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This" /> <title>(PDF) From ‘Classical’ To ‘Freaky:’ An Exploration of the Development of Dominant, Organised, Male Bodybuilding Culture | Dimitrios Liokaftos - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/78401998/From_Classical_To_Freaky_An_Exploration_of_the_Development_of_Dominant_Organised_Male_Bodybuilding_Culture" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732499718000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732499718000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Through a combination of historical and empirical research, the present thesis explores the development of dominant, organized bodybuilding culture across three periods: early (1880s-1930s), middle (1940s-1970s), and late (1980s-present). This periodization reflects the different paradigms in bodybuilding that the research identifies and examines at the level of body aesthetic, model of embodied practice, aesthetic of representation, formal spectacle, and prevalent meanings regarding the \u0026amp;amp;#39;nature\u0026amp;amp;#39; of bodybuilding. Employing organized bodybuilding displays as the axis for the discussion, the project traces the gradual shift from an early bodybuilding model, represented in the ideal of the \u0026amp;amp;#39;classical,\u0026amp;amp;#39; \u0026amp;amp;#39;perfect\u0026amp;amp;#39; body, to a late-modern model celebrating the \u0026amp;amp;#39;freaky,\u0026amp;amp;#39; \u0026amp;amp;#39;monstrous\u0026amp;amp;#39; body. This development is shown to have entailed changes in notions of the \u0026amp;amp;#39;good\u0026amp;amp;#39; body, moving from a \u0026amp;amp;#39;restorative\u0026amp;amp;#39; model of \u0026amp;amp;#39;all-around\u0026amp;amp;#39; developme...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Dimitrios Liokaftos"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-05-04","dateModified":"2022-05-04","datePublished":"2012-01-01","headline":"From ‘Classical’ To ‘Freaky:’ An Exploration of the Development of Dominant, Organised, Male Bodybuilding 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[{"id":85462311,"identifier":"Attachment_85462311","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":78401998,"created_at":"2022-05-04T01:26:32.255-07:00","from_world_paper_id":204255469,"updated_at":"2023-10-02T03:04:02.685-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"Through a combination of historical and empirical research, the present thesis explores the development of dominant, organized bodybuilding culture across three periods: early (1880s-1930s), middle (1940s-1970s), and late (1980s-present). This periodization reflects the different paradigms in bodybuilding that the research identifies and examines at the level of body aesthetic, model of embodied practice, aesthetic of representation, formal spectacle, and prevalent meanings regarding the \u0026#39;nature\u0026#39; of bodybuilding. Employing organized bodybuilding displays as the axis for the discussion, the project traces the gradual shift from an early bodybuilding model, represented in the ideal of the \u0026#39;classical,\u0026#39; \u0026#39;perfect\u0026#39; body, to a late-modern model celebrating the \u0026#39;freaky,\u0026#39; \u0026#39;monstrous\u0026#39; body. This development is shown to have entailed changes in notions of the \u0026#39;good\u0026#39; body, moving from a \u0026#39;restorative\u0026#39; model of \u0026#39;all-around\u0026#39; developme...","publication_date":"2012,,"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"From ‘Classical’ To ‘Freaky:’ An Exploration of the Development of Dominant, Organised, Male Bodybuilding Culture","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1914915]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":85462311,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “From ‘Classical’ To ‘Freaky:’ An Exploration of the Development of Dominant, Organised, Male Bodybuilding Culture”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/85462311/mini_magick20220504-3782-1xypd80.png?1651652987" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">From ‘Classical’ To ‘Freaky:’ An Exploration of the Development of Dominant, Organised, Male Bodybuilding Culture</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1914915" href="https://ljmu.academia.edu/DimitriosLiokaftos"><img alt="Profile image of Dimitrios Liokaftos" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Dimitrios Liokaftos</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2012</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Through a combination of historical and empirical research, the present thesis explores the development of dominant, organized bodybuilding culture across three periods: early (1880s-1930s), middle (1940s-1970s), and late (1980s-present). This periodization reflects the different paradigms in bodybuilding that the research identifies and examines at the level of body aesthetic, model of embodied practice, aesthetic of representation, formal spectacle, and prevalent meanings regarding the &#39;nature&#39; of bodybuilding. Employing organized bodybuilding displays as the axis for the discussion, the project traces the gradual shift from an early bodybuilding model, represented in the ideal of the &#39;classical,&#39; &#39;perfect&#39; body, to a late-modern model celebrating the &#39;freaky,&#39; &#39;monstrous&#39; body. This development is shown to have entailed changes in notions of the &#39;good&#39; body, moving from a &#39;restorative&#39; model of &#39;all-around&#39; developme...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":85462311,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/78401998/From_Classical_To_Freaky_An_Exploration_of_the_Development_of_Dominant_Organised_Male_Bodybuilding_Culture"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":85462311,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/78401998/From_Classical_To_Freaky_An_Exploration_of_the_Development_of_Dominant_Organised_Male_Bodybuilding_Culture"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="85462311" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/78401998/From_Classical_To_Freaky_An_Exploration_of_the_Development_of_Dominant_Organised_Male_Bodybuilding_Culture" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="8491832" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8491832/An_Autoethnography_of_Bodybuilding_Visual_Culture_Aesthetic_Experience_and_Performed_Masculinity"> An Autoethnography of Bodybuilding, Visual Culture, Aesthetic Experience, and Performed Masculinity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="199243" href="https://syr.academia.edu/SharifBey">shbey@syr.edu Bey</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Visual Culture and Gender, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This autoethnographic study examines the social history of bodybuilding along with personal testimonies of those with experience in weight training and bodybuilding in order to sharpen the awareness of aesthetic experiences found within the culture of physique. The author explores aesthetic experiences in both the formal and performative sense as frames for reflecting on his adolescent pursuits as an amateur bodybuilder in order to deconstruct the visual archetypes of bodybuilding and their impact on his formative notions of maleness.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":" An Autoethnography of Bodybuilding, Visual Culture, Aesthetic Experience, and Performed Masculinity","attachmentId":34872855,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8491832/An_Autoethnography_of_Bodybuilding_Visual_Culture_Aesthetic_Experience_and_Performed_Masculinity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8491832/An_Autoethnography_of_Bodybuilding_Visual_Culture_Aesthetic_Experience_and_Performed_Masculinity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="123215954" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123215954/Bodybuilding_as_a_Gender_Norm_Defier_Shredding_the_Binary_Materiality_while_Rewriting_Bodies_through_Bodybuilding">Bodybuilding as a Gender Norm Defier: Shredding the Binary Materiality while Rewriting Bodies through Bodybuilding</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23121189" href="https://girona.academia.edu/IsaFontbonaMola">Isabel Fontbona</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Lucas Graduate Journal, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper presents a peculiar approach of escaping the dual gender-identity conceptualization, using bodybuilding—which is both a sports and corporeal practice—as a tool to shatter gender stereotypes. The bodies that are transformed as a result of this practice will be analysed and interpreted as a way to develop a relevant distinction between those bodies that are objectified on stage, due to the sport’s regulations, and those bodies that are located within an artistic and activist frame as “critical flesh.” This analysis looks at the bodies of three artists involved in the practice of bodybuilding to develop their artworks in order to discuss whether or not this corporeal identity built through muscle development creates a split in the gender discourse and in the expectations that this discourse generates. This approach is developed through the visual and conceptual support from the following artists: Cassils [they/them] (Canada-USA), Francesca Steele [they/them] (UK), and the author of this paper [she/her].</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bodybuilding as a Gender Norm Defier: Shredding the Binary Materiality while Rewriting Bodies through Bodybuilding","attachmentId":117701569,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123215954/Bodybuilding_as_a_Gender_Norm_Defier_Shredding_the_Binary_Materiality_while_Rewriting_Bodies_through_Bodybuilding","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/123215954/Bodybuilding_as_a_Gender_Norm_Defier_Shredding_the_Binary_Materiality_while_Rewriting_Bodies_through_Bodybuilding"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="58560765" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58560765/Muscle_excess_and_rupture_female_bodybuilding_and_gender_construction">Muscle, excess and rupture: female bodybuilding and gender construction</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35996" href="https://swin.academia.edu/AngelaNdalianis">Angela Ndalianis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1995</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Muscle, excess and rupture: female bodybuilding and gender construction","attachmentId":72914077,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/58560765/Muscle_excess_and_rupture_female_bodybuilding_and_gender_construction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/58560765/Muscle_excess_and_rupture_female_bodybuilding_and_gender_construction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="10497241" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10497241/Building_a_Body_Building_a_Life_Men_Masculinity_and_the_Birth_of_Bodybuilding_Magazines_in_Montreal">Building a Body, Building a Life: Men, Masculinity and the Birth of Bodybuilding Magazines in Montreal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25731253" href="https://concordia.academia.edu/MarcLafrance">Marc Lafrance</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Building a Body, Building a Life: Men, Masculinity and the Birth of Bodybuilding Magazines in Montreal","attachmentId":58102975,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10497241/Building_a_Body_Building_a_Life_Men_Masculinity_and_the_Birth_of_Bodybuilding_Magazines_in_Montreal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10497241/Building_a_Body_Building_a_Life_Men_Masculinity_and_the_Birth_of_Bodybuilding_Magazines_in_Montreal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="121122996" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121122996/FEMALE_BODYBUILDING_FROM_ITS_GOLDEN_ERA_TO_ITS_DARK_ERA">FEMALE BODYBUILDING: FROM ITS GOLDEN ERA TO ITS DARK ERA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="245481320" href="https://independent.academia.edu/In%C3%A9sP%C3%A9rez36">Inés Pérez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">From the beginning, female bodybuilding has been the focus of public attention. Muscular women have navigated through criticism and discrimination, challenging normative beauty standards based on the relation between the slender body and femininity. The aim of this project is to study and compare female bodybuilding in the 1980s, commonly known as its !golden era”, and current bodybuilding in order to see how the concept of femininity and beauty has shaped bodybuilding and the effects of !deviant” muscular women in society. For the purpose of this essay, a historical background will be set on how the slender body came to be associated with femininity and women, while muscularity was linked with men and masculinity. This distinction will serve as the basis for examining the normative beauty standards of the 1980s and 2020s and how bodybuilding has always perpetuated and departed from those norms. Thanks to Pumping Iron II: The Women and Too Big for the World, we will be able to visualize female bodybuilding during these two periods and its evolution from the groundbreaking debate about femininity to its decline as a sport and the victory of the slender body. Steroid use and muscle worship will be studied as well by means of the documentary Killer Sally so as to understand the consequences of being a professional bodybuilder. Moreover, the !muscle mommy” trend will exemplify the positive influence weightlifting and fitness have exerted in social media and their role in the redefinition of femininity. This paper will summarize the evolution of femininity and female bodybuilding with the aid of documentaries.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"FEMALE BODYBUILDING: FROM ITS GOLDEN ERA TO ITS DARK ERA","attachmentId":116980836,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121122996/FEMALE_BODYBUILDING_FROM_ITS_GOLDEN_ERA_TO_ITS_DARK_ERA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121122996/FEMALE_BODYBUILDING_FROM_ITS_GOLDEN_ERA_TO_ITS_DARK_ERA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="72156932" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72156932/Review_Essay_Bodymakers_A_Cultural_Anatomy_of_Women_s_Bodybuilding">Review Essay – Bodymakers - A Cultural Anatomy of Women’s Bodybuilding</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="80283504" href="https://appstate.academia.edu/MarthaMcCaughey">Martha McCaughey</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">McCaughey, Martha.(1999) Review Essay: Bodymakers: A Cultural Anatomy of Women’s Bodybuilding, by Leslie Heywood (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998); Women of Steel: Female Body Builders and the Struggle for Self-Definition, by Maria R. Lowe (New York: New York University Press, 1998); and Building Bodies, ed. by Pamela L. Moore (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997). Gender & Society 13:6: pp. 828-830 (ISSN: 0891-2432) The version of record is available from Sage Publications http://gas.sagepub.com/content/13/6/828 DOI: 10.1177/089124399013006014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review Essay – Bodymakers - A Cultural Anatomy of Women’s Bodybuilding","attachmentId":81198770,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72156932/Review_Essay_Bodymakers_A_Cultural_Anatomy_of_Women_s_Bodybuilding","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72156932/Review_Essay_Bodymakers_A_Cultural_Anatomy_of_Women_s_Bodybuilding"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="12660227" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12660227/Pumping_up_the_Pomp_An_Exploration_of_Femininity_and_Female_Bodybuilding">Pumping up the Pomp: An Exploration of Femininity and Female Bodybuilding</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="738471" href="https://newbrunswick.academia.edu/AmyScott">Amy Scott</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The female body, over the course of recent decades, has had a turbulent relationship with societal expectations of femininity and beauty. Confined within rigid boundaries of body perfection, women are reduced to naturalized notions of femininity. This paper addresses the issue of normalizing gender roles and femininity in a contemporary framework by focusing specifically on female competitive bodybuilding. Through an examination of the history of bodybuilding and the patriarchal parameters under which this sport operates, the argument is made that, while bodybuilding may represent aspects of social resistance to the gendered norms of femininity, the competitive regulations of this sport enforce compliance to societal expectations of womanhood.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Pumping up the Pomp: An Exploration of Femininity and Female Bodybuilding","attachmentId":37766568,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12660227/Pumping_up_the_Pomp_An_Exploration_of_Femininity_and_Female_Bodybuilding","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12660227/Pumping_up_the_Pomp_An_Exploration_of_Femininity_and_Female_Bodybuilding"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="112377264" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/112377264/_Big_Freaky_Looking_Women_Normalizing_Gender_Transgression_through_Bodybuilding">“Big Freaky-Looking Women”: Normalizing Gender Transgression through Bodybuilding</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44658325" href="https://independent.academia.edu/McGrathShelly">Shelly McGrath</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Sociology of Sport Journal, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“Big Freaky-Looking Women”: Normalizing Gender Transgression through Bodybuilding","attachmentId":109627244,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112377264/_Big_Freaky_Looking_Women_Normalizing_Gender_Transgression_through_Bodybuilding","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/112377264/_Big_Freaky_Looking_Women_Normalizing_Gender_Transgression_through_Bodybuilding"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="258766" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/258766/The_female_body_builder_as_a_gender_outlaw">The female body builder as a gender outlaw</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4514490" href="https://stmarystwickenham.academia.edu/TanyaBunsell">Tanya Bunsell</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="149103" href="https://kent.academia.edu/ChrisShilling">Chris Shilling</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper is a sociological exploration of the female bodybuilder as a ‘cultural criminal’, a figure who is criminalized not because she has broken a formal law, but because she has disregarded so flagrantly people’s sense of what is aesthetically, kinesthetically and phenomenologically acceptable within the gendered order of social interaction (Goffman, 1983). Illustrating our argument with reference to a two-year study of British female bodybuilders, we begin by explicating the contours of this cultural criminality – associating it with multiple transgressions of deviant choice, aesthetics, action / experience, and consumption – and explore the costs accruing to, and the sentences served by, these stigmatized women. In the second half of the paper, we attend to the motivations and experiences of female bodybuilders themselves in explaining why they remain engaged in an activity rendered perverse by dominant cultural norms. Exploring their commitment to an interaction order based upon muscle rather than gender, our conclusion suggests these women offend the most fundamental ‘collective sentiments’, possessing no authorized place in the cultural consciousness of society (Durkheim, 1984).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The female body builder as a gender outlaw","attachmentId":32357512,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/258766/The_female_body_builder_as_a_gender_outlaw","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/258766/The_female_body_builder_as_a_gender_outlaw"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="52165897" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52165897/John_D_Fair_Mr_America_The_Tragic_History_of_a_Bodybuilding_Icon">John D. Fair.Mr. America: The Tragic History of a Bodybuilding Icon</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11030574" href="https://fullerton.academia.edu/JohnIbson">John Ibson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The American Historical Review, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"John D. Fair.Mr. America: The Tragic History of a Bodybuilding Icon","attachmentId":69556695,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52165897/John_D_Fair_Mr_America_The_Tragic_History_of_a_Bodybuilding_Icon","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52165897/John_D_Fair_Mr_America_The_Tragic_History_of_a_Bodybuilding_Icon"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":85462311,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":85462311,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_85462311" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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