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seas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marginal_seas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceanography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Oceanography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Marine life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 First settlements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Age of Discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Late modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geopolitics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geopolitics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Geopolitics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geopolitics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geopolitics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geopolitics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Indian Ocean</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 229 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-229" aria-hidden="true" > 229 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%B4t_Hindia" title="Laôt Hindia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Laôt Hindia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8D_%D0%A5%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Индиэ Хышхуэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Индиэ Хышхуэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%85%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Хышхо Инд – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Хышхо Инд" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiese_Oseaan" title="Indiese Oseaan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Indiese Oseaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indischer_Ozean" title="Indischer Ozean – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Indischer Ozean" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%95%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8B%8D%E1%89%85%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%96%E1%88%B5" title="ሕንድ ውቅያኖስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሕንድ ውቅያኖስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_v%C3%A4ldimeer%C3%A2" title="India väldimeerâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="India väldimeerâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="हिन्द महासागर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हिन्द महासागर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisc_G%C4%81rsecg" title="Indisc Gārsecg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Indisc Gārsecg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="المحيط الهندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المحيط الهندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Indico" title="Oceano Indico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oceano Indico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%A3_%DC%97%DC%A2%DC%95%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܗܢܕܘܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܗܢܕܘܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%88%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հնդկական Ովկիանոս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հնդկական Ովկիանոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0" title="ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰত মহাসাগৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9anu_%C3%8Dndicu" title="Océanu Índicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Océanu Índicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="हिन्द महासागर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हिन्द महासागर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguasu_%C3%8Dndiko" title="Paraguasu Índiko – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Paraguasu Índiko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гьинд океан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Гьинд океан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_okean%C4%B1" title="Hind okeanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hind okeanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88" title="هیند اوقیانوسو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیند اوقیانوسو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Hindia" title="Samudra Hindia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Samudra Hindia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="ভারত মহাসাগর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারত মহাসাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Hindia" title="Samudra Hindia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Samudra Hindia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cn-t%C5%8D%CD%98-i%C3%BB%E2%81%BF" title="Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ìn-tō͘-iûⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Hindia" title="Samudra Hindia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Samudra Hindia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Һинд океаны – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һинд океаны" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Індыйскі акіян – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Індыйскі акіян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Індыйскі акіян – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Індыйскі акіян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="हिंद महासागर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिंद महासागर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadagatan_Indio" title="Kadagatan Indio – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kadagatan Indio" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Индийски океан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индийски океан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indischa_Ozean" title="Indischa Ozean – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Indischa Ozean" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijski_okean" title="Indijski okean – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Indijski okean" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurvor_Indez" title="Meurvor Indez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Meurvor Indez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Энэдхэгэй далай – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Энэдхэгэй далай" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oce%C3%A0_%C3%8Dndic" title="Oceà Índic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oceà Índic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Инди океанĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Инди океанĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadagatang_Indyan" title="Kadagatang Indyan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kadagatang Indyan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indick%C3%BD_oce%C3%A1n" title="Indický oceán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indický oceán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gungwa_re_India" title="Gungwa re India – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gungwa re India" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uceanu_Indianu" title="Uceanu Indianu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Uceanu Indianu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefnfor_India" title="Cefnfor India – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cefnfor India" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Indiske_Ocean" title="Det Indiske Ocean – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Indiske Ocean" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="لمحيط لهندي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لمحيط لهندي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indischer_Ozean" title="Indischer Ozean – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indischer Ozean" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8B%DE%AA_%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ހިންދު ކަނޑު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހިންދު ކަނޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiski_ocean" title="Indiski ocean – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Indiski ocean" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="हिन्द महासागर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हिन्द महासागर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_ookean" title="India ookean – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="India ookean" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ινδικός Ωκεανός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινδικός Ωκεανός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9ano_%C3%8Dndico" title="Océano Índico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Océano Índico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinda_Oceano" title="Hinda Oceano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hinda Oceano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9anu_%C3%8Dndicu" title="Océanu Índicu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Océanu Índicu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiako_ozeanoa" title="Indiako ozeanoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indiako ozeanoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="اقیانوس هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقیانوس هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Indian Ocean" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiska_Havi%C3%B0" title="Indiska Havið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Indiska Havið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an_Indien" title="Océan Indien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Océan Indien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yndyske_Oseaan" title="Yndyske Oseaan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Yndyske Oseaan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tAig%C3%A9an_Indiach" title="An tAigéan Indiach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tAigéan Indiach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Keayn_Injinagh" title="Yn Keayn Injinagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Keayn Injinagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuan_Innseanach" title="Cuan Innseanach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cuan Innseanach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9ano_%C3%8Dndico" title="Océano Índico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Océano Índico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="ХӀиндий оакафорд – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ХӀиндий оакафорд" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="印度洋" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Indian Ocean" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B0" title="હિંદ મહાસાગર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હિંદ મહાસાગર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin-thu-y%C3%B2ng" title="Yin-thu-yòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yin-thu-yòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EC%96%91" title="인도양 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도양" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekun_Indiya" title="Tekun Indiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tekun Indiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moana_%CA%BBIniana" title="Moana ʻIniana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Moana ʻIniana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%85%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Հնդկական օվկիանոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնդկական օվկիանոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="हिन्द महासागर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्द महासागर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiski_ocean" title="Indiski ocean – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Indiski ocean" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijski_ocean" title="Indijski ocean – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Indijski ocean" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awuhu_Hindia" title="Awuhu Hindia – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Awuhu Hindia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indial_oceano" title="Indial oceano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Indial oceano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92r%C3%ACm%C3%ACl%C3%AC_India" title="Òrìmìlì India – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Òrìmìlì India" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taaw_Indiano" title="Taaw Indiano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Taaw Indiano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Hindia" title="Samudra Hindia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Samudra Hindia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Indian" title="Oceano Indian – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Oceano Indian" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Indian Ocean" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Индийы фурд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Индийы фурд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indlandshaf" title="Indlandshaf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Indlandshaf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Indiano" title="Oceano Indiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oceano Indiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99" title="האוקיינוס ההודי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האוקיינוס ההודי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samodra_Indhi" title="Samodra Indhi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Samodra Indhi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90nd%C9%A9_L%C9%A9%C5%8Bam%CA%8B%CA%8B" title="Ɛndɩ Lɩŋamʋʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛndɩ Lɩŋamʋʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0" title="ಹಿಂದೂ ಮಹಾಸಾಗರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಂದೂ ಮಹಾಸಾಗರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiko_Kadayatmalatan" title="Indiko Kadayatmalatan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Indiko Kadayatmalatan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Индий океан – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Индий океан" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ინდოეთის ოკეანე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინდოეთის ოკეანე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%90%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%B2%D9%86%D8%A0_%D8%B3%DB%86%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%B1" title="ہِنٛدوستٲنؠ سۆدُر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہِنٛدوستٲنؠ سۆدُر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%BC%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Үнді мұхиты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үнді мұхиты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynvor_Eynda" title="Keynvor Eynda – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Keynvor Eynda" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari_ya_Hindi" title="Bahari ya Hindi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahari ya Hindi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Welfa" title="India Welfa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="India Welfa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endyen_(oseyan)" title="Endyen (oseyan) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Endyen (oseyan)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%C3%A9yan_Endjen" title="Loséyan Endjen – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Loséyan Endjen" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okyan%C3%BBsa_Hind%C3%AE" title="Okyanûsa Hindî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Okyanûsa Hindî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Инди океаны – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Инди океаны" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Инди океан – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Инди океан" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozean_Indian" title="Ozean Indian – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ozean Indian" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseano_Indiko" title="Oseano Indiko – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Oseano Indiko" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8D" title="ມະຫາສະໝຸດອິນເດຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະຫາສະໝຸດອິນເດຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus_Indicus" title="Oceanus Indicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oceanus Indicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijas_oke%C4%81ns" title="Indijas okeāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Indijas okeāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeschen_Ozean" title="Indeschen Ozean – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Indeschen Ozean" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Индиядин океан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Индиядин океан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijos_vandenynas" title="Indijos vandenynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Indijos vandenynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indischen_Oceaon" title="Indischen Oceaon – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Indischen Oceaon" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_(lomb%C3%BA)" title="India (lombú) – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="India (lombú)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Indian" title="Mar Indian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mar Indian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indien_valdumeri" title="Indien valdumeri – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Indien valdumeri" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xindo_braxamsi" title="xindo braxamsi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xindo braxamsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucean_Indian" title="Ucean Indian – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ucean Indian" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiai-%C3%B3ce%C3%A1n" title="Indiai-óceán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indiai-óceán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="हिन्द महासागर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हिन्द महासागर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Индиски Океан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Индиски Океан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomasimbe_Indiana" title="Ranomasimbe Indiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ranomasimbe Indiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഇന്ത്യൻ മഹാസമുദ്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യൻ മഹാസമുദ്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C4%8Bean_Indjan" title="Oċean Indjan – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Oċean Indjan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moana_%C4%AAnia" title="Moana Īnia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Moana Īnia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="हिंदी महासागर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिंदी महासागर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ინდოეთიშ ოკიანე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინდოეთიშ ოკიანე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="المحيط الهندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المحيط الهندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="هند اوقیانوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هند اوقیانوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautan_Hindi" title="Lautan Hindi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lautan Hindi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautan_Hindia" title="Lautan Hindia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Lautan Hindia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ng-d%C3%B4-i%C3%B2ng" title="Éng-dô-iòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Éng-dô-iòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouceano_%C3%8Dndico" title="Ouceano Índico – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ouceano Índico" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Индиянь оцюведь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Индиянь оцюведь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Энэтхэгийн далай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Энэтхэгийн далай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="အိန္ဒိယသမုဒ္ဒရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိန္ဒိယသမုဒ္ဒရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indische_Oceaan" title="Indische Oceaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indische Oceaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisken_Oceaan" title="Indisken Oceaan – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Indisken Oceaan" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="हिन्द महासागर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिन्द महासागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="हिन्द महासागर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हिन्द महासागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E6%B4%8B" title="インド洋 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド洋" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Indiano" title="Oceano Indiano – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Oceano Indiano" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="ХӀиндин Ӏапказ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ХӀиндин Ӏапказ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisk_Oosean" title="Indisk Oosean – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Indisk Oosean" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahavet" title="Indiahavet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Indiahavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahavet" title="Indiahavet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Indiahavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Indian" title="Ocean Indian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ocean Indian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garba_Indiyaa" title="Garba Indiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Garba Indiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_okeani" title="Hind okeani – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hind okeani" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0" title="ਹਿੰਦ ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿੰਦ ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%DA%88%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="اِنڈک ساگر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اِنڈک ساگر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="အေင်ဒိယ သမုဒ္ဒရာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အေင်ဒိယ သမုဒ္ဒရာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%A9ano_indio" title="Oséano indio – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Oséano indio" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="د هند سمندر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هند سمندر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Uoshan" title="Indian Uoshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Indian Uoshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Инда океан – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Инда океан" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%A5%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6" title="មហាសមុទ្រឥណ្ឌា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មហាសមុទ្រឥណ្ឌា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Och%C3%A9an_Indien" title="Ochéan Indien – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ochéan Indien" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an_Indian" title="Océan Indian – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Océan Indian" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indische_Ozeaan" title="Indische Ozeaan – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Indische Ozeaan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Indyjski" title="Ocean Indyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ocean Indyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_%C3%8Dndico" title="Oceano Índico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oceano Índico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_okean%C4%B1" title="Hind okeanı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Hind okeanı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nd_okean%C4%B1" title="İnd okeanı – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İnd okeanı" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanul_Indian" title="Oceanul Indian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oceanul Indian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Indic" title="Ocean Indic – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Ocean Indic" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inriku_mama_qucha" title="Inriku mama qucha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inriku mama qucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Індійскый океан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Індійскый океан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Индийский океан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индийский океан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0" title="Ииндийэ далайа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ииндийэ далайа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_Initia" title="Vasa Initia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Vasa Initia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="हिन्दुमहासागरः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हिन्दुमहासागरः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otz%C3%A8anu_Indianu" title="Otzèanu Indianu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Otzèanu Indianu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indien_Ocean" title="Indien Ocean – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Indien Ocean" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Indian Ocean" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Indian Ocean" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oqeani_Indian" title="Oqeani Indian – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Oqeani Indian" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A8anu_Innianu" title="Ocèanu Innianu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ocèanu Innianu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉන්දියානු සාගරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්දියානු සාගරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Indian Ocean" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A" title="هندي سمنڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هندي سمنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indick%C3%BD_oce%C3%A1n" title="Indický oceán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Indický oceán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijski_ocean" title="Indijski ocean – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Indijski ocean" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indyjski_%C3%94cean" title="Indyjski Ôcean – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Indyjski Ôcean" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badweynta_Hindiya" title="Badweynta Hindiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Badweynta Hindiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ئۆقیانووسی ھیند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆقیانووسی ھیند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Индијски океан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индијски океан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijski_ocean" title="Indijski ocean – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Indijski ocean" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Hindia" title="Samudra Hindia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Samudra Hindia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intian_valtameri" title="Intian valtameri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intian valtameri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiska_oceanen" title="Indiska oceanen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indiska oceanen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karagatang_Indiyo" title="Karagatang Indiyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karagatang Indiyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்தியப் பெருங்கடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தியப் பெருங்கடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaraw_Ahendi" title="Agaraw Ahendi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agaraw Ahendi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceane_Indiane" title="Oceane Indiane – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Oceane Indiane" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Һинд океаны – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һинд океаны" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%82_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="హిందూ మహాసముద్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హిందూ మహాసముద్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="มหาสมุทรอินเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาสมุทรอินเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D2%9B%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Уқёнуси Ҳинд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Уқёнуси Ҳинд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%B4%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%AF_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%BA%E1%8F%89%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hint_Okyanusu" title="Hint Okyanusu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hint Okyanusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_okeany" title="Hindi okeany – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hindi okeany" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1gba%CC%B1ndang_Kyai_A%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot_Ndya" title="A̱gba̱ndang Kyai A̱sa̱khwot Ndya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱gba̱ndang Kyai A̱sa̱khwot Ndya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Индий океан – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Индий океан" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Индийской океан – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Индийской океан" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Індійський океан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індійський океан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF" title="بحر ہند – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحر ہند" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھىندى ئوكيان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھىندى ئوكيان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinduyangz" title="Yinduyangz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yinduyangz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%A8ano_Indian" title="Osèano Indian – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Osèano Indian" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indine_valdmeri" title="Indine valdmeri – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Indine valdmeri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Ấn Độ Dương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ấn Độ Dương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindean" title="Lindean – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lindean" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_suurmeri" title="India suurmeri – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="India suurmeri" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceyan_Indyin" title="Oceyan Indyin – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Oceyan Indyin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="印度洋" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indischn_Oceoan" title="Indischn Oceoan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Indischn Oceoan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalawdan_Indiano" title="Kalawdan Indiano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kalawdan Indiano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%A0mbulaanug_End" title="Mbàmbulaanug End – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mbàmbulaanug End" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="印度洋" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%9F" title="אינדישער אקעאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינדישער אקעאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92kun_%C3%8Dnd%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Òkun Índíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òkun Índíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="印度洋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okyanuso_Hind" title="Okyanuso Hind – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Okyanuso Hind" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C4%97j%C4%97s_ond%C4%97n%C4%ABns" title="Indėjės ondėnīns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Indėjės ondėnīns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度洋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Indian_Ocean&params=20_S_80_E_type:waterbody_scale:100000000">20°S 80°E / 20°S 80°E / -20; 80</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ocean bounded by Africa, Asia, and Australia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the rock band, see <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_(band)" title="Indian Ocean (band)">Indian Ocean (band)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Indian Ocean</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Ocean-CIA_WFB_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Extent of the Indian Ocean according to the International Hydrographic Organization" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Indian_Ocean-CIA_WFB_Map.png/264px-Indian_Ocean-CIA_WFB_Map.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Indian_Ocean-CIA_WFB_Map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="330" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Extent of the Indian Ocean according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian Ocean is located in Indian Ocean"><img alt="Indian Ocean is located in Indian Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Indian_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/256px-Indian_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Indian_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/384px-Indian_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Indian_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/512px-Indian_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1109" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.15%;left:41.42%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Indian Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Indian Ocean</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Ocean_bathymetry_srtm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Indian_Ocean_bathymetry_srtm.png/256px-Indian_Ocean_bathymetry_srtm.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Indian_Ocean_bathymetry_srtm.png/384px-Indian_Ocean_bathymetry_srtm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Indian_Ocean_bathymetry_srtm.png/512px-Indian_Ocean_bathymetry_srtm.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="874" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Topographic/bathymetric map of the Indian Ocean region</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Indian_Ocean&params=20_S_80_E_type:waterbody_scale:100000000">20°S 80°E / 20°S 80°E / -20; 80</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water#Waterbody_types" title="Body of water">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)">Primary inflows</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganges_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges River">Ganges</a>-<a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jubba_River" title="Jubba River">Jubba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Murray_River" title="Murray River">Murray</a> (largest 5)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Catchment area</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21,100,000 km2 (8,100,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. length</th><td class="infobox-data">9,600 km (6,000 mi) (Antarctica to Bay of Bengal)<a href="#cite_note-Demo-etal-intro-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. width</th><td class="infobox-data">7,600 km (4,700 mi) (Africa to Australia)<a href="#cite_note-Demo-etal-intro-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">70,560,000 km2 (27,240,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">3,741 m (12,274 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">7,290 m (23,920 ft) (<a href="/wiki/Sunda_Trench" title="Sunda Trench">Sunda Trench</a>)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Shore length1</th><td class="infobox-data">66,526 km (41,337 mi)<a href="#cite_note-KeeIrv-2005-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Category:Islands of the Indian Ocean">Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Reunion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbours_of_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean">Cities, ports and harbours list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff; border-top: 1px solid #cedeff">1 Shore length is <a href="/wiki/Coastline_paradox" title="Coastline paradox">not a well-defined measure</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceanic</a> divisions, covering 70,560,000 km2 (27,240,000 sq mi) or approximately 20% of the water area of <a href="/wiki/Earth#Surface" title="Earth">Earth's surface</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-volume-4">[4]</a> It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> to the east. To the south it is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, depending on the definition in use.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The Indian Ocean has large marginal, or regional seas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a>. Once called the Eastern Ocean, it is now named after <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, which protrudes into it, and has been known by its current name since at least 1515. It is the only ocean named after a country. It has an average depth of 3,741 m. All of the Indian Ocean is in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a>. Unlike the Atlantic and Pacific, the Indian Ocean is bordered by landmasses and an archipelago on three sides, making it more like an embayed ocean centered on the Indian Peninsula. Its coasts and shelves differ from other oceans, with distinct features, such as a narrower <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>. In terms of geology, the Indian Ocean is the youngest of the major oceans, with active spreading ridges and features like <a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">seamounts</a> and ridges formed by <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspots</a>. The climate of the Indian Ocean is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a>. It is the warmest ocean, with a significant impact on <a href="/wiki/Global_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Global climate">global climate</a> due to its interaction with the atmosphere. Its waters are affected by the Indian Ocean <a href="/wiki/Walker_circulation" title="Walker circulation">Walker circulation</a>, resulting in unique oceanic currents and upwelling patterns. The Indian Ocean is ecologically diverse, with important marine life and ecosystems like coral reefs, mangroves, and sea grass beds. It hosts a significant portion of the world's tuna catch and is home to endangered marine species. It faces challenges like <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, including a significant <a href="/wiki/Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">garbage patch</a>. Historically, the Indian Ocean has been a hub of cultural and commercial exchange since ancient times. It played a key role in early human migrations and the spread of civilizations. In modern times, it remains crucial for global trade, especially in oil and hydrocarbons. Environmental and geopolitical concerns in the region include the effects of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, piracy, and strategic disputes over island territories. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The Indian Ocean has been known by its present name since at least 1515, when the Latin form Oceanus Orientalis Indicus (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Indian Eastern Ocean') is attested, named after India, which projects into it. It was earlier known as the Eastern Ocean, a term that was still in use during the mid-18th century, as opposed to the Western Ocean (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>) before the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> was surmised.<a href="#cite_note-HarperIndianOcean-6">[6]</a> In modern times, the name Afro-Asian Ocean has occasionally been used.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> name for the Ocean is हिंद महासागर (Hind Mahāsāgar; <abbr title="literal translation">lit. transl.</abbr> Ocean of India). Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">Chinese explorers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>) who traveled to the Indian Ocean during the 15th century called it the Western Oceans.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In <a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Ancient Greek geography</a>, the Indian Ocean region known to the Greeks was called the <a href="/wiki/Erythraean_Sea" title="Erythraean Sea">Erythraean Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Periplus-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Ocean_surface.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Indian_Ocean_surface.jpg/200px-Indian_Ocean_surface.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Indian_Ocean_surface.jpg/300px-Indian_Ocean_surface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Indian_Ocean_surface.jpg/400px-Indian_Ocean_surface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="958" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The ocean-floor of the Indian Ocean is divided by spreading ridges and crisscrossed by aseismic structures</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Marble_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Blue_Marble_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg/200px-Blue_Marble_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Blue_Marble_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg/300px-Blue_Marble_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Blue_Marble_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg/400px-Blue_Marble_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3718" data-file-height="3718" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A composite satellite image centred on the Indian Ocean</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extent_and_data">Extent and data</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Extent and data">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans#Indian_Ocean" title="Borders of the oceans">borders of the Indian Ocean</a>, as delineated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> in 1953 included the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> but not the marginal seas along the northern rim but in 2002 the IHO delimited the Southern Ocean separately, which removed waters south of 60°s from the Indian Ocean but included the northern marginal seas.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-IHO-2002-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Meridional" class="mw-redirect" title="Meridional">Meridionally</a>, the Indian Ocean is delimited from the Atlantic Ocean by the <a href="/wiki/20th_meridian_east" title="20th meridian east">20° east meridian</a>, running south from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Agulhas" title="Cape Agulhas">Cape Agulhas</a>, South Africa, and from the Pacific Ocean by the meridian of 146°49'E, running south from <a href="/wiki/South_East_Cape" title="South East Cape">South East Cape</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> in Australia. The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean (including marginal seas) is approximately <a href="/wiki/30th_parallel_north" title="30th parallel north">30° north</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IHO-2002-11">[11]</a> The Indian Ocean covers 70,560,000 km2 (27,240,000 sq mi), including the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and the Persian Gulf but excluding the Southern Ocean, or 19.5% of the world's oceans; its volume is 264,000,000 km3 (63,000,000 cu mi) or 19.8% of the world's oceans' volume; it has an average depth of 3,741 m (12,274 ft) and a maximum depth of 7,290 m (23,920 ft).<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-volume-4">[4]</a> All of the Indian Ocean is in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a> and the centre of the Eastern Hemisphere, the <a href="/wiki/90th_meridian_east" title="90th meridian east">90th meridian east</a>, passes through the <a href="/wiki/Ninety_East_Ridge" title="Ninety East Ridge">Ninety East Ridge</a>. Within these waters are a number of islands. These include those controlled by surrounding countries, and independent island states and territories. Of the non-coastal islands, there are two broad clusters: one around Madagascar, and one south of India. A few other oceanic islands are scattered elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-Bergin2019-12">[12]</a>: 29–30  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coasts_and_shelves">Coasts and shelves</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coasts and shelves">edit</a>]</div> In contrast to the Atlantic and Pacific, the Indian Ocean is enclosed by major landmasses and an archipelago on three sides and does not stretch from pole to pole, and can be likened to an embayed ocean. It is centered on the Indian Peninsula. Although this subcontinent has played a significant role in its history, the Indian Ocean has foremostly been a cosmopolitan stage, interlinking diverse regions by innovations, trade, and religion since early in human history.<a href="#cite_note-Prange-2008-p1382-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Active_margin" class="mw-redirect" title="Active margin">active margins</a> of the Indian Ocean have an average width (horizontal distance from land to shelf break<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>) of 19 ± 0.61 km (11.81 ± 0.38 mi) with a maximum width of 175 km (109 mi). The <a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">passive margins</a> have an average width of 47.6 ± 0.8 km (29.58 ± 0.50 mi).<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The average width of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_slope" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental slope">slopes</a> (horizontal distance from shelf break to foot of slope) of the continental shelves are 50.4–52.4 km (31.3–32.6 mi) for active and passive margins respectively, with a maximum width of 205.3–255.2 km (127.6–158.6 mi).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In correspondence of the <a href="/wiki/Shelf_break" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelf break">Shelf break</a>, also known as Hinge zone, the <a href="/wiki/Bouguer_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouguer gravity">Bouguer gravity</a> ranges from 0 to 30 <a href="/wiki/Gal_(unit)" title="Gal (unit)">mGals</a> that is unusual for a continental region of around 16 km thick sediments. It has been hypothesized that the "Hinge zone may represent the relict of continental and proto-oceanic crustal boundary formed during the rifting of India from <a href="/wiki/Antarctica#Geography" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>."<a href="#cite_note-1365-246X_208_3-17">[17]</a> Australia, Indonesia, and India are the three countries with the longest shorelines and <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zones</a>. The continental shelf makes up 15% of the Indian Ocean. More than two billion people live in countries bordering the Indian Ocean, compared to 1.7 billion for the Atlantic and 2.7 billion for the Pacific (some countries border more than one ocean).<a href="#cite_note-KeeIrv-2005-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rivers">Rivers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rivers">edit</a>]</div> The Indian Ocean <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> covers 21,100,000 km2 (8,100,000 sq mi), virtually identical to that of the Pacific Ocean and half that of the Atlantic basin, or 30% of its ocean surface (compared to 15% for the Pacific). The Indian Ocean drainage basin is divided into roughly 800 individual basins, half that of the Pacific, of which 50% are located in Asia, 30% in Africa, and 20% in Australasia. The rivers of the Indian Ocean are shorter on average (740 km (460 mi)) than those of the other major oceans. The largest rivers are (<a href="/wiki/Strahler_number" title="Strahler number">order 5</a>) the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganges_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges River">Ganges</a>-<a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jubba_River" title="Jubba River">Jubba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Murray_River" title="Murray River">Murray</a> rivers and (order 4) the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Ad_Dawasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Ad Dawasir">Wadi Ad Dawasir</a> (a dried-out river system on the Arabian Peninsula) and <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> After the breakup of East <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> and the formation of the Himalayas, the Ganges-Brahmaputra rivers flow into the world's largest delta known as the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal delta">Bengal delta</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sunderbans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderbans">Sunderbans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1365-246X_208_3-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marginal_seas">Marginal seas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marginal seas">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Marginal_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal seas">Marginal seas</a>, gulfs, bays and straits of the Indian Ocean include:<a href="#cite_note-IHO-2002-11">[11]</a> Along the east coast of Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a> separates <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> from mainland Africa, while the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Zanj" title="Sea of Zanj">Sea of Zanj</a> is located north of Madagascar. On the northern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> by the strait of <a href="/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb" title="Bab-el-Mandeb">Bab-el-Mandeb</a>. In the Gulf of Aden, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tadjoura" title="Gulf of Tadjoura">Gulf of Tadjoura</a> is located in Djibouti and the <a href="/wiki/Guardafui_Channel" title="Guardafui Channel">Guardafui Channel</a> separates Socotra island from the Horn of Africa. The northern end of the Red Sea terminates in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a>. The Indian Ocean is artificially connected to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> without ship lock through the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, which is accessible via the Red Sea. The Arabian Sea is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>. In the Persian Gulf, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bahrain" title="Gulf of Bahrain">Gulf of Bahrain</a> separates Qatar from the Arabic Peninsula. Along the west coast of India, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambat" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Khambat">Gulf of Khambat</a> are located in Gujarat in the northern end while the <a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a> separates the Maldives from the southern tip of India. The <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> is off the east coast of India. The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a> separate Sri Lanka from India, while <a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_Bridge" title="Adam's Bridge">Adam's Bridge</a> separates the two. The <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a> is located between the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Islands. In Indonesia, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Indonesia#Indonesian_Seaway" title="Geology of Indonesia">Indonesian Seaway</a> is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Strait">Malacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Strait" title="Sunda Strait">Sunda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait" title="Torres Strait">Torres Straits</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a> is located on the Australian north coast while the <a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a> constitutes a large part of its southern coast.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> - 3.862 million km2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> - 2.172 million km2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a> - 797,700 km2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a> - 786,000 km2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a> - 700,000 km2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a> - 610,000 km2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> - 438,000 km2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> - 410,000 km2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> - 251,000 km2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a> - 240,000 km2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</a> - 200,000 km2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Oman Sea">Oman Sea</a> - 181,000 km2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a> - 45,926 km2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> - 239 km2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Ocean_Monsoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Indian_Ocean_Monsoon.jpg/220px-Indian_Ocean_Monsoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Indian_Ocean_Monsoon.jpg/330px-Indian_Ocean_Monsoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Indian_Ocean_Monsoon.jpg/440px-Indian_Ocean_Monsoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>During summer, warm continental masses draw moist air from the Indian Ocean hence producing heavy rainfall. The process is reversed during winter, resulting in dry conditions.</figcaption></figure> Several features make the Indian Ocean unique. It constitutes the core of the large-scale <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Warm_Pool" title="Tropical Warm Pool">Tropical Warm Pool</a> which, when interacting with the atmosphere, affects the climate both regionally and globally. Asia blocks heat export and prevents the ventilation of the Indian Ocean <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermocline</a>. That continent also drives the Indian Ocean <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>, the strongest on Earth, which causes large-scale seasonal variations in ocean currents, including the reversal of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Current" title="Somali Current">Somali Current</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Monsoon_Current" title="Indian Monsoon Current">Indian Monsoon Current</a>. Because of the Indian Ocean <a href="/wiki/Walker_circulation" title="Walker circulation">Walker circulation</a> there are no continuous equatorial easterlies. <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a> occurs near the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> and north of the trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere. The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Throughflow" title="Indonesian Throughflow">Indonesian Throughflow</a> is a unique Equatorial connection to the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The climate north of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> is affected by a <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> climate. Strong north-east winds blow from October until April; from May until October south and west winds prevail. In the Arabian Sea, the violent Monsoon brings rain to the Indian subcontinent. In the southern hemisphere, the winds are generally milder, but summer storms near Mauritius can be severe. When the monsoon winds change, cyclones sometimes strike the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oceanographer-2001-23">[23]</a> Some 80% of the total annual rainfall in India occurs during summer and the region is so dependent on this rainfall that many civilisations perished when the Monsoon failed in the past. The huge variability in the Indian Summer Monsoon has also occurred pre-historically, with a strong, wet phase 33,500–32,500 BP; a weak, dry phase 26,000–23,500 BC; and a very weak phase 17,000–15,000 BP, corresponding to a series of dramatic global events: <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8lling%E2%80%93Aller%C3%B8d_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Bølling–Allerød warming">Bølling–Allerød warming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_event" title="Heinrich event">Heinrich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerosol_pollution_over_Northern_India,_Bangladesh,_and_Bay_of_Bengal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aerosol_pollution_over_Northern_India%2C_Bangladesh%2C_and_Bay_of_Bengal.jpg/200px-Aerosol_pollution_over_Northern_India%2C_Bangladesh%2C_and_Bay_of_Bengal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aerosol_pollution_over_Northern_India%2C_Bangladesh%2C_and_Bay_of_Bengal.jpg/300px-Aerosol_pollution_over_Northern_India%2C_Bangladesh%2C_and_Bay_of_Bengal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aerosol_pollution_over_Northern_India%2C_Bangladesh%2C_and_Bay_of_Bengal.jpg/400px-Aerosol_pollution_over_Northern_India%2C_Bangladesh%2C_and_Bay_of_Bengal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="7200" /></a><figcaption>Air pollution in South Asia spread over the Bay of Bengal and beyond.</figcaption></figure> The Indian Ocean is the warmest ocean in the world.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Long-term ocean temperature records show a rapid, continuous warming in the Indian Ocean, at about 1.2 °C (34.2 °F) (compared to 0.7 °C (33.3 °F) for the warm pool region) during 1901–2012.<a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a> Research indicates that human induced <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse warming">greenhouse warming</a>, and changes in the frequency and magnitude of <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> (or the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Dipole" title="Indian Ocean Dipole">Indian Ocean Dipole</a>), events are a trigger to this strong warming in the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a> While the Indian Ocean warmed at a rate of 1.2°C per century during 1950–2020, climate models predict accelerated warming, at a rate of 1.7 °C–3.8 °C per century during 2020–2100.<a href="#cite_note-:1-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-28">[28]</a> Though the warming is basin-wide, maximum warming is in the northwestern Indian Ocean including the Arabian Sea, and reduced warming off the Sumatra and Java coasts in the southeast Indian Ocean. Global warming is projected to push the tropical Indian Ocean into a basin-wide near-permanent heatwave state by the end of the 21st century, where marine heatwaves are projected to increase from 20 days per year (during 1970–2000) to 220–250 days per year.<a href="#cite_note-:1-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-28">[28]</a> South of the Equator (20–5°S), the Indian Ocean is gaining heat from June to October, during the austral winter, while it is losing heat from November to March, during the austral summer.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Experiment" title="Indian Ocean Experiment">Indian Ocean Experiment</a> showed that fossil fuel and biomass burning in South and Southeast Asia caused air pollution (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Asian_brown_cloud" title="Asian brown cloud">Asian brown cloud</a>) that reach as far as the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a>. This pollution has implications on both a local and global scale.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceanography">Oceanography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oceanography">edit</a>]</div> Forty percent of the sediment of the Indian Ocean is found in the Indus and Ganges fans. The oceanic basins adjacent to the continental slopes mostly contain terrigenous sediments. The ocean south of the <a href="/wiki/Polar_front" title="Polar front">polar front</a> (roughly <a href="/wiki/50th_parallel_south" title="50th parallel south">50° south latitude</a>) is high in biologic productivity and dominated by non-stratified sediment composed mostly of <a href="/wiki/Siliceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Siliceous">siliceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediment#Oozes" title="Pelagic sediment">oozes</a>. Near the three major mid-ocean ridges the ocean floor is relatively young and therefore bare of sediment, except for the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Indian_Ridge" title="Southwest Indian Ridge">Southwest Indian Ridge</a> due to its ultra-slow spreading rate.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The ocean's <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">currents</a> are mainly controlled by the monsoon. Two large <a href="/wiki/Gyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyre">gyres</a>, one in the northern hemisphere flowing clockwise and one south of the equator moving anticlockwise (including the <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas Current</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Return_Current" title="Agulhas Return Current">Agulhas Return Current</a>), constitute the dominant flow pattern. During the winter monsoon (November–February), however, circulation is reversed north of 30°S and winds are weakened during winter and the transitional periods between the monsoons.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The Indian Ocean contains the largest <a href="/wiki/Submarine_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine fan">submarine fans</a> of the world, the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Fan" title="Bengal Fan">Bengal Fan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indus_Fan" title="Indus Fan">Indus Fan</a>, and the largest areas of <a href="/wiki/Marine_terrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine terrace">slope terraces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valleys</a>. <a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The inflow of deep water into the Indian Ocean is 11 <a href="/wiki/Sverdrup" title="Sverdrup">Sv</a>, most of which comes from the <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_Deep_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumpolar Deep Water">Circumpolar Deep Water</a> (CDW). The CDW enters the Indian Ocean through the <a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> basins and crosses the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Indian_Ridge" title="Southwest Indian Ridge">Southwest Indian Ridge</a> at 30°S. In the <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Basin" title="Mascarene Basin">Mascarene Basin</a> the CDW becomes a deep <a href="/wiki/Western_boundary_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Western boundary current">western boundary current</a> before it is met by a re-circulated branch of itself, the North Indian Deep Water. This mixed water partly flows north into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somali Basin (page does not exist)">Somali Basin</a> whilst most of it flows clockwise in the Mascarene Basin where an oscillating flow is produced by <a href="/wiki/Rossby_wave#Oceanic_waves" title="Rossby wave">Rossby waves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Water circulation in the Indian Ocean is dominated by the Subtropical Anticyclonic Gyre, the eastern extension of which is blocked by the Southeast Indian Ridge and the 90°E Ridge. Madagascar and the Southwest Indian Ridge separate three cells south of Madagascar and off South Africa. <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Deep_Water" title="North Atlantic Deep Water">North Atlantic Deep Water</a> reaches into the Indian Ocean south of Africa at a depth of 2,000–3,000 m (6,600–9,800 ft) and flows north along the eastern continental slope of Africa. Deeper than NADW, <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Bottom_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Bottom Water">Antarctic Bottom Water</a> flows from <a href="/wiki/Enderby_Plain" title="Enderby Plain">Enderby Basin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Basin" title="Agulhas Basin">Agulhas Basin</a> across deep channels (<4,000 m (13,000 ft)) in the Southwest Indian Ridge, from where it continues into the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Fracture_Zone" title="Prince Edward Fracture Zone">Prince Edward Fracture Zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers-p5-35">[35]</a> North of <a href="/wiki/20th_parallel_south" title="20th parallel south">20° south latitude</a> the minimum surface temperature is 22 °C (72 °F), exceeding 28 °C (82 °F) to the east. Southward of <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_south" title="40th parallel south">40° south latitude</a>, temperatures drop quickly.<a href="#cite_note-oceanographer-2001-23">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> contributes more than half (2,950 km3 or 710 cu mi) of the <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff water</a> to the Indian Ocean. Mainly in summer, this runoff flows into the Arabian Sea but also south across the Equator where it mixes with fresher seawater from the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Throughflow" title="Indonesian Throughflow">Indonesian Throughflow</a>. This mixed freshwater joins the <a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Current" title="South Equatorial Current">South Equatorial Current</a> in the southern tropical Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salinity#Seawater" title="Salinity">Sea surface salinity</a> is highest (more than 36 <a href="/wiki/Salinity#PSU" title="Salinity">PSU</a>) in the Arabian Sea because evaporation exceeds precipitation there. In the Southeast Arabian Sea salinity drops to less than 34 PSU. It is the lowest (c. 33 PSU) in the Bay of Bengal because of river runoff and precipitation. The Indonesian Throughflow and precipitation results in lower salinity (34 PSU) along the Sumatran west coast. Monsoonal variation results in eastward transportation of saltier water from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal from June to September and in westerly transport by the East India Coastal Current to the Arabian Sea from January to April.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_garbage_patch" title="Indian Ocean garbage patch">Indian Ocean garbage patch</a> was discovered in 2010 covering at least 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles). Riding the southern <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Gyre" title="Indian Ocean Gyre">Indian Ocean Gyre</a>, this vortex of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastic garbage</a> constantly circulates the ocean from Australia to Africa, down the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a>, and back to Australia in a period of six years, except for debris that gets indefinitely stuck in the centre of the gyre.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The garbage patch in the Indian Ocean will, according to a 2012 study, decrease in size after several decades to vanish completely over centuries. Over several millennia, however, the global system of garbage patches will accumulate in the North Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> There are two <a href="/wiki/Amphidromic_point" title="Amphidromic point">amphidromes</a> of opposite rotation in the Indian Ocean, probably caused by <a href="/wiki/Rossby_wave" title="Rossby wave">Rossby wave</a> propagation.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">Icebergs</a> drift as far north as <a href="/wiki/55th_parallel_south" title="55th parallel south">55° south latitude</a>, similar to the Pacific but less than in the Atlantic where icebergs reach up to 45°S. The volume of iceberg loss in the Indian Ocean between 2004 and 2012 was 24 <a href="/wiki/Gigatonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigatonne">Gt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Since the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic climate change">anthropogenic warming</a> of the global ocean combined with contributions of freshwater from retreating land ice causes a global rise in sea level. Sea level also increases in the Indian Ocean, except in the south tropical Indian Ocean where it decreases, a pattern most likely caused by rising levels of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marine_life">Marine life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marine life">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_3012_Dolphin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CSIRO_ScienceImage_3012_Dolphin.jpg/210px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_3012_Dolphin.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CSIRO_ScienceImage_3012_Dolphin.jpg/315px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_3012_Dolphin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CSIRO_ScienceImage_3012_Dolphin.jpg/420px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_3012_Dolphin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="1757" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Maldives_Surgeonfish,_Acanthurus_leucosternon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Maldives_Surgeonfish%2C_Acanthurus_leucosternon.jpg/185px-Maldives_Surgeonfish%2C_Acanthurus_leucosternon.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Maldives_Surgeonfish%2C_Acanthurus_leucosternon.jpg/278px-Maldives_Surgeonfish%2C_Acanthurus_leucosternon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Maldives_Surgeonfish%2C_Acanthurus_leucosternon.jpg/370px-Maldives_Surgeonfish%2C_Acanthurus_leucosternon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Vagues_et_manchots_%C3%A0_l%27assaut_de_la_plage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vagues_et_manchots_%C3%A0_l%27assaut_de_la_plage.jpg/185px-Vagues_et_manchots_%C3%A0_l%27assaut_de_la_plage.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vagues_et_manchots_%C3%A0_l%27assaut_de_la_plage.jpg/278px-Vagues_et_manchots_%C3%A0_l%27assaut_de_la_plage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Vagues_et_manchots_%C3%A0_l%27assaut_de_la_plage.jpg/370px-Vagues_et_manchots_%C3%A0_l%27assaut_de_la_plage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1530" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A dolphin off Western Australia and a swarm of <a href="/wiki/Acanthurus_leucosternon" title="Acanthurus leucosternon">surgeonfish</a> near Maldives Islands represents the well-known, exotic fauna of the warmer parts of the Indian Ocean. King Penguins on a beach in the <a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Archipelago</a> near Antarctica attract fewer tourists.</div></div></div></div> Among the tropical oceans, the western Indian Ocean hosts one of the largest concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> blooms in summer, due to the strong <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> winds. The monsoonal wind forcing leads to a strong coastal and open ocean <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a>, which introduces nutrients into the upper zones where sufficient light is available for <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> and phytoplankton production. These phytoplankton blooms support the marine ecosystem, as the base of the marine food web, and eventually the larger fish species. The Indian Ocean accounts for the second-largest share of the most economically valuable <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> catch.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Its fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly for <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> and tuna.<a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-2018-3">[3]</a> Research indicates that increasing ocean temperatures are taking a toll on the marine ecosystem. A study on the phytoplankton changes in the Indian Ocean indicates a decline of up to 20% in the marine plankton in the Indian Ocean, during the past six decades. The tuna catch rates have also declined 50–90% during the past half-century, mostly due to increased industrial fisheries, with the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean warming">ocean warming</a> adding further stress to the fish species.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Endangered and vulnerable marine mammals and turtles:<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Distribution</th> <th>Trend </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Endangered </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_sea_lion" title="Australian sea lion">Australian sea lion</a> (Neophoca cinerea)</td> <td>Southwest Australia</td> <td>Decreasing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">Blue whale</a> (Balaenoptera musculus)</td> <td>Global</td> <td>Increasing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sei_whale" title="Sei whale">Sei whale</a> (Balaenoptera borealis)</td> <td>Global</td> <td>Increasing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_dolphin" title="Irrawaddy dolphin">Irrawaddy dolphin</a> (Orcaella brevirostris)</td> <td>Southeast Asia</td> <td>Decreasing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_humpback_dolphin" title="Indian Ocean humpback dolphin">Indian Ocean humpback dolphin</a> (Sousa plumbea)</td> <td>Western Indian Ocean</td> <td>Decreasing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">Green sea turtle</a> (Chelonia mydas)</td> <td>Global</td> <td>Decreasing </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Vulnerable </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">Dugong</a> (Dugong dugon)</td> <td>Equatorial Indian Ocean and Pacific</td> <td>Decreasing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">Sperm whale</a> (Physeter macrocephalus)</td> <td>Global</td> <td>Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fin_whale" title="Fin whale">Fin whale</a> (Balaenoptera physalus)</td> <td>Global</td> <td>Increasing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_snubfin_dolphin" title="Australian snubfin dolphin">Australian snubfin dolphin</a> (Orcaella heinsohni)</td> <td>Northern Australia, New Guinea</td> <td>Decreasing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_humpback_dolphin" title="Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin">Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin</a> (Sousa chinensis)</td> <td>Southeast Asia</td> <td>Decreasing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_finless_porpoise" title="Indo-Pacific finless porpoise">Indo-Pacific finless porpoise</a> (Neophocaena phocaenoides)</td> <td>Northern Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia</td> <td>Decreasing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_humpback_dolphin" title="Australian humpback dolphin">Australian humpback dolphin</a> (Sousa sahulensis)</td> <td>Northern Australia, New Guinea</td> <td>Decreasing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leatherback" class="mw-redirect" title="Leatherback">Leatherback</a> (Dermochelys coriacea)</td> <td>Global</td> <td>Decreasing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Olive_ridley_sea_turtle" title="Olive ridley sea turtle">Olive ridley sea turtle</a> (Lepidochelys olivacea)</td> <td>Global</td> <td>Decreasing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">Loggerhead sea turtle</a> (Caretta caretta)</td> <td>Global</td> <td>Decreasing </td></tr></tbody></table> 80% of the Indian Ocean is open ocean and includes nine <a href="/wiki/Large_marine_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Large marine ecosystem">large marine ecosystems</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas Current</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Somali_Coastal_Current&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somali Coastal Current (page does not exist)">Somali Coastal Current</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Central_Australian_Shelf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Central Australian Shelf (page does not exist)">West Central Australian Shelf</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Australian_Shelf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwest Australian Shelf (page does not exist)">Northwest Australian Shelf</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwest_Australian_Shelf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southwest Australian Shelf (page does not exist)">Southwest Australian Shelf</a>. Coral reefs cover c. 200,000 km2 (77,000 sq mi). The coasts of the Indian Ocean includes beaches and intertidal zones covering 3,000 km2 (1,200 sq mi) and 246 larger <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a> areas are small but important. The hypersaline <a href="/wiki/Saltern" title="Saltern">salterns</a> in India covers between 5,000–10,000 km2 (1,900–3,900 sq mi) and species adapted for this environment, such as <a href="/wiki/Artemia_salina" title="Artemia salina">Artemia salina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunaliella_salina" title="Dunaliella salina">Dunaliella salina</a>, are important to bird life.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:228px;max-width:228px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Padadita_Beach,_Waingapu_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Padadita_Beach%2C_Waingapu_18.jpg/226px-Padadita_Beach%2C_Waingapu_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Padadita_Beach%2C_Waingapu_18.jpg/339px-Padadita_Beach%2C_Waingapu_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Padadita_Beach%2C_Waingapu_18.jpg/452px-Padadita_Beach%2C_Waingapu_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Coelacanth1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coelacanth1.JPG/158px-Coelacanth1.JPG" decoding="async" width="158" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coelacanth1.JPG/237px-Coelacanth1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coelacanth1.JPG/316px-Coelacanth1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1857" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Mangroves (here in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia) are the only tropical to subtropical forests adapted for a coastal environment. From their origin on the coasts of the Indo-Malaysian region, they have reached a global distribution. Right: The coelacanth (here a model from Oxford), thought extinct for millions of years, was rediscovered in the 20th century. The Indian Ocean species is blue whereas the Indonesian species is brown.</div></div></div></div> Coral reefs, sea grass beds, and mangrove forests are the most productive ecosystems of the Indian Ocean — coastal areas produce 20 tones of fish per square kilometre. These areas, however, are also being urbanised with populations often exceeding several thousand people per square kilometre and fishing techniques become more effective and often destructive beyond sustainable levels while the increase in <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a> spreads coral bleaching.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangroves</a> covers 80,984 km2 (31,268 sq mi) in the Indian Ocean region, or almost half of the world's mangrove habitat, of which 42,500 km2 (16,400 sq mi) is located in Indonesia, or 50% of mangroves in the Indian Ocean. Mangroves originated in the Indian Ocean region and have adapted to a wide range of its habitats but it is also where it suffers its biggest loss of habitat.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 2016, six new animal species were identified at <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vents" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal vents">hydrothermal vents</a> in the Southwest Indian Ridge: a "Hoff" crab, a "giant peltospirid" snail, a whelk-like snail, a limpet, a scaleworm and a polychaete worm.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Ocean_coelacanth" title="West Indian Ocean coelacanth">West Indian Ocean coelacanth</a> was discovered in the Indian Ocean off South Africa in the 1930s and in the late 1990s another species, the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_coelacanth" title="Indonesian coelacanth">Indonesian coelacanth</a>, was discovered off <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulawesi Island">Sulawesi Island</a>, Indonesia. Most extant coelacanths have been found in the Comoros. Although both species represent an order of <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">lobe-finned fishes</a> known from the Early Devonian (410 <abbr title="million years ago">mya</abbr>) and though extinct 66 mya, they are morphologically distinct from their Devonian ancestors. Over millions of years, coelacanths evolved to inhabit different environments — lungs adapted for shallow, brackish waters evolved into gills adapted for deep marine waters.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> Of Earth's 36 <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a> nine (or 25%) are located on the margins of the Indian Ocean. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vogeleiland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vogeleiland.jpg/220px-Vogeleiland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vogeleiland.jpg/330px-Vogeleiland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Vogeleiland.jpg/440px-Vogeleiland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Madagascar's <a href="/wiki/Elephant_bird" title="Elephant bird">Elephant bird</a>, Mauritius's <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">Dodo</a> bird and ostrich (from left to right)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Madagascar and the islands of the western Indian Ocean (Comoros, Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues, the Seychelles, and Socotra), includes 13,000 (11,600 endemic) species of plants; 313 (183) birds; reptiles 381 (367); 164 (97) freshwater fishes; 250 (249) amphibians; and 200 (192) mammals.<a href="#cite_note-Mitter-2011-p12-51">[51]</a></li></ul> The origin of this diversity is debated; the break-up of Gondwana can explain vicariance older than 100 mya, but the diversity on the younger, smaller islands must have required a Cenozoic dispersal from the rims of the Indian Ocean to the islands. A "reverse colonisation", from islands to continents, apparently occurred more recently; the <a href="/wiki/Chameleon" title="Chameleon">chameleons</a>, for example, first diversified on Madagascar and then colonised Africa. Several species on the islands of the Indian Ocean are textbook cases of evolutionary processes; the <a href="/wiki/Dung_beetle" title="Dung beetle">dung beetles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Day_gecko" class="mw-redirect" title="Day gecko">day geckos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemurs</a> are all examples of <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">adaptive radiation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Many bones (250 bones per square metre) of recently extinct vertebrates have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Mare_aux_Songes" title="Mare aux Songes">Mare aux Songes</a> swamp in Mauritius, including bones of the <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">Dodo</a> bird (Raphus cucullatus) and <a href="/wiki/Cylindraspis" title="Cylindraspis">Cylindraspis</a> giant tortoise. An analysis of these remains suggests a process of aridification began in the southwest Indian Ocean began around 4,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany_Hotspot" title="Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot">Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany</a> (MPA); 8,100 (1,900 endemic) species of plants; 541 (0) birds; 205 (36) reptiles; 73 (20) freshwater fishes; 73 (11) amphibians; and 197 (3) mammals.<a href="#cite_note-Mitter-2011-p12-51">[51]</a></li></ul> Mammalian megafauna once widespread in the MPA was driven to near extinction in the early 20th century. Some species have been successfully recovered since then — the population of <a href="/wiki/White_rhinoceros" title="White rhinoceros">white rhinoceros</a> (Ceratotherium simum simum) increased from less than 20 individuals in 1895 to more than 17,000 as of 2013. Other species still depend on fenced areas and management programs, including <a href="/wiki/Black_rhinoceros" title="Black rhinoceros">black rhinoceros</a> (Diceros bicornis minor), <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog</a> (Lycaon pictus), cheetah (Acynonix jubatus), elephant (Loxodonta africana), and lion (Panthera leo).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_forests_of_eastern_Africa" title="Coastal forests of eastern Africa">Coastal forests of eastern Africa</a>; 4,000 (1,750 endemic) species of plants; 636 (12) birds; 250 (54) reptiles; 219 (32) freshwater fishes; 95 (10) amphibians; and 236 (7) mammals.<a href="#cite_note-Mitter-2011-p12-51">[51]</a></li></ul> This biodiversity hotspot (and namesake ecoregion and "Endemic Bird Area") is a patchwork of small forested areas, often with a unique assemblage of species within each, located within 200 km (120 mi) from the coast and covering a total area of c. 6,200 km2 (2,400 sq mi). It also encompasses coastal islands, including Zanzibar and Pemba, and Mafia.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>; 5,000 (2,750 endemic) species of plants; 704 (25) birds; 284 (93) reptiles; 100 (10) freshwater fishes; 30 (6) amphibians; and 189 (18) mammals.<a href="#cite_note-Mitter-2011-p12-51">[51]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaavu_Atoll,_Maldives_-_panoramio_(20).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Vaavu_Atoll%2C_Maldives_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg/220px-Vaavu_Atoll%2C_Maldives_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Vaavu_Atoll%2C_Maldives_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg/330px-Vaavu_Atoll%2C_Maldives_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Vaavu_Atoll%2C_Maldives_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg/440px-Vaavu_Atoll%2C_Maldives_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2972" data-file-height="1671" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a> of the Maldives</figcaption></figure></li></ul> This area, one of the only two hotspots that are entirely arid, includes the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> islands, as well as some small islands in the Red Sea and areas on the southern Arabic Peninsula. Endemic and threatened mammals include the <a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">dibatag</a> (Ammodorcas clarkei) and <a href="/wiki/Speke%27s_gazelle" title="Speke's gazelle">Speke's gazelle</a> (Gazella spekei); the <a href="/wiki/Somali_wild_ass" title="Somali wild ass">Somali wild ass</a> (Equus africanus somaliensis) and <a href="/wiki/Hamadryas_baboon" title="Hamadryas baboon">hamadryas baboon</a> (Papio hamadryas). It also contains many reptiles.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In Somalia, the centre of the 1,500,000 km2 (580,000 sq mi) hotspot, the landscape is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a>-<a href="/wiki/Commiphora" title="Commiphora">Commiphora</a> deciduous bushland, but also includes the <a href="/wiki/Yeheb_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeheb nut">Yeheb nut</a> (Cordeauxia edulus) and species discovered more recently such as the Somali <a href="/wiki/Cyclamen" title="Cyclamen">cyclamen</a> (Cyclamen somalense), the only cyclamen outside the Mediterranean. <a href="/wiki/Warsangli_linnet" title="Warsangli linnet">Warsangli linnet</a> (Carduelis johannis) is an endemic bird found only in northern Somalia. An unstable political situation and mismanagement has resulted in <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> which has produced one of the most degraded hotspots where only c. 5 % of the original habitat remains.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>; 5,916 (3,049 endemic) species of plants; 457 (35) birds; 265 (176) reptiles; 191 (139) freshwater fishes; 204 (156) amphibians; and 143 (27) mammals.<a href="#cite_note-Mitter-2011-p12-51">[51]</a></li></ul> Encompassing the west coast of India and Sri Lanka, until c. 10,000 years ago a landbridge connected Sri Lanka to the Indian Subcontinent, hence this region shares a common community of species.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Burma" title="Indo-Burma">Indo-Burma</a>; 13.500 (7,000 endemic) species of plants; 1,277 (73) birds; 518 (204) reptiles; 1,262 (553) freshwater fishes; 328 (193) amphibians; and 401 (100) mammals.<a href="#cite_note-Mitter-2011-p12-51">[51]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E._%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0_-_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%D0%9E._%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0_-_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/220px-%D0%9E._%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0_-_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%D0%9E._%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0_-_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/330px-%D0%9E._%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0_-_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%D0%9E._%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0_-_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/440px-%D0%9E._%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0_-_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5014" data-file-height="3934" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aldabra_giant_tortoise" title="Aldabra giant tortoise">Aldabra giant tortoise</a> from the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Aldabra" title="Aldabra">Aldabra</a> Atoll in the <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></figcaption></figure></li></ul> Indo-Burma encompasses a series of mountain ranges, five of Asia's largest river systems, and a wide range of habitats. The region has a long and complex geological history, and long periods <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a> and glaciations have isolated ecosystems and thus promoted a high degree of endemism and <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a>. The region includes two centres of endemism: the <a href="/wiki/Annamite_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Annamite Mountains">Annamite Mountains</a> and the northern highlands on the China-Vietnam border.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Several distinct <a href="/wiki/Floristic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic region">floristic regions</a>, the Indian, Malesian, Sino-Himalayan, and Indochinese regions, meet in a unique way in Indo-Burma and the hotspot contains an estimated 15,000–25,000 species of vascular plants, many of them endemic.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a>; 25,000 (15,000 endemic) species of plants; 771 (146) birds; 449 (244) reptiles; 950 (350) freshwater fishes; 258 (210) amphibians; and 397 (219) mammals.<a href="#cite_note-Mitter-2011-p12-51">[51]</a></li></ul> Sundaland encompasses 17,000 islands of which Borneo and Sumatra are the largest. Endangered mammals include the <a href="/wiki/Bornean_orangutan" title="Bornean orangutan">Bornean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_orangutan" title="Sumatran orangutan">Sumatran orangutans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Proboscis_monkey" title="Proboscis monkey">proboscis monkey</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros" title="Javan rhinoceros">Javan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceros" title="Sumatran rhinoceros">Sumatran rhinoceroses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a>; 10,000 (1,500 endemic) species of plants; 650 (265) birds; 222 (99) reptiles; 250 (50) freshwater fishes; 49 (33) amphibians; and 244 (144) mammals.<a href="#cite_note-Mitter-2011-p12-51">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Australia_(ecoregion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Australia (ecoregion)">Southwest Australia</a>; 5,571 (2,948 endemic) species of plants; 285 (10) birds; 177 (27) reptiles; 20 (10) freshwater fishes; 32 (22) amphibians; and 55 (13) mammals.<a href="#cite_note-Mitter-2011-p12-51">[51]</a></li></ul> Stretching from <a href="/wiki/Shark_Bay" title="Shark Bay">Shark Bay</a> to <a href="/wiki/Israelite_Bay" title="Israelite Bay">Israelite Bay</a> and isolated by the arid <a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Plain" title="Nullarbor Plain">Nullarbor Plain</a>, the southwestern corner of Australia is a floristic region with a stable climate in which one of the world's largest floral biodiversity and an 80% endemism has evolved. From June to September it is an explosion of colours and the Wildflower Festival in Perth in September attracts more than half a million visitors.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_western_Indian_Ocean_150_Ma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Opening_of_western_Indian_Ocean_150_Ma.png/180px-Opening_of_western_Indian_Ocean_150_Ma.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Opening_of_western_Indian_Ocean_150_Ma.png/270px-Opening_of_western_Indian_Ocean_150_Ma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Opening_of_western_Indian_Ocean_150_Ma.png/360px-Opening_of_western_Indian_Ocean_150_Ma.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="790" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_eastern_Indian_Ocean_40_Ma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Opening_of_eastern_Indian_Ocean_40_Ma.png/180px-Opening_of_eastern_Indian_Ocean_40_Ma.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Opening_of_eastern_Indian_Ocean_40_Ma.png/270px-Opening_of_eastern_Indian_Ocean_40_Ma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Opening_of_eastern_Indian_Ocean_40_Ma.png/360px-Opening_of_eastern_Indian_Ocean_40_Ma.png 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="804" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: The oldest ocean floor of the Indian Ocean formed c. 150 Ma when the Indian Subcontinent and Madagascar broke-up from Africa. Right: The India–Asia collision c. 40 Ma completed the closure of the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a> (grey areas north of India). Geologically, the Indian Ocean is the ocean floor that opened up south of India.</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Category:Landforms of the Indian Ocean">Landforms of the Indian Ocean</a></div> As the youngest of the major oceans,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> the Indian Ocean has active spreading ridges that are part of the worldwide system of <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridges</a>. In the Indian Ocean these spreading ridges meet at the <a href="/wiki/Rodrigues_Triple_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodrigues Triple Point">Rodrigues Triple Point</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Indian_Ridge" title="Central Indian Ridge">Central Indian Ridge</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Carlsberg_Ridge" title="Carlsberg Ridge">Carlsberg Ridge</a>, separating the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African Plate</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Indian_Ridge" title="Southwest Indian Ridge">Southwest Indian Ridge</a> separating the African Plate from the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Plate">Antarctic Plate</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Indian_Ridge" title="Southeast Indian Ridge">Southeast Indian Ridge</a> separating the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Plate">Australian Plate</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Plate">Antarctic Plate</a>. The Central Indian Ridge is intercepted by the <a href="/wiki/Owen_Fracture_Zone" title="Owen Fracture Zone">Owen Fracture Zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chatt-etal-2013-68">[68]</a> Since the late 1990s, however, it has become clear that this traditional definition of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plate</a> cannot be correct; it consists of three plates — the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Capricorn_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Capricorn Plate">Capricorn Plate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Plate">Australian Plate</a> — separated by diffuse boundary zones.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Since 20 Ma the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African Plate</a> is being divided by the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a> System into the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian Plate">Nubian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somali_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali Plate">Somalia</a> plates.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> There are only two trenches in the Indian Ocean: the 6,000 km (3,700 mi)-long <a href="/wiki/Java_Trench" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Trench">Java Trench</a> between Java and the Sunda Trench and the 900 km (560 mi)-long <a href="/wiki/Makran_Trench" title="Makran Trench">Makran Trench</a> south of Iran and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Chatt-etal-2013-68">[68]</a> A series of ridges and <a href="/wiki/Seamount_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Seamount chain">seamount chains</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspots</a> pass over the Indian Ocean. The <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_hotspot" title="Réunion hotspot">Réunion hotspot</a> (active 70–40 million years ago) connects <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Plateau" title="Mascarene Plateau">Mascarene Plateau</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Chagos-Laccadive_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Chagos-Laccadive Ridge">Chagos-Laccadive Ridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Traps" title="Deccan Traps">Deccan Traps</a> in north-western India; the <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_hotspot" title="Kerguelen hotspot">Kerguelen hotspot</a> (100–35 million years ago) connects the <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen Plateau</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ninety_East_Ridge" title="Ninety East Ridge">Ninety East Ridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rajmahal_Traps" title="Rajmahal Traps">Rajmahal Traps</a> in north-eastern India; the Marion hotspot (100–70 million years ago) possibly connects <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Five_East_Ridge" title="Eighty Five East Ridge">Eighty Five East Ridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> These hotspot tracks have been broken by the still active spreading ridges mentioned above.<a href="#cite_note-Chatt-etal-2013-68">[68]</a> There are fewer seamounts in the Indian Ocean than in the Atlantic and Pacific. These are typically deeper than 3,000 m (9,800 ft) and located north of 55°S and west of 80°E. Most originated at spreading ridges but some are now located in basins far away from these ridges. The ridges of the Indian Ocean form ranges of seamounts, sometimes very long, including the <a href="/wiki/Carlsberg_Ridge" title="Carlsberg Ridge">Carlsberg Ridge</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madagascar_Ridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madagascar Ridge (page does not exist)">Madagascar Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Indian_Ridge" title="Central Indian Ridge">Central Indian Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Indian_Ridge" title="Southwest Indian Ridge">Southwest Indian Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chagos-Laccadive_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Chagos-Laccadive Ridge">Chagos-Laccadive Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Five_East_Ridge" title="Eighty Five East Ridge">85°E Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninety_East_Ridge" title="Ninety East Ridge">90°E Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Indian_Ridge" title="Southeast Indian Ridge">Southeast Indian Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broken_Ridge" title="Broken Ridge">Broken Ridge</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Indiaman_Ridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Indiaman Ridge (page does not exist)">East Indiaman Ridge</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Plateau" title="Agulhas Plateau">Agulhas Plateau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Plateau" title="Mascarene Plateau">Mascarene Plateau</a> are the two major shallow areas.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers-p5-35">[35]</a> The opening of the Indian Ocean began <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 156 <abbr title="million year ago">Ma</abbr> when Africa separated from East <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>. The Indian Subcontinent began to separate from Australia-Antarctica 135–125 Ma and as the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a> north of India began to close 118–84 Ma the Indian Ocean opened behind it.<a href="#cite_note-Chatt-etal-2013-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The Indian Ocean, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">together with the Mediterranean</a>, has connected people since ancient times, whereas the Atlantic and Pacific have had the roles of barriers or <a href="/wiki/Terra_incognita" title="Terra incognita">mare incognitum</a>. The written history of the Indian Ocean, however, has been <a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentric</a> and largely dependent on the availability of written sources from the <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">European colonial era</a>. This history is often divided into an ancient period followed by an Islamic period; the subsequent colonial-era periods are often subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> periods.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Milo Kearney argues that the <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">postwar</a> time period can also be split into a period of competition for oil during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> followed by American dominance.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> A concept of an "Indian Ocean World" (IOW), similar to that of the "<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_World" title="Atlantic World">Atlantic World</a>", exists but emerged much more recently and is not well established. The IOW is, nevertheless, sometimes referred to as the "first global economy" and was based on the monsoon which linked Asia, China, India, and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. It developed independently from the European global trade in the Mediterranean and Atlantic and remained largely independent from them until European 19th-century colonial dominance.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The diverse history of the Indian Ocean is a unique mix of cultures, ethnic groups, natural resources, and shipping routes. It grew in importance beginning in the 1960s and 1970s and, after the Cold War, it has undergone periods of political instability, most recently with the emergence of India and China as regional powers.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_settlements">First settlements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: First settlements">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peopling_of_eurasia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Peopling_of_eurasia.jpg/220px-Peopling_of_eurasia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Peopling_of_eurasia.jpg/330px-Peopling_of_eurasia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Peopling_of_eurasia.jpg/440px-Peopling_of_eurasia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>According to the Coastal hypothesis, modern humans spread from Africa along the northern rim of the Indian Ocean.</figcaption></figure> Pleistocene fossils of <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> and other pre–H. sapiens hominid fossils, similar to <a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a> in Europe, have been found in India. According to the <a href="/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">Toba catastrophe theory</a>, a supereruption c. 74,000 years ago at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Toba" title="Lake Toba">Lake Toba</a>, Sumatra, covered India with volcanic ashes and wiped out one or more lineages of such archaic humans in India and Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Out of Africa</a> theory states that Homo sapiens spread from Africa into mainland Eurasia. The more recent <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dispersal" title="Southern Dispersal">Southern Dispersal</a> or Coastal hypothesis instead advocates that modern humans spread along the coasts of the Arabic Peninsula and southern Asia. This hypothesis is supported by <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a> research which reveals a rapid dispersal event during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> (11,000 years ago). This coastal dispersal, however, began in East Africa 75,000 years ago and occurred intermittently from estuary to estuary along the northern perimeter of the Indian Ocean at a rate of 0.7–4.0 km (0.43–2.49 mi) per year. It eventually resulted in modern humans migrating from <a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sunda</a> over <a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a> to <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Sahul</a> (Southeast Asia to Australia).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Since then, waves of migration have resettled people and, clearly, the Indian Ocean littoral had been inhabited long before the first civilisations emerged. 5000–6000 years ago six distinct cultural centres had evolved around the Indian Ocean: East Africa, the Middle East, the Indian Subcontinent, South East Asia, the Malay World and Australia; each interlinked to its neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Food globalisation began on the Indian Ocean littoral c. 4.000 years ago. Five African crops — <a href="/wiki/Sorghum_bicolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorghum bicolor">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennisetum_glaucum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennisetum glaucum">pearl millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleusine_coracana" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusine coracana">finger millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vigna_unguiculata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigna unguiculata">cowpea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lablab_purpureus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lablab purpureus">hyacinth bean</a> — somehow found their way to <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> in India during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Harappan" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Harappan">Late Harappan</a> (2000–1700 BCE). Gujarati merchants evolved into the first explorers of the Indian Ocean as they traded African goods such as ivory, tortoise shells, and slaves. <a href="/wiki/Panicum_miliaceum" class="mw-redirect" title="Panicum miliaceum">Broomcorn millet</a> found its way from Central Asia to Africa, together with chicken and <a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">zebu</a> cattle, although the exact timing is disputed. Around 2000 BCE <a href="/wiki/Piper_nigrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper nigrum">black pepper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sesamum_indicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesamum indicum">sesame</a>, both native to Asia, appear in Egypt, albeit in small quantities. Around the same time the <a href="/wiki/Rattus_rattus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus rattus">black rat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mus_musculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus musculus">house mouse</a> emigrate from Asia to Egypt. Banana reached Africa around 3000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_young_Onge_mother_with_her_baby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/A_young_Onge_mother_with_her_baby.jpg/170px-A_young_Onge_mother_with_her_baby.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/A_young_Onge_mother_with_her_baby.jpg/255px-A_young_Onge_mother_with_her_baby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/A_young_Onge_mother_with_her_baby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Andamanese_peoples" title="Andamanese peoples">Andaman</a> <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negritos</a> are thought to be the first inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a>, having emigrated from the mainland tens of thousands of years ago.</figcaption></figure> At least eleven prehistoric tsunamis have struck the Indian Ocean coast of Indonesia between 7400 and 2900 years ago. Analysing sand beds in caves in the Aceh region, scientists concluded that the intervals between these tsunamis have varied from series of minor tsunamis over a century to dormant periods of more than 2000 years preceding megathrusts in the Sunda Trench. Although the risk for future tsunamis is high, a major megathrust such as the one in 2004 is likely to be followed by a long dormant period.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> A group of scientists have argued that two large-scale impact events have occurred in the Indian Ocean: the <a href="/wiki/Burckle_Crater" title="Burckle Crater">Burckle Crater</a> in the southern Indian Ocean in 2800 BCE and the Kanmare and Tabban craters in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a> in northern Australia in 536 CE. Evidences for these impacts, the team argue, are micro-ejecta and <a href="/wiki/Chevron_(land_form)" title="Chevron (land form)">Chevron</a> <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dunes</a> in southern Madagascar and in the Australian gulf. Geological evidences suggest the tsunamis caused by these impacts reached 205 m (673 ft) above sea level and 45 km (28 mi) inland. The impact events must have disrupted human settlements and perhaps even contributed to <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather_events_of_535%E2%80%93536" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme weather events of 535–536">major climate changes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> The history of the Indian Ocean is marked by maritime trade; cultural and commercial exchange probably date back at least seven thousand years.<a href="#cite_note-Alpers-pp1-2-82">[82]</a> Human culture spread early on the shores of the Indian Ocean and was always linked to the cultures of the Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf. Before <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000 BCE, however, cultures on its shores were only loosely tied to each other; bronze, for example, was developed in Mesopotamia <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3000 BCE but remained uncommon in Egypt before 1800 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> During this period, independent, short-distance oversea communications along its <a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">littoral</a> margins evolved into an all-embracing network. The début of this network was not the achievement of a centralised or advanced civilisation but of local and regional exchange in the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the Arabian Sea. Sherds of <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> (2500–500 BCE) pottery have been found in the western Gulf at <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>; traces of exchange between this trading centre and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> traded grain, pottery, and <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> (used for <a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">reed boats</a>) for copper, stone, timber, tin, dates, onions, and pearls.<a href="#cite_note-Alpers-pp19-22-84">[84]</a> Coast-bound vessels transported goods between the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a> (2600–1900 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>) in the Indian subcontinent (modern-day Pakistan and Northwest India) and the Persian Gulf and Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Alpers-pp1-2-82">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/220px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/330px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/440px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade#Austronesian_maritime_trade_network" title="Indian Ocean trade">Austronesian maritime trade network</a> was the first trade routes in the Indian Ocean.</figcaption></figure> The Red Sea, one of the main trade routes in Antiquity, was explored by <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">Egyptians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> during the last two millennia BCE. In the 6th century, BCE Greek explorer <a href="/wiki/Scylax_of_Caryanda" title="Scylax of Caryanda">Scylax of Caryanda</a> made a journey to India, working for the Persian king <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius</a>, and his now-lost account put the Indian Ocean on the maps of Greek geographers. The Greeks began to explore the Indian Ocean following the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, who ordered a circumnavigation of the Arabian Peninsula in 323 BCE. During the two centuries that followed the reports of the explorers of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> resulted in the best maps of the region until the Portuguese era many centuries later. The main interest in the region for the Ptolemies was not commercial but military; they explored Africa to hunt for <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Rub' al Khali</a> desert isolates the southern parts of the Arabic Peninsula and the Indian Ocean from the Arabic world. This encouraged the development of maritime trade in the region linking the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf to East Africa and India. The <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> (from mawsim, the Arabic word for season), however, was used by sailors long before being "discovered" by Hippalus in the 1st century. Indian wood have been found in Sumerian cities, there is evidence of Akkad coastal trade in the region, and contacts between India and the Red Sea dates back to 2300 B.C. The archipelagoes of the central Indian Ocean, the Laccadive and Maldive islands, were probably populated during the 2nd century B.C. from the Indian mainland. They appear in written history in the account of merchant <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_al-Tajir" title="Sulaiman al-Tajir">Sulaiman al-Tajir</a> in the 9th century but the treacherous reefs of the islands were most likely cursed by the sailors of Aden long before the islands were even settled.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-Roman_trade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Indo-Roman_trade.jpg/220px-Indo-Roman_trade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Indo-Roman_trade.jpg/330px-Indo-Roman_trade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Indo-Roman_trade.jpg/440px-Indo-Roman_trade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="1413" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Greco-Roman trade</a> with ancient India according to the <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a> 1st century CE</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandrian</a> guide to the world beyond the Red Sea — including Africa and India — from the first century CE, not only gives insights into trade in the region but also shows that Roman and Greek sailors had already gained knowledge about the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> winds.<a href="#cite_note-Alpers-pp1-2-82">[82]</a> The contemporaneous settlement of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian</a> sailors shows that the littoral margins of the Indian Ocean were being both well-populated and regularly traversed at least by this time. Albeit the monsoon must have been common knowledge in the Indian Ocean for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Alpers-pp1-2-82">[82]</a> The Indian Ocean's relatively calmer waters opened the areas bordering it to trade earlier than the Atlantic or Pacific oceans. The powerful monsoons also meant ships could easily sail west early in the season, then wait a few months and return eastwards. This allowed ancient Indonesian peoples to cross the Indian Ocean to settle in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> around 1 CE.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In the 2nd or 1st century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a> was the first Greek to cross the Indian Ocean. The probably fictitious sailor <a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a> is said to have learnt the direct route from <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> to India around this time.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> During the 1st and 2nd centuries AD intensive <a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">trade relations</a> developed between <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil kingdoms</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chola_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola Dynasty">Cholas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyas">Pandyas</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a>. Like the Indonesian people above, the western sailors used the monsoon to cross the ocean. The unknown author of the <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a> describes this route, as well as the commodities that were traded along various commercial ports on the coasts of the Horn of Africa and India circa 1 CE. Among these trading settlements were <a href="/wiki/Mosylon" title="Mosylon">Mosylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a> on the Red Sea littoral.<a href="#cite_note-Periplus-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Discovery">Age of Discovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Age of Discovery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silk_route.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/300px-Silk_route.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/450px-Silk_route.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Silk_route.jpg/600px-Silk_route.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>The economically important <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> was blocked from Europe by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1453 with the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. This spurred exploration, and a new sea route around Africa was found, triggering the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Color_etopo1_ice_low_indian_ocean_westward_routes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Color_etopo1_ice_low_indian_ocean_westward_routes.jpg/180px-Color_etopo1_ice_low_indian_ocean_westward_routes.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Color_etopo1_ice_low_indian_ocean_westward_routes.jpg/270px-Color_etopo1_ice_low_indian_ocean_westward_routes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Color_etopo1_ice_low_indian_ocean_westward_routes.jpg/360px-Color_etopo1_ice_low_indian_ocean_westward_routes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1672" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Color_etopo1_ice_low_indian_ocean_eastward_routes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Color_etopo1_ice_low_indian_ocean_eastward_routes.jpg/180px-Color_etopo1_ice_low_indian_ocean_eastward_routes.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Color_etopo1_ice_low_indian_ocean_eastward_routes.jpg/270px-Color_etopo1_ice_low_indian_ocean_eastward_routes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Color_etopo1_ice_low_indian_ocean_eastward_routes.jpg/360px-Color_etopo1_ice_low_indian_ocean_eastward_routes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1672" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Preferred sailing routes across the Indian Ocean</div></div></div></div> Unlike the Pacific Ocean where the civilization of the <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> reached most of the far-flung islands and atolls and populated them, almost all the islands, archipelagos and atolls of the Indian Ocean were uninhabited until colonial times. Although there were numerous ancient civilizations in the coastal states of Asia and parts of Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> were the only island group in the Central Indian Ocean region where an ancient civilization flourished.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dhivehi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhivehi people">Maldivians</a>, on their annual trade trip, took their oceangoing trade ships to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> rather than mainland India, which is much closer, because their ships were dependent of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Monsoon_Current" title="Indian Monsoon Current">Indian Monsoon Current</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Arabic missionaries and merchants began to <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam#East_Africa" title="Spread of Islam">spread Islam along the western shores of the Indian Ocean</a> from the 8th century, if not earlier. A <a href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili</a> stone mosque dating to the 8th–15th centuries has been found in <a href="/wiki/Shanga,_Pate_Island" title="Shanga, Pate Island">Shanga</a>, Kenya. Trade across the Indian Ocean gradually introduced Arabic script and rice as a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple</a> in Eastern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Muslim merchants traded an estimated 1000 African slaves annually between 800 and 1700, a number that grew to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4000 during the 18th century, and 3700 during the period 1800–1870. Slave trade also occurred in the eastern Indian Ocean before the Dutch settled there around 1600 but the volume of this trade is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Allen-2017-overview-92">[92]</a> From 1405 to 1433 admiral <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> said to have led large fleets of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> on several <a href="/wiki/Treasure_voyages" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasure voyages">treasure voyages</a> through the Indian Ocean, ultimately reaching the coastal countries of East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Descobrimentos_e_explora%C3%A7%C3%B5es_portuguesesV2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Descobrimentos_e_explora%C3%A7%C3%B5es_portuguesesV2.png/290px-Descobrimentos_e_explora%C3%A7%C3%B5es_portuguesesV2.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Descobrimentos_e_explora%C3%A7%C3%B5es_portuguesesV2.png/435px-Descobrimentos_e_explora%C3%A7%C3%B5es_portuguesesV2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Descobrimentos_e_explora%C3%A7%C3%B5es_portuguesesV2.png/580px-Descobrimentos_e_explora%C3%A7%C3%B5es_portuguesesV2.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>For most of the 16th century, the Portuguese dominated the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Portuguese navigator <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> rounded the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> during his first voyage in 1497 and became the first European to sail to India. The <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili people</a> he encountered along the African east coast lived in a series of cities and had established trade routes to India and to China. Among them, the Portuguese kidnapped most of their pilots in coastal raids and on board ships. A few of the pilots, however, were gifts by local Swahili rulers, including the sailor from Gujarat, a gift by a <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a> ruler in Kenya, who helped the Portuguese to reach India. In expeditions after 1500, the Portuguese attacked and colonised cities along the African coast.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> European slave trade in the Indian Ocean began when Portugal established <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Estado da Índia</a> in the early 16th century. From then until the 1830s, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200 slaves were exported from Mozambique annually and similar figures has been estimated for slaves brought from Asia to the Philippines during the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> (1580–1640).<a href="#cite_note-Allen-2017-overview-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> began its expansion into the Indian Ocean in 1517 with the conquest of Egypt under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>. Although the Ottomans shared the same religion as the trading communities in the Indian Ocean the region was unexplored by them. Maps that included the Indian Ocean had been produced by <a href="/wiki/Muslim_geographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim geographers">Muslim geographers</a> centuries before the Ottoman conquests; Muslim scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> in the 14th century, had visited most parts of the known world; contemporarily with Vasco da Gama, Arab navigator <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_M%C4%81jid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Mājid">Ahmad ibn Mājid</a> had compiled a guide to navigation in the Indian Ocean; the Ottomans, nevertheless, began their own parallel era of discovery which rivalled the European expansion.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_the_Deck_of_the_Upton_Castle_Transport,_of_the_British_Army_Landing_-_Bonhams_18942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/View_from_the_Deck_of_the_Upton_Castle_Transport%2C_of_the_British_Army_Landing_-_Bonhams_18942.jpg/220px-View_from_the_Deck_of_the_Upton_Castle_Transport%2C_of_the_British_Army_Landing_-_Bonhams_18942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/View_from_the_Deck_of_the_Upton_Castle_Transport%2C_of_the_British_Army_Landing_-_Bonhams_18942.jpg/330px-View_from_the_Deck_of_the_Upton_Castle_Transport%2C_of_the_British_Army_Landing_-_Bonhams_18942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/View_from_the_Deck_of_the_Upton_Castle_Transport%2C_of_the_British_Army_Landing_-_Bonhams_18942.jpg/440px-View_from_the_Deck_of_the_Upton_Castle_Transport%2C_of_the_British_Army_Landing_-_Bonhams_18942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4481" data-file-height="2844" /></a><figcaption>The British <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Isle_de_France" title="Invasion of Isle de France">invasion of Isle de France</a> on 29 November 1810 during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></figcaption></figure> The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> in the early 17th century lead to a quick increase in the volume of the slave trade in the region; there were perhaps up to 500,000 slaves in various <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch colonies</a> during the 17th and 18th centuries in the Indian Ocean. For example, some 4000 African slaves were used to build the <a href="/wiki/Fort_(Colombo)" title="Fort (Colombo)">Colombo fortress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a>. Bali and neighbouring islands supplied regional networks with <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100,000–150,000 slaves 1620–1830. Indian and Chinese slave traders supplied Dutch Indonesia with perhaps 250,000 slaves during the 17th and 18th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Allen-2017-overview-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> (EIC) was established during the same period and in 1622 one of its ships carried slaves from the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. The EIC mostly traded in African slaves but also some Asian slaves purchased from Indian, Indonesian and Chinese slave traders. The French established colonies on the islands of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> in 1721; by 1735 some 7,200 slaves populated the <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Islands" title="Mascarene Islands">Mascarene Islands</a>, a number which had reached 133,000 in 1807. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> captured the islands in 1810, however, and because the British had <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">prohibited the slave trade</a> in 1807 a system of clandestine slave trade developed to bring slaves to French planters on the islands; in all 336,000–388,000 slaves were exported to the Mascarene Islands from 1670 until 1848.<a href="#cite_note-Allen-2017-overview-92">[92]</a> In all, European traders exported 567,900–733,200 slaves within the Indian Ocean between 1500 and 1850, and almost that same number were exported from the Indian Ocean to the Americas during the same period. Slave trade in the Indian Ocean was, nevertheless, very limited compared to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 12,000,000 slaves exported across the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-Allen-2017-overview-92">[92]</a> The island of <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> was the center of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> in the 19th century. In the mid-19th century, as many as 50,000 slaves passed annually through the port.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_modern_era">Late modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Late modern era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mal%C3%A9_(8685996006).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mal%C3%A9_%288685996006%29.jpg/220px-Mal%C3%A9_%288685996006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mal%C3%A9_%288685996006%29.jpg/330px-Mal%C3%A9_%288685996006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mal%C3%A9_%288685996006%29.jpg/440px-Mal%C3%A9_%288685996006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a>'s population has increased from 20,000 people in 1987 to more than 220,000 people in 2020.</figcaption></figure> Scientifically, the Indian Ocean remained poorly explored before the <a href="/wiki/International_Indian_Ocean_Expedition" title="International Indian Ocean Expedition">International Indian Ocean Expedition</a> in the early 1960s. However, the <a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a> 1872–1876 only reported from south of the polar front. The <a href="/wiki/Valdivia_Expedition" title="Valdivia Expedition">Valdivia expedition</a> 1898–1899 made deep samples in the Indian Ocean. In the 1930s, the John Murray Expedition mainly studied shallow-water habitats. The <a href="/wiki/Albatross_expedition" title="Albatross expedition">Swedish Deep Sea Expedition</a> 1947–1948 also sampled the Indian Ocean on its global tour and the Danish <a href="/wiki/Galathea_expeditions" title="Galathea expeditions">Galathea</a> sampled deep-water fauna from Sri Lanka to South Africa on its second expedition 1950–1952. The Soviet research vessel <a href="/wiki/RV_Vityaz_(1939)" title="RV Vityaz (1939)">Vityaz</a> also did research in the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Demo-etal-intro-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> opened in 1869 when the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> dramatically changed global shipping – the sailing ship declined in importance as did the importance of European trade in favour of trade in East Asia and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The construction of the canal introduced many non-indigenous species into the Mediterranean. For example, the goldband goatfish (<a href="/wiki/Upeneus_moluccensis" title="Upeneus moluccensis">Upeneus moluccensis</a>) has replaced the red mullet (<a href="/wiki/Mullus_barbatus" title="Mullus barbatus">Mullus barbatus</a>); since the 1980s huge swarms of <a href="/wiki/Scyphozoa" title="Scyphozoa">scyphozoan</a> jellyfish (<a href="/wiki/Rhopilema_nomadica" title="Rhopilema nomadica">Rhopilema nomadica</a>) have affected tourism and fisheries along the Levantian coast and clogged power and desalination plants. Plans announced in 2014 to <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Area_Development_Project" title="Suez Canal Area Development Project">build a new, much larger Suez Canal</a> parallel to the 19th-century canal will most likely boost the economy in the region but also cause ecological damage in a much wider area.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diego_garcian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Diego_garcian.jpg/200px-Diego_garcian.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Diego_garcian.jpg/300px-Diego_garcian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Diego_garcian.jpg/400px-Diego_garcian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chagossians" title="Chagossians">Chagossian</a> on <a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a> in 1971, before the British <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Chagossians" title="Expulsion of the Chagossians">expelled</a> the islanders. He spoke a <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French-based creole language</a> and his ancestors were likely brought as slaves in the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> Throughout the colonial era, islands such as <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> were important shipping nodes for the Dutch, French, and British. Mauritius, an inhabited island, became populated by slaves from Africa and <a href="/wiki/Indian_indenture_system" title="Indian indenture system">indenture labour</a> from India. The end of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">World War II</a> marked the end of the colonial era. The British left Mauritius in 1974 and with 70% of the population of Indian descent, Mauritius became a close ally of India. In the 1980s, during the Cold War, the South African regime acted to destabilise several island nations in the Indian Ocean, including the Seychelles, Comoros, and Madagascar. India intervened in Mauritius to prevent a coup d'état, backed up by the United States who feared the Soviet Union could gain access to <a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a> and threaten the U.S. base on <a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranrud" title="Iranrud">Iranrud</a> was an unrealised plan by Iran and the Soviet Union to build a canal between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf. Testimonies from the colonial era are stories of African slaves, Indian indentured labourers and white settlers. But, while there was a clear racial line between free men and slaves in the Atlantic World, this delineation is less distinct in the Indian Ocean — there were Indian slaves and settlers as well as black indentured labourers. There were also a string of prison camps across the Indian Ocean, such as <a href="/wiki/Cellular_Jail" title="Cellular Jail">Cellular Jail</a> in the Andamans, in which prisoners, exiles, POWs, forced labourers, merchants and people of different faiths were forcefully united. On the islands of the Indian Ocean, therefore, a trend of <a href="/wiki/Creolisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Creolisation">creolisation</a> emerged.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> On 26 December 2004, fourteen countries around the Indian Ocean were hit by a wave of <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a> caused by the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a>. The waves radiated across the ocean at speeds exceeding 500 km/h (310 mph), reached up to 20 m (66 ft) in height, and resulted in an estimated 236,000 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In the late 2000s, the ocean evolved into a hub of <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy in Somalia">pirate</a> activity. By 2013, attacks off the Horn region's coast had steadily declined due to active private security and international navy patrols, especially by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370">Malaysia Airlines Flight 370</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777-2H6ER</a> with 239 occupants on board, disappeared on 8 March 2014 and is alleged to have crashed into the southern Indian Ocean about 2,500 km (1,600 mi) from the coast of southwest <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>. Despite an extensive search, the whereabouts of the remains of the aircraft is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sentinelese" title="Sentinelese">Sentinelese</a> people of <a href="/wiki/North_Sentinel_Island" title="North Sentinel Island">North Sentinel Island</a>, which lies near <a href="/wiki/South_Andaman_Island" title="South Andaman Island">South Andaman Island</a> in the Bay of Bengal, have been called by experts the most <a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">isolated people</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago" title="Chagos Archipelago">Chagos Archipelago</a> in the Indian Ocean is <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a> between the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In February 2019, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> issued an advisory opinion <a href="/wiki/Legal_Consequences_of_the_Separation_of_the_Chagos_Archipelago_from_Mauritius_in_1965" title="Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965">stating</a> that the UK must transfer the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Geopolitics">edit</a>]</div> The Indian ocean is crucial for global trade, especially in oil and hydrocarbons.<a href="#cite_note-TheDiplomatDeSilva2011-107">[107]</a> Environmental and geopolitical concerns in the region include the effects of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">illegal drug trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a>, maritime safety and security, and increasing major power competition.<a href="#cite_note-Bergin2019-12">[12]</a>: 31–35  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Trade">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shipping_routes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Shipping_routes.png/220px-Shipping_routes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Shipping_routes.png/330px-Shipping_routes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Shipping_routes.png/440px-Shipping_routes.png 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Major <a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">ocean trade routes</a> in the world include the northern Indian Ocean.</figcaption></figure> The sea lanes in the Indian Ocean are considered among the most strategically important in the world with more than 80 percent of the world's seaborne trade in oil transits through the Indian Ocean and its vital chokepoints, with 40 percent passing through the Strait of Hormuz, 35 percent through the Strait of Malacca and 8 percent through the Bab el-Mandab Strait.<a href="#cite_note-TheDiplomatDeSilva2011-107">[107]</a> The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carries a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oil fields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-2018-3">[3]</a> Beach sands rich in heavy minerals, and offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, Pakistan, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_general_view_of_Mombasa_Port_on_Kenya%27s_Indian_Ocean_coast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/A_general_view_of_Mombasa_Port_on_Kenya%27s_Indian_Ocean_coast.jpg/220px-A_general_view_of_Mombasa_Port_on_Kenya%27s_Indian_Ocean_coast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/A_general_view_of_Mombasa_Port_on_Kenya%27s_Indian_Ocean_coast.jpg/330px-A_general_view_of_Mombasa_Port_on_Kenya%27s_Indian_Ocean_coast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/A_general_view_of_Mombasa_Port_on_Kenya%27s_Indian_Ocean_coast.jpg/440px-A_general_view_of_Mombasa_Port_on_Kenya%27s_Indian_Ocean_coast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5623" data-file-height="3749" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> Port on Kenya's Indian Ocean coast</figcaption></figure> In particular, the maritime part of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> leads through the Indian Ocean on which a large part of the global container trade is carried out. The Silk Road runs with its connections from the Chinese coast and its large container ports to the south via <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> via the Sri Lankan <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> opposite the southern tip of India via <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a>, the capital of the Maldives, to the East African <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, from there to <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, then through the Red Sea over the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> into the Mediterranean, there via <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> to the Upper Adriatic to the northern Italian junction of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> with its international free port and its rail connections to <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The Silk Road has become internationally important again on the one hand through European integration, the end of the Cold War and free world trade and on the other hand through Chinese initiatives. Chinese companies have made investments in several Indian Ocean ports, including <a href="/wiki/Gwadar" title="Gwadar">Gwadar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hambantota" title="Hambantota">Hambantota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonadia">Sonadia</a>. This has sparked a debate about the strategic implications of these investments.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> There are also Chinese investments and related efforts to intensify trade in East Africa and in European ports such as <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/48px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/64px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Connected bodies of water: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Atlantic">Indo-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Commission" title="Indian Ocean Commission">Indian Ocean Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Geoid_Low" title="Indian Ocean Geoid Low">Indian Ocean Geoid Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_literature" title="Indian Ocean literature">Indian Ocean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Naval_Symposium" title="Indian Ocean Naval Symposium">Indian Ocean Naval Symposium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Research_Group" title="Indian Ocean Research Group">Indian Ocean Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">List of islands in the Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Indian Ocean">List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim_Association" title="Indian Ocean Rim Association">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims in Antarctica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Demo-etal-intro-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Demo-etal-intro_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Demo-etal-intro_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Demo-etal-intro_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemopoulosSmithTyler2003">Demopoulos, Smith & Tyler 2003</a>, Introduction, p. 219 </li> <li id="cite_note-KeeIrv-2005-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KeeIrv-2005_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KeeIrv-2005_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeesingIrvine2005">Keesing & Irvine 2005</a>, Introduction, p. 11–12; Table 1, p.12 </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAWFB-2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB-2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB-2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB-2018_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCIA_World_Fact_Book_2018">CIA World Fact Book 2018</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-volume-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA-volume_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA-volume_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEakinsSharman2010">Eakins & Sharman 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indian%20ocean">"'Indian Ocean' — Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016082320/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indian%20ocean">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2012. <q>ocean E of Africa, S of Asia, W of Australia, & N of Antarctica area ab 73,427,795 square kilometres (28,350,630 sq mi)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Indian+Ocean%27+%E2%80%94+Merriam-Webster+Dictionary+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Findian%2520ocean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarperIndianOcean-6"><a href="#cite_ref-HarperIndianOcean_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/Indian%20Ocean">"Indian Ocean"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114020412/https://www.etymonline.com/word/Indian%20Ocean">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2011. <q>first attested 1515 in Modern Latin (Oceanus Orientalis Indicus), named for India, which projects into it; earlier it was the Eastern Ocean, as opposed to the Western Ocean (Atlantic) before the Pacific was surmised.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Indian+Ocean&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2FIndian%2520Ocean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Ocean" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraun1972" class="citation journal cs1">Braun, Dieter (1972). "The Indian Ocean in Afro-Asian Perspective". 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J.; Fekete, B. M.; Meybeck, M.; Lammers, R. B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F1999GB900092">"Global system of rivers: Its role in organizing continental land mass and defining land-to-ocean linkages"</a>. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 14 (2): 599–621. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000GBioC..14..599V">2000GBioC..14..599V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F1999GB900092">10.1029/1999GB900092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Biogeochemical+Cycles&rft.atitle=Global+system+of+rivers%3A+Its+role+in+organizing+continental+land+mass+and+defining+land-to-ocean+linkages&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=599-621&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F1999GB900092&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000GBioC..14..599V&rft.aulast=V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft.au=Fekete%2C+B.+M.&rft.au=Meybeck%2C+M.&rft.au=Lammers%2C+R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F1999GB900092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Ocean" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonPiotrowskiGalyMcCave2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, D. J.; Piotrowski, A. M.; Galy, A.; McCave, I. N. (2012). "A boundary exchange influence on deglacial neodymium isotope records from the deep western Indian Ocean". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 341: 35–47. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012E&PSL.341...35W">2012E&PSL.341...35W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2012.06.009">10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10044%2F1%2F12815">10044/1/12815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=A+boundary+exchange+influence+on+deglacial+neodymium+isotope+records+from+the+deep+western+Indian+Ocean&rft.volume=341&rft.pages=35-47&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10044%2F1%2F12815&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2012.06.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012E%26PSL.341...35W&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft.au=Piotrowski%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Galy%2C+A.&rft.au=McCave%2C+I.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Ocean" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWWF-EARPO2006" class="citation book cs1">Mugo, Kimunya, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/eacfe_strategic_framework.pdf">The Eastern Africa Coastal Forests Ecoregion: Strategic Framework for Conservation 2005-2025</a> (PDF). Nairobi, Kenya: WWF Eastern Africa Regional Programme Office (WWF-EARPO). Retrieved 9 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Africa+Coastal+Forests+Ecoregion%3A+Strategic+Framework+for+Conservation+2005-2025&rft.place=Nairobi%2C+Kenya&rft.pub=WWF+Eastern+Africa+Regional+Programme+Office+%28WWF-EARPO%29&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fawsassets.panda.org%2Fdownloads%2Feacfe_strategic_framework.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Ocean" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahl2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bahl, Christopher D. (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dro.dur.ac.uk/35755/1/35755.pdf">"Transoceanic Arabic historiography: sharing the past of the sixteenth-century western Indian Ocean"</a> (PDF). Journal of Global History. 15 (2): 203–223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1740022820000017">10.1017/S1740022820000017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+History&rft.atitle=Transoceanic+Arabic+historiography%3A+sharing+the+past+of+the+sixteenth-century+western+Indian+Ocean&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=203-223&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1740022820000017&rft.aulast=Bahl&rft.aufirst=Christopher+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F35755%2F1%2F35755.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Ocean" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Palat, Ravi. The Making of an Indian Ocean World-Economy, 1250–1650: Princes, Paddy fields, and Bazaars (2015).</li> <li>Pearson, Michael (2015). Trade, Circulation, and Flow in the Indian Ocean World (Palgrave Series in Indian Ocean World Studies), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137564887" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137564887">978-1137564887</a>.</li> <li>Schnepel, Burkhard and Edward A. Alpers, eds. Connectivity in Motion: Island Hubs in the Indian Ocean World (2017).</li> <li>Schottenhammer, Angela, ed. Early Global Interconnectivity across the Indian Ocean World, Volume I: Commercial Structures and Exchanges (2019).</li> <li>Schottenhammer, Angela, ed. Early Global Interconnectivity across the Indian Ocean World, Volume II: Exchange of Ideas, Religions, and Technologies (2019).</li> <li>Serels, Steven, ed. The Impoverishment of the African Red Sea Littoral, 1640–1945 (2018).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2009" class="citation book cs1">Bose, Sugata (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQVuAAAAMAAJ">A Hundred Horizons</a>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03219-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03219-4"><bdi>978-0-674-03219-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hundred+Horizons&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03219-4&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sugata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQVuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Ocean" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/indian_ocean" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/indian ocean">indian ocean</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean" class="extiw" title="commons:Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Indian_Ocean" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Indian Ocean">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianoceanhistory.org/">"The Indian Ocean in World History"</a> (Flash). <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos_Cultural_Center" title="Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center">Sultan Qaboos Cultural Center</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Ocean+in+World+History&rft.pub=Sultan+Qaboos+Cultural+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianoceanhistory.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Ocean" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/africa/files/2011/11/Indian-Ocean-Trade.pdf">"The Indian Ocean Trade: A Classroom Simulation"</a> (PDF). African Studies Center, Boston University. Retrieved 25 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Ocean+Trade%3A+A+Classroom+Simulation&rft.pub=African+Studies+Center%2C+Boston+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fafrica%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F11%2FIndian-Ocean-Trade.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Ocean" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Newton_Dickson" title="Henry Newton Dickson">Dickson, Henry Newton</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Indian_Ocean">"Indian Ocean" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). pp. 451–452.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian+Ocean&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=451-452&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Henry+Newton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+Ocean" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" 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title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Indianocean.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Indian Ocean"><img alt="Map of the Indian Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/100px-Indianocean.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/150px-Indianocean.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/200px-Indianocean.PNG 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="330" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ocean_currents_and_gyres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ocean" title="Template:Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ocean" title="Template talk:Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ocean_currents_and_gyres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean currents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">gyres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Currents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arctic Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Greenland_Current" title="East Greenland Current">East Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Icelandic_Jet" title="North Icelandic Jet">North Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Current" title="Norwegian Current">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpolar_Drift_Stream" title="Transpolar Drift Stream">Transpolar Drift Stream</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atlantic Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola_Current" title="Angola Current">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilles_Current" title="Antilles Current">Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azores_Current" title="Azores Current">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island_Current" title="Baffin Island Current">Baffin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benguela_Current" title="Benguela Current">Benguela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_Current" title="Brazil Current">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Current" title="Canary Current">Canary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn_Current" title="Cape Horn Current">Cape Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Current" title="Caribbean Current">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Greenland_Current" title="East Greenland Current">East Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Iceland_Current" title="East Iceland Current">East Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Current" title="Falkland Current">Falkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Current" title="Florida Current">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_Current" title="Guinea Current">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Current" title="Irminger Current">Irminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Current" title="Labrador Current">Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Current" title="Lomonosov Current">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Brazil_Current" title="North Brazil Current">North Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Equatorial_Current" title="North Equatorial Current">North Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Current" title="Norwegian Current">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_Current" title="Portugal Current">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Current" title="South Atlantic Current">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Current" title="South Equatorial Current">South Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Greenland_Current" title="West Greenland Current">West Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Spitsbergen_Current" title="West Spitsbergen Current">West Spitsbergen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Return_Current" title="Agulhas Return Current">Agulhas Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Madagascar_Current" title="East Madagascar Current">East Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Counter_Current" title="Equatorial Counter Current">Equatorial Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Monsoon_Current" title="Indian Monsoon Current">Indian Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Throughflow" title="Indonesian Throughflow">Indonesian Throughflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeuwin_Current" title="Leeuwin Current">Leeuwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Current" title="Madagascar Current">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Current" title="Mozambique Current">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Madagascar_Current" title="North Madagascar Current">North Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Current" title="Somali Current">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Current" title="South Equatorial Current">South Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Australian_Current" title="West Australian Current">West Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Current" title="Alaska Current">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Current" title="Aleutian Current">Aleutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Current" title="California Current">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_Current" title="Cromwell Current">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_Current" title="Davidson Current">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Australian_Current" title="East Australian Current">East Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Korea_Warm_Current" title="East Korea Warm Current">East Korea Warm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Counter_Current" title="Equatorial Counter Current">Equatorial Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Throughflow" title="Indonesian Throughflow">Indonesian Throughflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Current" title="Kamchatka Current">Kamchatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuroshio_Current" title="Kuroshio Current">Kuroshio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_Current" title="Mindanao Current">Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Equatorial_Current" title="North Equatorial Current">North Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_Cold_Current" title="North Korea Cold Current">North Korea Cold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Current" title="North Pacific Current">North Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyashio_Current" title="Oyashio Current">Oyashio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Current" title="South Equatorial Current">South Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Front" title="Tasman Front">Tasman Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Outflow" title="Tasman Outflow">Tasman Outflow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Gyres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major gyres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Gyre" title="Indian Ocean Gyre">Indian Ocean Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Gyre" title="North Atlantic Gyre">North Atlantic Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Gyre" title="South Atlantic Gyre">South Atlantic Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Gyre" title="North Pacific Gyre">North Pacific Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Gyre" title="South Pacific Gyre">South Pacific Gyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other gyres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Gyre" title="Beaufort Gyre">Beaufort Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Gyre" title="Ross Gyre">Ross Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Gyre" title="Weddell Gyre">Weddell Gyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_current" title="Boundary current">Boundary current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Marine garbage patches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_garbage_patch" title="Indian Ocean garbage patch">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_garbage_patch" title="North Atlantic garbage patch">North Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_garbage_patch" title="South Pacific garbage patch">South Pacific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a>  <a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hydrography_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Waters_of_South_Asia" title="Template:Waters of South Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Waters_of_South_Asia" title="Template talk:Waters of South Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Waters_of_South_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Waters of South Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydrography_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hydrography of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inland rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagmati_River" title="Bagmati River">Bagmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betwa_River" title="Betwa River">Betwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagirathi_River" title="Bhagirathi River">Bhagirathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambal_River" title="Chambal River">Chambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Gandaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaghara_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaghara River">Ghaghara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_River_(Karnataka)" title="Kali River (Karnataka)">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveri River">Kaveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosi_River" title="Kosi River">Kosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luni_River" title="Luni River">Luni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanadi" title="Mahanadi">Mahanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahananda_River" title="Mahananda River">Mahananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahaweli_River" title="Mahaweli River">Mahaweli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghna_River" title="Meghna River">Meghna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_River" title="Padma River">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati_River" title="Sarasvati River">Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankosh_River" title="Sankosh River">Sankosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharda_River" title="Sharda River">Sharda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Son River">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapti_River" title="Tapti River">Tapti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inland lakes, deltas, etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River_Delta" title="Indus River Delta">Indus Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_Lake" title="Dal Lake">Dal Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pookode_Lake" title="Pookode Lake">Pookode Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roopkund" title="Roopkund">Skeleton Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilika_Lake" title="Chilika Lake">Chilika Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powai_Lake" title="Powai Lake">Lake Powai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borith_Lake" title="Borith Lake">Borith Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saiful_Muluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Saiful Muluk">Saiful Muluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosaikunda" title="Gosaikunda">Gosaikunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_Sagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam Sagar">Nizam Sagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hills_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Hills Lake">Red Hills Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha" title="Malampuzha">Malampuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_backwaters" title="Kerala backwaters">Kerala backwaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulicat_Lake" title="Pulicat Lake">Pulicat Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coastal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palk_Bay" title="Palk Bay">Palk Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Lakes of Bangladesh">Lakes of Bangladesh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_India" title="Category:Lakes of India">India</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Nepal" title="Category:Lakes of Nepal">Nepal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Lakes of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Lakes of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reservoirs_in_India" title="Category:Reservoirs in India">Reservoirs and dams in India</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Reservoirs_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Reservoirs in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Rivers of Bangladesh">Rivers of Bangladesh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Bhutan" title="Category:Rivers of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_India" title="Category:Rivers of India">India</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Nepal" title="Category:Rivers of Nepal">Nepal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Rivers of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Rivers of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1239#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1239#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316429868">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1243379/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4026737-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064984">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15297514t">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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[\"CITEREFBrewster2014b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulbeck2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurstein1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCEPF_2012:_Indo-Burma\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCIA_World_Fact_Book_2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCabrero2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartonChepurinCao2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasale2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjeeGoswamiScotese2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenQuartly2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCupelloClémentMeunierHerbin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDamodaraRaoSainPrasad2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeSilva-Ranasinghe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemopoulosSmithTyler2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi_MininHunterBalmeSmith2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickson1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreyer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuttGuptaClemensCheng2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEakinsSharman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl-Abbadi2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwingEittreimTruchanEwing1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFAO_2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelber_Seligman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrickCallaghan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFletcher1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbes1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalilBoeroCampbellCarlton2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGusiakovAbbottBryantMasse2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanMeehlRajagopalanFasullo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisMacmillan-LawlerRuppBaker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrera2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmeyr2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHui2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIHO_1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIHO_2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKathiresanRajendran2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKearney2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeesingIrvine2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaViolette2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLelieveldCrutzenRamanathanAndreae2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLeodWinterGray2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsumotoBohnenstiehlTournadreDziak2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPherson1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiraldoWirtaHanski2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMittermeierTurnerLarsenBrooks2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüllerRoyerLawver1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNuwer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParthasarathiRiello2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatnaikChauhan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrange2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadtkey1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRijsdijkHumeBunnikFlorens2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomero-Frias2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoxy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoxyRitikaTerrayMasson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoxySaranyaModiAnusree2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyerGordon1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubinHortonSiehPilarczyk2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchottXieMcCreary2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenguptaBharath_RajShenoi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShankarVinayachandranUnnikrishnan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouterLindén2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStow2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTelfordCosgrave2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUllahGadain2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_SebilleEnglandFroyland2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVörösmartyFeketeMeybeckLammers2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWWF-EARPO2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWafarVenkataramanIngoleKhan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonPiotrowskiGalyMcCave2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWirtaOrsiniHanski2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 58,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 20,\n [\"Commons+cat\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 45,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:100000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:12000000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:133000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:150000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:250000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:336000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:388000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:500000\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:567900\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:733200\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 78,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox body of water\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Main category\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 5,\n [\"Ocean\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Regions of the world\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Trans\"] = 1,\n [\"Translit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Waters of South Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","220","20.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","20.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","18.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","10.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","7.3"],["date","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::fetchLanguageNames","40","3.6"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","20","1.8"],["encode \u003Cmw.uri.lua:56\u003E","20","1.8"],["[others]","100","9.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fhqv7","timestamp":"20241124053126","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_Ocean","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1239","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1239","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-04T23:27:14Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T14:56:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d3\/Indian_Ocean-CIA_WFB_Map.png","headline":"ocean bounded by Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica"}</script> </body> </html>