpg/180px-Megalithic_spirals_at_Almendres_Cromlech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Megalithic_spirals_at_Almendres_Cromlech.jpg/240px-Megalithic_spirals_at_Almendres_Cromlech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7379" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Megalithic spirals, <a href="/wiki/Cromlech" title="Cromlech">cromlech</a> near <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museu_da_Cultura_Castreja_(14762739747).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Another artifact from Citânia de Briteiros"><img alt="Another artifact from Citânia de Briteiros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Museu_da_Cultura_Castreja_%2814762739747%29.jpg/120px-Museu_da_Cultura_Castreja_%2814762739747%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Museu_da_Cultura_Castreja_%2814762739747%29.jpg/180px-Museu_da_Cultura_Castreja_%2814762739747%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Museu_da_Cultura_Castreja_%2814762739747%29.jpg/240px-Museu_da_Cultura_Castreja_%2814762739747%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another artifact from Citânia de Briteiros</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedra_Formosa_Briteiros.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A pedra formosa Celtic triskelion motifs"><img alt="A pedra formosa Celtic triskelion motifs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pedra_Formosa_Briteiros.jpg/120px-Pedra_Formosa_Briteiros.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pedra_Formosa_Briteiros.jpg/180px-Pedra_Formosa_Briteiros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pedra_Formosa_Briteiros.jpg/240px-Pedra_Formosa_Briteiros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="615" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <i>pedra formosa</i> <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">triskelion</a> motifs</div> </li> </ul> <p>Numerous <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula</a> inhabited the territory when a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> invasion occurred in the 3rd century BC. The <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Romanization of Hispania</a> took several centuries. The Roman provinces that covered present-day Portugal were <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a> in the north. </p><p>Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal. Some of the urban remains are quite large, such as <a href="/wiki/Con%C3%ADmbriga" title="Conímbriga">Conímbriga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mir%C3%B3briga" title="Miróbriga">Miróbriga</a>. Several works of engineering, such as baths, temples, bridges, roads, circuses, theatres, and layman's homes are preserved throughout the country. Coins, sarcophagi, and ceramics are also numerous. </p><p>Following the fall of Rome, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a> controlled the territory between the 5th and 8th centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romanization">Romanization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Romanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Hispania">Roman conquest of Hispania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Romanization of Hispania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conquista_Hispania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Conquista_Hispania.svg/220px-Conquista_Hispania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Conquista_Hispania.svg/330px-Conquista_Hispania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Conquista_Hispania.svg/440px-Conquista_Hispania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Map of Spain and Portugal showing the conquest of Hispania from 220 B.C. to 19 B.C. and provincial borders. It is based on other maps; the territorial advances and provincial borders are illustrative.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugalliaingallaeciaetlusitania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portugalliaingallaeciaetlusitania.png/220px-Portugalliaingallaeciaetlusitania.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portugalliaingallaeciaetlusitania.png/330px-Portugalliaingallaeciaetlusitania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portugalliaingallaeciaetlusitania.png/440px-Portugalliaingallaeciaetlusitania.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>The Roman Provinces <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, after the reorganization of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> AD 298</figcaption></figure> <p>Romanization began with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> army in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in 218 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>. The Romans sought to conquer <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a>, a territory that included all of modern Portugal south of the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> river and Spanish <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>, with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Emerita_Augusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerita Augusta">Emerita Augusta</a> (now <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-infopedia_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infopedia-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mining was the primary factor that made the Romans interested in conquering the region: one of Rome's strategic objectives was to cut off Carthaginian access to the Iberian copper, tin, gold, and silver mines. The Romans intensely exploited the <a href="/wiki/Aljustrel" title="Aljustrel">Aljustrel</a> (Vipasca) and <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> mines in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Pyrite_Belt" title="Iberian Pyrite Belt">Iberian Pyrite Belt</a> which extends to <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the south of what is now Portugal was relatively easily occupied by the Romans, the conquest of the north was achieved only with difficulty due to resistance from <a href="/wiki/Serra_da_Estrela" title="Serra da Estrela">Serra da Estrela</a> by <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Viriatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Viriatus">Viriatus</a>, who managed to resist <a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman expansion">Roman expansion</a> for years.<sup id="cite_ref-infopedia_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infopedia-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viriatus, a shepherd from Serra da Estrela who was expert in <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_tactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla tactics">guerrilla tactics</a>, waged relentless war against the Romans, defeating several successive Roman generals, until he was assassinated in 140 BC by traitors bought by the Romans. Viriatus has long been hailed as the first truly heroic figure in proto-Portuguese history. Nonetheless, he was responsible for raids into the more settled Romanized parts of Southern Portugal and Lusitania that involved the victimization of the inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-infopedia_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infopedia-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula was complete two centuries after the Roman arrival, when they defeated the remaining Cantabri, Astures and Gallaeci in the <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a> in the time of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (19 BC). In 74 AD, <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> granted <a href="/wiki/Latin_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Rights">Latin Rights</a> to most municipalities of Lusitania. In 212 AD, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" title="Constitutio Antoniniana">Constitutio Antoniniana</a> gave <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> to all free subjects of the empire and, at the end of the century, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> founded the province of <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, which included modern-day <a href="/wiki/Norte_Region,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Region, Portugal">northern Portugal</a>, with its capital at Bracara Augusta (now <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-infopedia_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infopedia-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as mining, the Romans also developed agriculture, on some of the best agricultural land in the empire. In what is now <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a>, vines and cereals were cultivated, and fishing was intensively pursued in the coastal belt of the <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim" title="Póvoa de Varzim">Póvoa de Varzim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matosinhos" title="Matosinhos">Matosinhos</a>, Troia and the coast of Lisbon, for the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Garum" title="Garum">garum</a> that was exported by Roman trade routes to the entire empire. Business transactions were facilitated by coinage and the construction of an extensive road network, bridges and aqueducts, such as Trajan's bridge in <a href="/wiki/Aquae_Flaviae" title="Aquae Flaviae">Aquae Flaviae</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Chaves_Municipality,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaves Municipality, Portugal">Chaves</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roman rule brought geographical mobility to the inhabitants of Portugal and increased their interaction with the rest of the world as well as internally. Soldiers often served in different regions and eventually settled far from their birthplace, while the development of mining attracted migration into the mining areas.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans founded numerous cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Olisipo" title="Olisipo">Olisipo</a> (Lisbon), <a href="/wiki/Bracara_Augusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracara Augusta">Bracara Augusta</a> (Braga), <a href="/wiki/Aeminium" title="Aeminium">Aeminium</a> (Coimbra) and <a href="/wiki/Pax_Julia" title="Pax Julia">Pax Julia</a> (Beja),<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and left important cultural legacies in what is now Portugal. <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> (the basis of the Portuguese language) became the dominant language of the region, and Christianity spread throughout <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> from the third century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Germanic_invasions">Germanic invasions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germanic invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberia_409-429.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Iberia_409-429.svg/220px-Iberia_409-429.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Iberia_409-429.svg/330px-Iberia_409-429.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Iberia_409-429.svg/440px-Iberia_409-429.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>The Roman province of Hispania as occupied by the barbarian peoples c. 409–429</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suevosevisigodosemportugal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Suevosevisigodosemportugal.png/220px-Suevosevisigodosemportugal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Suevosevisigodosemportugal.png/330px-Suevosevisigodosemportugal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Suevosevisigodosemportugal.png/440px-Suevosevisigodosemportugal.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Hispania c. 560: <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> territory with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a> (blue); <a href="/wiki/Visigothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic">Visigothic</a> territory with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> (olive green); <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> territory (orange)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Suebi">The Suebi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Suebi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 409, with the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a> that the Romans referred to as <a href="/wiki/Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarians">barbarians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 411, with a federation contract with <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Honorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Honorius">Emperor Honorius</a>, many of these people settled in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>. An important group was made up of the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a> with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They came to dominate <a href="/wiki/Aeminium" title="Aeminium">Aeminium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a>) as well, and there were <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Suebi and the Visigoths were the Germanic tribes who had the most lasting presence in the territories corresponding to modern Portugal. As elsewhere in Western Europe, there was a decline in urban life during the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roman institutions declined in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> invasions with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> organizations, which were fostered by the Suebi in the fifth century and adopted by the Visigoths afterwards. Although the Suebi and Visigoths were initially followers of <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a>, they adopted <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> from the local inhabitants. St. <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin of Braga</a> was a particularly influential evangelist at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kingdom of the Suebi<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the Germanic post-Roman kingdom, established in the former Roman provinces of <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a>. 5th-century vestiges of <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alan</a> settlements were found in <a href="/wiki/Alenquer_Municipality,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alenquer Municipality, Portugal">Alenquer</a> (from old Germanic <i>Alan kerk</i>, <i>temple of the Alans</i>), <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a> and Lisbon.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Hermeric" title="Hermeric">Hermeric</a> made a peace treaty with the Gallaecians before passing his domains to <a href="/wiki/Rechila" title="Rechila">Rechila</a>, his son. In 429, the Visigoths moved south to expel the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> and founded a kingdom with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>. In 448 Rechila died, leaving the state in expansion to <a href="/wiki/Rechiar" title="Rechiar">Rechiar</a>. Subsequently, this new king started to print coins under his own name, becoming the first of the Germanic kings to do so,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then was baptised to <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a>, probably by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Braga" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Braga">Bishop Balconius</a>, also becoming the first of the Germanic kings to do so, even before <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">king of the Franks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bellicose king, almost conquered the whole of <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, taking many prisoners and several important cities, but failed to consolidate his conquest over the territory and didn't even come near <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> of the patrician <a href="/wiki/Flavius_A%C3%ABtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Aëtius">Flavius Aëtius</a>, Rechiar attempted, yet again, to conquer the whole of the peninsula, however his ambitions were derailed by the invading <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> under their king and Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederatus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_II" title="Theodoric II">Theodoric II</a> acting on the orders of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a>. This led to a resounding defeat of the Suebian kingdom, with Rechiar fleeing wounded from Braga, only to be captured at <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Oporto</a> and executed in December of <a href="/wiki/456" title="456">456</a> (d.C.). The realm was then divided, with <a href="/wiki/Frant%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Frantán">Frantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aioulf" title="Aioulf">Aguiulfo</a> ruling simultaneously. Both reigned from 456 to 457, the year in which <a href="/wiki/Maldras" title="Maldras">Maldras</a> (457–459) reunified the kingdom. He was assassinated after a failed Roman-Visigothic conspiracy. Although the conspiracy did not achieve its true purposes, the Suebian Kingdom was again divided between two kings: <a href="/wiki/Frumar" title="Frumar">Frumar</a> (Frumario 459–463) and <a href="/wiki/Remismund" title="Remismund">Remismund</a> (Remismundo, son of <a href="/wiki/Maldras" title="Maldras">Maldras</a>) (459–469) who would re-reunify his father's kingdom in 463. He would be forced to adopt <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> in 465 due to the Visigoth influence. From 470, conflict between the Suebi and Visigoths increased. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Visigoths">The Visigoths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Visigoths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispania_700_AD.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hispania_700_AD.PNG/220px-Hispania_700_AD.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hispania_700_AD.PNG/330px-Hispania_700_AD.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hispania_700_AD.PNG/440px-Hispania_700_AD.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigothic kingdom">Visigothic kingdom</a> in Iberia from 625 to 711</figcaption></figure> <p>By 500, the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a> had been installed in Iberia, it was based in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> and advancing westwards. They became a threat to the Suebian rule. After the death of Remismund in 469 a dark period set in, where virtually all written texts and accounts disappear. This period lasted until 550. The only thing known about this period is that <a href="/wiki/Theodemund" title="Theodemund">Theodemund</a> (Teodemundo) most likely ruled the Suebians. </p><p>The dark period ended with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Chararic_(Suebian_king)" title="Chararic (Suebian king)">Karriarico</a> (550–559) who reinstalled <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Christianity</a> in 550. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Theodemir_(Suebian_king)" title="Theodemir (Suebian king)">Theodemar</a> (559–570) during whose reign the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Braga" title="First Council of Braga">1st Council of Braga (561)</a> was held. After the death of Theodemar, <a href="/wiki/Miro_(Suebian_king)" title="Miro (Suebian king)">Miro</a> (570–583) was his successor. During his reign, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Braga" title="Second Council of Braga">2nd Council of Braga (572)</a> was held. The councils represented an advance in the organization of the territory (paroeciam suevorum (Suebian parish) and the <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> of the pagan population (<i><a href="/wiki/De_correctione_rusticorum" title="De correctione rusticorum">De correctione rusticorum</a></i>) under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_of_Braga" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Martin of Braga">Saint Martin of Braga</a> (São Martinho de Braga).<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Visigothic civil war began in 577, in which Miro intervened. Later, in 583, he also organized an unsuccessful expedition to reconquer Seville. During the return from this failed campaign Miro died, thereby ending the prominence of the Suebi in Hispanic politics, and in two years the kingdom would be conquered by the Visigoths. </p><p>In the Suebian Kingdom many internal struggles continued to take place. <a href="/wiki/Eborico" class="mw-redirect" title="Eborico">Eborico</a> (Eurico, 583–584) was dethroned by <a href="/wiki/Andeca" class="mw-redirect" title="Andeca">Andeca</a> (Audeca 584–585), who failed to prevent the Visigothic invasion led by <a href="/wiki/Liuvigild" title="Liuvigild">Liuvigild</a>. The Visigothic invasion, completed in 585, turned the once rich and fertile kingdom of the Suebi into the sixth province of the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leovigild" class="mw-redirect" title="Leovigild">Leovigild</a> was crowned King of Gallaecia, Hispania and <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a>. </p><p>For the next 300 years and by the year 700, the entire Iberian Peninsula was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Visigoths settled in the newly formed kingdom, a new class emerged that had been unknown in Roman times: a <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>, which played a large social and political role during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. It was under the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> that the Church began to play an important part within the state. Since the Visigoths did not learn Latin from the local people, they had to rely on Catholic bishops to continue the Roman system of governance. The laws established during the Visigothic monarchy were thus made by councils of bishops, and the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> started to emerge as a high-ranking class. </p><p>Under the Visigoths, Gallaecia was a well-defined space governed by a doge of its own. Doges at this time were related to the monarchy and acted as princes in all matters. Both 'governors' <a href="/wiki/Wamba_(king)" title="Wamba (king)">Wamba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wittiza" title="Wittiza">Wittiza</a> (Vitiza) acted as doge (they would later become kings in Toledo). These two became known as the 'vitizians', who headquartered in the northwest and called on the Arab invaders from the South to be their allies in the struggle for power in 711. King <a href="/wiki/Roderic" title="Roderic">Roderic</a> (Rodrigo) was killed while opposing this invasion, thus becoming the last Visigothic king of Iberia. From the various Germanic groups who settled in western Iberia, the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> left the strongest lasting cultural legacy in what is today Portugal, Galicia and western fringes of Asturias.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dan Stanislawski, the Portuguese way of living in regions North of the Tagus is mostly inherited from the Suebi, in which small farms prevail, distinct from the large properties of Southern Portugal. Bracara Augusta, the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a> and former capital of <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, became the capital of the Suebi.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from cultural and some linguistic traces, the Suebians left the highest Germanic genetic contribution of the Iberian Peninsula in Portugal and Galicia.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (November 2020)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Orosius</a>, at that time resident in Hispania, shows a rather pacific initial settlement, the newcomers working their lands<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or serving as bodyguards of the locals.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Germanic group that accompanied the Suebi and settled in Gallaecia were the <a href="/wiki/Buri_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buri (Germanic tribe)">Buri</a>. They settled in the region between the rivers <i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1vado_River" title="Cávado River">Cávado</a></i> and <i>Homem</i>, in the area known as <a href="/wiki/Terras_de_Bouro" title="Terras de Bouro">Terras de Bouro</a> (Lands of the Buri).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Al-Andalus_(711–868)"><span id="Al-Andalus_.28711.E2.80.93868.29"></span>Al-Andalus (711–868)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Al-Andalus (711–868)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg/220px-Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg/330px-Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg/440px-Map_Iberian_Peninsula_750-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ummayad_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ummayad caliphate">Ummayad caliphate</a> in 750.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the caliphate of the Umayyad Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_I" title="Al-Walid I">Al-Walid I</a>, commander <a href="/wiki/Tariq_ibn-Ziyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariq ibn-Ziyad">Tariq ibn-Ziyad</a> led a small force that landed at <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> on 30 April 711, ostensibly to intervene in a <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigothic</a> civil war. After a decisive victory over King <a href="/wiki/Roderic" title="Roderic">Roderic</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalete" title="Battle of Guadalete">Battle of Guadalete</a> on 19 July 711, Tariq ibn-Ziyad, joined by the Arab governor <a href="/wiki/Musa_ibn_Nusayr" title="Musa ibn Nusayr">Musa ibn Nusayr</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>, brought most of the Visigothic kingdom under Muslim occupation in a seven-year campaign. The Visigothic resistance to this invasion was ineffective, though sieges were required to sack a couple of cities. This is in part because the ruling Visigoth population is estimated at a mere 1 to 2% of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On one hand this isolation is said to have been 'a reasonably strong and effective instrument of government'; on the other, it was highly 'centralised to the extent that the defeat of the royal army left the entire land open to the invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Power_vacuum" title="Power vacuum">power vacuum</a>, which may have indeed caught Tariq completely by surprise, would have aided the Muslim conquest immensely. Indeed, it may have been equally welcome to the Hispano-Roman peasants who – as D.W. Lomax claims – were disillusioned by the prominent legal, linguistic and social divide between them and the 'barbaric' and 'decadent' Visigoth royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Visigothic territories included what is today Spain, Portugal, Andorra, Gibraltar, and the southwestern part of France known in ancient times as <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a>. The invading Moors wanted to conquer and convert all of Europe to Islam, so they crossed the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> to use Visigothic <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a> as a base of operations. Muslims called their conquests in Iberia '<a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>' and in what was to become Portugal, they mainly consisted of the old Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> (the central and southern regions of the country), while <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a> (the northern regions) remained unsubdued. Until the Berber revolt in the 730s, al-Andalus was treated as a dependency of Umayyad North Africa. Subsequently, links were strained until the caliphate was overthrown in the late 740s.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>, who conquered and destroyed the Christian Visigothic kingdom in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, were a mix of <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a> from <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg/220px-Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg/330px-Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg/440px-Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_-_1000-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Most of Portugal and Spain as <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a> circa 929 to 1031.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 714 <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal" title="Santarém, Portugal">Santarém</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a> had been conquered, and two years later <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> was in Muslim control. By 718 most of today's Portuguese territory was under Umayyad rule. The Umayyads <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">eventually stopped in Poitiers</a> but <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Muslim_presence_in_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Muslim presence in Iberia">Muslim rule in Iberia</a> would last until 1492 with the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Kingdom of Granada</a>. For the next several centuries, much of the Iberian Peninsula remained under Umayyad rule. Much of the populace was allowed to remain Christian, and many of the lesser feudal rulers worked out deals where they would submit to Umayyad rule in order to remain in power. They would pay a <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> tax, kill or turn over rebels, and in return receive support from the central government. But some regions, including Lisbon, <a href="/wiki/Gharb_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gharb Al-Andalus">Gharb Al-Andalus</a>, and the rest of what would become Portugal, rebelled, succeeded in freeing themselves by the early 10th century </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taifas2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Taifas2.gif/220px-Taifas2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Taifas2.gif/330px-Taifas2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Taifas2.gif/440px-Taifas2.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>Caliphate disintegrated into small <a href="/wiki/Taifas" class="mw-redirect" title="Taifas">Taifas</a> kingdoms in 1031.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igreja_Matriz_de_M%C3%A9rtola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Igreja_Matriz_de_M%C3%A9rtola.jpg/220px-Igreja_Matriz_de_M%C3%A9rtola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Igreja_Matriz_de_M%C3%A9rtola.jpg/330px-Igreja_Matriz_de_M%C3%A9rtola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Igreja_Matriz_de_M%C3%A9rtola.jpg/440px-Igreja_Matriz_de_M%C3%A9rtola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rtola" title="Mértola">Mértola</a>'s <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_mosques_in_Portugal" title="List of former mosques in Portugal">former mosque</a> was transformed into a church in 1238.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconquista">Reconquista</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reconquista"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estatua_de_Don_Pelayo_en_Covadonga,_Asturias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Estatua_de_Don_Pelayo_en_Covadonga%2C_Asturias.jpg/170px-Estatua_de_Don_Pelayo_en_Covadonga%2C_Asturias.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Estatua_de_Don_Pelayo_en_Covadonga%2C_Asturias.jpg/255px-Estatua_de_Don_Pelayo_en_Covadonga%2C_Asturias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Estatua_de_Don_Pelayo_en_Covadonga%2C_Asturias.jpg/340px-Estatua_de_Don_Pelayo_en_Covadonga%2C_Asturias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Monument of Pelagius at Covadonga where he won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Covadonga" title="Battle of Covadonga">Battle of Covadonga</a> and initiated the Christian <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> from the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 718 AD, a Visigothic noble named <a href="/wiki/Pelagius_of_Asturias" title="Pelagius of Asturias">Pelagius</a> was elected leader by the ousted <a href="/wiki/Visigoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigoth">Visigoth</a> nobles. Pelagius called for the remnant of the Christian Visigothic armies to rebel against the Moors and re-group in the unconquered northern <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturian</a> highlands, better known today as the <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Mountains" title="Cantabrian Mountains">Cantabrian Mountains</a>, a mountain region in modern northwestern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He planned to use the Cantabrian Mountain range as a place of refuge and protection from the invaders and as a springboard to reconquer lands from the Moors. After defeating the Moors in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Covadonga" title="Battle of Covadonga">Battle of Covadonga</a> in 722 AD, Pelagius was proclaimed king to found the Christian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a> and start the war of reconquest known in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>) as the <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, historians and archaeologists generally agree that northern Portugal between the Minho and the Douro rivers kept a significant share of its population, a social and political Christian area that until the late 9th century had no acting state powers. However, in the late 9th century, the region became part of a complex of powers, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galician</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Leon">Leonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">Portuguese</a> power structures.<sup id="cite_ref-earlyportugal_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyportugal-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coastal regions in the North were also attacked by <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raiders mainly from 844. The last great invasion, through the <a href="/wiki/Minho_(river)" title="Minho (river)">Minho (river)</a>, ended with the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_Haraldsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf II Haraldsson">Olaf II Haraldsson</a> in 1014 against the Galician nobility who also stopped further advances into the County of Portugal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_the_County_of_Portugal">Creation of the County of Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Creation of the County of Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Reconquista" title="Portugal in the Reconquista">Portugal in the Reconquista</a></div> <p>At the end of the 9th century, a small minor county based in the area of <a href="/wiki/Portus_Cale" title="Portus Cale">Portus Cale</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADmara_Peres" title="Vímara Peres">Vímara Peres</a> on the orders of King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Asturias" title="Alfonso III of Asturias">Alfonso III</a> of León, Galicia and Asturias. After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up its realms, King Alfonso III named Vímara Peres as its first count. Since the rule of Count <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Fernandes_(count)" title="Diogo Fernandes (count)">Diogo Fernandes</a>, the county increased in size and importance and, from the 10th century onward, with Count <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Mendes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonçalo Mendes">Gonçalo Mendes</a> as <i>Magnus Dux Portucalensium</i> (Grand Duke of the Portuguese), the Portuguese counts started using the title of duke, indicating even larger importance and territory. The region became known simultaneously as <i>Portucale</i>, <i>Portugale</i>, and <i>Portugalia</i> – the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kingdom of Asturias was later divided as a result of dynastic disputes; the northern region of Portugal became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a> and later part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a>. </p><p>Suebi-Visigothic arts and architecture, in particular sculpture, had shown a natural continuity with the Roman period. With the Reconquista, new artistic trends took hold, with Galician-Asturian influences more visible than the Leonese. The Portuguese group was characterized by a general return to classicism. The county courts of <a href="/wiki/Viseu" title="Viseu">Viseu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a> played a very important role in this process. Mozarabic architecture was found in the south, in Lisbon and beyond, while in the Christian realms Galician-Portuguese and Asturian architecture prevailed.<sup id="cite_ref-earlyportugal_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyportugal-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a vassal of the Kingdom of León, Portugal grew in power and territory and occasionally gained <i>de facto</i> independence during weak Leonese reigns; Count <a href="/wiki/Menendo_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Menendo González">Mendo Gonçalves</a> even became regent of the Kingdom of Leon between 999 and 1008. In 1070, the Portuguese Count <a href="/wiki/Nuno_Mendes_(count)" title="Nuno Mendes (count)">Nuno Mendes</a> desired the Portuguese title and fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pedroso" title="Battle of Pedroso">Battle of Pedroso</a> on 18 February 1071 with <a href="/wiki/Garcia_II_of_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Garcia II of Galicia">Garcia II of Galicia</a>, who gained the Galician title, which included Portugal, after the 1065 partition of the Leonese realms. The battle resulted in Nuno Mendes' death and the declaration of Garcia as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">King of Portugal</a>, the first person to claim this title.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garcia styled himself as "King of Portugal and Galicia" (<i>Garcia Rex Portugallie et Galleciae</i>). Garcia's brothers, <a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho II of Castile">Sancho II of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso VI of Leon">Alfonso VI of Leon</a>, united and annexed Garcia's kingdom in 1071 as well. They agreed to split it among themselves; however, Sancho was killed by a noble the next year. Alfonso took Castile for himself and Garcia recovered his kingdom of Portugal and Galicia. In 1073, Alfonso VI gathered all power, and beginning in 1077, styled himself <i>Imperator totius Hispaniæ</i> (Emperor of All Hispania). When the emperor died, the Crown was left to his daughter <a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Urraca of León">Urraca</a>, while his illegitimate daughter <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_Le%C3%B3n,_Countess_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresa of León, Countess of Portugal">Teresa</a> inherited the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a>; in 1095, Portugal broke away from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Kingdom of Galicia</a>. Its territories, consisting largely of mountains, moorland and forests, were bounded on the north by the Minho River, and on the south by the <a href="/wiki/Mondego_River" title="Mondego River">Mondego River</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal">Foundation of the Kingdom of Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foundation of the Kingdom of Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1139%E2%80%931279)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Portugal (1139–1279)">History of Portugal (1139–1279)</a></div> <p>At the end of the 11th century, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundian</a> knight <a href="/wiki/Henry,_count_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry, count of Portugal">Henry</a> became count of Portugal and defended its independence by merging the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Coimbra" title="County of Coimbra">County of Coimbra</a>. His efforts were assisted by a civil war that raged between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and distracted his enemies. Henry's son <a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal" title="Afonso I of Portugal">Afonso Henriques</a> took control of the county upon his death. The city of Braga, the unofficial Catholic centre of the Iberian Peninsula, faced new competition from other regions. Lords of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> fought with <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>'s clergy and demanded the independence of the reconstituted county. </p><p>Portugal traces its national origin to 24 June 1128, the date of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Mamede" title="Battle of São Mamede">Battle of São Mamede</a>. Afonso proclaimed himself <i>Prince of Portugal</i> after this battle and in 1139, he assumed the title <i>King of Portugal</i>. In 1143, the Kingdom of León recognised him as King of Portugal by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zamora" title="Treaty of Zamora">Treaty of Zamora</a>. In 1179, the papal bull <a href="/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum" title="Manifestis Probatum">Manifestis Probatum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a> officially recognised Afonso I as king. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Mamede" title="Battle of São Mamede">Battle of São Mamede</a>, the first capital of Portugal was <a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a>, from which the first king ruled. Later, when Portugal was already officially independent, he ruled from Coimbra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affirmation_of_Portugal">Affirmation of Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Affirmation of Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Portugal in the Middle Ages</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a>, the southernmost region of Portugal, was finally conquered from the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> in 1249, and in 1255 the capital shifted to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain finally completed its <i>Reconquista</i> <a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">until 1492</a>, almost 250 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portugal's land boundaries have been notably stable for the rest of the country's history. The border with Spain has remained almost unchanged since the 13th century. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor_(1386)" title="Treaty of Windsor (1386)">Treaty of Windsor (1386)</a> created an alliance between Portugal and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> that remains in effect to this day. Since early times, fishing and overseas commerce have been the main economic activities. </p><p>In 1383, <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Castile" title="John I of Castile">John I of Castile</a>, husband of <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Portugal" title="Beatrice of Portugal">Beatrice of Portugal</a> and son-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand I of Portugal">Ferdinand I of Portugal</a>, claimed the throne of Portugal. A faction of petty noblemen and commoners, led by John of Aviz (later King <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Portugal" title="John I of Portugal">John I of Portugal</a>) and commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Nuno_%C3%81lvares_Pereira" title="Nuno Álvares Pereira">Nuno Álvares Pereira</a> defeated the Castilians in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aljubarrota" title="Battle of Aljubarrota">Battle of Aljubarrota</a>. With this battle, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a> became the ruling house of Portugal. </p><p>The new ruling dynasty would proceed to push Portugal to the limelight of European politics and culture, creating and sponsoring works of literature, like the <i>Crónicas d'el Rei D. João I</i> by <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Lopes" title="Fernão Lopes">Fernão Lopes</a>, the first riding and hunting manual <i><a href="/wiki/Bem_cavalgar" title="Bem cavalgar">Livro da ensinança de bem cavalgar toda sela</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Leal_Conselheiro" title="Leal Conselheiro">O Leal Conselheiro</a></i> both by <a href="/wiki/Edward,_King_of_Portugal" title="Edward, King of Portugal">King Edward of Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Portuguese translations of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Oficiis</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/De_Beneficiis" title="De Beneficiis">De Beneficiis</a></i> by the well traveled <a href="/wiki/Peter,_Duke_of_Coimbra" title="Peter, Duke of Coimbra">Prince Peter of Coimbra</a>, as well as his magnum opus <i>Tratado da Vertuosa Benfeytoria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort of solidification and centralization of royal power the monarchs of this dynasty also ordered the compilation, organization and publication of the first three compilations of laws in Portugal: the <i>Ordenações d'el Rei D. Duarte</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was never enforced; the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordena%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Afonsinas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordenações Afonsinas (page does not exist)">Ordenações Afonsinas</a>,</i> whose application and enforcement was not uniform across the realm; and the <a href="/wiki/Manueline_Ordinances" title="Manueline Ordinances"><i>Ordenações Manuelinas</i></a>, which took advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> to reach every corner of the kingdom. The Avis Dynasty also sponsored works of architecture like the <i>Mosteiro da Batalha</i> (literally, the <a href="/wiki/Batalha_Monastery" title="Batalha Monastery">Monastery of the Battle</a>) and led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">manueline style of architecture</a> in the 16th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_exploration_and_Portuguese_Empire_(15th–16th_centuries)"><span id="Naval_exploration_and_Portuguese_Empire_.2815th.E2.80.9316th_centuries.29"></span>Naval exploration and Portuguese Empire (15th–16th centuries)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Naval exploration and Portuguese Empire (15th–16th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">History of Portugal (1415–1578)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png/220px-Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png/330px-Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png/440px-Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese discoveries and explorations: first arrival places and dates; main Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> routes in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> (blue); territories of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/King_John_III_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King John III of Portugal">King John III</a> rule (1521–1557) (green). The <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia">disputed discovery of Australia</a> is not shown.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal became a leading European power that ranked with England, France and Spain in terms of economic, political and cultural influence. Though not dominant in European affairs, Portugal did have an extensive colonial trading empire throughout the world backed by a powerful <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocracy</a>. Portugal was a pioneer in, and major beneficiary of, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>, leading to nearly four centuries of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Slavery in Portugal</a>. </p><p>The beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> can be traced to 25 July 1415, when the Portuguese <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/armada#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:armada">Armada</a> set sail for the rich <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> trading center of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. The Armada was accompanied by King <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Portugal" title="John I of Portugal">John I</a>, his sons Prince <a href="/wiki/Duarte_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Duarte of Portugal">Duarte</a> (a future king), Prince <a href="/wiki/Peter,_Duke_of_Coimbra" title="Peter, Duke of Coimbra">Pedro</a>, and Prince <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Navigator">Henry the Navigator</a>, and the legendary Portuguese hero <a href="/wiki/Nuno_%C3%81lvares_Pereira" title="Nuno Álvares Pereira">Nuno Álvares Pereira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 August 1415, <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Ceuta">Ceuta was conquered by Portugal</a>, and the long-lived Portuguese Empire was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore_108_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore_108-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conquest of Ceuta was facilitated by a major civil war that had been engaging the Muslims of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> (North Africa) since 1411.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore_108_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore_108-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This civil war prevented a re-capture of Ceuta from the Portuguese, when the king of <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_IX,_Sultan_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed IX, Sultan of Granada">Muhammed IX</a>, the Left-Handed, laid siege to Ceuta and attempted to coordinate forces in Morocco and attract aid and assistance for the effort from Tunis.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore_109_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore_109-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim attempt to retake Ceuta was ultimately unsuccessful and Ceuta remained the first part of the new Portuguese Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore_109_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore_109-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further steps were taken that soon expanded the Portuguese Empire much further. </p><p>In 1418, two of Prince <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Navigator">Henry the Navigator</a>'s captains, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Gon%C3%A7alves_Zarco" title="João Gonçalves Zarco">João Gonçalves Zarco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A3o_Vaz_Teixeira" title="Tristão Vaz Teixeira">Tristão Vaz Teixeira</a>, were driven by a storm to an island that they called <a href="/wiki/Porto_Santo_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Santo island">Porto Santo</a> ("Holy Port") in gratitude for their rescue from the shipwreck. In 1419, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Gon%C3%A7alves_Zarco" title="João Gonçalves Zarco">João Gonçalves Zarco</a> disembarked on the <a href="/wiki/Madeira_Island" title="Madeira Island">Island of Madeira</a>. Uninhabited Madeira was colonized by the Portuguese in 1420.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore_109_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore_109-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1427 and 1431, most of the <a href="/wiki/Azores_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Azores Islands">Azores</a> were discovered and these uninhabited islands were colonized by the Portuguese in 1445. Portuguese expeditions may have attempted to colonize the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands#Castilian_conquest" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> as early as 1336, but the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> objected to any Portuguese claim to them. Castile began its own conquest of the Canaries in 1402. Castile expelled the last Portuguese from the Canary islands in 1459, and they eventually became part of the Spanish Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1434, <a href="/wiki/Gil_Eanes" title="Gil Eanes">Gil Eanes</a> passed <a href="/wiki/Cape_Bojador" title="Cape Bojador">Cape Bojador</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. The trip marked the beginning of the Portuguese exploration of Africa. Before this event, very little was known in Europe about what lay beyond the cape. At the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th, those who tried to venture there became lost, which gave birth to legends of <a href="/wiki/Sea_monster" title="Sea monster">sea monsters</a>. Some setbacks occurred: in 1436 the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands#Castilian_conquest" title="Canary Islands">Canaries</a> were officially recognized as Castilian by the pope – earlier they had been recognized as Portuguese; in 1438, the Portuguese were defeated in a military expedition to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tangier" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tangier">Tangier</a>. </p><p>These setbacks did not deter the Portuguese from pursuing their exploratory efforts. In 1448, on the small island of <a href="/wiki/Arguim" class="mw-redirect" title="Arguim">Arguim</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, an important castle was built to function as a <i><a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">feitoria</a></i>, or trading post, for commerce with inland Africa. Some years before, the first African <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> was brought to Portugal that circumvented the Arab caravans that crossed the Sahara. Some time later, the <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravels</a> explored the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>, which led to the discovery of several uninhabited islands: <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_Island" title="São Tomé Island">São Tomé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principe_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Principe Island">Príncipe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annob%C3%B3n" title="Annobón">Annobón</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 November 1460, Prince Henry the Navigator died.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallett_164_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallett_164-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been the leading patron of maritime exploration by Portugal and immediately following his death, exploration lapsed. Henry's patronage had shown that profits could be made from the trade that followed the discovery of new lands. Accordingly, when exploration commenced again, private merchants led the way in attempting to stretch trade routes further down the African coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallett_164_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallett_164-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1470s, Portuguese trading ships reached the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gold_Coast" title="Portuguese Gold Coast">Gold Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallett_164_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallett_164-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1471, the Portuguese captured Tangier, after years of attempts. Eleven years later, the fortress of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jorge_da_Mina" class="mw-redirect" title="São Jorge da Mina">São Jorge da Mina</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Elmina</a> on the Gold Coast in the Gulf of Guinea was built. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> set sail aboard the fleet of ships taking materials and building crews to Elmina in December 1481. In 1483, <a href="/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o" title="Diogo Cão">Diogo Cão</a> reached and explored the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India_and_the_Treaty_of_Tordesillas">Discovery of the sea route to India and the Treaty of Tordesillas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Discovery of the sea route to India and the Treaty of Tordesillas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vascodagama.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vascodagama.JPG/170px-Vascodagama.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vascodagama.JPG/255px-Vascodagama.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vascodagama.JPG/340px-Vascodagama.JPG 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="1302" /></a><figcaption>Vasco da Gama landing in <a href="/wiki/Kerala,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala, India">Kerala, India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1484, Portugal officially rejected Columbus' idea of reaching India from the west, because it was seen as unfeasible. Some historians have claimed that the Portuguese had already performed fairly accurate calculations concerning the size of the world and therefore knew that sailing west to reach the Indies would require a far longer journey than navigating to the east. However, this continues to be debated. Thus began a long-lasting dispute that eventually resulted in the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> with Castile in 1494. The treaty divided the (largely undiscovered) <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> equally between the Portuguese and the Castilians, along a north–south <a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">meridian line</a> 370 leagues (1770 km/1100 miles) west of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> islands, with all lands to the east belonging to Portugal and all lands to the west to Castile. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_16thc_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazil_16thc_map.jpg/170px-Brazil_16thc_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazil_16thc_map.jpg/255px-Brazil_16thc_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazil_16thc_map.jpg/340px-Brazil_16thc_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14028" data-file-height="9829" /></a><figcaption>Map of Brazil issued by <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer">explorers</a> in 1519</figcaption></figure> <p>With the expedition beyond the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> in 1487,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the richness of India was now accessible. Indeed, the cape takes its name from the promise of rich trade with the east. Between 1498 and 1501, <a href="/wiki/Pero_de_Barcelos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pero de Barcelos">Pero de Barcelos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Fernandes_Lavrador" title="João Fernandes Lavrador">João Fernandes Lavrador</a> explored North America. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Pero_da_Covilh%C3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Pero da Covilhã">Pero da Covilhã</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> by land. <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> sailed for India and arrived at <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kozhikode" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kozhikode">Calicut</a> on 20 May 1498, returning in glory to Portugal the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallett_164_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallett_164-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Jer%C3%B3nimos" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of Jerónimos">Monastery of Jerónimos</a> was built, dedicated to the discovery of the route to India. </p><p>At the end of the 15th century, Portugal <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_and_Muslims_from_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Portugal">expelled</a> some local <a href="/wiki/Sephardim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardim">Sephardic Jews</a>, along with those refugees who had come from <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> after 1492. In addition, many Jews were forcibly converted to Catholicism and remained as <i><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">conversos</a></i>. Many Jews remained <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Jew">secretly Jewish</a>, in danger of persecution by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a>. In 1506, 3,000 <a href="/wiki/New_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="New Christians">New Christians</a> were massacred in Lisbon.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1500, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> set sail from Cape Verde with 13 ships and crews and nobles such as <a href="/wiki/Nicolau_Coelho" title="Nicolau Coelho">Nicolau Coelho</a>; the explorer <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> and his brother Diogo; <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a> (author of the <i>Esmeraldo</i>); nine chaplains; and some 1,200 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore_138_139_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore_138_139-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Cape Verde, they sailed southwest across the Atlantic. On 22 April 1500, they caught sight of land in the distance.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore_138_139_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore_138_139-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They disembarked and claimed this new land for Portugal. This was the coast of what later became the Portuguese colony of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore_138_139_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore_138_139-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The real goal of the expedition was to open sea trade to the empires of the east. Trade with the east had effectively been cut off since the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Constantinople">Conquest of Constantinople</a> in 1453. Accordingly, Cabral turned away from exploring the coast of the new land of Brazil and sailed southeast, back across the Atlantic and around the Cape of Good Hope. Cabral reached <a href="/wiki/Sofala" title="Sofala">Sofala</a> on the east coast of Africa in July 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore_138_139_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore_138_139-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1505, a Portuguese fort was established here and the land around the fort later formed the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese colony of Mozambique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cabral's fleet then sailed east and landed in <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> in India in September 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here they traded for pepper and opened European sea trade with the empires of the east. No longer would the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> occupation of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> form a barrier between Europe and the east. Ten years later, in 1510, <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>, after attempting and failing to capture and occupy <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a>'s Calicut militarily, conquered <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> on the west coast of India.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Nova" title="João da Nova">João da Nova</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> in 1501 and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> in 1502; <a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A3o_da_Cunha" title="Tristão da Cunha">Tristão da Cunha</a> was the first to sight the archipelago still known by his name in 1506. In 1505, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a> was engaged to improve Portuguese trade with the far east. Accordingly, he sailed to East Africa. Several small Islamic states along the coast of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilwa (district)">Kilwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brava,_Cape_Verde" title="Brava, Cape Verde">Brava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> – were destroyed or became subjects or allies of Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore_140_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore_140-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almeida then sailed on to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a>, made peace with the ruler and built a stone fort there.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore_140_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore_140-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_arrival_in_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Portuguese_arrival_in_Japan.jpg/220px-Portuguese_arrival_in_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Portuguese_arrival_in_Japan.jpg/330px-Portuguese_arrival_in_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Portuguese_arrival_in_Japan.jpg/440px-Portuguese_arrival_in_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>The arrival of the Portuguese in Japan, the first Europeans to reach it, initiating the <i><a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban</a></i> ("southern barbarian") period of active commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portuguese_Empire">Portuguese Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Portuguese Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></div> <p>By the 16th century, the two million people who lived in the original Portuguese lands ruled a vast empire with many millions of inhabitants in the Americas, Africa, the Middle East and Asia. From 1514, the Portuguese had reached China and Japan. In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, one of Cabral's ships discovered <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> (1501), which was partly explored by <a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A3o_da_Cunha" title="Tristão da Cunha">Tristão da Cunha</a> (1507); <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> was discovered in 1507, <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> occupied in 1506, and in the same year, <a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida" title="Lourenço de Almeida">Lourenço de Almeida</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> was the most northerly point frequented by the Portuguese until 1541, when a fleet under <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_(16th_century)" title="Estêvão da Gama (16th century)">Estevão da Gama</a> penetrated as far as <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, was seized by <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> in 1515, who also entered into diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>. In 1521, a force under <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Correia_(admiral)" title="António Correia (admiral)">Antonio Correia</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> and ushered in a period of almost 80 years of Portuguese rule of the Persian Gulf archipelago<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Magellan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ferdinand_Magellan.jpg/220px-Ferdinand_Magellan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ferdinand_Magellan.jpg/330px-Ferdinand_Magellan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ferdinand_Magellan.jpg/440px-Ferdinand_Magellan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Ferdinand Magellan (<a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_de_Magalh%C3%A3es" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernão de Magalhães">Fernão de Magalhães</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>On the Asiatic mainland, the first trading stations were established by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> at Cochin and Calicut (1501). More important were the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Goa" title="Portuguese conquest of Goa">Goa</a> (1510) and <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">Malacca</a> (1511) by <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>, and the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Diu,_India" title="Diu, India">Diu</a> (1535) by <a href="/wiki/Martim_Afonso_de_Sousa" title="Martim Afonso de Sousa">Martim Afonso de Sousa</a>. East of Malacca, Albuquerque sent <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Fernandes" title="Duarte Fernandes">Duarte Fernandes</a> as envoy to Siam (now <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>) in 1511 and dispatched to the Moluccas two expeditions (1512, 1514), which founded the Portuguese dominion in <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese established their base in the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Spice Islands</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires_de_Andrade" title="Fernão Pires de Andrade">Fernão Pires de Andrade</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> in 1517 and opened up trade with China, where, in 1557, the Portuguese were permitted to occupy <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a>. Japan, accidentally reached by three Portuguese traders in 1542, soon attracted large numbers of merchants and missionaries. In 1522, one of the ships in the expedition that <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> organized in the Spanish service completed the first <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigation" title="Circumnavigation">circumnavigation</a> of the globe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1580_succession_crisis,_Iberian_Union_and_decline_of_the_Empire"><span id="1580_succession_crisis.2C_Iberian_Union_and_decline_of_the_Empire"></span>1580 succession crisis, Iberian Union and decline of the Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1580 succession crisis, Iberian Union and decline of the Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_succession_crisis_of_1580" title="Portuguese succession crisis of 1580">Portuguese succession crisis of 1580</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">War of the Portuguese Succession</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></div> <p>On 4 August 1578, while fighting in Morocco, young <a href="/wiki/Sebastian,_King_of_Portugal" title="Sebastian, King of Portugal">King Sebastian</a> died in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Battle of Alcácer Quibir</a> without an heir.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The late king's elderly great-uncle, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Henry</a>, then became king.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry I died a mere two years later, on 31 January 1580.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of the latter, without any appointed heirs, led to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_succession_crisis_of_1580" title="Portuguese succession crisis of 1580">Portuguese succession crisis of 1580</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portugal was worried about the maintenance of its independence and sought help to find a new king. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton_der_Unechte,_K%C3%B6nig_von_Portugal_(%C3%96sterreichische_Nationalbibliothek_-_Austrian_National_Library).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Anton_der_Unechte%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Portugal_%28%C3%96sterreichische_Nationalbibliothek_-_Austrian_National_Library%29.png/134px-Anton_der_Unechte%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Portugal_%28%C3%96sterreichische_Nationalbibliothek_-_Austrian_National_Library%29.png" decoding="async" width="134" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Anton_der_Unechte%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Portugal_%28%C3%96sterreichische_Nationalbibliothek_-_Austrian_National_Library%29.png/201px-Anton_der_Unechte%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Portugal_%28%C3%96sterreichische_Nationalbibliothek_-_Austrian_National_Library%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Anton_der_Unechte%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Portugal_%28%C3%96sterreichische_Nationalbibliothek_-_Austrian_National_Library%29.png/268px-Anton_der_Unechte%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Portugal_%28%C3%96sterreichische_Nationalbibliothek_-_Austrian_National_Library%29.png 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato" title="António, Prior of Crato">António, Prior of Crato</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the claimants to the throne, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato" title="António, Prior of Crato">António, Prior of Crato</a>, a bastard son of <a href="/wiki/Infante_Louis,_Duke_of_Beja" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Louis, Duke of Beja">Infante Louis, Duke of Beja</a>, and only grandson through the male line of king <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a>, lacked support from the clergy and most of the nobility, but was acclaimed as king in Santarém and in some other towns in June 1580.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_a_portrait_of_Fernando_Alvarez_de_Toledo_by_Antonio_Moro.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Detail_of_a_portrait_of_Fernando_Alvarez_de_Toledo_by_Antonio_Moro.jpeg/220px-Detail_of_a_portrait_of_Fernando_Alvarez_de_Toledo_by_Antonio_Moro.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Detail_of_a_portrait_of_Fernando_Alvarez_de_Toledo_by_Antonio_Moro.jpeg/330px-Detail_of_a_portrait_of_Fernando_Alvarez_de_Toledo_by_Antonio_Moro.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Detail_of_a_portrait_of_Fernando_Alvarez_de_Toledo_by_Antonio_Moro.jpeg/440px-Detail_of_a_portrait_of_Fernando_Alvarez_de_Toledo_by_Antonio_Moro.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_Duke_of_Alba" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba">Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, through his mother <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal" title="Isabella of Portugal">Isabella of Portugal</a>, also a grandson of Manuel I, claimed the Portuguese throne and did not recognize António as king of Portugal. The king appointed <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Alvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba</a>, as captain general of his army.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duke was 73 years old and ill at the time,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Fernando mustered his forces, estimated at 20,000 men,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Badajoz, and in June 1580 crossed the Spanish-Portuguese border and moved towards <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. </p><p>The Duke of Alba met little resistance and in July set up his forces at <a href="/wiki/Cascais" title="Cascais">Cascais</a>, west of Lisbon. By mid-August, the Duke was only 10 kilometers from the city. West of the small brook <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A2ntara,_Lisbon" title="Alcântara, Lisbon">Alcântara</a>, the Spanish encountered a Portuguese force on the eastern side of it, commanded by António, and his lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Portugal,_3rd_Count_of_Vimioso" title="Francisco de Portugal, 3rd Count of Vimioso">Francisco de Portugal, 3rd Count of Vimioso</a>. In late August, the Duke of Alba defeated António's force, a ragtag army assembled in a hurry and composed mainly of local peasants, and freed slaves at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A2ntara_(1580)" title="Battle of Alcântara (1580)">Battle of Alcântara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This battle ended in a decisive victory for the Spanish army, both on land and sea. Two days later, the Duke of Alba captured Lisbon, and on 25 March 1581, Philip II of Spain was crowned <a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">King of Portugal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tomar" title="Tomar">Tomar</a> as Philip I. This cleared the way for Philip to create an <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> spanning all of Iberia under the Spanish crown.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip rewarded the Duke of Alba with the titles of 1st <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Portugal">Viceroy of Portugal</a> on 18 July 1580 and <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_Portugal" title="Constable of Portugal">Constable of Portugal</a> in 1581. With these titles, the Duke of Alba represented the Spanish monarch in Portugal and was second in hierarchy only after King Philip in Portugal. He held both titles until his death in 1582.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empires</a> came under a single rule, but resistance to Spanish rule in Portugal did not come to an end. The Prior of Crato held out in the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> until 1583, and he continued to seek to recover the throne actively until his death in 1595. Impostors claimed to be King Sebastian in 1584, 1585, 1595 and 1598. "<a href="/wiki/Sebastianism" title="Sebastianism">Sebastianism</a>", the myth that the young king will return to Portugal on a foggy day, has prevailed until modern times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_the_Portuguese_Empire_under_the_Philippine_Dynasty">Decline of the Portuguese Empire under the Philippine Dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Decline of the Portuguese Empire under the Philippine Dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalha_dos_Guararapes_(ex-voto).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Batalha_dos_Guararapes_%28ex-voto%29.jpg/250px-Batalha_dos_Guararapes_%28ex-voto%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Batalha_dos_Guararapes_%28ex-voto%29.jpg/375px-Batalha_dos_Guararapes_%28ex-voto%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Batalha_dos_Guararapes_%28ex-voto%29.jpg/500px-Batalha_dos_Guararapes_%28ex-voto%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14559" data-file-height="8172" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="First Battle of Guararapes">Battle of Guararapes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the 16th century, Portugal gradually saw its wealth and influence decrease. Portugal was officially an autonomous state, but in actuality, the country was in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the Spanish crown from 1580 to 1640.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Council of Portugal</i> remained independent inasmuch as it was one of the key administrative units of the Castilian monarchy, legally on equal terms with the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The joining of the two crowns deprived Portugal of a separate foreign policy, and the enemies of Spain became the enemies of Portugal. England had been an ally of Portugal since the Treaty of Windsor in 1386, but <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">war between Spain and England</a> led to a deterioration of the relations with Portugal's oldest ally and the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ormuz_(1622)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Ormuz (1622)">loss of Hormuz</a> in 1622. From 1595 to 1663, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a> led to invasions of many countries in Asia and competition for commercial interests in Japan, Africa and South America. In 1624, the Dutch seized <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, the capital of Brazil;<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore_170_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore_170-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1630, they seized Pernambuco in northern Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-Livermore_170_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livermore_170-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A treaty of 1654 returned Pernambuco to Portuguese control, however.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the English and the Dutch continued to aspire to dominate both the Atlantic slave trade and the spice trade with the Far East. </p><p>The Dutch intrusion into Brazil was long-lasting and troublesome to Portugal. The Dutch captured the entire coast except that of Bahia and much of the interior of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">contemporary Northeastern Brazilian states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergipe" title="Sergipe">Sergipe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande do Norte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a>, while Dutch privateers sacked Portuguese ships in both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Beginning with a major Spanish–Portuguese military operation in 1625, this trend was reversed, and it laid the foundations for the recovery of remaining Dutch-controlled areas. The other smaller, less developed areas were recovered in stages and relieved of Dutch piracy in the next two decades by local resistance and Portuguese expeditions. After the dissolution of the Iberian Union in 1640, Portugal would re-establish its authority over some lost territories of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portuguese_Restoration_War_(1640–1668)"><span id="Portuguese_Restoration_War_.281640.E2.80.931668.29"></span>Portuguese Restoration War (1640–1668)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Portuguese Restoration War (1640–1668)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_John,_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_(The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png/220px-Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png/330px-Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png/440px-Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>John IV of Portugal</figcaption></figure> <p>At home, there was peace under the first two Spanish kings, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a>. They maintained Portugal's status, gave positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Noble_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble court">courts</a>, and Portugal maintained an independent law, currency and government. It was proposed to move the Spanish capital to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. Later, <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a> tried to make Portugal a Spanish province, and Portuguese nobles lost power. </p><p>Because of this, as well as the general strain on the finances of the Spanish throne as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duke of Braganza">Duke of Braganza</a>, one of the native noblemen and a descendant of King Manuel I, was proclaimed King of Portugal as <a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">John IV</a> on 1 December 1640, and a war of independence against Spain was launched. The governors of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ceuta">Ceuta</a> did not accept the new king; rather, they maintained their allegiance to Philip IV and Spain. The Portuguese Restoration War ended the sixty-year period of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>. This was the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a>, which reigned in Portugal until 1910. </p><p>King John IV's eldest son came to reign as <a href="/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal" title="Afonso VI of Portugal">Afonso VI</a>, however his physical and mental disabilities left him overpowered by <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Vasconcelos_e_Sousa,_3rd_Count_of_Castelo_Melhor" title="Luís de Vasconcelos e Sousa, 3rd Count of Castelo Melhor">Luís de Vasconcelos e Sousa, 3rd Count of Castelo Melhor</a>. In a palace coup organized by the King's wife, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Francisca_of_Savoy" title="Maria Francisca of Savoy">Maria Francisca of Savoy</a>, and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Portugal" title="Peter II of Portugal">Pedro, Duke of Beja</a>, King Afonso VI was declared mentally incompetent and exiled first to the Azores, and then to the <a href="/wiki/Sintra_National_Palace" title="Sintra National Palace">Royal Palace of Sintra</a>, outside Lisbon. After Afonso's death, Pedro came to the throne as King Pedro II. Pedro's reign saw the consolidation of national independence, imperial expansion, and investment in domestic production. </p><p>Pedro II's son, <a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">John V</a>, saw a reign characterized by the influx of gold into the coffers of the royal treasury, supplied largely by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_fifth" title="Royal fifth">royal fifth</a> (a tax on precious metals), that was received from the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese empire">Portuguese colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_(colonial)" title="State of Maranhão (colonial)">Maranhão</a>. Disregarding traditional Portuguese institutions of governance, John V acted as an absolute monarch, nearly depleting the country's tax revenues on ambitious architectural works, most notably <a href="/wiki/Mafra_National_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Mafra National Palace">Mafra Palace</a>, and on commissions and additions for his sizeable art and literary collections. </p><p>Owing to his craving for international diplomatic recognition, John also spent large sums on the embassies he sent to the courts of Europe, the most famous being those he sent to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1715 and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 1716. </p><p>Official estimates – and most estimates made so far – place the number of Portuguese migrants to <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a> during the gold rush of the 18th century at 600,000.<sup id="cite_ref-ibge_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibge-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This represented one of the largest movements of European populations to their colonies in the Americas during colonial times. From 1709, <a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">John V</a> prohibited emigration, since Portugal had lost a sizable proportion of its population. Brazil was elevated to a vice-kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pombaline_era">Pombaline era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pombaline era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1640%E2%80%931777)" title="History of Portugal (1640–1777)">History of Portugal (1640–1777)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O_marques_de_pombal,_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg/200px-O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg/300px-O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg/400px-O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal, Count of Oeiras</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1738, Sebastião de Melo, the talented son of a Lisbon squire, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassador</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. The Queen regent of Portugal, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Austria" title="Maria Anna of Austria">Maria Anna of Austria</a>, was fond of De Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian field marshal <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Josef,_Count_von_Daun" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopold Josef, Count von Daun">Leopold Josef, Count von Daun</a>. King <a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Portugal" title="John V of Portugal">John V of Portugal</a> however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year, and his son Joseph I of Portugal was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Maria Anna's approval, he appointed Melo as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>. As the king's confidence in de Melo increased, he entrusted him with more control of the state. </p><p>By 1755, Sebastião de Melo was made <a href="/wiki/Prime-minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime-minister">prime-minister</a>. Impressed by British economic success he had witnessed while ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a>; and ended discrimination against different Christian sects in Portugal. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg/220px-1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg/330px-1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg/440px-1755_Lisbon_earthquake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>This 1755 copper engraving shows the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> in flames and a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> overwhelming the ships in the harbor.</figcaption></figure> <p>But Sebastião de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and <a href="/wiki/Guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilds">guilds</a> to regulate every <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commercial</a> activity. He demarcated the region for production of <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port</a> to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law on all classes of Portuguese society, from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart. </p><p>Disaster fell upon Portugal in the morning of 1 November 1755, when <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">Lisbon was struck by a violent earthquake</a> with an estimated <a href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter magnitude scale">Richter scale</a> magnitude of 9. The city was razed to the ground by the earthquake and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> and fires. De Melo survived by a stroke of luck and immediately embarked on rebuilding the city, with his famous quote: "What now? We bury the dead and feed the living." </p><p>Despite the natural disaster, Lisbon's population suffered no epidemics and within less than one year the city was being rebuilt. The new Lisbon downtown was designed to resist subsequent <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">earthquakes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Architectural" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural">Architectural</a> <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">models</a> were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were <a href="/wiki/Simulated" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulated">simulated</a> by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline Downtown of Lisbon still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions: they represent the world's first <a href="/wiki/Earthquake-resistant_structures" title="Earthquake-resistant structures">Earthquake-resistant structures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebastião de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismology</a> by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country. </p><p>Following the earthquake, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">Joseph I</a> gave his prime minister even more power, and Sebastião de Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">Joseph I</a> was wounded in an attempted assassination. The <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1vora_affair" title="Távora affair">Távora family</a> and the Duke of <a href="/wiki/Aveiro,_Portugal" title="Aveiro, Portugal">Aveiro</a> were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebastião de Melo showed no mercy and prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy and ensured the victory of the minister against his enemies. Based upon his swift resolve, Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of <a href="/wiki/Oeiras_Municipality,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Oeiras Municipality, Portugal">Oeiras</a> in 1759. </p><p>Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made "Marquis of Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal's "enlightenment" and economic progress, while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, furthering <a href="/wiki/Colonial_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial exploitation">colonial exploitation</a>, intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new ruler, Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a>, disliked the Marquis (See <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1vora_affair" title="Távora affair">Távora affair</a></i>), and forbade him from coming within 20 miles of her, thus curtailing his influence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese-led_invasion_of_Spain_in_1707">Portuguese-led invasion of Spain in 1707</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Portuguese-led invasion of Spain in 1707"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></div> <p>In 1707, as part of the War of the Spanish Succession, a joint Portuguese, Dutch, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> army, led by the Marquis of Minas, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Sousa,_2nd_Marquis_of_Minas" title="António Luís de Sousa, 2nd Marquis of Minas">António Luís de Sousa</a>, conquered Madrid and acclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Archduke Charles of Austria</a> as King Charles III of Spain. Along the route to Madrid, the army led by the Marquis of Minas was successful in conquering <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Rodrigo" title="Ciudad Rodrigo">Ciudad Rodrigo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>. Later in the following year, Madrid was reconquered by Spanish troops loyal to the Bourbons.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Ghost_War"><i>The Ghost War</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The Ghost War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_invasion_of_Portugal_(1762)" title="Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)">Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)</a></div> <p>In 1762, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> tried to urge Portugal to join the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Family_Compact" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon Family Compact">Bourbon Family Compact</a> by claiming that <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> had become too powerful due to its successes in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. Joseph refused to accept and maintained that his 1704 alliance with Britain was no threat. </p><p>In spring 1762, Spanish and French troops invaded Portugal from the north as far as the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a>, while a second column sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1762)" title="Siege of Almeida (1762)">Siege of Almeida</a>, captured the city, and threatened to advance on Lisbon. The arrival of a force of British troops helped the Portuguese army commanded by the <a href="/wiki/William,_Count_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe">Count of Lippe</a> by blocking the Franco-Spanish advance and driving them back across the border following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Battle of Valencia de Alcántara">Battle of Valencia de Alcántara</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1763, Spain agreed to hand Almeida back to Portugal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crises_of_the_nineteenth_century">Crises of the nineteenth century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Crises of the nineteenth century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleonic_era">Napoleonic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Napoleonic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">History of Portugal (1777–1834)</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">invasions by Napoleon</a>, Portugal began a decline that lasted until the 20th century, it was hastened by the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">independence of Brazil</a> in 1822, the country's largest colonial possession. </p><p>In 1807, Portugal refused <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>'s demand to accede to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a> of embargo against the United Kingdom; a French invasion under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot" title="Jean-Andoche Junot">General Junot</a> followed, and Lisbon was captured on 8 December 1807. British intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> helped in maintaining Portuguese independence. During the war, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_VI_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="João VI of Portugal">João VI of Portugal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prince_regent" title="Prince regent">prince regent</a>, transferred his court, including <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Portuguese territory of Brazil</a>, and established <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>. This episode is known as the <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil</a>. The last French troops were expelled in 1812. The war cost Portugal the town of <a href="/wiki/Olivenza" title="Olivenza">Olivença</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now governed by Spain. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental state, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Constitution_of_1826.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Portuguese_Constitution_of_1826.jpg/200px-Portuguese_Constitution_of_1826.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Portuguese_Constitution_of_1826.jpg/300px-Portuguese_Constitution_of_1826.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Portuguese_Constitution_of_1826.jpg/400px-Portuguese_Constitution_of_1826.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>The frontispiece of the 1826 Portuguese Constitution featuring King-Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro IV</a> and his daughter Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of the change in its status and arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil#The_economy_at_independence,_1822" title="Economic history of Brazil">economical</a>, military, <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Brazil">educational</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_and_technology#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian science and technology">scientific</a> apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. By 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution of 1820</a>, which started in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821. </p><p>Thus he returned to Portugal but left his son Pedro in charge of Brazil. When the Portuguese Government attempted the following year to return the Kingdom of Brazil to subordinate status, his son Pedro, with the overwhelming support of the Brazilian elites, declared <a href="/wiki/War_of_Independence_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Independence of Brazil">Brazil's independence</a> from Portugal. <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina</a> (today's sovereign state of Uruguay), in the south, was one of the last additions to the territory of Brazil under Portuguese rule. </p><p>Brazilian independence was recognized in 1825, whereby Emperor Pedro I granted to his father the titular honour of <i>Emperor of Brazil</i>. John VI's death in 1826 caused serious questions in his succession. Though Pedro was his heir, and reigned briefly as <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro IV</a>, his status as a Brazilian monarch was seen as an impediment to holding the Portuguese throne by both nations. Pedro abdicated in favour of his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II</a>. However, Pedro's brother, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Infante Miguel</a>, claimed the throne in protest. After a proposal for Miguel and Maria to marry failed, Miguel seized power as King Miguel I, in 1828. In order to defend his daughter's rights to the throne, Pedro launched the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a> to reinstall his daughter and establish a constitutional monarchy in Portugal. The war ended in 1834, with Miguel's defeat, the promulgation of a constitution, and the reinstatement of Queen Maria II. </p><p>After 1815, the Portuguese expanded their trading ports along the African coast, moving inland to take control of Angola and Mozambique. The slave trade was abolished in 1836, in part because many foreign slave ships were flying the Portuguese flag. In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>, trade flourished in the colony of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Goa" title="History of Goa">Goa</a>, with its subsidiary colonies of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a>, near Hong Kong on the China coast, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Timor</a>, north of Australia. The Portuguese successfully introduced Catholicism and the Portuguese language into their colonies, while most settlers continued to head to Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Constitutional monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">History of Portugal (1834–1910)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:O_Regic%C3%ADdio_por_Haenen_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/O_Regic%C3%ADdio_por_Haenen_%282%29.jpg/200px-O_Regic%C3%ADdio_por_Haenen_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/O_Regic%C3%ADdio_por_Haenen_%282%29.jpg/300px-O_Regic%C3%ADdio_por_Haenen_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/O_Regic%C3%ADdio_por_Haenen_%282%29.jpg/400px-O_Regic%C3%ADdio_por_Haenen_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="395" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Dom_Manuel_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Dom_Manuel_II.jpg/200px-Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Dom_Manuel_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Dom_Manuel_II.jpg/300px-Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Dom_Manuel_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Dom_Manuel_II.jpg/400px-Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Dom_Manuel_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="644" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg/200px-Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg/300px-Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg/400px-Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Rep%C3%BAblica_Portuguesa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1422" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Top to bottom: The <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Regicide" title="Lisbon Regicide">Lisbon Regicide</a> (1908), <a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">Manuel II</a>'s acclamation as King (1908) and the <a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">Proclamation of the Republic</a> (1910)</div></div></div></div> <p>Queen Maria II (Mary II) and King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand II of Portugal">Ferdinand II</a>'s son, King <a href="/wiki/Pedro_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro V">Pedro V</a> (Peter V) modernized the country during his short reign (1853–1861). Under his reign, roads, telegraphs, and railways were constructed and improvements in public health advanced. His popularity increased when, during the <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> outbreak of 1853–1856, he visited hospitals handing out gifts and comforting the sick. Pedro's reign was short, as he died of cholera in 1861, after a series of deaths in the royal family, including his two brothers <a href="/wiki/Infante_Fernando_of_Portugal" title="Infante Fernando of Portugal">Infante Fernando</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infante_Jo%C3%A3o,_Duke_of_Beja" title="Infante João, Duke of Beja">Infante João, Duke of Beja</a>, and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_of_Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen</a>. Pedro not having children, his brother, <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_I_of_Portugal" title="Luís I of Portugal">Luís I of Portugal</a> (Louis I) ascended the throne and continued his modernization. </p><p>At the height of European colonialism in the 19th century, Portugal had already lost its territory in South America and all but a few bases in Asia. <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benguela" title="Benguela">Benguela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Lourenço Marques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porto_Amboim" title="Porto Amboim">Porto Amboim</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Mozambique" title="Island of Mozambique">Island of Mozambique</a> were among the oldest Portuguese-founded port cities in its African territories. During this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference_(1884)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Conference (1884)">Conference of Berlin</a> of 1884, Portuguese territories in Africa had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>. Portuguese towns and cities in Africa like <a href="/wiki/Nova_Lisboa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Lisboa">Nova Lisboa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lubango" title="Lubango">Sá da Bandeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuito" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuito">Silva Porto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malanje" title="Malanje">Malanje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tete,_Mozambique" title="Tete, Mozambique">Tete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vila_Junqueiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Junqueiro">Vila Junqueiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vila_Pery" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Pery">Vila Pery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vila_Cabral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Cabral">Vila Cabral</a> were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like <a href="/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique" title="Beira, Mozambique">Beira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibe" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibe">Moçâmedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobito" title="Lobito">Lobito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Belo" class="mw-redirect" title="João Belo">João Belo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nacala" title="Nacala">Nacala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porto_Am%C3%A9lia" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Amélia">Porto Amélia</a> were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the <a href="/wiki/Benguela_railway" title="Benguela railway">Benguela railway</a> in Angola, and the <a href="/wiki/Beira_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beira railway">Beira railway</a> in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions. </p><p>On 11 January 1890, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> delivered <a href="/wiki/1890_British_Ultimatum" title="1890 British Ultimatum">an ultimatum</a> to Portugal, demanding the withdrawal of Portuguese forces from the area between Portugal's colonies of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Angola</a>. The area had been claimed by Portugal as part of its colonialist <a href="/wiki/Pink_Map" title="Pink Map">Pink Map</a> project, but Britain disputed these claims, mostly due to <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>' aspirations to create a <a href="/wiki/Cape_to_Cairo_Railway" title="Cape to Cairo Railway">Cape to Cairo Railway</a>, which was intended to link all British colonies via a single railway. The government of Portugal quietly accepted the ultimatum and withdrew their forces from the disputed area, leading to a widespread backlash among the Portuguese public, who viewed acceptance of the British demands as a humiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered directly responsible for the <a href="/wiki/31_January_1891_revolt" title="31 January 1891 revolt">31 January 1891 revolt</a>, an attempted Republican coup that took place in Porto.<sup id="cite_ref-AR_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese territories in Africa were <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angola (Portugal)">Angola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozambique (Portugal)">Mozambique</a>. The tiny fortress of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="São João Baptista de Ajudá">São João Baptista de Ajudá</a> on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a>, was also under Portuguese rule. In addition, Portugal still ruled the Asian territories of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a>. </p><p>On 1 February 1908, King Dom <a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">Carlos I of Portugal</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> and his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Filipe,_Prince_Royal_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal">Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duke of Braganza">Duke of Braganza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Regicide" title="Lisbon Regicide">were assassinated in Lisbon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Terreiro_do_Pa%C3%A7o" class="mw-redirect" title="Terreiro do Paço">Terreiro do Paço</a> by two Portuguese republican activist revolutionaries, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Lu%C3%ADs_da_Costa" title="Alfredo Luís da Costa">Alfredo Luís da Costa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bu%C3%AD%C3%A7a" title="Manuel Buíça">Manuel Buíça</a>. Under his rule, Portugal had been declared <a href="/wiki/Bankrupt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankrupt">bankrupt</a> twice – first on 14 June 1892, and then again on 10 May 1902 – causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, angry protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. His second and youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">Manuel II of Portugal</a>, became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 Portuguese republican revolution</a>, which abolished the monarchy and installed a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican</a> government in Portugal, causing him and his royal family to flee into <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> in London, England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_First_Republic_(1910–1926)"><span id="The_First_Republic_.281910.E2.80.931926.29"></span>The First Republic (1910–1926)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The First Republic (1910–1926)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Portuguese Republic</a></div> <p>The First Republic has, over the course of the recent past, been neglected by many historians in favor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i>. As a result, it is difficult to attempt a global synthesis of the republican period in view of the important gaps that still persist in our knowledge of its political history. As far as the <a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="5 October 1910 Revolution">5 October 1910 Revolution</a> is concerned, a number of valuable studies have been made,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first among which ranks Vasco Pulido Valente's polemical thesis. This historian posited the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobin</a> and urban nature of the revolution carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Republican_Party" title="Portuguese Republican Party">Portuguese Republican Party</a> (PRP) and claimed that the PRP had turned the republican regime into a de facto dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This vision clashes with an older interpretation of the First Republic as a progressive and increasingly democratic regime that presented a clear contrast to <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a>'s ensuing dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The First Republic was intensely anti-clerical. It was secularist and followed the liberal tradition of disestablishing the powerful role that the Catholic Church once held. Historian Stanley Payne points out, "The majority of Republicans took the position that Catholicism was the number one enemy of individualistic middle-class radicalism and must be completely broken as a source of influence in Portugal."<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Afonso_Costa" title="Afonso Costa">Afonso Costa</a>, the justice minister, the revolution immediately targeted the Catholic Church: churches were plundered, convents were attacked and clergy were harassed. Scarcely had the provisional government been installed when it began devoting its entire attention to an anti-religious policy, in spite of the disastrous economic situation. On 10 October – five days after the inauguration of the Republic – the new government decreed that all convents, monasteries and religious orders were to be suppressed. All residents of religious institutions were expelled and their goods confiscated. The Jesuits were forced to forfeit their Portuguese citizenship. </p><p>A series of anti-Catholic laws and decrees followed each other in rapid succession. On 3 November, a law legalizing divorce was passed and then there were laws to recognize the legitimacy of children born outside wedlock, authorize cremation, secularize cemeteries, suppress religious teaching in the schools and prohibit the wearing of the cassock. In addition, the ringing of church bells to signal times of worship was subjected to certain restraints, and the public celebration of religious feasts was suppressed. The government also interfered in the running of seminaries, reserving the right to appoint professors and determine curricula. This whole series of laws authored by <a href="/wiki/Afonso_Costa" title="Afonso Costa">Afonso Costa</a> culminated in the law of Separation of Church and State, which was passed on 20 April 1911. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution">Constitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A republican constitution was approved in 1911, inaugurating a parliamentary regime with reduced presidential powers and two chambers of parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republic provoked important fractures within Portuguese society, notably among the essentially monarchist rural population, in the trade unions, and in the Church. Even the PRP had to endure the secession of its more moderate elements, who formed conservative republican parties like the <a href="/wiki/Evolutionist_Party" title="Evolutionist Party">Evolutionist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Republicana" class="mw-redirect" title="União Republicana">Republican Union</a>. In spite of these splits, the PRP, led by <a href="/wiki/Afonso_Costa" title="Afonso Costa">Afonso Costa</a>, preserved its dominance, largely due to a brand of clientelist politics inherited from the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Lopes,_1994_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lopes,_1994-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In view of these tactics, a number of opposition forces were forced to resort to violence in order to enjoy the fruits of power. There are few recent studies of this period of the Republic's existence, known as the 'old' Republic. Nevertheless, an essay by Vasco Pulido Valente should be consulted (1997a), as should the attempt to establish the political, social, and economic context made by M. Villaverde Cabral (1988). </p><p>The PRP viewed the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> as a unique opportunity to achieve a number of goals: putting an end to the twin threats of a Spanish invasion of Portugal and of foreign occupation of the African colonies and, at the internal level, creating a national consensus around the regime and even around the party.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These domestic objectives were not met, since participation in the conflict was not the subject of a national consensus and since it did not therefore serve to mobilise the population. Quite the opposite occurred: existing lines of political and ideological fracture were deepened by <a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portugal's intervention in the First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of consensus around Portugal's intervention in turn made possible the appearance of two dictatorships, led by General <a href="/wiki/Pimenta_de_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimenta de Castro">Pimenta de Castro</a> (January–May 1915) and <a href="/wiki/Sid%C3%B3nio_Pais" title="Sidónio Pais">Sidónio Pais</a> (December 1917 – December 1918). </p><p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidonismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidonismo (page does not exist)">Sidonismo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidonismo" class="extiw" title="pt:Sidonismo">pt</a>]</span></i>, also known as <i>Dezembrismo</i> ("Decemberism"), aroused a strong interest among historians, largely as a result of the elements of modernity that it contained.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> António José Telo has made clear the way in which this regime predated some of the political solutions invented by the <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> dictatorships of the 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sidónio Pais undertook the rescue of traditional values, notably the <i>Pátria</i> ("Homeland"), and attempted to rule in a charismatic fashion. </p><p>A move was made to abolish traditional political parties and to alter the existing mode of national representation in parliament (which, it was claimed, exacerbated divisions within the <i>Pátria</i>) through the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Corporative" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporative">corporative</a> <a href="/wiki/Senate" title="Senate">Senate</a>, the founding of a single-party (the <a href="/wiki/Partido_Nacional_Republicano" class="mw-redirect" title="Partido Nacional Republicano">National Republican Party</a>), and the attribution of a mobilising function to the leader. The state carved out an economically interventionist role for itself while, at the same time, repressing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Working-class_movements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Working-class movements (page does not exist)">working-class movements</a> and leftist republicans. Sidónio Pais also attempted to restore public order and to overcome some of the rifts of the recent past, making the republic more acceptable to <a href="/wiki/Monarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchists">monarchists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_instability">Political instability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Political instability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Os_soldados_do_Rei.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Os_soldados_do_Rei.png/220px-Os_soldados_do_Rei.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Os_soldados_do_Rei.png/330px-Os_soldados_do_Rei.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Os_soldados_do_Rei.png/440px-Os_soldados_do_Rei.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Monarchist counter-revolutionary soldiers holding the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Portugal" title="Flag of Portugal">flag of the monarchy</a> after the capture of <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> in 1919.</figcaption></figure> <p>The vacuum of power created by Sidónio Pais's murder<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 14 December 1918 led the country to a brief civil war. The monarchy's restoration was proclaimed in the north of Portugal (known as the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_North" title="Monarchy of the North">Monarchy of the North</a>) on 19 January 1919, and four days later a monarchist insurrection broke out in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. A republican coalition government, led by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Relvas" title="José Relvas">José Relvas</a>, coordinated the struggle against the monarchists by loyal army units and armed civilians. After a series of clashes the monarchists were definitively chased from <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Oporto</a> on 13 February 1919. This military victory allowed the PRP to return to government and to emerge triumphant from the elections held later that year, having won the usual absolute majority. </p><p>It was during this restoration of the 'old' republic that an attempted reform was carried out in order to provide the regime with greater stability. In August 1919 a conservative president was elected – <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Almeida" title="António José de Almeida">António José de Almeida</a> (whose Evolutionist party had come together in wartime with the PRP to form a flawed, because incomplete, Sacred Union) – and his office was given the power to dissolve parliament. Relations with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, restored by Sidónio Pais, were preserved. The president used his new power to resolve a crisis of government in May 1921, naming a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberal_Party_(Portugal)" title="Republican Liberal Party (Portugal)">Liberal</a> government (the Liberal party being the result of the postwar fusion of Evolutionists and Unionists) to prepare the forthcoming elections. </p><p>These were held on 10 July 1921, with victory going, as was usually the case, to the party in power. However, Liberal government did not last long. On 19 October a military <i>pronunciamento</i> was carried out during which – and apparently against the wishes of the coup's leaders – a number of prominent conservative figures, including <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Portugal">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Granjo" title="António Granjo">António Granjo</a>, were assassinated. This event, known as the '<a href="/wiki/Bloody_Night_(Lisbon,_1921)" title="Bloody Night (Lisbon, 1921)">night of blood</a>'<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> left a deep wound among political elites and public opinion. There could be no greater demonstration of the essential fragility of the Republic's institutions and proof that the regime was democratic in name only, since it did not even admit the possibility of the rotation in power characteristic of the elitist regimes of the nineteenth century. </p><p>A new round of elections on 29 January 1922 inaugurated a fresh period of stability: the PRP once again emerged from the contest with an absolute majority. Discontent with this situation had not, however, disappeared. Numerous accusations of corruption, and the manifest failure to resolve pressing social concerns wore down the more visible PRP leaders while making the opposition's attacks more deadly. At the same time, moreover, all political parties suffered from growing internal factionalism, especially the PRP itself. The party system was fractured and discredited.<sup id="cite_ref-Lopes,_1994_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lopes,_1994-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is clearly shown by the fact that regular PRP victories at the ballot box did not lead to stable government. Between 1910 and 1926, there were forty-five governments. The opposition of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Portugal">presidents</a> to single-party governments, internal dissent within the PRP, the party's almost non-existent internal discipline, and its desire to group together and lead all republican forces made any government's task practically impossible. Many different formulas were attempted, including single-party governments, coalitions, and presidential executives, but none succeeded. Force was clearly the sole means open to the opposition if the PRP wanted to enjoy the fruits of power.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pinto,_2000_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinto,_2000-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evaluation_of_the_republican_experiment">Evaluation of the republican experiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Evaluation of the republican experiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians have emphasized the failure and collapse of the republican dream by the 1920s. Sardica summarizes the consensus of historians: </p> <dl><dd>within a few years, large parts of the key economic forces, intellectuals, opinion-makers and middle classes changed from left to right, trading the unfulfilled utopia of a developing and civic republicanism for notions of "order," "stability" and "security". For many who had helped, supported or simply cheered the Republic in 1910, hoping that the new political situation would repair the monarchy's flaws (government instability, financial crisis, economic backwardness and civic anomie), the conclusion to be drawn, in the 1920s, was that the remedy for national maladies called for much more than the simple removal of the king....The First Republic collapsed and died as a result of the confrontation between raised hopes and meager deeds.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Sardica, however, also points out the permanent impact of the republican experiment: </p> <dl><dd>Despite its overall failure, the First Republic endowed twentieth-century Portugal with an insurpassable and enduring legacy – a renewed civil law, the basis for an educational revolution, the principle of separation between State and Church, the overseas empire (only brought to an end in 1975), and a strong symbolic culture whose materializations (the national flag, the national anthem and the naming of streets) nobody has dared to alter and which still define the present-day collective identity of the Portuguese. The Republic's prime legacy was indeed that of memory.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="28_May_1926_coup_d'état"><span id="28_May_1926_coup_d.27.C3.A9tat"></span>28 May 1926 coup d'état</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 28 May 1926 coup d'état"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 May 1926 coup d'état</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desfile_de_tropas_28_de_Maio_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Desfile_de_tropas_28_de_Maio_1926.jpg/220px-Desfile_de_tropas_28_de_Maio_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Desfile_de_tropas_28_de_Maio_1926.jpg/330px-Desfile_de_tropas_28_de_Maio_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Desfile_de_tropas_28_de_Maio_1926.jpg/440px-Desfile_de_tropas_28_de_Maio_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gomes_da_Costa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomes da Costa">Gomes da Costa</a> and his troops march victorious into Lisbon on 6 June 1926.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the mid-1920s the domestic and international scenes began to favour another authoritarian solution, wherein a strengthened executive might restore political and social order. Since the opposition's constitutional route to power was blocked by the various means deployed by the PRP to protect itself, it turned to the army for support. The political awareness of the armed forces had grown during the war, and many of their leaders had not forgiven the PRP for sending them to a war they did not want to fight.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferreira,_1992a_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferreira,_1992a-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They seemed to represent, to conservative forces, the last bastion of 'order' against the 'chaos' that was taking over the country. Links were established between conservative figures and military officers, who added their own political and corporative demands to the already complex equation. The <a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 May 1926 coup d'état</a> enjoyed the support of most army units and even of most political parties. As had been the case in December 1917, the population of Lisbon did not rise to defend the Republic, leaving it at the mercy of the army.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferreira,_1992a_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferreira,_1992a-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are few global and up-to-date studies of this turbulent third phase of the Republic's existence.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, much has been written about the crisis and fall of the regime and the 28 May movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinto,_2000_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinto,_2000-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First Republic continues to be the subject of an intense debate. A historiographical balance sheet by Armando Malheiro da Silva (2000) identifies three main interpretations. For some historians the First Republic was a progressive and increasingly democratic regime. For others it was essentially a prolongation of the liberal and elitist regimes of the 19th century. A third group chooses to highlight the regime's revolutionary, Jacobin and dictatorial nature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estado_Novo_(1933–1974)"><span id="Estado_Novo_.281933.E2.80.931974.29"></span>Estado Novo (1933–1974)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Estado Novo (1933–1974)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo (Portugal)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salazar_dictatorship">Salazar dictatorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Salazar dictatorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_colonial_war_blank_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Portuguese_colonial_war_blank_map.svg/170px-Portuguese_colonial_war_blank_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Portuguese_colonial_war_blank_map.svg/255px-Portuguese_colonial_war_blank_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Portuguese_colonial_war_blank_map.svg/340px-Portuguese_colonial_war_blank_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese colonies in Africa by the time of the Colonial War.</figcaption></figure><p>Political chaos, several strikes, harsh relations with the Church, and considerable economic problems aggravated by a disastrous <a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugal in the Great War">military intervention in the First World War</a> led to the military <a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 May 1926 coup d'état</a>. This coup installed the "Second Republic", which started as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ditadura_Nacional" title="Ditadura Nacional">Ditadura Nacional</a></i> (National Dictatorship) and became the <i><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i> (New State) in 1933, led by economist <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a>. He transformed Portugal into a sort of <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">Fascist</a> regime that evolved into a single-party <a href="/wiki/Fascist_corporatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist corporatism">corporative</a> regime. Portugal, although neutral, informally aided the Nationalists in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–39). </p><p>Salazar's policy after the war was to provide a certain level of <a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalization</a> in politics, in terms of organized opposition with more <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>. Opposition parties were tolerated to an extent, but they were also controlled, limited, and manipulated, with the result that they split into factions and never formed a united opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Portugal was <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">officially neutral in World War II</a>, but in practice Salazar collaborated with the British and sold them rubber and tungsten.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1943, he allowed the Allies to establish air bases in the Azores to fight German U-boats. Moreover, Salazar helped Spain avoid German control. However, as tungsten was a major product of Portugal, it was also sold to Germany until June 1944, when the threat of a German attack on Portugal was minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salazar worked to regain control of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> after the Japanese had seized it.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, he admitted several thousand Jewish refugees during the war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Lisbon, maintaining air connections with Britain and the U.S., became a hotbed of spies of several war parties and served as the base for the International Red Cross in its distribution of relief supplies to POWs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonies">Colonies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/History of Portugal">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1961, the Portuguese army was involved in armed action in its colony in Goa against an Indian invasion (see <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vijay_(1961)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vijay (1961)">Operation Vijay</a>). The operations resulted in a Portuguese defeat and the loss of the colonies in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Independence movements also became active in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> started. Some 122,000 Africans died in the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portugal, during this period, was never an outcast, and was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO), the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA). </p><p>After the death of Salazar in 1970, his replacement by <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Marcelo Caetano</a> offered a certain hope that the regime would open up, the <i>primavera marcelista</i> (Marcelist spring). However the colonial wars in Africa continued, <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a> remained incarcerated, freedom of association was not restored, <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> was only slightly eased and the <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elections</a> remained tightly controlled. </p><p>The regime retained its characteristic traits: censorship, corporateness, with a market economy dominated by a handful of economical groups, continuous surveillance and intimidation of several sectors of society through the use of a political police and techniques instilling fear (such as arbitrary imprisonment, systematic political persecution and even assassination of anti-regime insurgents). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Third_Republic_(1974–present)"><span id="The_Third_Republic_.281974.E2.80.93present.29"></span>The Third Republic (1974–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: The Third Republic (1974–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Processo_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Em_Curso" class="mw-redirect" title="Processo Revolucionário Em Curso">Processo Revolucionário Em Curso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Portuguese_Republic" title="Third Portuguese Republic">Third Portuguese Republic</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> of April 25, 1974, an effectively bloodless left-wing military coup, installed the "Third Republic" and implemented broad democratic reforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Portuguese_Republic">Third Portuguese Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Third Portuguese Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Processo_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Em_Curso" class="mw-redirect" title="Processo Revolucionário Em Curso">Processo Revolucionário Em Curso</a></i> (<i>Ongoing Revolutionary Process</i>) was the tumultuous period during the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_transition_to_democracy" title="Portuguese transition to democracy">Portuguese transition to democracy</a>. It started after a failed right-wing coup d'état on March 11, 1975, and ended after a <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_25_November_1975" title="Coup of 25 November 1975">failed left-wing coup d'état on November 25, 1975</a>. This period was marked by political turmoil, violence, and instability, and the nationalization of industries. Portugal was polarized between the conservative north, with its many independent small farmers, and the radical south, where communists helped peasants seize control of large estates. Finally, in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1976 Portuguese legislative election">1976 legislative election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Portugal)" title="Socialist Party (Portugal)">Socialist Party</a> came in first in elections and its leader <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Soares" title="Mário Soares">Mário Soares</a> formed Portugal's first democratically elected government in nearly a half century.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Portugal)" title="Social Democratic Party (Portugal)">Social Democratic Party</a> and its center-right allies under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Cavaco_Silva" title="Aníbal Cavaco Silva">Aníbal Cavaco Silva</a> gained control of parliament in 1987 and 1991 while the Socialist Party and its allies succeeded in the 1991 presidential election to retain the presidency for its popular leader Mario Soares.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldey1992_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldey1992-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violent_decolonisation">Violent decolonisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Violent decolonisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, Portugal granted independence to its <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Overseas Provinces</a> (<i>Províncias Ultramarinas</i> in Portuguese) in Africa (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Portuguese Cape Verde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe</a>). Nearly 1 million Portuguese or persons of Portuguese descent left these former colonies as refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975 <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> invaded and annexed the Portuguese province of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a>) in Asia before independence could be granted. The massive exodus of the Portuguese military and citizens from Angola and Mozambique, would prompt an era of chaos and severe destruction in those territories after independence from Portugal in 1975. From May 1974 to the end of the 1970s, over a million Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique) left those territories as destitute refugees – the <i>retornados</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flight_from_Angola_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flight_from_Angola-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dismantling_the_Portuguese_Empire_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dismantling_the_Portuguese_Empire-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The newly independent countries were ravaged by brutal civil wars in the following decades – the <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> (1975–2002) and <a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a> (1977–1992) – responsible for millions of deaths and refugees. The Asian dependency of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a>, after an agreement in 1986, was returned to Chinese sovereignty in 1999. Portugal applied international pressure to secure East Timor's independence from Indonesia, as East Timor was still legally a Portuguese dependency, and recognized as such by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. After a referendum in 1999, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> voted for independence, which Portugal recognized in 2002. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_Cravos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_Cravos.jpg/220px-Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_Cravos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_Cravos.jpg/330px-Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_Cravos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_Cravos.jpg/440px-Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_Cravos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese rejoice during the 1975 Carnation Revolution.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the 1975–1976 independence of its colonies (apart from Macau), the 560-year-old <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> effectively ended. Simultaneously, 15 years of war effort also came to an end; many Portuguese returned from the colonies (the <i>retornados</i>) and came to comprise a <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Portugal#Vital_statistics_since_1900" title="Demographics of Portugal">sizeable proportion of the population</a>: approximately 580,000 of Portugal's 9.8 million citizens in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This opened new paths for the country's future just as others closed. In 1986, Portugal entered the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> and left the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> which had been founded by Portugal and its partners in 1960. The country joined the euro in 1999. The Portuguese Empire ended <i>de facto</i> in 1999 when Macau was returned to China, and <i>de jure</i> in 2002 when <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> became independent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socio-economic_evolution">Socio-economic evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Socio-economic evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Economic development was one of the major objectives of the Carnation Revolution and it was widely perceived that the new democracy would have the same unfortunate fate of the previous democratic regimes in Portugal (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Constitutional Monarchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_First_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese First Republic">First Republic</a>) if, like them, it failed to provide economic development and decent standards of living to its citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relative to Western Europe, Portugal remained stagnant (and thus poor and underdeveloped) for most of the <i><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i> regime (particularly in the first 30 years), but the modernization of the economy and development of the country still started in the last years of the regime, with a period of strong growth from 1961 to 1973. However, the gap between Portugal and most of Western Europe was still abysmal by the mid-1970s. Overall, the Third Republic gave continuity to the growth started in the 1960s and was marked by a major socio-economic development (particularly until the early 2000s).<sup id="cite_ref-Silva_Lopes_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva_Lopes-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> rose from 50% of <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EC</a>-12 average in 1970<sup id="cite_ref-Maddison_GDP_year_1970_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddison_GDP_year_1970-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 70% in 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-Maddison_GDP_year_1970_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddison_GDP_year_1970-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silva_Lopes_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva_Lopes-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which nonetheless represented an approach to the Western European standards of living without precedents in the previous centuries. Concurrent with the economic development, the Third Republic also witnessed major improvements in health, education, infrastructure, housing and welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-Economico_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economico-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as of 2019, Portugal still has not converged with the most advanced economies of Central and Northern Europe, as the economy has been stagnant since the early 2000s. </p><p>The Portuguese economy declined in the centuries following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Age of Discoveries</a><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and neither the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Constitutional Monarchy</a> (1834–1910) nor the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_First_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese First Republic">First Republic</a> (1910–1926) were able to put the country in the path to <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrialization</a> and development. While <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a> managed to discipline the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Public_finances" class="mw-redirect" title="Public finances">public finances</a> in the 1930s, the first three decades of the <i><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i> regime were also marked by a relative stagnation and underdevelopment. While Western world enjoyed <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">strong economic growth</a>, Portugal remained behind.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, by 1960 the Portuguese GDP per capita was only 38% of the EC-12 average,<sup id="cite_ref-Country_Studies_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Country_Studies-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Portugal was one of the most backward countries in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, things started to change in the late <i>Estado Novo</i>: starting in the early 1960s, Portugal entered in a period of robust economic growth and structural modernization, owing to a liberalization of the economy and the rise of a new elite (which was developmental, technocratic and politically liberal).<sup id="cite_ref-sedes.pt_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sedes.pt-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an expression of such economic opening, in 1960 Portugal was one of the <a href="/wiki/EFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="EFTA">EFTA</a> founding member states. Such remarkable growth period allowed the Portuguese GDP per capita to reach 56% of the EC-12 average by 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-Country_Studies_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Country_Studies-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the early 1970s, the government of <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Marcelo Caetano</a> paved some foundations for a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> (which actually was only built after the April 25, 1974, revolution), with reforms in health (Gonçalves Ferreira reform) and education (<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Veiga_Sim%C3%A3o" class="extiw" title="pt:José Veiga Simão">Veiga Simão</a> reform). However, the new wealth acquired from the 1960–73 growth was unevenly distributed, and the 1960s were also marked by mass emigration.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The April 25, 1974, revolution happened when this growth period was fading, owing to the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>. However, the political turmoil following the <a href="/wiki/25_de_Abril" class="mw-redirect" title="25 de Abril">April 25, 1974, coup</a> (mainly from <a href="/wiki/Processo_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Em_Curso" class="mw-redirect" title="Processo Revolucionário Em Curso">March to November 1975</a>) definitively led to the end of such economic growth period. Portugal lost suddenly and chaotically its African possessions and from May 1974 to the end of the 1970s, over a million Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese Angola and Mozambique) left those territories and arrived at metropolitan Portugal as destitute refugees – the <i>retornados</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flight_from_Angola_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flight_from_Angola-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dismantling_the_Portuguese_Empire_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dismantling_the_Portuguese_Empire-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisboa_-_Expo98_-_Vista_Geral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lisboa_-_Expo98_-_Vista_Geral.jpg/220px-Lisboa_-_Expo98_-_Vista_Geral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lisboa_-_Expo98_-_Vista_Geral.jpg/330px-Lisboa_-_Expo98_-_Vista_Geral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lisboa_-_Expo98_-_Vista_Geral.jpg/440px-Lisboa_-_Expo98_-_Vista_Geral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>The neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Parque_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Parque das Nações">Parque das Nações</a>, in Lisbon, where was held the <a href="/wiki/Expo_98" class="mw-redirect" title="Expo 98">1998 World Exposition</a>, is a symbol of the economic modernization and development of Portugal in the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>The first 10 years of the Third Republic, in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_transition_to_democracy" title="Portuguese transition to democracy">transition to democracy</a>, were years of economic troubles, during which Portugal received two <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>-monitored bailouts (from 1977–1979 and from 1983–1985). However, despite an overall crisis from 1973 to 1985, there were some years of very high economic growth, and reforms were enacted that allowed to improve standards of living and level of development, such as the construction of a true Social Security scheme, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Portugal" title="Healthcare in Portugal">universal health coverage</a> and the continuation of the process of <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal#History" title="Education in Portugal">increasing access to education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985 Portugal left the second IMF bailout and in 1986 the country entered the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (and left the <a href="/wiki/EFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="EFTA">EFTA</a>). Strong economic growth resumed. The growth of many of Portugal's main exporting companies<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the European Union's <a href="/wiki/Structural_and_cohesion_funds" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural and cohesion funds">structural and cohesion funds</a> were leading forces in a new period of robust economic growth and socio-economic development which would last (though with a short crisis around <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">1992–1994</a>) to the early 2000s. In 1991, GDP per capita surpassed the 1973 level<sup id="cite_ref-Country_Studies_173-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Country_Studies-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (relative to EEC) and by 2000 it had achieved 70% of the EU-12 average, which nonetheless constituted an approach to the Western European <a href="/wiki/Standards_of_living" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards of living">standards of living</a> without precedents in the centuries before.<sup id="cite_ref-Maddison_GDP_year_2000_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddison_GDP_year_2000-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">economy</a> has been stagnant since the early 2000s (around the accession to <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a>) and was hit hard by the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>: public debt (historically below or in average to that of Europe<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_167-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Germany<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) shot up from 68% of GDP in 2007 to 126% in 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was one of the factors that led to a 78-billion-euro <a href="/wiki/Economic_Adjustment_Programme_for_Portugal" title="Economic Adjustment Programme for Portugal">IMF/EU-monitored bailout from 2011 to 2014</a>. Economic growth has resumed in the mid-2010s. </p><p>Some indicators can be provided to illustrate the major socio-economic development Portugal endured in the Third Republic. Portuguese GDP per capita was at 54% of the average of Northern and Central European countries in 1975<sup id="cite_ref-Maddison_GDP_year_1975_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddison_GDP_year_1975-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (up from 38% in 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-Country_Studies_173-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Country_Studies-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> owing to the remarkable growth in the 1960s and early 1970s) more or less the same level it was 10 years later (owing to the crisis), from when it rose from 55% in 1985<sup id="cite_ref-Maddison_GDP_year_1985_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddison_GDP_year_1985-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to a virtually unprecedented 70% in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Maddison_GDP_year_2000_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddison_GDP_year_2000-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Silva_Lopes_168-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva_Lopes-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, there were 94 physicians by 100,000 inhabitants, while in 1990 there were 281, and in 2011 there were 405.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_167-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a> in Portugal was 55.5 per 1,000 live births (in France it was 18.2).<sup id="cite_ref-Infant_mortality_rate_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infant_mortality_rate-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infant mortality rate declined to 10.9 in 1990 and 2.5 in 2010 (by which time, it was one of lowest in the world).<sup id="cite_ref-Infant_mortality_rate_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Infant_mortality_rate-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, only 37% of <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">deliveries</a> were held in official health facilities, while by 1985 such number had risen to 96% and by 2000 it was close to 100%.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_167-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Economico_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economico-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a political analyst, "almost all health data transport Portugal from the Third World to the First in two decades".<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_167-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, only 3.8% of teenagers were enrolled in high school; such number rose to 28% in 1990, 59% in 2000 and 71% in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Illiteracy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiteracy rate">illiteracy rate</a> was 26% in 1970 (by comparison, in Spain it was 9%s<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_167-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and declined to 11% in 1990 and 5% in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In housing, major improvements happened: in 1970 only 47% of households had piped <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> and 68% had access to electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_167-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical data shows that in 1991, 86% of households had piped water supply and 98% had access to electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_167-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2021, Portugal had the 4th lowest <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_countries_by_GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of countries by GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>) of the eurozone.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/48px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/64px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portugal portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economic history of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(711%E2%80%931112)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Portugal (711–1112)">History of Portugal (711–1112)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_Cortes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Portuguese Cortes">List of Portuguese Cortes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">List of Portuguese monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Portugal_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Portugal family tree">Kings of Portugal family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Portugal" title="List of prime ministers of Portugal">List of prime ministers of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of Portugal">Monuments of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Portugal">Presidents of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline of Portuguese history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_villages_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic villages of Portugal">Historic villages of Portugal</a></li> <li>Cities: <ul><li>Braga <a href="/wiki/History_of_Braga" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Braga">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Braga" title="Timeline of Braga">timeline</a></li> <li>Coimbra <a href="/wiki/History_of_Coimbra" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Coimbra">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Coimbra" title="Timeline of Coimbra">timeline</a></li> <li>Funchal (Madeira) <a href="/wiki/History_of_Funchal" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Funchal">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Funchal" title="Timeline of Funchal">timeline</a></li> <li>Lisbon <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lisbon" title="History of Lisbon">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Lisbon" title="Timeline of Lisbon">timeline</a></li> <li>Porto <a href="/wiki/Porto#History" title="Porto">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Porto" title="Timeline of Porto">timeline</a></li> <li>Setúbal <a href="/wiki/Set%C3%BAbal#History" title="Setúbal">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Set%C3%BAbal" title="Timeline of Setúbal">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dawson_(cook)" title="Thomas Dawson (cook)">Thomas Dawson</a>'s <i>The Good Hus-wifes Handmaid for the Kitchen</i> from 1594 includes a meatball receipt for "farts of Portingale".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/portugal-seeks-balance-emigration-immigration">"Portugal Seeks Balance of Emigration, Immigration"</a>. Migrationinformation.org. 2002-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portugal+Seeks+Balance+of+Emigration%2C+Immigration&rft.pub=Migrationinformation.org&rft.date=2002-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Farticle%2Fportugal-seeks-balance-emigration-immigration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/portugal">"Portugal – Origin and meaning of the name Portugal by Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <i>Etymonline.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Portugal+%E2%80%93+Origin+and+meaning+of+the+name+Portugal+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fportugal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agal-gz.org/faq/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=contributos-pgl:sobre_a_origem_e_significado_da_palavra_portugal.pdf">"Origem e significado das palavras Portugal e Galiza"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>agal-gz.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=agal-gz.org&rft.atitle=Origem+e+significado+das+palavras+Portugal+e+Galiza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagal-gz.org%2Ffaq%2Flib%2Fexe%2Ffetch.php%3Fmedia%3Dcontributos-pgl%3Asobre_a_origem_e_significado_da_palavra_portugal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-academia.edu-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinicius" class="citation web cs1">Winicius, Marcos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31989410">"Documentos danca portuguesa"</a> – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documentos+danca+portuguesa&rft.aulast=Winicius&rft.aufirst=Marcos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31989410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagarinhos2011" class="citation journal cs1">Magarinhos, Luís (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10819665">"Origem e significado dos nomes de Portugal e da Galiza"</a>. <i>Actas do III Congreso Internacional Sobre a Cultura Celta: Os Celtas da Europa Atlántica. 15, 16 e 17 de Abril de 2011. Narón. Pp. 537–546</i> – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Actas+do+III+Congreso+Internacional+Sobre+a+Cultura+Celta%3A+Os+Celtas+da+Europa+Atl%C3%A1ntica.+15%2C+16+e+17+de+Abril+de+2011.+Nar%C3%B3n.+Pp.+537%E2%80%93546&rft.atitle=Origem+e+significado+dos+nomes+de+Portugal+e+da+Galiza&rft.date=2011-01&rft.aulast=Magarinhos&rft.aufirst=Lu%C3%ADs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10819665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerickAuthors" class="citation web cs1">Emerick, Carolyn; Authors, Various. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=te1YDwAAQBAJ&q=gallaecian+druid+culture&pg=PA9">"Europa Sun Issue 4: April 2018"</a>. Carolyn Emerick – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europa+Sun+Issue+4%3A+April+2018&rft.pub=Carolyn+Emerick&rft.aulast=Emerick&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft.au=Authors%2C+Various&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dte1YDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgallaecian%2Bdruid%2Bculture%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPezron1706" class="citation book cs1">Pezron, Paul (1706). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=POGEbFpGHigC&q=celtic+cale+harbour&pg=RA1-PA270"><i>Celtic Linguistics</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20479-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20479-8"><bdi>978-0-415-20479-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Linguistics&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1706&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20479-8&rft.aulast=Pezron&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPOGEbFpGHigC%26q%3Dceltic%2Bcale%2Bharbour%26pg%3DRA1-PA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwelly" class="citation web cs1">Dwelly, William Robertson, Michael Bauer, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faclair.com/?txtSearch=Cala">"Am Faclair Beag – Scottish Gaelic Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.faclair.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.faclair.com&rft.atitle=Am+Faclair+Beag+%E2%80%93+Scottish+Gaelic+Dictionary&rft.aulast=Dwelly&rft.aufirst=William+Robertson%2C+Michael+Bauer%2C+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faclair.com%2F%3FtxtSearch%3DCala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Alarcão1998" class="citation journal cs1">De Alarcão, Jorge (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helvia.uco.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10396/2852/9.3.pdf">"Ainda sobre a localização dos <i>populi</i> do <i>conventus Bracaraugustanus</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Anales de Arquelogía Cordobesa</i>: <span class="nowrap">51–</span>58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anales+de+Arquelog%C3%ADa+Cordobesa&rft.atitle=Ainda+sobre+a+localiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+dos+populi+do+conventus+Bracaraugustanus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=De+Alarc%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelvia.uco.es%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10396%2F2852%2F9.3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetitot1894" class="citation web cs1">Petitot, Émile (11 July 1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originesetmigrat00peti">"Origines et migrations des peuples de la Gaule jusqu'à l'avènement des Francs"</a>. Paris : J. Maisonneuve – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origines+et+migrations+des+peuples+de+la+Gaule+jusqu%27%C3%A0+l%27av%C3%A8nement+des+Francs&rft.pub=Paris+%3A+J.+Maisonneuve&rft.date=1894-07-11&rft.aulast=Petitot&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginesetmigrat00peti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Macbain, <i>An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language</i>, Gairm Publications; 1982 (new edition), p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNRTL-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNRTL_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNRTL_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cale">"CALE : Etymologie de CALE"</a>. <i>www.cnrtl.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cnrtl.fr&rft.atitle=CALE+%3A+Etymologie+de+CALE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrtl.fr%2Fetymologie%2Fcale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1856" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Sir William (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionarygreek08smitgoog"><i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography</i></a>. Walton and Maberly. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionarygreek08smitgoog/page/n501">477</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-22</span></span>. <q>Cale, name Porto greek.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Geography&rft.pages=477&rft.pub=Walton+and+Maberly&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Sir+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionarygreek08smitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Lacroix (preface <a href="/wiki/Venceslas_Kruta" title="Venceslas Kruta">Venceslas Kruta</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5XAqEAAAQBAJ&dq=Caladunum+%3E+Calezun&pg=PA134"><i>Les Noms d'origine gauloise (NE): La Gaule des combats</i>, Editions Errance, 2012, p. 134</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcademy1864" class="citation web cs1">Academy, Royal Irish (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DesAAAAAYAAJ&dq=gatelo,&pg=PA382">"Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Volume 1; Volume 8"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Irish+Academy%2C+Volume+1%3B+Volume+8&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Academy&rft.aufirst=Royal+Irish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDesAAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dgatelo%2C%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8zAQAAMAAJ&q=portus+Gallus+etymologie+du+portugal&pg=PA441">"Manuel géographique et statistique de l'Espagne et du Portugal ..."</a> Buisson. 11 April 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manuel+g%C3%A9ographique+et+statistique+de+l%27Espagne+et+du+Portugal+...&rft.pub=Buisson&rft.date=2018-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMD8zAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dportus%2BGallus%2Betymologie%2Bdu%2Bportugal%26pg%3DPA441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Portugal, n. and adj." OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2020, www.oed.com/view/Entry/148257. Accessed 30 July 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodsofengland.co.uk/book1594huswife.htm">The Good Huswives Handmaide for the Kitchin, 1594</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209022945/http://www.foodsofengland.co.uk/book1594huswife.htm">Archived</a> 2023-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> at the Foods of England project. Accessed 30 July 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Kurath. "Portingāl(e" <i>Middle English Dictionary</i>. University of Michigan Press, 1954. p. 1131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerickAuthors2017" class="citation web cs1">Emerick, Carolyn; Authors, Various (December 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sA9TDwAAQBAJ&q=Proto+celtic+portugal&pg=PA28">"Europa Sun Issue 2: December 2017"</a>. Carolyn Emerick – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europa+Sun+Issue+2%3A+December+2017&rft.pub=Carolyn+Emerick&rft.date=2017-12-28&rft.aulast=Emerick&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft.au=Authors%2C+Various&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsA9TDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DProto%2Bceltic%2Bportugal%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMountain1998" class="citation book cs1">Mountain, Harry (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LTbc1GIAwcIC&q=Conii+culture+portugal&pg=PA155"><i>The Celtic Encyclopedia</i></a>. Universal-Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-890-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58112-890-1"><bdi>978-1-58112-890-1</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-58112-890-1&rft.aulast=Mountain&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLTbc1GIAwcIC%26q%3DConii%2Bculture%2Bportugal%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2017-03-year-old-fossil-human-cranium-oldest.html">"400,000-year-old fossil human cranium is oldest ever found in Portugal"</a>. <i>phys.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=400%2C000-year-old+fossil+human+cranium+is+oldest+ever+found+in+Portugal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2017-03-year-old-fossil-human-cranium-oldest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birmp1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birmp1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birmp1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birmp1_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Birmingham (2003), p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009">Disney (2009)</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealeKohSchmermund2016" class="citation book cs1">Heale, Jay; Koh, Angeline; Schmermund, Elizabeth (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=So1mDwAAQBAJ&q=different+celtic+tribes+in+Portugal&pg=PA63"><i>Portugal</i></a> (3rd ed.). Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5026-1694-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5026-1694-4"><bdi>978-1-5026-1694-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portugal&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cavendish+Square+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5026-1694-4&rft.aulast=Heale&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft.au=Koh%2C+Angeline&rft.au=Schmermund%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSo1mDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddifferent%2Bceltic%2Btribes%2Bin%2BPortugal%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarstk2012" class="citation journal cs1">Garstk, Kevin (28 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol9/iss1/9/">"Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature. Edited by Barry Cunliffe and John T. Koch. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2010. 384 pages. ISBN 978-1842174104"</a>. <i>E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies</i>. <b>9</b> (1). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1095733285">1095733285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Keltoi%3A+Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+Celtic+Studies&rft.atitle=Celtic+from+the+West%3A+Alternative+Perspectives+from+Archaeology%2C+Genetics%2C+Language+and+Literature.+Edited+by+Barry+Cunliffe+and+John+T.+Koch.+Oxford%3A+Oxbow+Books%2C+2010.+384+pages.+ISBN+978-1842174104&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2012-08-28&rft.aulast=Garstk&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdc.uwm.edu%2Fekeltoi%2Fvol9%2Fiss1%2F9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/pre-history-archaeology/tartessian-europes-newest-and-oldest-celtic-language/">"Tartessian, Europe's newest and oldest Celtic language"</a>. 5 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tartessian%2C+Europe%27s+newest+and+oldest+Celtic+language&rft.date=2013-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fpre-history-archaeology%2Ftartessian-europes-newest-and-oldest-celtic-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009">Disney (2009)</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevine2008" class="citation web cs1">Devine, Darren (4 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/celtic-roots-lie-spain-portugal-2174486">"Our Celtic roots lie in Spain and Portugal"</a>. <i>Wales Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wales+Online&rft.atitle=Our+Celtic+roots+lie+in+Spain+and+Portugal&rft.date=2008-05-04&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Fceltic-roots-lie-spain-portugal-2174486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrombetta2018" class="citation web cs1">Trombetta, Silvana (29 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ppg.revistas.uema.br/index.php/brathair/article/download/1785/1305">"Celts and the Castro Culture in the Iberian Peninsula – issues of national identity and Proto-Celtic substratum"</a>. <i>ppg.revistas.uema.br</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ppg.revistas.uema.br&rft.atitle=Celts+and+the+Castro+Culture+in+the+Iberian+Peninsula+%E2%80%93+issues+of+national+identity+and+Proto-Celtic+substratum&rft.date=2018-03-29&rft.aulast=Trombetta&rft.aufirst=Silvana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fppg.revistas.uema.br%2Findex.php%2Fbrathair%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1785%2F1305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estos se establecieron en el norte de Portugal y el área de la <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> actual, introduciendo en esta región la cultura de las urnas, una variante de las Urnenfelder que evolucionaría después en la cultura de los castros o castreña</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927060111/https://peopleinhistory.co.uk/celts-part-1">"Celts Part 1"</a>. <i>People In History</i>. 19 September 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peopleinhistory.co.uk/celts-part-1">the original</a> on 27 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People+In+History&rft.atitle=Celts+Part+1&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeopleinhistory.co.uk%2Fcelts-part-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2007" class="citation book cs1">Harding, D.W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dDV-AgAAQBAJ&q=Castro+culture+celt+portugal+Cit%C3%A2nia&pg=PA209"><i>The Archaeology of Celtic Art</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26464-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-26464-3"><bdi>978-1-134-26464-3</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Celtic+Art&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-26464-3&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=D.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdDV-AgAAQBAJ%26q%3DCastro%2Bculture%2Bcelt%2Bportugal%2BCit%25C3%25A2nia%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenAldhouse-Green1995" class="citation book cs1">Green, Miranda J.; Aldhouse-Green, Miranda Jane (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3cUtvx8uwIC&q=Castro+culture+celt+portugal&pg=PA547"><i>The Celtic World</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05764-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05764-6"><bdi>978-0-415-05764-6</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+World&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05764-6&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Miranda+J.&rft.au=Aldhouse-Green%2C+Miranda+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC3cUtvx8uwIC%26q%3DCastro%2Bculture%2Bcelt%2Bportugal%26pg%3DPA547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanbridge" class="citation web cs1">Banbridge, Lughais MacAoidh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40149889">"The Irish connection with Chadic and Afro-Asiatic languages"</a> – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Irish+connection+with+Chadic+and+Afro-Asiatic+languages&rft.aulast=Banbridge&rft.aufirst=Lughais+MacAoidh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40149889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2020">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacalister" class="citation web cs1">Macalister, Robert Alexander Stewart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leborgablare01macauoft">"Lebor gabála Érenn: The book of the taking of Ireland"</a>. 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(1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/mining-in-the-later-roman-empire-and-beyond-continuity-or-disruption/510CD0538D329139040E036415B040D8">"Mining in the Later Roman Empire and Beyond: Continuity or Disruption?"</a>. <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>79</b>: <span class="nowrap">84–</span>102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F301182">10.2307/301182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1753-528X">1753-528X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/301182">301182</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161980467">161980467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=Mining+in+the+Later+Roman+Empire+and+Beyond%3A+Continuity+or+Disruption%3F&rft.volume=79&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=1753-528X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161980467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F301182%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F301182&rft.aulast=Edmondson&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-roman-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fmining-in-the-later-roman-empire-and-beyond-continuity-or-disruption%2F510CD0538D329139040E036415B040D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, E.A. "The Conversion of the Spanish Suevi to Catholicism." <i>Visigothic Spain: New Approaches</i>. ed. <a href="/wiki/Edward_James_(historian)" title="Edward James (historian)">Edward James</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822543-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822543-1">0-19-822543-1</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.co.uk-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKéryKery1999" class="citation book cs1">Kéry, Lotte; Kery, Lotte (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qa3DReKkS_gC&q=kingdom+of+the+suebi+braga+academia&pg=PA8"><i>Canonical Collections of the Early Middle Ages (c. 400–1140): A Bibliographical Guide to the Manuscripts and Literature</i></a>. CUA Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0918-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0918-0"><bdi>978-0-8132-0918-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canonical+Collections+of+the+Early+Middle+Ages+%28c.+400%E2%80%931140%29%3A+A+Bibliographical+Guide+to+the+Manuscripts+and+Literature&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-0918-0&rft.aulast=K%C3%A9ry&rft.aufirst=Lotte&rft.au=Kery%2C+Lotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqa3DReKkS_gC%26q%3Dkingdom%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bsuebi%2Bbraga%2Bacademia%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Osborne, Jason Matthew (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iro.uiowa.edu/esploro/outputs/doctoral/9983776915402771"><i>The development of church/state relations in the Visigothic Kingdom during the sixth century (507–601)</i></a> (PhD dissertation). University of Iowa. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17077%2Fetd.uyuwx4w2">10.17077/etd.uyuwx4w2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+development+of+church%2Fstate+relations+in+the+Visigothic+Kingdom+during+the+sixth+century+%28507%E2%80%93601%29&rft.inst=University+of+Iowa&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17077%2Fetd.uyuwx4w2&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Jason+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firo.uiowa.edu%2Fesploro%2Foutputs%2Fdoctoral%2F9983776915402771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1979" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, Patricia E. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1979.11435671">"Social Implications of Borrowing: The Visigothic Element in Hispano-Romance"</a>. <i>Word</i>. <b>30</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">257–</span>272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1979.11435671">10.1080/00437956.1979.11435671</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word&rft.atitle=Social+Implications+of+Borrowing%3A+The+Visigothic+Element+in+Hispano-Romance&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E272&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1979.11435671&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Patricia+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00437956.1979.11435671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerlinden1950" class="citation journal cs1">Verlinden, Charles (11 July 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1950_num_28_1_1867_t1_0229_0000_3">"David (Pierre). Études historiques sur la Galice et le Portugal du VIe au XIIe siècle"</a>. <i>Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire</i>. <b>28</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">229–</span>233 – via Persée.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+belge+de+Philologie+et+d%27Histoire&rft.atitle=David+%28Pierre%29.+%C3%89tudes+historiques+sur+la+Galice+et+le+Portugal+du+VIe+au+XIIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E233&rft.date=1950-07-11&rft.aulast=Verlinden&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frbph_0035-0818_1950_num_28_1_1867_t1_0229_0000_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerreiro1999" class="citation book cs1">Ferreiro, Alberto (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QNl90qnOp8C&q=visigothic+culture+portugal+academia&pg=PR11"><i>The Visigoths: Studies in Culture and Society</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11206-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11206-5"><bdi>90-04-11206-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Visigoths%3A+Studies+in+Culture+and+Society&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-04-11206-5&rft.aulast=Ferreiro&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7QNl90qnOp8C%26q%3Dvisigothic%2Bculture%2Bportugal%2Bacademia%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1979" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, Patricia E. (11 December 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1979.11435671">"Social Implications of Borrowing: The Visigothic Element in Hispano-Romance"</a>. <i>WORD</i>. <b>30</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">257–</span>272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1979.11435671">10.1080/00437956.1979.11435671</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WORD&rft.atitle=Social+Implications+of+Borrowing%3A+The+Visigothic+Element+in+Hispano-Romance&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E272&rft.date=1979-12-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1979.11435671&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Patricia+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00437956.1979.11435671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223112452/http://www.notapositiva.com/pt/trbestbs/historia/10_fim_imper_romano.htm">"Fim do Império Romano e Chegada dos Suevos"</a>. <i>notapositiva.com</i> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notapositiva.com/pt/trbestbs/historia/10_fim_imper_romano.htm">the original</a> on 23 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=notapositiva.com&rft.atitle=Fim+do+Imp%C3%A9rio+Romano+e+Chegada+dos+Suevos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.notapositiva.com%2Fpt%2Ftrbestbs%2Fhistoria%2F10_fim_imper_romano.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoescola.com/povos-germanicos/suevos/">"Suevos"</a>. <i>infoescola.com</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infoescola.com&rft.atitle=Suevos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoescola.com%2Fpovos-germanicos%2Fsuevos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeadSemënova-Head2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Head, Brian F.; Semënova-Head, Larisa (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0807-89672013000200016">"Vestígios da presença sueva no noroeste da península ibérica: na etnologia, na arqueologia e na língua"</a> [Traces of the Sueva presence in the northwest of the Iberian peninsula: in ethnology, archeology and language]. <i>Revista Diacrítica</i> (in Portuguese). <b>27</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">257–</span>277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Diacr%C3%ADtica&rft.atitle=Vest%C3%ADgios+da+presen%C3%A7a+sueva+no+noroeste+da+pen%C3%ADnsula+ib%C3%A9rica%3A+na+etnologia%2C+na+arqueologia+e+na+l%C3%ADngua&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E277&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Brian+F.&rft.au=Sem%C3%ABnova-Head%2C+Larisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.mec.pt%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0807-89672013000200016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay" class="citation web cs1">Hay, Maciamo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eupedia.com/genetics/spain_portugal_dna.shtml">"Genetic history of the Spaniards and the Portuguese"</a>. <i>Eupedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eupedia&rft.atitle=Genetic+history+of+the+Spaniards+and+the+Portuguese&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=Maciamo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eupedia.com%2Fgenetics%2Fspain_portugal_dna.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"the barbarians, detesting their swords, turn them into ploughs", <i>Historiarum Adversum Paganos</i>, VII, 41, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"anyone wanting to leave or to depart, uses these barbarians as mercenaries, servers or defenders", <i>Historiarum Adversum Paganos</i>, VII, 41, 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domingos Maria da Silva, <i>Os Búrios</i>, Terras de Bouro, Câmara Municipal de Terras de Bouro, 2006. (in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipoll_López1989" class="citation web cs1">Ripoll López, Gisela (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812072505/http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv.php?pid=bibliuned:ETFSerie1-71E2565C-354B-7D1E-4C3F-27B8664C1938&dsID=PDF">"Características generales del poblamiento y la arqueología funeraria visigoda de Hispania"</a>. <i>Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, S. I, Prehist. y Arqueol., t. 2</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">389–</span>418. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv.php?pid=bibliuned:ETFSerie1-71E2565C-354B-7D1E-4C3F-27B8664C1938&dsID=PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-27</span></span>. <q>En resumen se puede considerar que el pueblo visigodo – sin diferenciar la población civil de la militar –  representó de un uno a un dos por ciento sobre la totalidad de la población de Hispania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Espacio%2C+Tiempo+y+Forma%2C+S.+I%2C+Prehist.+y+Arqueol.%2C+t.+2&rft.atitle=Caracter%C3%ADsticas+generales+del+poblamiento+y+la+arqueolog%C3%ADa+funeraria+visigoda+de+Hispania&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ripoll+L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Gisela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-spacio.uned.es%2Ffez%2Feserv.php%3Fpid%3Dbibliuned%3AETFSerie1-71E2565C-354B-7D1E-4C3F-27B8664C1938%26dsID%3DPDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1996" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (1996). <i>Muslim Spain and Portugal: A political history of al-Andalus</i>. Longman. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Spain+and+Portugal%3A+A+political+history+of+al-Andalus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomax1978" class="citation book cs1">Lomax, D.W. (1978). <i>The Reconquest of Spain</i>. Longman. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reconquest+of+Spain&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Lomax&rft.aufirst=D.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDisney2009">Disney (2009)</a>, pp. 53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-V._Livermore,_1969_pp._32-33_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivermore1969">Livermore (1969)</a>, pp. 32–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-earlyportugal-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-earlyportugal_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-earlyportugal_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontes,_Luís" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fontes, Luís. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pt.scribd.com/doc/47457052/O-Norte-de-Portugal-ente-os-seculos-VIII-e-X-balanco-e-perspectivas-de-investigacao-Luis-Fontes-Unidade-de-Arqueologia-da-Universidade-do-Minho">"O Norte de Portugal ente os séculos VIII e X: balanço e perspectivas de investigação"</a> (in Portuguese). Archaeology Unit of the Minho University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+Norte+de+Portugal+ente+os+s%C3%A9culos+VIII+e+X%3A+balan%C3%A7o+e+perspectivas+de+investiga%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.pub=Archaeology+Unit+of+the+Minho+University&rft.au=Fontes%2C+Lu%C3%ADs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpt.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F47457052%2FO-Norte-de-Portugal-ente-os-seculos-VIII-e-X-balanco-e-perspectivas-de-investigacao-Luis-Fontes-Unidade-de-Arqueologia-da-Universidade-do-Minho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliveira2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oliveira, Leandro Vilar (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://periodicos.ufpb.br/index.php/scandia/article/view/43168">"A presença viking na Península Ibérica: Os Vikings em Portugal e Galiza (Hélio Pires)"</a> [The Viking presence in the Iberian Peninsula: The Vikings in Portugal and Galicia (Hélio Pires)]. <i>Scandia</i> (in Portuguese). <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">249–</span>255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandia&rft.atitle=A+presen%C3%A7a+viking+na+Pen%C3%ADnsula+Ib%C3%A9rica%3A+Os+Vikings+em+Portugal+e+Galiza+%28H%C3%A9lio+Pires%29&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Leandro+Vilar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperiodicos.ufpb.br%2Findex.php%2Fscandia%2Farticle%2Fview%2F43168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquesBarrocaAmaral2018" class="citation book cs1">Marques, André Evangelista; Barroca, Mário; Amaral, Luís Carlos (2018). "As incursões vikings no Norte de Portugal". <i>Mil Anos da Incursão Normanda ao Castelo de Vermoim</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">143–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10216%2F120557">10216/120557</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-989-8351-97-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-989-8351-97-5"><bdi>978-989-8351-97-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=As+incurs%C3%B5es+vikings+no+Norte+de+Portugal&rft.btitle=Mil+Anos+da+Incurs%C3%A3o+Normanda+ao+Castelo+de+Vermoim&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10216%2F120557&rft.isbn=978-989-8351-97-5&rft.aulast=Marques&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9+Evangelista&rft.au=Barroca%2C+M%C3%A1rio&rft.au=Amaral%2C+Lu%C3%ADs+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRibeiroHermano2004">Ribeiro & Hermano (2004)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRibeiroHermano2004">Ribeiro & Hermano (2004)</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivermore1969">Livermore (1969)</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallett1970">Hallett (1970)</a>, pp. 47–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuarte2016" class="citation book cs1">Duarte, King of Portugal (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/961824873"><i>The book of horsemanship</i></a>. Jeffrey L. Forgeng. Woodbridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78204-628-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78204-628-8"><bdi>978-1-78204-628-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/961824873">961824873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+horsemanship&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F961824873&rft.isbn=978-1-78204-628-8&rft.aulast=Duarte&rft.aufirst=King+of+Portugal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F961824873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho2014" class="citation journal cs1">Carvalho, Mário Santiago de (12 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalis.uc.pt/en/artigo/uma_modernidade_perdida_da_melancolia_%C3%A0_alegria_racional_na_antropologia_do_homem_superior">"Uma modernidade perdida: da melancolia à alegria racional na antropologia do homem superior, segundo D. Duarte"</a>. <i>Revista Filosófica de Coimbra</i>. <b>22</b> (43): 190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14195%2F0872-0851_43_7">10.14195/0872-0851_43_7</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0872-0851">0872-0851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Filos%C3%B3fica+de+Coimbra&rft.atitle=Uma+modernidade+perdida%3A+da+melancolia+%C3%A0+alegria+racional+na+antropologia+do+homem+superior%2C+segundo+D.+Duarte&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=190&rft.date=2014-09-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14195%2F0872-0851_43_7&rft.issn=0872-0851&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1rio+Santiago+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalis.uc.pt%2Fen%2Fartigo%2Fuma_modernidade_perdida_da_melancolia_%25C3%25A0_alegria_racional_na_antropologia_do_homem_superior&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuarte1999" class="citation book cs1">Duarte, King of Portugal (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43397222"><i>Leal conselheiro</i></a>. Maria Helena Lopes de Castro. [Lisboa]: Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/972-27-0940-2" title="Special:BookSources/972-27-0940-2"><bdi>972-27-0940-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43397222">43397222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leal+conselheiro&rft.place=%5BLisboa%5D&rft.pub=Imprensa+Nacional-Casa+da+Moeda&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43397222&rft.isbn=972-27-0940-2&rft.aulast=Duarte&rft.aufirst=King+of+Portugal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F43397222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalafate1999" class="citation book cs1">Calafate, Pedro (1999). "A Geração de Avis: O infante D. Pedro". In Calafate, Pedro (ed.). <i>História do pensamento filosófico português</i>. Vol. II. Editorial Caminho. pp. <span class="nowrap">412–</span>444. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789722113878" title="Special:BookSources/9789722113878"><bdi>9789722113878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Gera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+Avis%3A+O+infante+D.+Pedro&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+do+pensamento+filos%C3%B3fico+portugu%C3%AAs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E412-%3C%2Fspan%3E444&rft.pub=Editorial+Caminho&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789722113878&rft.aulast=Calafate&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_AlbuquerqueBorges_Nunes1988" class="citation book cs1">de Albuquerque, Martim; Borges Nunes, Eduardo, eds. (1988). <i>Ordenações del Rei Dom Duarte</i>. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/972-31-0279-X" title="Special:BookSources/972-31-0279-X"><bdi>972-31-0279-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordena%C3%A7%C3%B5es+del+Rei+Dom+Duarte&rft.place=Lisboa&rft.pub=Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Calouste+Gulbenkian&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=972-31-0279-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivermore1969">Livermore (1969)</a>, pp. 106–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livermore_108-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore_108_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore_108_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivermore1969">Livermore (1969)</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livermore_109-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore_109_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore_109_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livermore_109_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivermore1969">Livermore (1969)</a>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallett1970">Hallett (1970)</a>, p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallett1970">Hallett (1970)</a>, p. 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hallett_164-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hallett_164_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hallett_164_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hallett_164_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hallett_164_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHallett1970">Hallett (1970)</a>, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivermore1969">Livermore (1969)</a>, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rebecca Weiner, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Portugal.html">The Virtual Jewish History Tour Portugal</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livermore_138_139-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.worldcat.org&rft.atitle=Cashing+Out+The+Flight+of+Nazi+Treasure%2C+1945%E2%80%931948+%7C+WorldCat.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F1401059993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas L. Wheeler, "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question, and World War II," <i>Luso-Brazilian Review</i> (1986) 23#1 pp. 107–127 and 23#2 pp. 97–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sonny B. Davis, "Salazar, Timor, and Portuguese Neutrality in World War II," <i>Portuguese Studies Review</i> (2005) 13#1 pp. 449–476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clodfelter 2017: 561</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_Judt2006" class="citation book cs1">Tony Judt (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=10oPnprPjcgC&pg=PA515"><i>Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945</i></a>. Penguin Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">513–</span>515. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143037750" title="Special:BookSources/9780143037750"><bdi>9780143037750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postwar%3A+A+History+of+Europe+Since+1945&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E513-%3C%2Fspan%3E515&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780143037750&rft.au=Tony+Judt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D10oPnprPjcgC%26pg%3DPA515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldey1992-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldey1992_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldey1992" class="citation journal cs1">Goldey, David B. (June 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0261-3794%2892%2990039-9">"The Portuguese elections of 1987 and 1991 and the presidential election of 1991"</a>. <i>Electoral Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">171–</span>176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0261-3794%2892%2990039-9">10.1016/0261-3794(92)90039-9</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electoral+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Portuguese+elections+of+1987+and+1991+and+the+presidential+election+of+1991&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.date=1992-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0261-3794%2892%2990039-9&rft.aulast=Goldey&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0261-3794%252892%252990039-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/portugal/48.htm">Portugal – Emigration</a>, Eric Solsten, ed. Portugal: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flight_from_Angola-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flight_from_Angola_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flight_from_Angola_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/mideast-africa/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12079340">Flight from Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> (August 16, 1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dismantling_the_Portuguese_Empire-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dismantling_the_Portuguese_Empire_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dismantling_the_Portuguese_Empire_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113204408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html">Dismantling the Portuguese Empire</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> (Monday, July 7, 1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_L._Smith2002" class="citation book cs1">Andrea L. Smith (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6i_LwP-YW0oC&q=retornados+population+of+portugal&pg=PA86"><i>Europe's Invisible Migrants</i></a>. Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9053565711" title="Special:BookSources/978-9053565711"><bdi>978-9053565711</bdi></a>. <q>Thus among the 580,000 Portuguese enumerated in the 1981 census who had lived in the African colonies prior to 1975, 60 percent had been born in Portugal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Invisible+Migrants&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9053565711&rft.au=Andrea+L.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6i_LwP-YW0oC%26q%3Dretornados%2Bpopulation%2Bof%2Bportugal%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliveira-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_167-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_167-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_167-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_167-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_167-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_167-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_167-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_167-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_167-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliveira2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Oliveira, Daniel (25 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://expresso.pt/blogues/opiniao_daniel_oliveira_antes_pelo_contrario/25-de-abril-4-d-de-desenvolvimento-onde-tudo-se-joga=f866925">"25 de abril (4): "D" de desenvolvimento, onde tudo se joga"</a> [April 25 (4): The "D" of development, where all is at stake] (in Portuguese). Expresso<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=25+de+abril+%284%29%3A+%22D%22+de+desenvolvimento%2C+onde+tudo+se+joga.&rft.pub=Expresso&rft.date=2014-04-25&rft.aulast=Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexpresso.pt%2Fblogues%2Fopiniao_daniel_oliveira_antes_pelo_contrario%2F25-de-abril-4-d-de-desenvolvimento-onde-tudo-se-joga%3Df866925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silva_Lopes-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silva_Lopes_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva_Lopes_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silva_Lopes_168-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jornaldenegocios.pt/economia/politica/detalhe/25_abril_portugal_desenvolveu_se_ate_2000_depois_foi_uma_desgraca_diz_silva_lopes">"25 Abril: Portugal desenvolveu-se até 2000, depois foi "uma desgraça", diz Silva Lopes"</a> [April 25: Portugal developed until 2000, after that "it was a disgrace", says Silva Lopes]. <i>Jornal de Negócios</i> (in Portuguese). 25 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jornal+de+Neg%C3%B3cios&rft.atitle=25+Abril%3A+Portugal+desenvolveu-se+at%C3%A9+2000%2C+depois+foi+%22uma+desgra%C3%A7a%22%2C+diz+Silva+Lopes&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jornaldenegocios.pt%2Feconomia%2Fpolitica%2Fdetalhe%2F25_abril_portugal_desenvolveu_se_ate_2000_depois_foi_uma_desgraca_diz_silva_lopes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maddison_GDP_year_1970-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maddison_GDP_year_1970_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maddison_GDP_year_1970_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoltvan_Zanden2014" class="citation web cs1">Bolt, J.; van Zanden, J.L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx">"Maddison Project Database, version 2013"</a>. <i>Maddison Project Database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>In 1970 (cell A197), Portugal had a GDP per capita of $5,473 (in 1990 US dollars) (cell Q197) while EU-12 countries had a GDP per capita of $10,853 (in 1990 US dollars) (cell N197). Thus, Portuguese GDP per capita was 50.4% of EU-12 average.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maddison+Project+Database&rft.atitle=Maddison+Project+Database%2C+version+2013&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bolt&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=van+Zanden%2C+J.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rug.nl%2Fggdc%2Fhistoricaldevelopment%2Fmaddison%2Fdata%2Fmpd_2013-01.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economico-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economico_170-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economico_170-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarmentoSantos_Ferreira2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sarmento, António; Santos Ferreira, Ricardo (25 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jornaleconomico.sapo.pt/noticias/25-de-abril-o-que-significou-o-d-de-desenvolvimento-149199">"25 de abril: o que significou o "D" de desenvolvimento"</a> [April 25, what meant the "D" of development] (in Portuguese). O Jornal Económico<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=25+de+abril%3A+o+que+significou+o+%22D%22+de+desenvolvimento&rft.pub=O+Jornal+Econ%C3%B3mico&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft.aulast=Sarmento&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio&rft.au=Santos+Ferreira%2C+Ricardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjornaleconomico.sapo.pt%2Fnoticias%2F25-de-abril-o-que-significou-o-d-de-desenvolvimento-149199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmaReis2016" class="citation journal cs1">Palma, Nuno; Reis, Jaime (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019104829/http://www.ggdc.net/publications/memorandum/gd161.pdf">"From convergence to divergence: Portuguese demography and economic growth, 1500–1850"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>GGDC Research Memorandum</i>. <b>161</b>: 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ggdc.net/publications/memorandum/gd161.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 19, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GGDC+Research+Memorandum&rft.atitle=From+convergence+to+divergence%3A+Portuguese+demography+and+economic+growth%2C+1500%E2%80%931850&rft.volume=161&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2016-09&rft.aulast=Palma&rft.aufirst=Nuno&rft.au=Reis%2C+Jaime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ggdc.net%2Fpublications%2Fmemorandum%2Fgd161.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdekon2006" class="citation book cs1">Odekon, Mehmet (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f6o5DQAAQBAJ&q=Portugal+poverty+estado+novo&pg=PA837"><i>Encyclopedia of World Poverty</i></a>. Vol. I. Sage Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">837–</span>838. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412918077" title="Special:BookSources/9781412918077"><bdi>9781412918077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Poverty&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E837-%3C%2Fspan%3E838&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781412918077&rft.aulast=Odekon&rft.aufirst=Mehmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df6o5DQAAQBAJ%26q%3DPortugal%2Bpoverty%2Bestado%2Bnovo%26pg%3DPA837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Country_Studies-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Country_Studies_173-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Country_Studies_173-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Country_Studies_173-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Country_Studies_173-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/portugal/64.htm">"Portugal - Economic Growth and Change"</a>. Library of Congress Country Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portugal+-+Economic+Growth+and+Change&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fportugal%2F64.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutcliffe2014" class="citation book cs1">Sutcliffe, Anthony (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x1mPBAAAQBAJ&q=editions:yCwwn_OLmMYC"><i>An Economic and Social History of Western Europe since 1945</i></a>. Routledge. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317892199" title="Special:BookSources/9781317892199"><bdi>9781317892199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+and+Social+History+of+Western+Europe+since+1945&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317892199&rft.aulast=Sutcliffe&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx1mPBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Deditions%3AyCwwn_OLmMYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sedes.pt-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sedes.pt_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sedes.pt/conteudo.aspx?args=1,2">Fundação da SEDES – As primeiras motivações</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725024904/http://www.sedes.pt/conteudo.aspx?args=1%2C2">Archived</a> 2014-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Nos anos 60 e até 1973 teve lugar, provavelmente, o mais rápido período de crescimento económico da nossa História, traduzido na industrialização, na expansão do turismo, no comércio com a EFTA, no desenvolvimento dos sectores financeiros, investimento estrangeiro e grandes projectos de infra-estruturas. Em consequência, os indicadores de rendimentos e consumo acompanham essa evolução, reforçados ainda pelas remessas de emigrantes.", <a href="/wiki/SEDES" title="SEDES">SEDES</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurán_Muñoz1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Durán Muñoz, Rafael (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://analisesocial.ics.ul.pt/documentos/1221841159M9vPU5fq4Rd84RA6.pdf">"A crise económica e as transições para a democracia: Espanha e Portugal em perspectiva comparada"</a> [The economic crisis and the transitions to democracy: Spain and Portugal under compared perspective] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Análise Social</i> (in Portuguese). <b>32</b> (141): <span class="nowrap">369–</span>401<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Migration Policy Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2002</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portugal+Seeks+Balance+of+Emigration%2C+Immigration&rft.pub=Migration+Policy+Institute&rft.date=2002-12-01&rft.aulast=Malheiro&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationpolicy.org%2Farticle%2Fportugal-seeks-balance-emigration-immigration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ps.pt/index.php/2018/05/18/a-expo-foi-um-grande-momento-de-auto-estima-para-o-pais/">"A Expo foi um grande momento de auto-estima para o país. São raros"</a> [Expo [98] was a major moment of self-esteem for the country. They are rare]. <i><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Portugal)" title="Socialist Party (Portugal)">Partido Socialista</a></i> (in Portuguese). 18 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Partido+Socialista&rft.atitle=A+Expo+foi+um+grande+momento+de+auto-estima+para+o+pa%C3%ADs.+S%C3%A3o+raros&rft.date=2018-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fps.pt%2Findex.php%2F2018%2F05%2F18%2Fa-expo-foi-um-grande-momento-de-auto-estima-para-o-pais%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliveira2018" class="citation web cs1">Oliveira, Daniel (7 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://expresso.pt/blogues/opiniao_daniel_oliveira_antes_pelo_contrario/2018-02-07-Do-Estado-Novo-ao-euro-sempre-na-periferia#gs.OaPPi5tY">"Do Estado Novo ao euro, sempre na periferia"</a>. Expresso<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+Estado+Novo+ao+euro%2C+sempre+na+periferia&rft.pub=Expresso&rft.date=2018-02-07&rft.aulast=Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexpresso.pt%2Fblogues%2Fopiniao_daniel_oliveira_antes_pelo_contrario%2F2018-02-07-Do-Estado-Novo-ao-euro-sempre-na-periferia%23gs.OaPPi5tY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunes2015" class="citation journal cs1">Nunes, Ana Bela (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192043/https://ghes.rc.iseg.ulisboa.pt/wp/wp552015.pdf">"The Portuguese economy in the 1980s: structural change and short-term upheavals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>GHES Working Papers</i>. <b>55</b>: 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghes.rc.iseg.ulisboa.pt/wp/wp552015.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GHES+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Portuguese+economy+in+the+1980s%3A+structural+change+and+short-term+upheavals&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Nunes&rft.aufirst=Ana+Bela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fghes.rc.iseg.ulisboa.pt%2Fwp%2Fwp552015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maddison_GDP_year_2000-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maddison_GDP_year_2000_181-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maddison_GDP_year_2000_181-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoltvan_Zanden2014" class="citation web cs1">Bolt, J.; van Zanden, J.L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx">"Maddison Project Database, version 2013"</a>. <i>Maddison Project Database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>. <q>In 2000 (cell A222), Portugal had a GDP per capita of $13,922 (in 1990 US dollars) (cell Q222) while EU-12 countries had a GDP per capita of $20,131 (in 1990 US dollars) (cell N222). Thus, Portuguese GDP per capita was 69.2% of EU-12 average.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maddison+Project+Database&rft.atitle=Maddison+Project+Database%2C+version+2013&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bolt&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=van+Zanden%2C+J.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rug.nl%2Fggdc%2Fhistoricaldevelopment%2Fmaddison%2Fdata%2Fmpd_2013-01.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=ds22a34krhq5p_#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=gd_pc_gdp&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=country_group&idim=country_group:eu&idim=country:pt:de&ifdim=country_group&hl=pt_PT&dl=pt_PT&ind=false">"Dívida Pública em Percentagem do PIB"</a>. <i>Google Public Data</i>. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Public+Data&rft.atitle=D%C3%ADvida+P%C3%BAblica+em+Percentagem+do+PIB&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fpublicdata%2Fexplore%3Fds%3Dds22a34krhq5p_%23%21ctype%3Dl%26strail%3Dfalse%26bcs%3Dd%26nselm%3Dh%26met_y%3Dgd_pc_gdp%26scale_y%3Dlin%26ind_y%3Dfalse%26rdim%3Dcountry_group%26idim%3Dcountry_group%3Aeu%26idim%3Dcountry%3Apt%3Ade%26ifdim%3Dcountry_group%26hl%3Dpt_PT%26dl%3Dpt_PT%26ind%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192841/https://www.pordata.pt/en/Portugal/General+Government+gross+debt+as+percentage+of+GDP-2786">"General Government: gross debt as % of GDP"</a>. <i>Pordata</i>. 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pordata.pt/en/Portugal/General+Government+gross+debt+as+percentage+of+GDP-2786">the original</a> on 28 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pordata&rft.atitle=General+Government%3A+gross+debt+as+%25+of+GDP&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pordata.pt%2Fen%2FPortugal%2FGeneral%2BGovernment%2Bgross%2Bdebt%2Bas%2Bpercentage%2Bof%2BGDP-2786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maddison_GDP_year_1975-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maddison_GDP_year_1975_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoltvan_Zanden2014" class="citation web cs1">Bolt, J.; van Zanden, J.L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx">"Maddison Project Database, version 2013"</a>. <i>Maddison Project Database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>In 1975 (cell A197), Portugal had a GDP per capita of $6,517 (in 1990 US dollars) (cell Q197) while EU-12 countries had a GDP per capita of $12,158 (in 1990 US dollars) (cell N197). Thus, Portuguese GDP per capita was 53.6% of EU-12 average.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maddison+Project+Database&rft.atitle=Maddison+Project+Database%2C+version+2013&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bolt&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=van+Zanden%2C+J.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rug.nl%2Fggdc%2Fhistoricaldevelopment%2Fmaddison%2Fdata%2Fmpd_2013-01.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maddison_GDP_year_1985-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maddison_GDP_year_1985_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoltvan_Zanden2014" class="citation web cs1">Bolt, J.; van Zanden, J.L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx">"Maddison Project Database, version 2013"</a>. <i>Maddison Project Database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>In 1985 (cell A207), Portugal had a GDP per capita of $8,306 (in 1990 US dollars) (cell Q207) while EU-12 countries had a GDP per capita of $14,9960 (in 1990 US dollars) (cell N207). Thus, Portuguese GDP per capita was 55.3% of EU-12 average.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maddison+Project+Database&rft.atitle=Maddison+Project+Database%2C+version+2013&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Bolt&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=van+Zanden%2C+J.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rug.nl%2Fggdc%2Fhistoricaldevelopment%2Fmaddison%2Fdata%2Fmpd_2013-01.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192824/https://www.pordata.pt/Portugal/M%C3%A9dicos+e+outro+pessoal+de+sa%C3%BAde+por+100+mil+habitantes-639">"Médicos e outro pessoal de saúde por 100 mil habitantes"</a> [Physicians and other health personnel per 100 thousand inhabitants]. <i>Pordata</i> (in Portuguese). 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pordata.pt/Portugal/M%C3%A9dicos+e+outro+pessoal+de+sa%C3%BAde+por+100+mil+habitantes-639">the original</a> on 28 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pordata&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9dicos+e+outro+pessoal+de+sa%C3%BAde+por+100+mil+habitantes&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pordata.pt%2FPortugal%2FM%25C3%25A9dicos%2Be%2Boutro%2Bpessoal%2Bde%2Bsa%25C3%25BAde%2Bpor%2B100%2Bmil%2Bhabitantes-639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infant_mortality_rate-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Infant_mortality_rate_187-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Infant_mortality_rate_187-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160218065711/https://www.pordata.pt/en/DB/Europe/Search+Environment/Table">"Infant mortality rate"</a>. <i>Pordata</i>. 2019. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pordata&rft.atitle=Infant+mortality+rate&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pordata.pt%2Fen%2FDB%2FEurope%2FSearch%2BEnvironment%2FTable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192937/https://www.pordata.pt/Portugal/Partos+em+estabelecimentos+de+sa%C3%BAde+(percentagem)-606">"Partos em estabelecimentos de saúde (%)"</a> [Deliveries at health facilities (%)]. <i>Pordata</i> (in Portuguese). 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pordata.pt/Portugal/Partos+em+estabelecimentos+de+sa%C3%BAde+(percentagem)-606">the original</a> on 28 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pordata&rft.atitle=Partos+em+estabelecimentos+de+sa%C3%BAde+%28%25%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pordata.pt%2FPortugal%2FPartos%2Bem%2Bestabelecimentos%2Bde%2Bsa%25C3%25BAde%2B%28percentagem%29-606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192821/https://www.pordata.pt/Portugal/Taxa%20real%20de%20escolariza%C3%A7%C3%A3o-987">"Taxa real de escolarização"</a> [Percent of youth enrolled in school]. <i>Pordata</i> (in Portuguese). 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pordata.pt/Portugal/Taxa+real+de+escolariza%C3%A7%C3%A3o-987">the original</a> on 28 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pordata&rft.atitle=Taxa+real+de+escolariza%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pordata.pt%2FPortugal%2FTaxa%2Breal%2Bde%2Bescolariza%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o-987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pordata.pt/Portugal/Taxa+de+analfabetismo+segundo+os+Censos+total+e+por+sexo-2517">"Taxa de analfabetismo segundo os Censos: total e por sexo"</a> [Illiteracy rate according to the Census: total and by sex]. <i>Pordata</i> (in Portuguese). 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pordata&rft.atitle=Taxa+de+analfabetismo+segundo+os+Censos%3A+total+e+por+sexo&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pordata.pt%2FPortugal%2FTaxa%2Bde%2Banalfabetismo%2Bsegundo%2Bos%2BCensos%2Btotal%2Be%2Bpor%2Bsexo-2517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSAPO" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">SAPO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poligrafo.sapo.pt/fact-check/bernardo-blanco-portugal-e-o-4-o-pais-da-zona-euro-com-menor-poder-de-compra">"Bernardo Blanco: Portugal é o "4.º país da Zona Euro com menor poder de compra"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Polígrafo</i> (in Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pol%C3%ADgrafo&rft.atitle=Bernardo+Blanco%3A+Portugal+%C3%A9+o+%224.%C2%BA+pa%C3%ADs+da+Zona+Euro+com+menor+poder+de+compra%22&rft.au=SAPO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoligrafo.sapo.pt%2Ffact-check%2Fbernardo-blanco-portugal-e-o-4-o-pais-da-zona-euro-com-menor-poder-de-compra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Colin (2003). <i>A Short History of Indonesia: The Unlikely Nation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Crows_Nest,_New_South_Wales" title="Crows Nest, New South Wales">Crows Nest</a>, Australia: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86508-838-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86508-838-9"><bdi>978-1-86508-838-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Indonesia%3A+The+Unlikely+Nation&rft.place=Crows+Nest%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86508-838-9&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDisney2009" class="citation book cs1">Disney, A. R. (2009). <i>A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, vol. 1: Portugal</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60397-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60397-3"><bdi>978-0-521-60397-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Portugal+and+the+Portuguese+Empire%2C+vol.+1%3A+Portugal&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-60397-3&rft.aulast=Disney&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2002" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, J. H. (2002). <i>Imperial Spain 1469–1716</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100703-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100703-8"><bdi>978-0-14-100703-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Spain+1469%E2%80%931716&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-14-100703-8&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallett1970" class="citation book cs1">Hallett, Robin (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africato1875mode00hall"><i>Africa to 1875: a Modern History</i></a></span>. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472071609" title="Special:BookSources/9780472071609"><bdi>9780472071609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+to+1875%3A+a+Modern+History&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+MI&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780472071609&rft.aulast=Hallett&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricato1875mode00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivermore1969" class="citation book cs1">Livermore, Harold V. (1969). <i>A New History of Portugal</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Portugal&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Livermore&rft.aufirst=Harold+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibeiroHermano2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ribeiro, Ângelo; Hermano, José (2004). <i>História de Portugal I – a Formação do Território</i> [<i>History of Portugal – the Formation of the Territory</i>] (in Portuguese). QuidNovi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-989-554-106-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-989-554-106-5"><bdi>978-989-554-106-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Portugal+I+%E2%80%93+a+Forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+Territ%C3%B3rio&rft.pub=QuidNovi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-989-554-106-5&rft.aulast=Ribeiro&rft.aufirst=%C3%82ngelo&rft.au=Hermano%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, James Maxwell (2000). <i>The History of Portugal</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1905585/the-history-of-portugal">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142150/https://www.questia.com/library/1905585/the-history-of-portugal">Archived</a> 2016-11-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Birmingham, David. <i>A Concise History of Portugal</i> (Cambridge, 1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00birm">online free</a></li> <li>Correia, Sílvia & Helena Pinto Janeiro. "War Culture in the First World War: on the Portuguese Participation," <i>E-Journal of Portuguese history</i> (2013) 11#2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/Winter13.html">Five articles on Portugal in the First World War</a></li> <li>Derrick, Michael. <i>The Portugal of Salazar</i> (1939) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portugalofsalaza011716mbp">online free</a></li> <li>Figueiredo, Antonio de. <i>Portugal: Fifty Years of Dictatorship</i> (Harmondsworth Penguin, 1976).</li> <li>Grissom, James. (2012) <i>Portugal – A Brief History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Portugal-A-Brief-History-ebook/dp/B008CAFG1S/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Hatton, Barry. <i>The Portuguese: A Modern History</i> (Interlink Books, 2017).</li> <li>Kay, Hugh. <i>Salazar and Modern Portugal</i> (Hawthorn Books, 1970)</li> <li>Machado, Diamantino P. <i>The Structure of Portuguese Society: The Failure of Fascism</i> (1991), political history 1918–1974 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/24428093/the-structure-of-portuguese-society-the-failure-of">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105145432/https://www.questia.com/read/24428093/the-structure-of-portuguese-society-the-failure-of">Archived</a> 2019-01-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Maxwell, Kenneth. <i>Pombal, Paradox of the Enlightenment</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1995)</li> <li>Oliveira Marques, A.H. de. <i>History of Portugal: Vol. 1: from Lusitania to empire; Vol. 2: from empire to corporate state</i> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofportuga00anto">online free</a></li> <li>Nowell, Charles E. <i>A History of Portugal</i> (1952) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/89102811/a-history-of-portugal">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104204548/https://www.questia.com/read/89102811/a-history-of-portugal">Archived</a> 2016-11-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Payne, Stanley G. <i>A History of Spain and Portugal</i> (2 vol 1973) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/payne2/index.htm">full text online vol 2 after 1700</a>; standard scholarly history; chapter 23</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empire">Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boxer, Charles R.. <i> The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825</i> (1969)</li> <li>Clarence-Smith, William Gervase. <i>The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism</i> (1985)</li> <li>Crowley, Roger. <i>Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire</i> (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/books/review/conquerors-how-portugal-forged-the-first-global-empire-by-roger-crowley.html?emc=edit_bk_20160115&nl=bookreview&nlid=8258846&ref=headline">online review</a></li> <li>Disney, A.R. <i>A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, Vol. 2: From Beginnings to 1807: the Portuguese empire</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/History-Portugal-Portuguese-Empire-Vol/dp/0521738229/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Elbl, Martin Malcolm. <i>Portuguese Tangier (1471–1662): Colonial Urban Fabric as Cross-Cultural Skeleton</i> (Baywolf Press, 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeTBAgAAQBAJ">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Newitt, Malyn. <i>The First Portuguese Colonial Empire</i> (University of Exeter Press, 1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/118932264/the-first-portuguese-colonial-empire">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105200910/https://www.questia.com/read/118932264/the-first-portuguese-colonial-empire">Archived</a> 2019-01-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Paquette, Gabriel. <i>Imperial Portugal in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions: The Luso-Brazilian World, c. 1770–1850</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2013). 466 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=42511">online review</a></li> <li>Russell-Wood, A.J.R. <i>The Portuguese Empire 1415–1808</i> (Manchester, 1992)</li> <li>Jorge Nascimiento Rodrigues/<a href="/wiki/Tessaleno_Devezas" title="Tessaleno Devezas">Tessaleno Devezas</a>, <i>Pioneers of Globalization – Why the Portuguese Surprised the World</i>, Osprey Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-989-615-056-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-989-615-056-3">978-989-615-056-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barros, Maria Filomena Lopes de. “Ethno-Religious Minorities”, in <i>The Historiography of Medieval Portugal (c. 1950-2010)</i> (Instituto de Estudos Medievais, 2011).</li> <li>Boxer, Charles R. "Some Notes on Portuguese Historiography 1930–1950." <i>History</i> 39.135/136 (1954): 1–13 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24402793">online</a>.</li> <li>Campos Matos, Sérgio. "History of Historiography and National Memory in Portugal," <i>History Compass</i> (Oct 2012) 10#10 pp 765–777</li> <li>de Carvalho Homem, Armando Luís. "A. H. de Oliveira Marques (1933–2007): Historiography and Citizenship," <i>E-Journal of Portuguese History</i> (Winter 2007) 5#2 pp 1–9</li> <li>Fernandes, Paulo Jorge, Filipe Ribeiro De Meneses, and Manuel Baiôa. "The political history of nineteenth century Portugal." <i>e-journal of Portuguese History</i> 1.1 (2003): 1-13 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/11493/1/FRDM_Nineteenth_2003.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Ferreira, Roquinaldo. "Taking Stock: Portuguese Imperial Historiography Twelve years after the e-JPH Debate." <i>E-Journal of Portuguese History</i> (June 2016), Vol. 14 Issue 1, pp 54–70 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue27/pdf/v14n1a04.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Lains, Pedro. "The Internationalization of Portuguese Historiography: the View from Economic History." <i>E-Journal of Portuguese History</i> 1.2 (2003): 10+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2778102.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Romeiras, Francisco Malta. "Jesuit Historiography in Modern Portugal." <i>Journal of Jesuit Studies</i> 2 (2015): 77–99.</li> <li>Sardica, José Miguel. "The Memory of the Portuguese First Republic throughout the Twentieth Century," <i>E-Journal of Portuguese History</i> (Summer 2011) 9#1 pp 1–27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue17/pdf/v9n1a04.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. "The 'Kaffirs of Europe': A comment on Portugal and the historiography of European expansion in Asia." <i>Studies in History</i> 9.1 (1993): 131–146.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oestriminis" title="Oestriminis">Oestriminis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiussa" title="Ophiussa">Ophiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zamora" title="Treaty of Zamora">Treaty of Zamora</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum" title="Manifestis Probatum">Manifestis Probatum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Portuguese_interregnum" title="1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum">1383–1385 interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor_(1386)" title="Treaty of Windsor (1386)">Treaty of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Portuguese golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1761 Lisbon earthquake">1761 Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">History of Portugal (1777–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Constitutional monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 de Maio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Overseas War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Portuguese_Republic" title="Third Portuguese Republic">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/80px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/120px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/160px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Portugal" title="Geography of Portugal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Portugal" title="List of cities in Portugal">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Portugal" title="List of mountains in Portugal">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Portugal" title="List of islands of Portugal">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Portugal" title="List of lakes of Portugal">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Portugal" title="List of rivers of Portugal">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Portugal" title="List of earthquakes in Portugal">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Portugal" title="List of volcanoes in Portugal">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal" title="Constitution of Portugal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Portugal" title="Elections in Portugal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Portugal" title="Foreign relations of Portugal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Portugal" title="Judiciary of Portugal">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Portugal" title="Law of Portugal">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Portugal" title="Law enforcement in Portugal">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Portugal" title="Human rights in Portugal">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Portugal">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Portugal" title="List of political parties in Portugal">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Portugal" title="Agriculture in Portugal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Portugal" title="Energy in Portugal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Portugal" title="Exclusive economic zone of Portugal">Exclusive Economic Zone <span style="font-size:85%;">(EEZ)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Portugal">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Portugal" title="Mining in Portugal">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Portugal" title="Science and technology in Portugal">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Lisbon" title="Euronext Lisbon">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Portugal" title="Tourism in Portugal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Portugal" title="Transport in Portugal">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Portugal" title="Rail transport in Portugal">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Portugal" title="Category:Society of Portugal">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Portugal" title="Crime in Portugal">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Portugal" title="Demographics of Portugal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Portugal" title="Health in Portugal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Portugal" title="Homelessness in Portugal">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Portugal" title="Housing in Portugal">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Portugal" title="Immigration to Portugal">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Portugal" title="Naturism in Portugal">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Portugal">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Portugal" title="Prostitution in Portugal">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Portugal" title="Time in Portugal">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Portugal" title="Women in Portugal">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_architecture" title="Portuguese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Portugal" title="Mass media in Portugal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_monuments_of_Portugal" title="List of national monuments of Portugal">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Portugal" title="Public holidays in Portugal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Portugal" title="Sport in Portugal">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Portugal" title="National symbols of Portugal">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Portugal" title="Outline of Portugal">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Portugal-related_articles" title="Index of Portugal-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portugal" title="Category:Portugal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Years_in_Portugal_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Portugal&#124;link=Portugal237" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_Portugal" title="Template:Years in Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Portugal" title="Template talk:Years in Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Years_in_Portugal_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Portugal&#124;link=Portugal237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Years_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Years in Portugal">Years</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="12th-15th_centuries237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">12th-15th centuries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1139_in_Portugal" title="1139 in Portugal">1139</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1140s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1140s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1140s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1150s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1150s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1150s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1160s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1160s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1160s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1170s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1170s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1170s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1180s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1180s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1180s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1190s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1190s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1190s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1200s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1200s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1200s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1210s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1210s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1210s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1220s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1220s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1220s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1230s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1230s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1230s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1240s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1240s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1240s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1250s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1250s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1250s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1260s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1260s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1260s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1270s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1270s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1270s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1280s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1280s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1280s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1290s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1290s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1290s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1300s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1300s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1300s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1310s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1310s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1310s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1320s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1320s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1320s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1330s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1330s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1330s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1340s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1340s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1340s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1350s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1350s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1350s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1360s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1360s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1360s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1370s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1370s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1370s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1380s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1380s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1380s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1390s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1390s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1390s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:1400s_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:1400s in Portugal (page does not exist)">1400s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1410s_in_Portugal" title="Category:1410s in Portugal">1410s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1420s_in_Portugal" title="Category:1420s in Portugal">1420s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1430s_in_Portugal" title="Category:1430s in Portugal">1430s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1440s_in_Portugal" title="Category:1440s in Portugal">1440s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1450s_in_Portugal" title="Category:1450s in Portugal">1450s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1460s_in_Portugal" title="Category:1460s in Portugal">1460s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1470s_in_Portugal" title="Category:1470s in Portugal">1470s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1480s_in_Portugal" title="Category:1480s in Portugal">1480s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1490s_in_Portugal" title="Category:1490s in Portugal">1490s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1500_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1500 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="16th_century237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">16th century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1501_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1501 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1501</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1502_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1502 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1502</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1503_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1503 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1503</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1504_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1504 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1504</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1505_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1505 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1505</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1506_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1506 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1506</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1507_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1507 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1508_in_Portugal" title="1508 in Portugal">1508</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1509_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1509 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1510_in_Portugal" title="1510 in Portugal">1510</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1511_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1511 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1511</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1512_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1512 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1512</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1513_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1513 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1513</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1514_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1514 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1515_in_Portugal" title="1515 in Portugal">1515</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1516_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1516 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1516</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1517_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1517 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1517</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1518_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1518 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1518</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1519_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1519 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1519</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1520_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1520 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1520</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1521_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1521 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1521</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1522_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1522 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1522</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1523_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1523 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1523</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1524_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1524 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1524</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1525_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1525 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1525</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1526_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1526 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1526</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1527_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1527 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1527</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1528_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1528 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1528</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1529_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1529 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1529</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1530_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1530 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1531_in_Portugal" title="1531 in Portugal">1531</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1532_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1532 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1532</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1533_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1533 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1533</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1534_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1534 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1534</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1535_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1535 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1535</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1536_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1536 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1536</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1537_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1537 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1537</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1538_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1538 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1539_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1539 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1539</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1540_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1540 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1540</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1541_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1541 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1542_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1542 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1542</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1543_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1543 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1543</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1544_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1544 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1544</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1545_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1545 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1545</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1546_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1546 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1546</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1547_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1547 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1548_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1548 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1548</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1549_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1549 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1550_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1550 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1550</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1551_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1551 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1551</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1552_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1552 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1552</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1553_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1553 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1553</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1554_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1554 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1554</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1555_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1555 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1555</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1556_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1556 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1556</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1557_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1557 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1557</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1558_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1558 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1558</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1559_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1559 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1559</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1560_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1560 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1560</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1561_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1561 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1561</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1562_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1562 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1562</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1563_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1563 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1563</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1564_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1564 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1564</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1565_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1565 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1565</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1566_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1566 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1566</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1567_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1567 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1567</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1568_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1568 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1568</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1569_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1569 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1569</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1570_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1570 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1570</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1571_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1571 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1571</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1572_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1572 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1572</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1573_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1573 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1573</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1574_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1574 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1574</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1575_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1575 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1575</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1576_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1576 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1576</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1577_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1577 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1577</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1578_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1578 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1578</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1579_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1579 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1579</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1580_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1580 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1580</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1581_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1581 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1581</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1582_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1582 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1582</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1583_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1583 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1583</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1584_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1584 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1585_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1585 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1585</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1586_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1586 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1586</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1587_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1587 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1587</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1588_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1588 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1589_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1589 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1589</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1590_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1590 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1590</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1591_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1591 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1591</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1592_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1592 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1592</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1593_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1593 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1593</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1594_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1594 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1594</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1595_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1595 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1595</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1596_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1596 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1596</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1597_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1597 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1597</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1598_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1598 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1598</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1599_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1599 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1599</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1600_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1600 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1600</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="17th_century237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">17th century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1601_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1601 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1601</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1602_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1602 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1602</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1603_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1603 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1604_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1604 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1604</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1605_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1605 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1605</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1606_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1606 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1606</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1607_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1607 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1607</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1608_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1608 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1608</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1609_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1609 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1609</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1610_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1610 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1610</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1611_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1611 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1611</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1612_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1612 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1612</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1613_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1613 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1613</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1614_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1614 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1614</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1615_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1615 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1615</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1616_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1616 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1616</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1617_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1617 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1617</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1618_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1618 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1618</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1619_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1619 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1619</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1620_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1620 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1620</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1621_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1621 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1621</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1622_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1622 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1622</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1623_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1623 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1623</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1624_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1624 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1624</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1625_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1625 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1626_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1626 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1626</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1627_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1627 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1627</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1628_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1628 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1628</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1629_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1629 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1630_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1630 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1630</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1631_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1631 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1631</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1632_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1632 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1632</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1633_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1633 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1633</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1634_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1634 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1634</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1635_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1635 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1635</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1636_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1636 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1636</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1637_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1637 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1637</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1638_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1638 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1638</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1639_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1639 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1639</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1640_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1640 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1641_in_Portugal" title="1641 in Portugal">1641</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1642_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1642 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1642</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1643_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1643 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1643</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1644_in_Portugal" title="1644 in Portugal">1644</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1645_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1645 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1645</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1646_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1646 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1646</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1647_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1647 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1647</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1648_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1648 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1648</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1649_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1649 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1649</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1650_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1650 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1650</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1651_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1651 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1651</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1652_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1652 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1652</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1653_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1653 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1653</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1654_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1654 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1654</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1655_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1655 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1655</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1656_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1656 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1656</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1657_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1657 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1657</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1658_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1658 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1658</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1659_in_Portugal" title="1659 in Portugal">1659</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1660_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1660 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1660</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1661_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1661 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1661</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1662_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1662 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1663_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1663 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1663</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1664_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1664 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1664</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1665_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1665 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1665</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1666_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1666 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1667_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1667 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1668_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1668 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1668</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1669_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1669 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1669</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1670_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1670 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1670</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1671_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1671 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1671</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1672_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1672 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1672</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1673_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1673 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1673</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1674_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1674 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1674</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1675_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1675 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1676_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1676 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1676</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1677_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1677 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1677</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1678_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1678 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1679_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1679 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1679</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1680_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1680 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1680</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1681_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1681 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1681</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1682_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1682 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1682</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1683_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1683 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1683</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1684_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1684 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1684</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1685_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1685 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1686_in_Portugal" title="1686 in Portugal">1686</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1687_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1687 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1687</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1688_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1688 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1688</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1689_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1689 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1689</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1690_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1690 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1690</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1691_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1691 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1691</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1692_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1692 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1692</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1693_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1693 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1693</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1694_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1694 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1694</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1695_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1695 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1695</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1696_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1696 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1696</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1697_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1697 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1697</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1698_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1698 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1698</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1699_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1699 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1699</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1700_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1700 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1700</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="18th_century237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">18th century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1701_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1701 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1701</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1702_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1702 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1702</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1703_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1703 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1703</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1704_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1704 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1704</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1705_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1705 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1705</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1706_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1706 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1706</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1707_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1707 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1707</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1708_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1708 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1708</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1709_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1709 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1709</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1710_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1710 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1710</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1711_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1711 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1711</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1712_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1712 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1712</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1713_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1713 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1713</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1714_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1714 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1714</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1715_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1715 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1715</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1716_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1716 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1716</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1717_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1717 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1717</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1718_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1718 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1718</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1719_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1719 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1719</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1720_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1720 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1720</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1721_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1721 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1721</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1722_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1722 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1723_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1723 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1723</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1724_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1724 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1724</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1725_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1725 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1725</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1726_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1726 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1726</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1727_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1727 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1727</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1728_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1728 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1728</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1729_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1729 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1729</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1730_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1730 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1730</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1731_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1731 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1731</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1732_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1732 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1732</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1733_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1733 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1734_in_Portugal" title="1734 in Portugal">1734</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1735_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1735 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1735</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1736_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1736 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1736</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1737_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1737 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1737</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1738_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1738 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1738</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1739_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1739 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1739</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1740_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1740 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1740</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1741_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1741 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1741</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1742_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1742 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1742</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1743_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1743 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1743</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1744_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1744 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1744</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1745_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1745 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1746_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1746 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1746</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1747_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1747 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1747</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1748_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1748 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1749_in_Portugal" title="1749 in Portugal">1749</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1750_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1750 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1750</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1751_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1751 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1751</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1752_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1752 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1752</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1753_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1753 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1753</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1754_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1754 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1754</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1755_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1755 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1755</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1756_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1756 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1756</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1757_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1757 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1757</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1758_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1758 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1758</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1759_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1759 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1759</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1760_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1760 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1760</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1761_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1761 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1762_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1762 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1762</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1763_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1763 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1763</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1764_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1764 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1764</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1765_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1765 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1765</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1766_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1766 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1766</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1767_in_Portugal" title="1767 in Portugal">1767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1768_in_Portugal" title="1768 in Portugal">1768</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1769_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1769 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1769</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1770_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1770 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1770</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1771_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1771 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1771</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1772_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1772 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1772</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1773_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1773 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1773</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1774_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1774 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1774</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1775_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1775 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1775</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1776_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1776 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1776</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1777_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1777 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1777</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1778_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1778 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1778</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1779_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1779 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1779</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1780_in_Portugal" title="1780 in Portugal">1780</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1781_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1781 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1781</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1782_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1782 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1782</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1783_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1783 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1783</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1784_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1784 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1784</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1785_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1785 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1785</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1786_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1786 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1786</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1787_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1787 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1787</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1788_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1788 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1788</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1789_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1789 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1789</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1790_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1790 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791_in_Portugal" title="1791 in Portugal">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1792_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1792 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1793_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1793 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1794_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1794 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1795_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1795 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1795</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1796_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1796 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1797_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1797 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798_in_Portugal" title="1798 in Portugal">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1799_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1799 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1800_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1800 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="19th_century237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">19th century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1801_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1801 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_in_Portugal" title="1802 in Portugal">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1803_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1803 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1803</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1804_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1804 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1805_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1805 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1805</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1806_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1806 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1806</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1807_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1807 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1807</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1808_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1808 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1808</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1809_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1809 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1809</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1810_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1810 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_in_Portugal" title="1811 in Portugal">1811</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1812_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1812 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1813_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1813 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1813</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1814_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1814 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_in_Portugal" title="1815 in Portugal">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1816_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1816 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1817_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1817 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1817</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1818_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1818 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1818</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1819_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1819 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1819</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_in_Portugal" title="1820 in Portugal">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1821_in_Portugal" title="1821 in Portugal">1821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822_in_Portugal" title="1822 in Portugal">1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1823_in_Portugal" title="1823 in Portugal">1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_in_Portugal" title="1824 in Portugal">1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1825_in_Portugal" title="1825 in Portugal">1825</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826_in_Portugal" title="1826 in Portugal">1826</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1827_in_Portugal" title="1827 in Portugal">1827</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1828_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1828 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1829_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1829 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1829</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1830_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1830 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1830</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1831_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1831 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1832_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1832 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1833_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1833 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834_in_Portugal" title="1834 in Portugal">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_in_Portugal" title="1835 in Portugal">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1836_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1836 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_in_Portugal" title="1837 in Portugal">1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_in_Portugal" title="1838 in Portugal">1838</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1839_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1839 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_in_Portugal" title="1840 in Portugal">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1841_in_Portugal" title="1841 in Portugal">1841</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1842_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1842 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_in_Portugal" title="1843 in Portugal">1843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_in_Portugal" title="1844 in Portugal">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1845_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1845 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1845</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1846_in_Portugal" title="1846 in Portugal">1846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1847_in_Portugal" title="1847 in Portugal">1847</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1848_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1848 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1849_in_Portugal" title="1849 in Portugal">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1850_in_Portugal" title="1850 in Portugal">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1851_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1851 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1852_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1852 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_in_Portugal" title="1853 in Portugal">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1854_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1854 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_in_Portugal" title="1855 in Portugal">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1856_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1856 in Portugal (page does not exist)">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_in_Portugal" title="1857 in Portugal">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_in_Portugal" title="1858 in Portugal">1858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_in_Portugal" title="1859 in Portugal">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_in_Portugal" title="1860 in Portugal">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_Portugal" title="1861 in Portugal">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_in_Portugal" title="1862 in Portugal">1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_in_Portugal" title="1863 in Portugal">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_in_Portugal" title="1864 in Portugal">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_in_Portugal" title="1865 in Portugal">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866_in_Portugal" title="1866 in Portugal">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_in_Portugal" title="1867 in Portugal">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_in_Portugal" title="1868 in Portugal">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869_in_Portugal" title="1869 in Portugal">1869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870_in_Portugal" title="1870 in Portugal">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_in_Portugal" title="1871 in Portugal">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_in_Portugal" title="1872 in Portugal">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_in_Portugal" title="1873 in Portugal">1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_in_Portugal" title="1874 in Portugal">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_in_Portugal" title="1875 in Portugal">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_in_Portugal" title="1876 in Portugal">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_in_Portugal" title="1877 in Portugal">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_in_Portugal" title="1878 in Portugal">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_in_Portugal" title="1879 in Portugal">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_in_Portugal" title="1880 in Portugal">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_in_Portugal" title="1881 in Portugal">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_in_Portugal" title="1882 in Portugal">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1883_in_Portugal" title="1883 in Portugal">1883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_in_Portugal" title="1884 in Portugal">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_in_Portugal" title="1885 in Portugal">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_in_Portugal" title="1886 in Portugal">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_in_Portugal" title="1887 in Portugal">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_in_Portugal" title="1888 in Portugal">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_in_Portugal" title="1889 in Portugal">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_in_Portugal" title="1890 in Portugal">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_in_Portugal" title="1891 in Portugal">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_in_Portugal" title="1892 in Portugal">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_in_Portugal" title="1893 in Portugal">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_in_Portugal" title="1894 in Portugal">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_in_Portugal" title="1895 in Portugal">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_in_Portugal" title="1896 in Portugal">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_in_Portugal" title="1897 in Portugal">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_in_Portugal" title="1898 in Portugal">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_in_Portugal" title="1899 in Portugal">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_in_Portugal" title="1900 in Portugal">1900</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="20th_century237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">20th century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_in_Portugal" title="1901 in Portugal">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_in_Portugal" title="1902 in Portugal">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_in_Portugal" title="1903 in Portugal">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_in_Portugal" title="1904 in Portugal">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_in_Portugal" title="1905 in Portugal">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_in_Portugal" title="1906 in Portugal">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_in_Portugal" title="1907 in Portugal">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_in_Portugal" title="1908 in Portugal">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_in_Portugal" title="1909 in Portugal">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_in_Portugal" title="1910 in Portugal">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_in_Portugal" title="1911 in Portugal">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_in_Portugal" title="1912 in Portugal">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_in_Portugal" title="1913 in Portugal">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_in_Portugal" title="1914 in Portugal">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_in_Portugal" title="1915 in Portugal">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_in_Portugal" title="1916 in Portugal">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_in_Portugal" title="1917 in Portugal">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_in_Portugal" title="1918 in Portugal">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_in_Portugal" title="1919 in Portugal">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_in_Portugal" title="1920 in Portugal">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_in_Portugal" title="1921 in Portugal">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_in_Portugal" title="1922 in Portugal">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_in_Portugal" title="1923 in Portugal">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_in_Portugal" title="1924 in Portugal">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_in_Portugal" title="1925 in Portugal">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_in_Portugal" title="1926 in Portugal">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_in_Portugal" title="1927 in Portugal">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_in_Portugal" title="1928 in Portugal">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_in_Portugal" title="1929 in Portugal">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_in_Portugal" title="1930 in Portugal">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_in_Portugal" title="1931 in Portugal">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_in_Portugal" title="1932 in Portugal">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_in_Portugal" title="1933 in Portugal">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_in_Portugal" title="1934 in Portugal">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_in_Portugal" title="1935 in Portugal">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_in_Portugal" title="1936 in Portugal">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_in_Portugal" title="1937 in Portugal">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_in_Portugal" title="1938 in Portugal">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_in_Portugal" title="1939 in Portugal">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_in_Portugal" title="1940 in Portugal">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_in_Portugal" title="1941 in Portugal">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_in_Portugal" title="1942 in Portugal">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_in_Portugal" title="1943 in Portugal">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_in_Portugal" title="1944 in Portugal">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_in_Portugal" title="1945 in Portugal">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_in_Portugal" title="1946 in Portugal">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_in_Portugal" title="1947 in Portugal">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_in_Portugal" title="1948 in Portugal">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_in_Portugal" title="1949 in Portugal">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_in_Portugal" title="1950 in Portugal">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_in_Portugal" title="1951 in Portugal">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_in_Portugal" title="1952 in Portugal">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_in_Portugal" title="1953 in Portugal">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_in_Portugal" title="1954 in Portugal">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_Portugal" title="1955 in Portugal">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_in_Portugal" title="1956 in Portugal">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_in_Portugal" title="1957 in Portugal">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_in_Portugal" title="1958 in Portugal">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_Portugal" title="1959 in Portugal">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_in_Portugal" title="1960 in Portugal">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_in_Portugal" title="1961 in Portugal">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_in_Portugal" title="1962 in Portugal">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_in_Portugal" title="1963 in Portugal">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_in_Portugal" title="1964 in Portugal">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_in_Portugal" title="1965 in Portugal">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_in_Portugal" title="1966 in Portugal">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_in_Portugal" title="1967 in Portugal">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_in_Portugal" title="1968 in Portugal">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_in_Portugal" title="1969 in Portugal">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_in_Portugal" title="1970 in Portugal">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_in_Portugal" title="1971 in Portugal">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_in_Portugal" title="1972 in Portugal">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_in_Portugal" title="1973 in Portugal">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_in_Portugal" title="1974 in Portugal">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_in_Portugal" title="1975 in Portugal">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_in_Portugal" title="1976 in Portugal">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_in_Portugal" title="1977 in Portugal">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_in_Portugal" title="1978 in Portugal">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_Portugal" title="1979 in Portugal">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_Portugal" title="1980 in Portugal">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_Portugal" title="1981 in Portugal">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_Portugal" title="1982 in Portugal">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_Portugal" title="1983 in Portugal">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_Portugal" title="1984 in Portugal">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_in_Portugal" title="1985 in Portugal">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_in_Portugal" title="1986 in Portugal">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_in_Portugal" title="1987 in Portugal">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_in_Portugal" title="1988 in Portugal">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_in_Portugal" title="1989 in Portugal">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_in_Portugal" title="1990 in Portugal">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_Portugal" title="1991 in Portugal">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_Portugal" title="1992 in Portugal">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_Portugal" title="1993 in Portugal">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_in_Portugal" title="1994 in Portugal">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_in_Portugal" title="1995 in Portugal">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_in_Portugal" title="1996 in Portugal">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_in_Portugal" title="1997 in Portugal">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_Portugal" title="1998 in Portugal">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_Portugal" title="1999 in Portugal">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_in_Portugal" title="2000 in Portugal">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st century</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_Portugal" title="2001 in Portugal">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_Portugal" title="2002 in Portugal">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_Portugal" title="2003 in Portugal">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_Portugal" title="2004 in Portugal">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Portugal" title="2005 in Portugal">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Portugal" title="2006 in Portugal">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Portugal" title="2007 in Portugal">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Portugal" title="2008 in Portugal">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Portugal" title="2009 in Portugal">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_Portugal" title="2010 in Portugal">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Portugal" title="2011 in Portugal">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_Portugal" title="2012 in Portugal">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Portugal" title="2013 in Portugal">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_Portugal" title="2014 in Portugal">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Portugal" title="2015 in Portugal">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Portugal" title="2016 in Portugal">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Portugal" title="2017 in Portugal">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Portugal" title="2018 in Portugal">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Portugal" title="2019 in Portugal">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Portugal" title="2020 in Portugal">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Portugal" title="2021 in Portugal">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Portugal" title="2022 in Portugal">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Portugal" title="2023 in Portugal">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Portugal" title="2024 in Portugal">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_Portugal" title="2025 in Portugal">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_current_European_countries159" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Template:European history by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_history_by_country" title="Template talk:European history by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European history by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_current_European_countries159" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of current European countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox631" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7790#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85105246">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX463982">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007565773105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&oldid=1275571289">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal&oldid=1275571289</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-5bvnl","wgBackendResponseTime":168,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.076","walltime":"2.498","ppvisitednodes":{"value":22859,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":409273,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22885,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":62,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":479372,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1967.824 1 -total"," 42.96% 845.356 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.90% 312.912 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