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d'un État" href="/encyclopedie/russie-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-histoire/"> 1. Débuts d'un État </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="RUSSIE (Le territoire et les hommes) - Histoire, La Moscovie : du morcellement féodal à l'État centralisé" href="/encyclopedie/russie-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-histoire/2-la-moscovie-du-morcellement-feodal-a-l-etat-centralise/"> 2. La Moscovie : du morcellement féodal à l'État centralisé </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="RUSSIE (Le territoire et les hommes) - Histoire, Le siècle de l'expansion sibérienne" href="/encyclopedie/russie-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-histoire/3-le-siecle-de-l-expansion-siberienne/"> 3. Le siècle de l'expansion sibérienne </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="RUSSIE (Le territoire et les hommes) - Histoire, La vieille Russie du XVIIe siècle" href="/encyclopedie/russie-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-histoire/4-la-vieille-russie-du-xviie-siecle/"> 4. La vieille Russie du XVIIe siècle </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="RUSSIE (Le territoire et les hommes) - Histoire, La Russie des despotes éclairés, grand État européen" href="/encyclopedie/russie-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-histoire/5-la-russie-des-despotes-eclaires-grand-etat-europeen/"> 5. La Russie des despotes éclairés, grand État européen </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="RUSSIE (Le territoire et les hommes) - Histoire, Précapitalisme et réformes" href="/encyclopedie/russie-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-histoire/6-precapitalisme-et-reformes/"> 6. Précapitalisme et réformes </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="RUSSIE (Le territoire et les hommes) - Histoire, L'industrialisation, la conquête des marchés asiatiques" href="/encyclopedie/russie-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-histoire/7-l-industrialisation-la-conquete-des-marches-asiatiques/"> 7. L'industrialisation, la conquête des marchés asiatiques </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="RUSSIE (Le territoire et les hommes) - Histoire, Crises et première révolution" href="/encyclopedie/russie-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-histoire/8-crises-et-premiere-revolution/"> 8. Crises et première révolution </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="RUSSIE (Le territoire et les hommes) - Histoire, Les contradictions de la monarchie constitutionnelle" href="/encyclopedie/russie-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-histoire/9-les-contradictions-de-la-monarchie-constitutionnelle/"> 9. Les contradictions de la monarchie constitutionnelle </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="RUSSIE (Le territoire et les hommes) - Histoire, La Première Guerre mondiale" href="/encyclopedie/russie-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-histoire/10-la-premiere-guerre-mondiale/"> 10. La Première Guerre mondiale </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="RUSSIE (Le territoire et les hommes) - Histoire, De la R.S.F.S.R. à la fédération de Russie" href="/encyclopedie/russie-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-histoire/11-de-la-r-s-f-s-r-a-la-federation-de-russie/"> 11. De la R.S.F.S.R. à la fédération de Russie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="RUSSIE (Le territoire et les hommes) - Histoire, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/russie-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-histoire/12-bibliographie/"> 12. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>RUSSIE </strong><span class="rm">(Le territoire et les hommes)</span><span class="label-sub"> Histoire</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC072045_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC072045_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="V200406A" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Russie, formation de l'empire" href="/media/russie-formation-de-lempire-v200406a/"><img id="V200406A" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/9/csm_v200406a_2cf7b9077e.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Russie, formation de l'empire - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="L'impérialisme russe : du règne de Pierre le Grand (1682-1725) à la veille de la Première Guerre mondiale." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1356" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Russie, formation de l'empire </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>L'histoire de la Russie est celle de la formation d'un vaste empire qui, du <span class="pc">x</span><sup>e</sup> au <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, s'est peu à peu étendu, à partir des plaines de l'Europe orientale aux rives du Pacifique et aux montagnes d'Asie centrale. Le mot « Russie » désigne un domaine où se sont rassemblés des peuples divers, en grosse majorité <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les peuples slaves, dont le nom n'est mentionné pour la première fois qu'en 500 après J.-C., ont constitué au cours du Moyen Âge de puissants États tels la principauté de Grande-Moravie, la Russie kiévienne, le royaume de Pologne , le grand-duché de Lituanie , le royaume de Serbie .. Membres de la grande famille indoeuropéenne, ils sont apparus tardivement sur la scène de l'histoir..." title="Article : SLAVES" href="/encyclopedie/slaves/">slaves</a> orientaux (Russes, les plus nombreux ; Ukrainiens, Biélorusses), qui, dans leur progression vers l'est, occupant une <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="De l' Oural à l' océan Pacifique , la Sibérie s'étend sur 12 765 900 kilomètres carrés. Cette partie de la Russie, qui présente des reliefs très variés, trouve son unité dans la rigueur de son hiver. Conquise par les tsars au xvii e siècle, elle ne fut mise en valeur qu'à la fin du xix e siècle. Puis, le régime soviétique mit en œuvre plusieurs programmes d'aménageme..." title="Article : SIBÉRIE" href="/encyclopedie/siberie/">Sibérie</a> presque vide d'hommes, ont européanisé la partie nord du continent asiatique et englobé, en Europe même ainsi qu'aux marges des pays conquis, quelque deux cents nationalités allogènes, d'importance relative très variée, où domine l'élément turc.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-3 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="CH000016" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : 1200 à 1300. L'Asie des Mongols" href="/media/1200-a-1300-lasie-des-mongols-ch000016/"><img id="CH000016" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/0/csm_ch000016_6881367222.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="1200 à 1300. L'Asie des Mongols - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Gengis-Khan. Empire mongol. Croisades en Europe. Émergence du Mali en Afrique.Le XIIIe siècle est celui des Mongols. À partir de 1206, les troupes de Gengis Khan déferlent sur l'Asie et l'Europe. Xixia, Jin, Kharezm, Qipcaq, principautés russes sont vassalisés.Les descendants du conquérant…" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="" height="" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> 1200 à 1300. L'Asie des Mongols </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Ce fut d'abord le Grand Empire qui s'étendait sur tout le bassin du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Long de 2 285 kilomètres et drainant un bassin de 504 000 kilomètres carrés, le Dniepr (le Borysthène des anciens Grecs) se classe en Europe au quatrième rang derrière la Volga , le Danube et l'Oural ; mais son débit moyen à l'embouchure (1 700 m 3 /s) reste sensiblement inférieur à celui de la Petchora, de la Dvina du Nord et même de la Néva. Le Dniepr traverse successiveme..." title="Article : DNIEPR" href="/encyclopedie/dniepr/">Dniepr</a> avec <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Capitale de l'Ukraine indépendante depuis 1991, Kiev (en ukrainien Kyiv) se situe dans le centre-nord rural du pays, près de la Biélorussie , aux confins des riches Terres noires céréalières, au sud, et des régions plus boisées et plus humides de la Polésie, au nord. La ville, qui fut longtemps l'une des portes d'entrée du monde slave oriental, a profité de la présence du Dniepr ..." title="Article : KIEV" href="/encyclopedie/kiev/">Kiev</a> pour capitale. Les princes de Kiev nouèrent des relations avec Byzance et adoptèrent la religion orthodoxe et l'alphabet grec. Au <span class="pc">xii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, la prépondérance passa de Kiev aux cités russes du bassin de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Ancienne frontière de l'Europe, la « Petite Mère Volga » est le berceau de la Russie, qui s'est constituée par la fédération progressive des principautés volgiennes autour du pouvoir moscovite. Grande voie d'échange, creuset des minorités ethniques, la Volga a été bouleversée au xx e siècle par une mise en valeur très prononcée. C'est aujourd'hui une chaîne de lacs ar..." title="Article : VOLGA" href="/encyclopedie/volga/">Volga</a>. Au <span class="pc">xiii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, l'invasion des Mongols mit un terme à cette expansion vers l'est. L'asservissement des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot kniaz ( knjaz' ), apparenté au haut-allemand kuning , désigne le chef varègue que l'on trouve à la tête de l'État kiévien à partir de la fin du ix e siècle (descendants, selon la légende, du chef plus ou moins mythique Riourik, les princes russes sont parfois appelés Riourikides). Le caractère souverain des princes russes est souligné par l'usage, en latin, du mot rex po..." title="Article : PRINCIPAUTÉS RUSSES" href="/encyclopedie/principautes-russes/">principautés russes</a> à l'empire de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Nom sous lequel est connu le khānat fondé dans les plaines russes, au nord de la mer Noire et de la Caspienne, par la branche gengiskhanide aînée au xiii e siècle. La région, occupée au sud par des nomades de race turque, les Kiptchak (ou Coman ou Polovtsy), au nord par les Bulgares de la Volga et les principautés russes , est conquise en 1222/23 par les Mongols que commandent Jebe et ..." title="Article : HORDE D'OR" href="/encyclopedie/horde-d-or/">Horde d'Or</a> dura jusqu'au <span class="pc">xv</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. La Russie fut détachée de l'Europe pour être incorporée à l'Asie. Cet écartèlement ne cessa de peser sur son destin. Parmi les vassaux de la Horde figuraient les princes de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Devenue capitale de l'Union soviétique au lendemain de la révolution de 1917, Moscou a retrouvé alors sa place historique au centre du monde russe et slave. Après deux siècles d'éclipse en faveur de Saint-Pétersbourg , capitale institutionnelle de l'Empire russe, Moscou redevint le lieu du pouvoir central, signe de la volonté de pérenniser l'héritage de la Russie traditionnelle, mais au..." title="Article : MOSCOU" href="/encyclopedie/moscou/">Moscou</a>, ville située au carrefour de routes fluviales, d'autant plus importantes qu'elles étaient les seules praticables dans une région de vastes forêts. Comment la petite principauté de Moscou parvint-elle à fonder une nouvelle Russie ? Probablement grâce à la politique prudente de ses princes, qui se firent les agents zélés de la domination mongole jusqu'au moment où ils se sentirent assez forts pour se retourner contre elle. Une première insurrection échoua au <span class="pc">xiv</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. C'est avec Ivan III, contemporain du roi de France Louis XI, que fut libérée et unifiée la Russie, à la fin du <span class="pc">xv</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, tandis qu'étaient renoués les liens avec l'Europe. Mais un long temps s'écoula avant que l'influence européenne ne devint prépondérante. C'est Pierre le Grand qui, au <span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, a fait de la Russie un État moderne, favorisant l'évolution de la société, développant l'économie et encourageant la naissance d'une nouvelle culture. Avec Catherine II, la Russie prend place parmi les monarchies éclairées de l'Europe. Non sans brutalité comme en témoigne son attitude lors des différents partages de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Pologne est le plus important des dix États entrés dans l'Union européenne en mai 2004. Après quarante-cinq années passées sous domination soviétique, les nouveaux dirigeants du pays ont tous présenté cette adhésion comme un « retour » à l'Europe, une « réunification ». C'est dire combien la Pologne se considère enracinée dans la tradition occidentale. Majoritairement ..." title="Article : POLOGNE" href="/encyclopedie/pologne/">Pologne</a>. Les troupes russes, dans leur lutte contre la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La période appelée Révolution française, qui se situe entre 1789 et 1799, constitue une rupture considérable, abolissant la monarchie , inventant de nouveaux rapports sociaux et créant une langue politique inédite. Ce bouleversement ne représente pas seulement la pointe des mouvements révolutionnaires qui se produisent en Europe et en Amérique du Nord à la même époque, attirant �..." title="Article : RÉVOLUTION FRANÇAISE" href="/encyclopedie/revolution-francaise/">Révolution française</a>, se rendent même en Suisse, en Italie et pénètrent à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Un certain nombre de villes du monde ont donné naissance à des mythes ; quelques-uns ont acquis une portée universelle, en se détachant des caractères fondamentaux du pays lui-même pour exalter la Ville en tant qu'individu. Il en est ainsi de Rome et de Paris . On a maintes fois signalé cette sorte de familiarité amoureuse, avec ses éclats de haine ou d'adoration, que Paris a toujou..." title="Article : PARIS" href="/encyclopedie/paris/">Paris</a> en 1814. Vaincu par Alexandre I<sup>er</sup>, Napoléon prédit : « L'Europe est dans le plus grand danger, elle peut être à chaque instant inondée de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Nom donné aux populations semi-nomades formant des communautés militaires indépendantes dans les bassins du Don, du Terek et du Kouban. Le mot, d'origine turco-tatare, désigne tout homme libre, tout guerrier indépendant. Aux xiv e et xv e siècles, les services de ces Cosaques Tatars furent utilisés tant par les Italiens installés en Crimée que par les princes russes. À partir du xvi..." title="Article : COSAQUES" href="/encyclopedie/cosaques/">Cosaques</a> et de Tartares. »</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="row"><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="CA040089" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Russie, XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle" href="/media/russie-xviiie-siecle-ca040089/"><img id="CA040089" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/6/csm_ca040089_476de474ff.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Russie, XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="La Russie de Catherine II (1762-1796) : une puissance européenne." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1586" height="2000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Russie, XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH041001" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Alexandre I<sup>er</sup>, tsar de Russie" href="/media/alexandre-ier-tsar-de-russie-ph041001/"><img id="PH041001" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/4/csm_ph041001_735e4f42f3.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Alexandre I<sup>er</sup>, tsar de Russie - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Petit-fils de Catherine II, Alexandre Ier, empereur de Russie de 1801 à 1825, fut l'inspirateur du pacte de la Sainte-Alliance signé à Paris le 26 septembre 1815." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="890" height="1024" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Alexandre I<sup>er</sup>, tsar de Russie </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div></div><p>En réalité, la Russie ne renonce pas à regarder vers l'Orient où s'effondre la domination turque et n'échappe pas, bien qu'elle ait été l'une des inspiratrices de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans l'usage commun, l'expression désigne aujourd'hui le système de réaction et de répression établi par les grandes monarchies absolutistes d'Europe après 1815 : « la ligue des rois contre les peuples ». Cette image résulte de la superposition de trois entités historiquement sensiblement différentes.. 1. Le pacte primitif de la Sainte-Alliance, signé à Paris, le 26 septembre 1815,..." title="Article : SAINTE-ALLIANCE" href="/encyclopedie/sainte-alliance/">Sainte-Alliance</a>, à la contagion révolutionnaire. Libéral, Alexandre II doit revenir sur ses réformes après l'insurrection polonaise de 1863 et les progrès de l'opposition. La répression est encore aggravée par Alexandre III entre 1881 et 1894. Elle ne fait que retarder une échéance qui paraît inévitable. La révolution de 1904-1905 annonce l'effondrement de la dynastie des Romanov en 1917. La République socialiste fédérative soviétique russe sera pour plus de soixante-dix ans la plus puissante des républiques de l'Union soviétique. La Fédération de Russie, qui fait partie depuis décembre 1991 de la Communauté des États indépendants, se pose en successeur de l'U.R.S.S.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC072045_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC072045_1"></i><h2> Débuts d'un État</h2><div class="block_2" data-ucode="yC072045_1_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC072045_1_0"></i><h3>Les Varègues</h3><p>Les Slaves<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li 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Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C072045_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="LESAGE, Michel"><a title="Auteur : Michel LESAGE" rel="author" href="/auteurs/michel-lesage/"><strong>Michel LESAGE</strong></a> : professeur à l'université de Paris-I, directeur de l'Institut de recherches comparatives sur les institutions et le droit du C.N.R.S. </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="PORTAL, Roger"><a title="Auteur : Roger PORTAL" rel="author" href="/auteurs/roger-portal/"><strong>Roger PORTAL</strong></a> : professeur à la faculté des lettres et sciences humaines de Paris </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : RUSSIE (Le territoire et les hommes) - Histoire" href="/carte-mentale/russie-le-territoire-et-les-hommes-histoire/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072045_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire par régions et pays" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/"> Histoire par régions et pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'Europe centrale et orientale" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-europe-centrale-et-orientale/"> Histoire de l'Europe centrale et orientale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Russie, histoire"> <a title="Classification : Russie, histoire" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-europe-centrale-et-orientale/russie-histoire/"> Russie, histoire </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire du Moyen Âge" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-du-moyen-age/"> Histoire du Moyen Âge </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Russie, Moyen Âge"> <a title="Classification : Russie, Moyen Âge" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-du-moyen-age/russie-moyen-age/"> Russie, Moyen Âge </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 3"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire des Temps modernes, du xve s. à 1789" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-des-temps-modernes-du-xve-s-a-1789/"> Histoire des Temps modernes, du <span class="pc">xv</span><sup>e</sup> s. à 1789 </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Asie et Extrême-Orient, xve s.-xviiie s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-des-temps-modernes-du-xve-s-a-1789/asie-et-extreme-orient-xve-s-xviiie-s/"> Asie et Extrême-Orient, <span class="pc">xv</span><sup>e</sup> s.-<span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Mongolie, xve s.-xviiie s."> <a title="Classification : Mongolie, xve s.-xviiie s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-des-temps-modernes-du-xve-s-a-1789/asie-et-extreme-orient-xve-s-xviiie-s/mongolie-xve-s-xviiie-s/"> Mongolie, <span class="pc">xv</span><sup>e</sup> s.-<span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 4"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire des Temps modernes, du xve s. à 1789" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-des-temps-modernes-du-xve-s-a-1789/"> Histoire des Temps modernes, du <span class="pc">xv</span><sup>e</sup> s. à 1789 </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Europe, Temps modernes" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-des-temps-modernes-du-xve-s-a-1789/europe-temps-modernes/"> Europe, Temps modernes </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Russie, Temps modernes"> <a title="Classification : Russie, Temps modernes" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-des-temps-modernes-du-xve-s-a-1789/europe-temps-modernes/russie-temps-modernes/"> Russie, Temps modernes </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 5"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire thématique" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-thematique/"> Histoire thématique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire économique" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-thematique/histoire-economique/"> Histoire économique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire économique, xixe s."> <a title="Classification : Histoire économique, xixe s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-thematique/histoire-economique/histoire-economique-xixe-s/"> Histoire économique, <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 6"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire thématique" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-thematique/"> Histoire thématique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire économique" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-thematique/histoire-economique/"> Histoire économique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire économique, xxe s. et xxie s."> <a title="Classification : Histoire économique, xxe s. et xxie s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-thematique/histoire-economique/histoire-economique-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/"> Histoire économique, <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> s. et <span class="pc">xxi</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 7"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire, xxe s. et xxie s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/"> Histoire, <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> s. et <span class="pc">xxi</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Révolutions russes"> <a title="Classification : Révolutions russes" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/revolutions-russes/"> Révolutions russes </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 8"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences humaines et sociales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/"> Sciences humaines et sociales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Politique" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/"> Politique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences politiques" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/sciences-politiques/"> Sciences politiques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire politique" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/sciences-politiques/histoire-politique/"> Histoire politique </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire des régimes politiques"> <a title="Classification : Histoire des régimes politiques" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/politique/sciences-politiques/histoire-politique/histoire-des-regimes-politiques/"> Histoire des régimes politiques </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 9"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire, xxe s. et xxie s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/"> Histoire, <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> s. et <span class="pc">xxi</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Première Guerre mondiale"> <a title="Classification : Première Guerre mondiale" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/premiere-guerre-mondiale/"> Première Guerre mondiale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 10"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire, xxe s. et xxie s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/"> Histoire, <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> s. et <span class="pc">xxi</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire depuis 1990"> <a title="Classification : Histoire depuis 1990" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/histoire-depuis-1990/"> Histoire depuis 1990 </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072045_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V200406A" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Russie, formation de l'empire" href="/media/russie-formation-de-lempire-v200406a/"> <img id="V200406A" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/9/csm_v200406a_2cf7b9077e.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Russie, formation de l'empire - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="L'impérialisme russe : du règne de Pierre le Grand (1682-1725) à la veille de la Première Guerre mondiale." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1356" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Russie, formation de l'empire </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="CH000016" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : 1200 à 1300. L'Asie des Mongols" href="/media/1200-a-1300-lasie-des-mongols-ch000016/"> <img id="CH000016" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/0/csm_ch000016_6881367222.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="1200 à 1300. L'Asie des Mongols - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Gengis-Khan. Empire mongol. Croisades en Europe. Émergence du Mali en Afrique.Le XIIIe siècle est celui des Mongols. À partir de 1206, les troupes de Gengis Khan déferlent sur l'Asie et l'Europe. Xixia, Jin, Kharezm, Qipcaq, principautés russes sont vassalisés.Les descendants du conquérant…" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="" height="" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> 1200 à 1300. 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