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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Topography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Districts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Cityscape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_green_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_green_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Parks and green zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_green_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Festivals and events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses_and_taxis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses_and_taxis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Buses and taxis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses_and_taxis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Rail systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Water transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Health and education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_and_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health and education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Crime and safety </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crime_and_safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Crime and safety subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Crime_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calls_to_move_the_capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calls_to_move_the_capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Calls to move the capital </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calls_to_move_the_capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 International participation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_partnerships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_partnerships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 City partnerships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_partnerships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bangkok</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 214 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-214" aria-hidden="true" > 214 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%AD" title="ባንግኮክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባንግኮክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83" title="بانكوك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بانكوك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%84" title="Պանքոք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պանքոք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95" title="বেংকক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বেংকক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A3koke" title="Vãkoke – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vãkoke" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banqkok" title="Banqkok – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Banqkok" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9" title="بانکوک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بانکوک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95" title="ব্যাংকক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাংকক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="बैंकाक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बैंकाक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Банкок – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Банкок" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82" title="པན་ཀོག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པན་ཀོག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83" title="بانكوك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بانكوك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCiltah_T%C3%A1b%C4%85%C4%85hkin" title="Chʼiltah Tábąąhkin – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼiltah Tábąąhkin" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95" title="बैङ्कक – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बैङ्कक" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BA" title="Μπανγκόκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπανγκόκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankoko" title="Bankoko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bankoko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9" title="بانکوک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بانکوک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banc%C3%A1c" title="Bancác – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bancác" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%BB%D1%81%D0%BD" title="Бангкок балһсн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Бангкок балһсн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%BD%95" title="방콕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방콕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AF" title="Բանգկոկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բանգկոկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95" title="बैंकॉक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बैंकॉक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95" title="চাংৱাত ব্যাংকক – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="চাংৱাত ব্যাংকক" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A7" title="בנגקוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנגקוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%8Bk%C9%94k%C9%A9" title="Paŋkɔkɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Paŋkɔkɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬ್ಯಾಂಕಾಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ಯಾಂಕಾಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ბანგკოკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბანგკოკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9" title="بینٛگ کوک – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بینٛگ کوک" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81" title="ບາງກອກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ບາງກອກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancocum" title="Bancocum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bancocum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkoka" title="Bangkoka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bangkoka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankokas" title="Bankokas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bankokas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangk%C3%B2k" title="Bangkòk – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bangkòk" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangcoc" title="Bangcoc – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bangcoc" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95" title="बैङ्कक – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बैङ्कक" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ബാങ്കോക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാങ്കോക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95" title="बँकॉक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बँकॉक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ბანგკოკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბანგკოკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83" title="بانكوك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بانكوك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9" title="بانکوک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بانکوک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banguecoque" title="Banguecoque – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Banguecoque" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဘန်ကောက်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘန်ကောက်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95" title="बैङ्कक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बैङ्कक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95" title="बैंकक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बैंकक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AF" title="バンコク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バンコク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangk%C3%B2k" title="Bangkòk – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bangkòk" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95" title="ਬੈਂਕਾਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੈਂਕਾਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="بینکاک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بینکاک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%97%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဝေင်ꩻဗန်ကောက် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဝေင်ꩻဗန်ကောက်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9" title="بانکوک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بانکوک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%80" title="បាងកក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បាងកក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banguecoque" title="Banguecoque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Banguecoque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Банкок – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Банкок" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Баҥкок – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Баҥкок" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0" title="ᱵᱮᱝᱠᱚᱠ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱮᱝᱠᱚᱠ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkoku" title="Bangkoku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bangkoku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="බැංකොක් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බැංකොක්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%A7%DA%AA" title="بينڪاڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بينڪاڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%A9" title="بانکۆک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بانکۆک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="பேங்காக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேங்காக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%B5%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="ၵုင်းထဵပ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၵုင်းထဵပ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="బ్యాంకాక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్యాంకాక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3" title="กรุงเทพมหานคร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรุงเทพมหานคร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Бангкок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бангкок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="بینکاک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بینکاک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83" title="باڭكوك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="باڭكوك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manguz" title="Manguz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Manguz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankok" title="Bankok – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bankok" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83ng_C%E1%BB%91c" title="Băng Cốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Băng Cốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%B0%B7" title="曼谷 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="曼谷" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_(Thailand)" title="Bangkok (Thailand) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bangkok (Thailand)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%B0%B7" title="曼谷 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="曼谷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A7" title="באנגקאק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באנגקאק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%B0%B7" title="曼谷 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="曼谷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankoks" title="Bankoks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bankoks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%B0%B7" title="曼谷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曼谷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bangkok" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bangkok&params=13_45_09_N_100_29_39_E_region:TH-10_type:city(8,300,000)">13°45′09″N 100°29′39″E / 13.75250°N 100.49417°E / 13.75250; 100.49417</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and largest city of Thailand</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Special administrative area in Central Thailand, Thailand</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Bangkok</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="th"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>กรุงเทพมหานคร</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Thailand" title="List of municipalities in Thailand">Special administrative area</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Krung Thep Maha Nakhon</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_Montage_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From top, left to right: Sathon business district, Wat Benchamabophit, Grand Palace, Giant Swing, Democracy Monument, and Wat Arun"><img alt="From top, left to right: Sathon business district, Wat Benchamabophit, Grand Palace, Giant Swing, Democracy Monument, and Wat Arun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bangkok_Montage_2024.jpg/250px-Bangkok_Montage_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bangkok_Montage_2024.jpg/375px-Bangkok_Montage_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bangkok_Montage_2024.jpg/500px-Bangkok_Montage_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="2000" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">From top, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Sathon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sathon">Sathon</a> business district, <a href="/wiki/Wat_Benchamabophit" title="Wat Benchamabophit">Wat Benchamabophit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace" title="Grand Palace">Grand Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_Swing" title="Giant Swing">Giant Swing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Monument" title="Democracy Monument">Democracy Monument</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wat_Arun" title="Wat Arun">Wat Arun</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bangkok.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bangkok"><img alt="A green rectangular flag with the seal of Bangkok in the centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Bangkok.svg/100px-Flag_of_Bangkok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Bangkok.svg/150px-Flag_of_Bangkok.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Bangkok.svg/200px-Flag_of_Bangkok.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bangkok" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Bangkok">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Admin_(green).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Bangkok"><img alt="A round seal bearing the image of Indra riding Airavata among clouds, with the words "Krung Thep Maha Nakhon" (in Thai) across the top" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seal_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Admin_%28green%29.svg/100px-Seal_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Admin_%28green%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seal_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Admin_%28green%29.svg/150px-Seal_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Admin_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seal_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Admin_%28green%29.svg/200px-Seal_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Admin_%28green%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">City of Angels, The Big Mango</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1222442370">.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container>label:first-of-type{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatleft,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tleft{padding:0 0 0 0;margin:0 0 0 0}</style><div class="switcher-container mapframe-multi-container center"><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="9" data-lat="13.75" data-lon="100.52" data-overlays="["_565b38e31e89f1bf772cc755fab52d301b98c840"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/9/13.75/100.52/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,13.75,100.52,280x280.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bangkok&revid=1258680887&groups=_565b38e31e89f1bf772cc755fab52d301b98c840" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,13.75,100.52,280x280@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bangkok&revid=1258680887&groups=_565b38e31e89f1bf772cc755fab52d301b98c840 2x" alt="Map" /></a>Show Bangkok</div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="5" data-lat="14" data-lon="101" data-overlays="["_f7dc318cc0f43a047b9a127ab4b32afb6003bd1b"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/5/14/101/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,14,101,280x280.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bangkok&revid=1258680887&groups=_f7dc318cc0f43a047b9a127ab4b32afb6003bd1b" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,14,101,280x280@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bangkok&revid=1258680887&groups=_f7dc318cc0f43a047b9a127ab4b32afb6003bd1b 2x" alt="Map" /></a>Show Thailand</div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="1" data-lat="43.6811" data-lon="87.3311" data-overlays="["_f857917975441a69a6facea259f713c6427895ec"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/1/43.6811/87.3311/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,1,43.6811,87.3311,280x280.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bangkok&revid=1258680887&groups=_f857917975441a69a6facea259f713c6427895ec" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,1,43.6811,87.3311,280x280@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bangkok&revid=1258680887&groups=_f857917975441a69a6facea259f713c6427895ec 2x" alt="Map" /></a>Show Asia</div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bangkok&params=13_45_09_N_100_29_39_E_region:TH-10_type:city(8,300,000)">13°45′09″N 100°29′39″E / 13.75250°N 100.49417°E / 13.75250; 100.49417</a><a href="#cite_note-BMA_geo-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Thailand" title="Regions of Thailand">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Thailand" title="Central Thailand">Central Thailand</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 15th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded as capital</th><td class="infobox-data">21 April 1782</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Re-incorporated</th><td class="infobox-data">13 December 1972</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Administration" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Administration">Bangkok Metropolitan Administration</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_area_(Thailand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special administrative area (Thailand)">Special administrative area</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bangkok" title="Governor of Bangkok">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chadchart_Sittipunt" title="Chadchart Sittipunt">Chadchart Sittipunt</a> (Indp.)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-BMA_geo-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,568.737 km2 (605.693 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Tangchonlatip-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,761.6 km2 (2,996.8 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Sinsakul-3">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.5 m (4.9 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2010 census)<a href="#cite_note-2010_census_1-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,305,218</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2021)<a href="#cite_note-GPP-5">[5]</a></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,034,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">5,300/km2 (14,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">17,400,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,200/km2 (5,800/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bangkokian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-GPP-5">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • City</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baht" class="mw-redirect" title="Baht">baht</a> 5.747 trillion (<a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a> 164 billion) (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro</th><td class="infobox-data">baht 8.096 trillion (US$ 232 billion) (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B07:00" title="UTC+07:00">UTC+07:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Thailand" title="Time in Thailand">ICT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">10###</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">02</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">TH-10</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://main.bangkok.go.th/">main.bangkok.go.th</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Bangkok,<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a> officially known in <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon<a href="#cite_note-10">[b]</a> and colloquially as Krung Thep,<a href="#cite_note-11">[c]</a> is the capital and most populous city of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi) in the <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" title="Chao Phraya River">Chao Phraya River</a> delta in <a href="/wiki/Central_Thailand" title="Central Thailand">central Thailand</a> and has an estimated population of 9.0 million as of 2021, 13% of the country's population. Over 17.4 million people (25%) live within the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Bangkok Metropolitan Region</a> as of the 2021 estimate, making Bangkok a <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacity</a> and an extreme <a href="/wiki/Primate_city" title="Primate city">primate city</a>, dwarfing Thailand's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy.<a href="#cite_note-GPP-5">[5]</a> Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a> in the 15th century, which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities, <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi</a> in 1767 and <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Rattanakosin</a> in 1782. Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam during the late-19th century, as the country faced pressures from the West. The city was at the centre of the country's political struggles throughout the <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a>, as Siam—later renamed Thailand—abolished absolute monarchy, adopted constitutional rule, and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings. The city, incorporated as a special administrative area under the <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Administration" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Administration">Bangkok Metropolitan Administration</a> in 1972, grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand's politics, economy, education, media and modern society. The <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Cub_Economies" title="Tiger Cub Economies">Asian investment boom</a> in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok. The city is now a regional force in finance, business and pop culture. It is an international hub for transport and health care, and has emerged as a centre for the arts, fashion, and entertainment. The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks, as well as its <a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">red-light districts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace" title="Grand Palace">Grand Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temples</a> including <a href="/wiki/Wat_Arun" title="Wat Arun">Wat Arun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wat_Pho" title="Wat Pho">Wat Pho</a> stand in contrast with other tourist attractions such as the nightlife scenes of <a href="/wiki/Khaosan_Road" title="Khaosan Road">Khaosan Road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patpong" title="Patpong">Patpong</a>. Bangkok is among the world's top tourist destinations, and has been named the world's most visited city consistently in several international rankings. Bangkok's rapid growth coupled with little <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> has resulted in a haphazard cityscape and inadequate infrastructure. Despite an extensive <a href="/wiki/Expressway_Authority_of_Thailand" title="Expressway Authority of Thailand">expressway network</a>, an inadequate road network and substantial private car usage have led to chronic and crippling <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a>, which caused severe air pollution in the 1990s. The city has since turned to public transport in an attempt to solve the problem, operating <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Bangkok" title="Rail transport in Bangkok">10 urban rail lines</a> and building other public transit; however, congestion remains a prevalent issue. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangkok" title="History of Bangkok">History of Bangkok</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Loubere_map_of_Bangkok_(English).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An engraved map titled "A Map of Bancock", showing a walled settlement on the west of a river, and a fort on the east" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/La_Loubere_map_of_Bangkok_%28English%29.jpg/170px-La_Loubere_map_of_Bangkok_%28English%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/La_Loubere_map_of_Bangkok_%28English%29.jpg/255px-La_Loubere_map_of_Bangkok_%28English%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/La_Loubere_map_of_Bangkok_%28English%29.jpg/340px-La_Loubere_map_of_Bangkok_%28English%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Map of 17th-century Bangkok, from <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_la_Loub%C3%A8re" title="Simon de la Loubère">Simon de la Loubère</a>'s Du Royaume de Siam</figcaption></figure> The history of Bangkok dates at least back to the early 15th century, to when it was a village on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" title="Chao Phraya River">Chao Phraya River</a>, under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tipawan-12">[9]</a> Because of its strategic location near the mouth of the river, the town gradually increased in importance. Bangkok initially served as a customs outpost with forts on both sides of the river, and was the site of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bangkok" title="Siege of Bangkok">a siege in 1688</a> in which the French were expelled from Siam. After the fall of Ayutthaya to the <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burmese</a> in 1767, the newly crowned King <a href="/wiki/Taksin" title="Taksin">Taksin</a> established his capital at the town, which became the base of the <a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a>. In 1782, King <a href="/wiki/Phutthayotfa_Chulalok" class="mw-redirect" title="Phutthayotfa Chulalok">Phutthayotfa Chulalok</a> (Rama I) succeeded Taksin, moved the capital to the eastern bank's <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Island" title="Rattanakosin Island">Rattanakosin Island</a>, thus founding the <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Rattanakosin Kingdom</a>. The <a href="/wiki/City_Pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="City Pillar">City Pillar</a> was erected on 21 April 1782, which is regarded as the date of foundation of Bangkok as the capital.<a href="#cite_note-200_years-13">[10]</a> Bangkok's economy gradually expanded through international trade, first with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, then with Western merchants returning in the early-to-mid 19th century. As the capital, Bangkok was the centre of Siam's modernization as it faced pressure from Western powers in the late-19th century. The reigns of Kings <a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a> (Rama IV, <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1851–68) and <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a> (Rama V, <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1868–1910) saw the introduction of the steam engine, printing press, rail transport and utilities infrastructure in the city, as well as formal education and healthcare. Bangkok became the centre stage for power struggles between the military and political elite as the country <a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">abolished absolute monarchy in 1932</a>.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Thailand-14">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Bangkok_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_(1828).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/View_of_Bangkok_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_%281828%29.jpg/220px-View_of_Bangkok_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_%281828%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/View_of_Bangkok_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_%281828%29.jpg/330px-View_of_Bangkok_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_%281828%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/View_of_Bangkok_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_%281828%29.jpg/440px-View_of_Bangkok_by_John_Heaviside_Clark_%281828%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2817" data-file-height="1849" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of the city from British diplomat <a href="/wiki/John_Crawfurd" title="John Crawfurd">John Crawfurd</a>'s embassy in 1822</figcaption></figure> As <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> allied with <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">in World War II</a>, Bangkok was subjected to <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bangkok_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bangkok in World War II">Allied bombing</a>, but rapidly grew in the post-war period as a result of US aid and government-sponsored investment. Bangkok's role as a US military <a href="/wiki/R%26R_(military)" title="R&R (military)">R&R</a> destination boosted its tourism industry as well as firmly establishing it as a sex tourism destination. Disproportionate urban development led to increasing income inequalities and migration from rural areas into Bangkok; its population surged from 1.8 million to 3 million in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Thailand-14">[11]</a> Following the US withdrawal from <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> in 1973, Japanese businesses took over as leaders in investment, and the expansion of export-oriented manufacturing led to growth of the financial market in Bangkok.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Thailand-14">[11]</a> Rapid growth of the city continued through the 1980s and early 1990s, until it was stalled by the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>. By then, many public and social issues had emerged, among them the strain on infrastructure reflected in the city's notorious traffic jams. Bangkok's role as the nation's political stage continues to be seen in strings of popular protests, from the student uprisings in <a href="/wiki/14_October_1973_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="14 October 1973 uprising">1973</a> and <a href="/wiki/6_October_1976_massacre" title="6 October 1976 massacre">1976</a>, anti-military demonstrations <a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1992)" title="Black May (1992)">in 1992</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand_since_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thailand since 2001">frequent street protests since 2006</a>, including those by groups opposing and supporting former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a> from 2006 to <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Thai_political_crisis" title="2013–2014 Thai political crisis">2013</a>, and a renewed student-led movement <a href="/wiki/2020_Thai_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Thai protests">in 2020</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> Administration of the city was first formalized by King Chulalongkorn in 1906, with the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Monthon" title="Monthon">Monthon</a> Krung Thep Phra Maha Nakhon (มณฑลกรุงเทพพระมหานคร) as a national subdivision. In 1915, the monthon was split into several provinces, the administrative boundaries of which have since further changed. The city in its current form was created in 1972 with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Administration" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Administration">Bangkok Metropolitan Administration</a> (BMA), following the merger of Phra Nakhon province on the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya and Thonburi province on the west during the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-200_years-13">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> The origin of the name Bangkok (บางกอก, pronounced in Thai as <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[bāːŋ kɔ̀ːk]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c3\/Th-Bangkok.ogg\/Th-Bangkok.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Th-Bangkok.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Th-Bangkok.ogg/Th-Bangkok.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Th-Bangkok.ogg" title="File:Th-Bangkok.ogg">ⓘ</a>) is unclear. Bang บาง is a Thai word meaning 'a village on a stream',<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> and the name might have been derived from Bang Ko (บางเกาะ), ko เกาะ meaning 'island', stemming from the city's watery landscape.<a href="#cite_note-Tipawan-12">[9]</a> Another theory suggests that it is shortened from Bang Makok (บางมะกอก), makok มะกอก being the name of <a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpus_hygrophilus" title="Elaeocarpus hygrophilus">Elaeocarpus hygrophilus</a>, a plant bearing olive-like fruit.<a href="#cite_note-17">[d]</a> This is supported by the former name of <a href="/wiki/Wat_Arun" title="Wat Arun">Wat Arun</a>, a historic temple in the area, that used to be called Wat Makok.<a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> Officially, the town was known as Thonburi Si Mahasamut (ธนบุรีศรีมหาสมุทร, from <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, literally 'city of treasures gracing the ocean') or Thonburi, according to the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayutthaya Chronicles">Ayutthaya Chronicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wang_Derm-Thonburi-19">[15]</a> Bangkok was likely a colloquial name, albeit <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym"> one widely adopted by foreign visitors</a>, who continued to use it to refer to the city even after the new capital's establishment. When King Rama I established his new capital on the river's eastern bank, the city inherited Ayutthaya's ceremonial name, of which there were many variants, including Krung Thep Thawarawadi Si Ayutthaya (กรุงเทพทวารวดีศรีอยุธยา) and Krung Thep Maha Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (กรุงเทพมหานครศรีอยุธยา).<a href="#cite_note-Chanchai-20">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Roberts_(diplomat)" title="Edmund Roberts (diplomat)">Edmund Roberts</a>, visiting the city as envoy of the United States in 1833, noted that the city, since becoming capital, was known as Sia-Yut'hia, and this is the name used in international treaties of the period.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts-21">[17]</a> The city's ceremonial name came into use during the reign of King Mongkut.<a href="#cite_note-22">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-200_years-13">[10]</a> The full name reads as follows:<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Institute_Newsletter-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[f]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Th-Bangkok_ceremonial_name.ogg" title="File:Th-Bangkok ceremonial name.ogg">Full ceremonial name</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Th-Bangkok_ceremonial_name.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Th-Bangkok_ceremonial_name.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/49/Th-Bangkok_ceremonial_name.ogg/Th-Bangkok_ceremonial_name.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATh-Bangkok_ceremonial_name.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATh-Bangkok_ceremonial_name.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit กรุงเทพมหานคร อมรรัตนโกสินทร์ มหินทรายุธยา มหาดิลกภพ นพรัตนราชธานีบูรีรมย์ อุดมราชนิเวศน์มหาสถาน อมรพิมานอวตารสถิต สักกะทัตติยวิษณุกรรมประสิทธิ์</blockquote> The name, composed of <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> root words, translates as:<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Institute_Newsletter-23">[18]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">City of angels, great city of immortals, magnificent city of the <a href="/wiki/Navaratna" title="Navaratna">nine gems</a>, seat of the king, city of royal palaces, home of gods incarnate, erected by <a href="/wiki/Vishvakarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishvakarman">Vishvakarman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>'s behest.</blockquote> The name is listed in <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> as the world's <a href="/wiki/Longest_place_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Longest place name">longest place name</a>, at 168 letters.<a href="#cite_note-25">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[g]</a> Many Thais who recall the full name do so because of its use in the 1989 song "Krung Thep Maha Nakhon" by Thai rock band <a href="/wiki/Asanee%E2%80%93Wasan" title="Asanee–Wasan">Asanee–Wasan</a>, the lyrics of which consist entirely of the city's full name, repeated throughout the song.<a href="#cite_note-27">[20]</a> Today, the city is officially known in Thai by a shortened form of the full ceremonial name, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (กรุงเทพมหานคร), which is colloquially further shortened to Krung Thep (กรุงเทพฯ). Krung กรุง is a Thai word of <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> origin,<a href="#cite_note-28">[21]</a> meaning 'capital, king',<a href="#cite_note-29">[22]</a> while thep, เทพ is from Pali/Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">deva</a>, meaning 'deity' or 'god'. The name is more commonly translated as 'City of Angels', which is also used to draw comparisons with <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in the United States, a comparably sized city with similar traffic issues.<a href="#cite_note-30">[23]</a> Another nickname sometimes used to refer to the city is The Big Mango, a tongue-in-cheek comparison to <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Apple" class="mw-redirect" title="The Big Apple">The Big Apple</a> for <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Administration" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Administration">Bangkok Metropolitan Administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_name_of_Bangkok.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A granite sign with a long name in Thai script, and a building in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Full_name_of_Bangkok.JPG/220px-Full_name_of_Bangkok.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Full_name_of_Bangkok.JPG/330px-Full_name_of_Bangkok.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Full_name_of_Bangkok.JPG/440px-Full_name_of_Bangkok.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2038" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>The city's <a href="#Name">ceremonial name</a> is displayed in front of Bangkok City Hall.</figcaption></figure> The city of Bangkok is locally governed by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA). Although its boundaries are at the provincial (<a href="/wiki/Changwat" class="mw-redirect" title="Changwat">changwat</a>) level, unlike the other 76 provinces Bangkok is a special administrative area whose governor is directly elected to serve a four-year term. The governor, together with four appointed deputies, form the executive body, who implement policies through the BMA civil service headed by the Permanent Secretary for the BMA. In separate elections, each district elects one or more city councillors, who form the Bangkok Metropolitan Council. The council is the BMA's legislative body, and has power over municipal ordinances and the city's budget.<a href="#cite_note-32">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2022_Bangkok_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 Bangkok gubernatorial election">latest gubernatorial election</a> took place on 22 May 2022 after an extended lapse following the <a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2014 Thai coup d'état">2014 Thai coup d'état</a>, and was won by <a href="/wiki/Chadchart_Sittipunt" title="Chadchart Sittipunt">Chadchart Sittipunt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[26]</a> Bangkok is divided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Bangkok" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Bangkok">fifty districts</a> (khet, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Amphoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoe">amphoe</a> in the other provinces), which are further subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Khwaeng" title="Khwaeng">180 sub-districts</a> (khwaeng, equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Tambon" title="Tambon">tambon</a>). Each district is managed by a district director appointed by the governor. District councils, elected to four-year terms, serve as advisory bodies to their respective district directors. The BMA is divided into sixteen departments, each overseeing different aspects of the administration's responsibilities. Most of these responsibilities concern the city's infrastructure, and include city planning, building control, transportation, drainage, waste management and city beautification, as well as education, medical and rescue services.<a href="#cite_note-34">[27]</a> Many of these services are provided jointly with other agencies. The BMA has the authority to implement local ordinances, although civil law enforcement falls under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Bureau_(Thailand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Bureau (Thailand)">Metropolitan Police Bureau</a>. The seal of the city shows <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> god <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> riding in the clouds on <a href="/wiki/Airavata" title="Airavata">Airavata</a>, a divine <a href="/wiki/White_elephant" title="White elephant">white elephant</a> known in Thai as Erawan. In his hand Indra holds his weapon, the <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[28]</a> The seal is based on a painting done by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Naris" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Naris">Prince Naris</a>. The tree symbol of Bangkok is <a href="/wiki/Ficus_benjamina" title="Ficus benjamina">Ficus benjamina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Giant_barb" title="Giant barb">Giant barb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catlocarpio_siamensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Catlocarpio siamensis">Catlocarpio siamensis</a>) has been chosen as the aquatic animal of Bangkok.<a href="#cite_note-37">[30]</a> The official city slogan, adopted in 2012, reads: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As built by deities, the administrative centre, dazzling palaces and temples, the capital of Thailand กรุงเทพฯ ดุจเทพสร้าง เมืองศูนย์กลางการปกครอง วัดวังงามเรืองรอง เมืองหลวงของประเทศไทย<a href="#cite_note-38">[31]</a></blockquote> As the capital of Thailand, Bangkok is the seat of all branches of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" title="Government of Thailand">national government</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Government_House_(Thailand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government House (Thailand)">Government House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House_(Thailand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament House (Thailand)">Parliament House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Thailand" title="Supreme Court of Thailand">Supreme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Court_of_Thailand" title="Administrative Court of Thailand">Administrative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Thailand" title="Constitutional Court of Thailand">Constitutional</a> Courts are all in the city. Bangkok is the site of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace" title="Grand Palace">Grand Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dusit_Palace" title="Dusit Palace">Dusit Palace</a>, respectively the official and de facto residence of the king. Most government ministries also have headquarters and offices in the capital. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_satellite_city-area.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Satellite image showing a river flowing into the ocean, with large built-up areas along its sides just before the river mouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bangkok_satellite_city-area.jpg/220px-Bangkok_satellite_city-area.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bangkok_satellite_city-area.jpg/330px-Bangkok_satellite_city-area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bangkok_satellite_city-area.jpg/440px-Bangkok_satellite_city-area.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>The city of Bangkok is highlighted in this satellite image of the lower Chao Phraya delta. The built-up urban area extends northward and southward into Nonthaburi and Samut Prakan provinces.</figcaption></figure> Bangkok covers an area of 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi), ranking 69th among the other 76 provinces of Thailand. Of this, about 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi) form the built-up urban area.<a href="#cite_note-BMA_geo-1">[1]</a> It is ranked 73rd in the world in terms of land area.<a href="#cite_note-CityMayors-39">[32]</a> The city's <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> reaches into parts of the six other provinces that it borders, namely, in clockwise order from northwest: <a href="/wiki/Nonthaburi_province" title="Nonthaburi province">Nonthaburi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathum_Thani_province" title="Pathum Thani province">Pathum Thani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chachoengsao_province" title="Chachoengsao province">Chachoengsao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samut_Prakan_province" title="Samut Prakan province">Samut Prakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samut_Sakhon_province" title="Samut Sakhon province">Samut Sakhon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom_province" title="Nakhon Pathom province">Nakhon Pathom</a>. With the exception of Chachoengsao, these provinces, together with Bangkok, form the greater <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Bangkok Metropolitan Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tangchonlatip-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Topography">edit</a>]</div> Bangkok is situated in the Chao Phraya River delta in Thailand's <a href="/wiki/Central_Thailand" title="Central Thailand">central plain</a>. The river meanders through the city in a southerly direction, emptying into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a> approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of city centre. The area is flat and low-lying, with an average elevation of 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sinsakul-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[h]</a> Most of the area was originally <a href="/wiki/Swampland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swampland">swampland</a>, which was gradually drained and irrigated for agriculture by the construction of canals (<a href="/wiki/Khlong" title="Khlong">khlong</a>) which took place from the 16th to 19th centuries. The course of the river as it flows through Bangkok has been modified by the construction of <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River#River_engineering" title="Chao Phraya River">several shortcut canals</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaophrayashortcut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chaophrayashortcut.jpg/170px-Chaophrayashortcut.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chaophrayashortcut.jpg/255px-Chaophrayashortcut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Chaophrayashortcut.jpg/340px-Chaophrayashortcut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="2421" /></a><figcaption>Bangkok's major canals are shown in this map, detailing the original course of the river and its shortcut canals.</figcaption></figure> The city's waterway network served as the primary means of transport until the late 19th century, when modern roads began to be built. Up until then, most people lived near or on the water, leading the city to be known during the 19th century as the "<a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> of the East".<a href="#cite_note-41">[33]</a> Many of these canals have since been filled in or paved over, but others still criss-cross the city, serving as major drainage channels and transport routes. Most canals are now badly polluted, although the BMA has committed to the treatment and cleaning up of several canals.<a href="#cite_note-42">[34]</a> The geology of the Bangkok area is characterised by a top layer of soft <a href="/wiki/Marine_clay" title="Marine clay">marine clay</a>, known as "Bangkok clay", averaging 15 metres (49 ft) in thickness, which overlies an <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> system consisting of eight known units. This feature has contributed to the effects of <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> caused by extensive groundwater pumping. First discovered in the 1970s, subsidence soon became a critical issue, reaching a rate of 120 millimetres (4.7 in) per year in 1981. Ground water management and mitigation measures have since lessened the severity of the situation, and the rate of subsidence decreased to 10 to 30 millimetres (0.39 to 1.18 in) per year in the early 2000s, though parts of the city are now 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) below sea level.<a href="#cite_note-43">[35]</a> Subsidence has resulted in increased flood risk, as Bangkok is already prone to flooding due to its low elevation and an inadequate drainage infrastructure,<a href="#cite_note-44">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[37]</a> often compounded by blockage from rubbish pollution (especially plastic waste).<a href="#cite_note-46">[38]</a> The city now relies on flood barriers and augmenting drainage from canals by pumping and building drain tunnels, but parts of Bangkok and its suburbs are still regularly inundated. Heavy downpours resulting in <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">urban runoff</a> overwhelming drainage systems, and runoff discharge from upstream areas, are major triggering factors.<a href="#cite_note-47">[39]</a> Severe flooding affecting much of the city occurred in 1995 and <a href="/wiki/2011_Thailand_floods" title="2011 Thailand floods">2011</a>. In 2011, most of Bangkok's northern, eastern and western districts were flooded, in some places for over two months. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok,_Thailand_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_(5457306973).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bangkok%2C_Thailand_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457306973%29.jpg/220px-Bangkok%2C_Thailand_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457306973%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bangkok%2C_Thailand_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457306973%29.jpg/330px-Bangkok%2C_Thailand_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457306973%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bangkok%2C_Thailand_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457306973%29.jpg/440px-Bangkok%2C_Thailand_Population_Density_and_Low_Elevation_Coastal_Zones_%285457306973%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3256" data-file-height="2478" /></a><figcaption>Bangkok population density and low elevation coastal zones. Bangkok is especially vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>.</figcaption></figure> Bangkok's coastal location makes it particularly vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Rising_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Rising sea level">rising sea levels</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and climate change. A study by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> has estimated that 5.138 million people in Bangkok may be exposed to <a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">coastal flooding</a> by 2070, the seventh highest figure among the world's port cities.<a href="#cite_note-48">[40]</a>: 8  There are fears that the city may be submerged by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-49">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[43]</a> A study published in October 2019 in <a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a> corrected earlier models of coastal elevations<a href="#cite_note-52">[44]</a> and concluded that up to 12 million Thais—mostly in the greater Bangkok metropolitan area—face the prospect of annual flooding events.<a href="#cite_note-NC-20191029-53">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20191030-54">[46]</a> This is compounded by coastal erosion, which is an issue in the gulf coastal area, a small length of which lies within Bangkok's <a href="/wiki/Bang_Khun_Thian_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bang Khun Thian District">Bang Khun Thian District</a>. Tidal flat ecosystems existed on the coast; however, many have been reclaimed for agriculture, aquaculture, and salt works.<a href="#cite_note-55">[47]</a> There are no mountains in Bangkok. The closest mountain range is the <a href="/wiki/Khao_Khiao_Massif" title="Khao Khiao Massif">Khao Khiao Massif</a>, about 40 km (25 mi) southeast of the city. Phu Khao Thong, the only hill in the metropolitan area, originated with a very large <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">chedi</a> that King <a href="/wiki/Rama_III" title="Rama III">Rama III</a> (1787–1851) built at <a href="/wiki/Wat_Saket" title="Wat Saket">Wat Saket</a>. The chedi collapsed during construction because the soft soil could not support its weight. Over the next few decades, the abandoned mud-and-brick structure acquired the shape of a natural hill and became overgrown with weeds. The locals called it phu khao (ภูเขา), as if it were a natural feature.<a href="#cite_note-56">[48]</a> In the 1940s, enclosing concrete walls were added to stop the hill from eroding.<a href="#cite_note-57">[49]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Like most of Thailand, Bangkok has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a> (Aw) under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> and is under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian monsoon">Asian monsoon</a> system. The city experiences three seasons: hot, rainy, and cool, although temperatures are fairly hot year-round, ranging from an average low of 23.2 °C (73.8 °F) in December to an average high of 35.7 °C (96.3 °F) in April. The annual average temperature is 28.9 °C (84.0 °F). The rainy season begins with the arrival of the southwest <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> around mid-May. September is the wettest month, with an average rainfall of 335.9 millimetres (13.22 in). The rainy season lasts until October, when the dry and cool northeast monsoon takes over until February. The hot season is generally dry, but also sees occasional summer storms.<a href="#cite_note-58">[50]</a> The surface magnitude of Bangkok's <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> has been measured at 2.5 °C (4.5 °F) during the day and 8.0 °C (14 °F) at night.<a href="#cite_note-59">[51]</a> The highest recorded temperature of Bangkok metropolis was 41.0 °C (105.8 °F) on 7 May 2023,<a href="#cite_note-CNN-60">[52]</a> and the lowest recorded temperature was 9.9 °C (49.8 °F) in January 1955.<a href="#cite_note-extreme_minimum-61">[53]</a> The Climate Impact Group at NASA's <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a> projected severe weather impacts on Bangkok caused by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. It found that Bangkok in 1960 had 193 days at or above 32 °C. In 2018, Bangkok can expect 276 days at or above 32 °C. The group forecasts a rise by 2100 to, on average, 297 to 344 days at or above 32 °C.<a href="#cite_note-62">[54]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6 (99.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.8 (101.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.1 (104.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0 (104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.0 (105.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.8 (101.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.4 (101.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2 (100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4 (99.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.9 (100.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.8 (101.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1 (98.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.0 (105.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7 (90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7 (92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.7 (94.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7 (96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.1 (95.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 (93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5 (92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3 (91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1 (91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.7 (92.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7 (85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7 (87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3 (86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7 (85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2 (84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 (79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2 (81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9 (80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 (79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1 (79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7 (76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 (73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9 (67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 (71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3 (70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2 (57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6 (0.93) </td> <td style="background: #DCFFDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4 (0.84) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.0 (2.01) </td> <td style="background: #6FFF6F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.3 (3.67) </td> <td style="background: #00BA00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">216.8 (8.54) </td> <td style="background: #00CC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.5 (7.81) </td> <td style="background: #00E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.7 (7.47) </td> <td style="background: #00AB00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">227.1 (8.94) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">335.9 (13.22) </td> <td style="background: #004F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">288.7 (11.37) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.6 (1.76) </td> <td style="background: #EDFFED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 (0.46) </td> <td style="background: #27FF27; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,702.1 (67.01) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1 </td> <td style="background: #3E3EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.6 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.0 </td> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">105.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000F0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000E8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000DE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000D9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000CE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.8 </td> <td style="background: #0404FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">73.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9934; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.2 (66.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.2 (73.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">216.0 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">215.8 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">234.2 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">226.6 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.2 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">158.4 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF27; color:#000000;" class="notheme">140.7 </td> <td style="background: #BABA47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">128.9 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.6 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">157.5 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">194.8 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.5 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,212.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-63">[55]</a> Thai Meteorological Department (Feb–May record highs, 1951–2022;<a href="#cite_note-64">[56]</a> Nov–Feb record lows, 1951–2021<a href="#cite_note-extreme_minimum-61">[53]</a>), CNN (May record high),<a href="#cite_note-CNN-60">[52]</a> Ogimet (other record highs/lows)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV),<a href="#cite_note-65">[57]</a> Meteo Climat (record)<a href="#cite_note-meteoclimat-66">[58]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Districts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khet_Bangkok.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of Bangkok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Khet_Bangkok.svg/400px-Khet_Bangkok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Khet_Bangkok.svg/600px-Khet_Bangkok.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Khet_Bangkok.svg/800px-Khet_Bangkok.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the 50 districts of Bangkok (<a href="/wiki/File:Districts_and_Sub-districts_of_Bangkok.png" title="File:Districts and Sub-districts of Bangkok.png">labelled version showing subdistricts</a>)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Bangkok" title="List of districts of Bangkok">Bangkok's fifty districts</a> serve as administrative subdivisions under the authority of the BMA. Thirty-five of these districts lie to the east of the Chao Phraya, while fifteen are on the western bank, known as the Thonburi side of the city. The fifty districts, arranged by district code, are:<a href="#cite_note-67">[59]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_district" title="Phra Nakhon district">Phra Nakhon district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusit_district" title="Dusit district">Dusit district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Chok_district" title="Nong Chok district">Nong Chok district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Rak_district" title="Bang Rak district">Bang Rak district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Khen_district" title="Bang Khen district">Bang Khen district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Kapi_district" title="Bang Kapi district">Bang Kapi district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathum_Wan_district" title="Pathum Wan district">Pathum Wan district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pom_Prap_Sattru_Phai_district" title="Pom Prap Sattru Phai district">Pom Prap Sattru Phai district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phra_Khanong_district" title="Phra Khanong district">Phra Khanong district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Buri_district" title="Min Buri district">Min Buri district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lat_Krabang_district" title="Lat Krabang district">Lat Krabang district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Nawa_district" title="Yan Nawa district">Yan Nawa district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samphanthawong_district" title="Samphanthawong district">Samphanthawong district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaya_Thai_district" title="Phaya Thai district">Phaya Thai district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thon_Buri_district" title="Thon Buri district">Thon Buri district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Yai_district" title="Bangkok Yai district">Bangkok Yai district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_Khwang_district" title="Huai Khwang district">Huai Khwang district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlong_San_district" title="Khlong San district">Khlong San district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taling_Chan_district" title="Taling Chan district">Taling Chan district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Noi_district" title="Bangkok Noi district">Bangkok Noi district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Khun_Thian_district" title="Bang Khun Thian district">Bang Khun Thian district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasi_Charoen_district" title="Phasi Charoen district">Phasi Charoen district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Khaem_district" title="Nong Khaem district">Nong Khaem district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_Burana_district" title="Rat Burana district">Rat Burana district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Phlat_district" title="Bang Phlat district">Bang Phlat district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Din_Daeng_district" title="Din Daeng district">Din Daeng district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bueng_Kum_district" title="Bueng Kum district">Bueng Kum district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathon_district" title="Sathon district">Sathon district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Sue_district" title="Bang Sue district">Bang Sue district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatuchak_district" title="Chatuchak district">Chatuchak district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Kho_Laem_district" title="Bang Kho Laem district">Bang Kho Laem district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prawet_district" title="Prawet district">Prawet district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlong_Toei_district" title="Khlong Toei district">Khlong Toei district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suan_Luang_district" title="Suan Luang district">Suan Luang district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chom_Thong_district,_Bangkok" title="Chom Thong district, Bangkok">Chom Thong district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mueang_district" title="Don Mueang district">Don Mueang district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchathewi_district" title="Ratchathewi district">Ratchathewi district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lat_Phrao_district" title="Lat Phrao district">Lat Phrao district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watthana_district" title="Watthana district">Watthana district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Khae_district" title="Bang Khae district">Bang Khae district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_Si_district" title="Lak Si district">Lak Si district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Mai_district" title="Sai Mai district">Sai Mai district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Na_Yao_district" title="Khan Na Yao district">Khan Na Yao district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saphan_Sung_district" title="Saphan Sung district">Saphan Sung district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Thonglang_district" title="Wang Thonglang district">Wang Thonglang district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlong_Sam_Wa_district" title="Khlong Sam Wa district">Khlong Sam Wa district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Na_district" title="Bang Na district">Bang Na district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawi_Watthana_district" title="Thawi Watthana district">Thawi Watthana district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thung_Khru_district" title="Thung Khru district">Thung Khru district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Bon_district" title="Bang Bon district">Bang Bon district</a></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cityscape">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chao_Phraya_River_from_CAT_building_(8134954465).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of Chao Phraya River surrounded by buildings on both sides" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chao_Phraya_River_from_CAT_building_%288134954465%29.jpg/220px-Chao_Phraya_River_from_CAT_building_%288134954465%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chao_Phraya_River_from_CAT_building_%288134954465%29.jpg/330px-Chao_Phraya_River_from_CAT_building_%288134954465%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chao_Phraya_River_from_CAT_building_%288134954465%29.jpg/440px-Chao_Phraya_River_from_CAT_building_%288134954465%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" title="Chao Phraya River">Chao Phraya River</a> as it passes through Bang Kho Laem and Khlong San districts</figcaption></figure> Bangkok's districts often do not accurately represent the functional divisions of its neighbourhoods or land usage. Although <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> policies date back to the commission of the "Litchfield Plan" in 1960, which set out strategies for land use, transportation and general infrastructure improvements, zoning regulations were not fully implemented until 1992. As a result, the city grew organically throughout the period of its rapid expansion, both horizontally as <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_development" title="Ribbon development">ribbon developments</a> extended along newly built roads, and vertically, with increasing numbers of high rises and skyscrapers being built in commercial areas.<a href="#cite_note-68">[60]</a> The city has grown from its original centre along the river into a sprawling metropolis surrounded by swaths of suburban residential development extending north and south into neighbouring provinces. The highly populated and growing cities of <a href="/wiki/Nonthaburi_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonthaburi (city)">Nonthaburi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pak_Kret" title="Pak Kret">Pak Kret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rangsit_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangsit (city)">Rangsit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mueang_Samut_Prakan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mueang Samut Prakan District">Samut Prakan</a> are effectively now suburbs of Bangkok. Nevertheless, large agricultural areas remain within the city proper at its eastern and western fringes, and a small number of forest area is found within the city limits: 3,887 rai (6.2 km2; 2.4 sq mi), amounting to 0.4 per cent of city area.<a href="#cite_note-69">[61]</a> Land use in the city consists of 23 per cent residential use, 24 per cent agriculture, and 30 per cent used for commerce, industry, and government.<a href="#cite_note-BMA_geo-1">[1]</a> The BMA's City Planning Department (CPD) is responsible for planning and shaping further development. It published master plan updates in 1999 and 2006, and a third revision is undergoing public hearings in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-70">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_(38).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large plaza with a bronze statue of a man riding on horseback; beyond the plaza is a large two-storey building with a domed roof, arched windows and columns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%2838%29.jpg/220px-%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%2838%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%2838%29.jpg/330px-%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%2838%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%2838%29.jpg/440px-%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%2838%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Plaza_(Thailand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Plaza (Thailand)">Royal Plaza</a> in Dusit District was inspired by King Chulalongkorn's visits to Europe.</figcaption></figure> Bangkok's historic centre remains the <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Island" title="Rattanakosin Island">Rattanakosin Island</a> in Phra Nakhon District.<a href="#cite_note-EBOT-71">[63]</a> It is the site of the Grand Palace and the City Pillar Shrine, primary symbols of the city's founding, as well as important Buddhist temples. Phra Nakhon, along with the neighbouring Pom Prap Sattru Phai and Samphanthawong Districts, formed what was the city proper in the late 19th century. Many traditional neighbourhoods and markets are found here, including the Chinese settlement of <a href="/wiki/Sampheng" title="Sampheng">Sampheng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBOT-71">[63]</a> The city was expanded toward Dusit District in the early 19th century, following King Chulalongkorn's relocation of the royal household to the new <a href="/wiki/Dusit_Palace" title="Dusit Palace">Dusit Palace</a>. The buildings of the palace, including the neoclassical <a href="/wiki/Ananta_Samakhom_Throne_Hall" title="Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall">Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Plaza_(Thailand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Plaza (Thailand)">Royal Plaza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ratchadamnoen_Avenue" title="Ratchadamnoen Avenue">Ratchadamnoen Avenue</a> which leads to it from the Grand Palace, reflect the heavy influence of European architecture at the time. Major government offices line the avenue, as does the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Monument" title="Democracy Monument">Democracy Monument</a>. The area is the site of the country's seat of power as well as the city's most popular tourist landmarks.<a href="#cite_note-EBOT-71">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Baiyoke_Sky_Hotel,_Bangkok_(7053110333)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A lot of high-rise buildings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/View_from_Baiyoke_Sky_Hotel%2C_Bangkok_%287053110333%29_cropped.jpg/220px-View_from_Baiyoke_Sky_Hotel%2C_Bangkok_%287053110333%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/View_from_Baiyoke_Sky_Hotel%2C_Bangkok_%287053110333%29_cropped.jpg/330px-View_from_Baiyoke_Sky_Hotel%2C_Bangkok_%287053110333%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/View_from_Baiyoke_Sky_Hotel%2C_Bangkok_%287053110333%29_cropped.jpg/440px-View_from_Baiyoke_Sky_Hotel%2C_Bangkok_%287053110333%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sukhumvit_Road" title="Sukhumvit Road">Sukhumvit</a> area appears as a sea of high-rise buildings from <a href="/wiki/Baiyoke_Tower_II" title="Baiyoke Tower II">Baiyoke Tower II</a>, the tallest building in Bangkok from 1997 to 2015.</figcaption></figure> In contrast with the low-rise historic areas, the business district on <a href="/wiki/Si_Lom_Road" title="Si Lom Road">Si Lom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sathon_Road" title="Sathon Road">Sathon</a> Roads in Bang Rak and Sathon Districts teems with skyscrapers. It is the site of many of the country's major corporate headquarters, but also of some of the city's <a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">red-light districts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Siam_area" title="Siam area">Siam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ratchaprasong" title="Ratchaprasong">Ratchaprasong</a> areas in Pathum Wan are home to some of the largest shopping malls in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. Numerous retail outlets and hotels also stretch along <a href="/wiki/Sukhumvit_Road" title="Sukhumvit Road">Sukhumvit Road</a> leading southeast through Watthana and Khlong Toei Districts. More office towers line the streets branching off Sukhumvit, especially <a href="/wiki/Asok_Montri_Road" title="Asok Montri Road">Asok Montri</a>, while upmarket housing is found in many of its <a href="/wiki/Soi" title="Soi">sois</a> ('alley' or 'lane'). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(2022)_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of Victory Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%282022%29_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%281%29.jpg/220px-%282022%29_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%282022%29_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%281%29.jpg/330px-%282022%29_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%282022%29_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%281%29.jpg/440px-%282022%29_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victory_Monument_(Bangkok)" title="Victory Monument (Bangkok)">Victory Monument</a> in 2021</figcaption></figure> Bangkok lacks a single distinct <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business district</a>. Instead, the areas of Siam and Ratchaprasong serve as a "central shopping district" containing many of the bigger malls and commercial areas in the city, as well as <a href="/wiki/Siam_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam Station">Siam Station</a>, formerly the only transfer point between the city's then-two elevated train lines (the <a href="/wiki/Sukhumvit_Line" title="Sukhumvit Line">Sukhumvit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silom_Line" title="Silom Line">Silom</a> BTS lines).<a href="#cite_note-McGrath_CSD-72">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Victory_Monument_(Bangkok)" title="Victory Monument (Bangkok)">Victory Monument</a> in Ratchathewi District is among its most important road junctions, serving over 100 bus lines as well as an elevated train station. From the monument, <a href="/wiki/Phahonyothin_Road" title="Phahonyothin Road">Phahonyothin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ratchawithi_Road" title="Ratchawithi Road">Ratchawithi</a> / Din Daeng Roads respectively run north and east linking to major residential areas. Most of the high-density development areas are within the 113-square-kilometre (44 sq mi) area encircled by the <a href="/wiki/Ratchadaphisek_Road" title="Ratchadaphisek Road">Ratchadaphisek</a> inner ring road. Ratchadaphisek is lined with businesses and retail outlets, and office buildings also cluster around Ratchayothin Intersection in Chatuchak District to the north. Farther from the city centre, most areas are primarily mid- or low-density residential. The Thonburi side of the city is less developed, with fewer high rises. With the exception of a few secondary urban centres, Thonburi, in the same manner as the outlying eastern districts, consists mostly of residential and rural areas. While most of Bangkok's streets are fronted by vernacular <a href="/wiki/Shophouse" title="Shophouse">shophouses</a>, the largely unrestricted building euphoria of the 1980s has transformed the city into an urban area of skyscrapers and high rises of contrasting and clashing styles.<a href="#cite_note-73">[65]</a> There are 581 <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a> over 90 metres (300 feet) tall in the city. Bangkok was ranked as the world's eighth tallest city in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-tudl0867.home.xs4all.nl-74">[66]</a> As a result of persistent <a href="/wiki/Economic_disparity" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic disparity">economic disparity</a>, many slums have emerged in the city. In 2000 there were over one million people living in about 800 <a href="/wiki/Informal_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal settlements">informal settlements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TA-75">[67]</a> Some settlements are <a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Thailand" title="Squatting in Thailand">squatted</a> such as the large slums in <a href="/wiki/Khlong_Toei_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Khlong Toei District">Khlong Toei District</a>. In total there were 125 squatted areas.<a href="#cite_note-TA-75">[67]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:648px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_Night_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skyscrapers of Ratchadamri and Sukhumvit at night, viewed across Lumphini Park from the Si Lom – Sathon business district"><img alt="An expansive cityscape with several skyscrapers in the foreground, a park in the centre, and a large group of buildings across the park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bangkok_Night_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/640px-Bangkok_Night_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg" decoding="async" width="640" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bangkok_Night_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/960px-Bangkok_Night_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bangkok_Night_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg/1280px-Bangkok_Night_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7585" data-file-height="2217" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_Night_Wikimedia_Commons.jpg" title="File:Bangkok Night Wikimedia Commons.jpg"> </a></div>Skyscrapers of <a href="/wiki/Ratchadamri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratchadamri">Ratchadamri</a> and Sukhumvit at night, viewed across <a href="/wiki/Lumphini_Park" title="Lumphini Park">Lumphini Park</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Si_Lom" class="mw-redirect" title="Si Lom">Si Lom</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sathon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sathon">Sathon</a> business district</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_green_zones">Parks and green zones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Parks and green zones">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Lumphini_Park_and_Thai-Belgium_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A park with many trees and a lake at sunset; many buildings in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Panorama_of_Lumphini_Park_and_Thai-Belgium_Bridge.jpg/220px-Panorama_of_Lumphini_Park_and_Thai-Belgium_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Panorama_of_Lumphini_Park_and_Thai-Belgium_Bridge.jpg/330px-Panorama_of_Lumphini_Park_and_Thai-Belgium_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Panorama_of_Lumphini_Park_and_Thai-Belgium_Bridge.jpg/440px-Panorama_of_Lumphini_Park_and_Thai-Belgium_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8684" data-file-height="4293" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of <a href="/wiki/Lumphini_Park" title="Lumphini Park">Lumphini Park</a> at sunset, an oasis amid the skyscrapers of <a href="/wiki/Ratchadamri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratchadamri">Ratchadamri</a> and Sukhumvit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chatuchak_Park_(I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chatuchak_Park_%28I%29.jpg/220px-Chatuchak_Park_%28I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chatuchak_Park_%28I%29.jpg/330px-Chatuchak_Park_%28I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Chatuchak_Park_%28I%29.jpg/440px-Chatuchak_Park_%28I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5922" data-file-height="3948" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chatuchak_Park" title="Chatuchak Park">Chatuchak Park</a></figcaption></figure> Bangkok has several parks, although these amount to a <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> total park area of only 1.82 square metres (19.6 sq ft) in the city proper. Total green space for the entire city is moderate, at 11.8 square metres (127 sq ft) per person. In the more densely built-up areas of the city these numbers are as low as 1.73 and 0.72 square metres (18.6 and 7.8 sq ft) per person.<a href="#cite_note-Bunvong-76">[68]</a> More recent numbers claim that there is 3.3 square metres (36 sq ft) of green space per person,<a href="#cite_note-77">[69]</a> compared to an average of 39 square metres (420 sq ft) in other cities across Asia. In Europe, London has 33.4 m2 of green space per head.<a href="#cite_note-78">[70]</a> Bangkokians thus have 10 times less green space than is standard in the region's urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Green belt</a> areas include about 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi) of rice paddies and orchards on the eastern and western edges of the city, although their primary purpose is to serve as flood <a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">detention basins</a> rather than to limit urban expansion.<a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bang_Kachao" title="Bang Kachao">Bang Kachao</a>, a 20-square-kilometre (7.7 sq mi) conservation area on an oxbow of the Chao Phraya, lies just across the southern riverbank districts, in <a href="/wiki/Samut_Prakan_province" title="Samut Prakan province">Samut Prakan province</a>. A master development plan has been proposed to increase total park area to 4 square metres (43 sq ft) per person.<a href="#cite_note-Bunvong-76">[68]</a> One of Bangkok's largest parks is the centrally located <a href="/wiki/Lumphini_Park" title="Lumphini Park">Lumphini Park</a> near the Silom–Sathon business district with an area of 57.6 hectares (142 acres). It is connected by a 1.3 km elevated pedestrian and bicycle walkway to the Benjakitti Park, which includes a recently completed expansion including wetlands, skywalks and rare plants. Other parks include the 80-hectare (200-acre) <a href="/wiki/Suanluang_Rama_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Suanluang Rama IX">Suanluang Rama IX</a> in the east of the city, and the <a href="/wiki/Chatuchak_Park" title="Chatuchak Park">Chatuchak</a>–<a href="/wiki/Queen_Sirikit_Park" title="Queen Sirikit Park">Queen Sirikit</a>–<a href="/wiki/Wachirabenchathat_Park" title="Wachirabenchathat Park">Wachirabenchathat</a> park complex in northern Bangkok, which has a combined area of 92 hectares (230 acres).<a href="#cite_note-81">[73]</a> More parks are expected to be created through the Green Bangkok 2030 project, which aims to leave the city with 10 square metres (110 sq ft) of green space per person, including 30% of the city having tree cover.<a href="#cite_note-82">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bangkok_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Bangkok_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bangkok_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Bangkok_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bangkok_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Bangkok_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption>Bangkok population pyramid, based on 2021 population registry</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical census populations</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:auto">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1919 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">437,294</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1929 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">713,384</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1937 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">890,453</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1947 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,178,881</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1960 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,136,435</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,077,361</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,697,071</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,882,411</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,355,144</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,305,218</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: National Statistical Office (1919–2000,<a href="#cite_note-83">[75]</a> 2010<a href="#cite_note-2010_census_1-4">[4]</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> The city of Bangkok has a population of 8,305,218 according to the 2010 census, or 12.6 per cent of the national population,<a href="#cite_note-2010_census_1-4">[4]</a> while 2020 estimates place the figure at 10.539 million (15.3 per cent).<a href="#cite_note-CIA-84">[76]</a> Roughly half are internal migrants from other Thai provinces;<a href="#cite_note-BP-20180715-85">[77]</a> population registry statistics recorded 5,676,648 residents belonging to 2,959,524 households in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-86">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[i]</a> Much of Bangkok's daytime population commutes from surrounding provinces in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, the total population of which is 14,626,225 (2010 census).<a href="#cite_note-2010_census_1-4">[4]</a> Bangkok is a cosmopolitan city; the census showed that it is home to 567,120 expatriates from Asian countries (including 71,024 Chinese and 63,069 Japanese nationals), 88,177 from Europe, 32,241 from the Americas, 5,856 from Oceania and 5,758 from Africa. Migrants from neighbouring countries include 216,528 Burmese, 72,934 Cambodians and 52,498 Lao.<a href="#cite_note-2010_census_5-88">[79]</a> In 2018, numbers show that there are 370,000 international migrants registered with the Department of Employment, more than half of them migrants from Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-BP-20180715-85">[77]</a> Following its establishment as capital city in 1782, Bangkok grew only slightly throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. British diplomat <a href="/wiki/John_Crawfurd" title="John Crawfurd">John Crawfurd</a>, visiting in 1822, estimated its population at no more than 50,000.<a href="#cite_note-89">[80]</a> As a result of Western medicine brought by missionaries as well as increased immigration from both within Siam and overseas, Bangkok's population gradually increased as the city modernized in the late 19th century. This growth became even more pronounced in the 1930s, following the discovery of antibiotics. Although family planning and birth control were introduced in the 1960s, the lowered birth rate was more than offset by increased migration from the provinces as economic expansion accelerated. Only in the 1990s have Bangkok's population growth rates decreased, following the national rate; Thailand had long since become highly centralized around the capital. In 1980, Bangkok's population was fifty-one times that of <a href="/wiki/Hat_Yai" title="Hat Yai">Hat Yai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songkhla" title="Songkhla">Songkhla</a>, the second-largest urban centre at the time, making it the world's most prominent <a href="/wiki/Primate_city" title="Primate city">primate city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(2022)_%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A street during daytime lined with many stalls and shops with a lot of signs bearing Thai and Chinese names" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%282022%29_%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%284%29.jpg/220px-%282022%29_%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%282022%29_%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%284%29.jpg/330px-%282022%29_%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%282022%29_%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%284%29.jpg/440px-%282022%29_%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yaowarat_Road" title="Yaowarat Road">Yaowarat Road</a>, the centre of <a href="/wiki/Bangkok%27s_Chinatown" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkok's Chinatown">Bangkok's Chinatown</a>. Chinese immigrants historically formed the majority of the city's population.</figcaption></figure> The majority of Bangkok's population identify as <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[j]</a> although details on the city's ethnic make-up are unavailable, as the national census does not document race.<a href="#cite_note-96">[k]</a> Bangkok's cultural pluralism dates back to the early days of its founding: several ethnic communities were formed by immigrants and forced settlers including the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_people" title="Northern Thai people">northern Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isan_people" title="Isan people">Lao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malays_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Malays in Thailand">Malay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200_years-13">[10]</a> Most prominent were the Chinese, who played major roles in the city's trade and became the majority of Bangkok's population—estimates include up to three-fourths in 1828 and almost half in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-97">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[l]</a> Chinese immigration was restricted from the 1930s and effectively ceased after the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a> in 1949.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Their prominence subsequently declined as younger generations of <a href="/wiki/Thai_Chinese" title="Thai Chinese">Thai Chinese</a> integrated and adopted a <a href="/wiki/Thai_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai identity">Thai identity</a>. Bangkok is still nevertheless home to a large Chinese community, with the greatest concentration in <a href="/wiki/Yaowarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaowarat">Yaowarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok%27s_Chinatown" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkok's Chinatown">Bangkok's Chinatown</a>. <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 31830.883898555px; border-left-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:White"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 4680.315621996px; border-left-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2946.1827007984px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2565.7165548053px; border-left-color:DarkKhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkKhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkKhaki"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2272.175778494px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1638.7405426814px; border-left-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 550.48291011344px; border-left-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 197.48649813787px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Bangkok <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (92.54%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (4.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (1.89%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (0.27%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (0.08%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> (0.08%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Not Religious and Unknown (0.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (0.29%)</div> </div> </div></div> The majority (93 per cent) of the city's population is Buddhist, according to the 2010 census. Other religions include Islam (4.6 per cent), Christianity (1.9 per cent), Hinduism (0.3 per cent), Sikhism (0.1 per cent) and Confucianism (0.1 per cent).<a href="#cite_note-2010_census_4-100">[88]</a> Apart from Yaowarat, Bangkok also has several other distinct ethnic neighbourhoods. The Indian community is centred in <a href="/wiki/Phahurat" title="Phahurat">Phahurat</a>, where the Gurdwara Siri Guru Singh Sabha, founded in 1933, is located. <a href="/wiki/Ban_Khrua" title="Ban Khrua">Ban Khrua</a> on Saen Saep Canal is home to descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham</a> who settled in the late 18th century. Although the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> who settled during the Thonburi period have ceased to exist as a distinct community, their past is reflected in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Church_(Bangkok)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Church (Bangkok)">Santa Cruz Church</a>, on the west bank of the river. Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Assumption_Cathedral,_Bangkok" title="Assumption Cathedral, Bangkok">Assumption Cathedral</a> on Charoen Krung Road is among many European-style buildings in the Old <a href="/wiki/Farang" title="Farang">Farang</a> Quarter, where European diplomats and merchants lived in the late 19th to early 20th centuries. Nearby, the Haroon Mosque is the centre of a Muslim community. Newer expatriate communities exist along Sukhumvit Road, including the Japanese community near Soi Phrom Phong and Soi <a href="/wiki/Thong_Lo" title="Thong Lo">Thong Lo</a>, and the Arab and North African neighbourhood along Soi Nana. Sukhumvit Plaza, a mall on Soi Sukhumvit 12, is popularly known as Korea Town. <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4Y1A1159_Bangkok_(33536795515).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lots of skyscrapers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/4Y1A1159_Bangkok_%2833536795515%29.jpg/220px-4Y1A1159_Bangkok_%2833536795515%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/4Y1A1159_Bangkok_%2833536795515%29.jpg/330px-4Y1A1159_Bangkok_%2833536795515%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/4Y1A1159_Bangkok_%2833536795515%29.jpg/440px-4Y1A1159_Bangkok_%2833536795515%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MahaNakhon" class="mw-redirect" title="MahaNakhon">MahaNakhon</a>, the city's tallest building from 2016 to 2018, stands among the skyscrapers of <a href="/wiki/Sathon_Road" title="Sathon Road">Sathon Road</a>, one of Bangkok's main financial districts.</figcaption></figure> Bangkok is the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">economic centre of Thailand</a>, and the heart of the country's investment and development. In 2022, the city had an economic output of 5.747 trillion <a href="/wiki/Baht" class="mw-redirect" title="Baht">baht</a> (US$164 billion). This amounted to a per-capita GDP value of 634,109 <a href="/wiki/Thai_baht" title="Thai baht">baht</a> ($18,100), more than twice the national average. The Bangkok Metropolitan Region had a combined output of 8.096 trillion baht ($232 billion).<a href="#cite_note-GPP-5">[5]</a> Wholesale and retail trade is the largest sector in the city's economy, contributing 24 per cent of Bangkok's gross provincial product. It is followed by manufacturing (14.3 per cent); real estate, renting and business activities (12.4 per cent); transport and communications (11.6 per cent); and financial intermediation (11.1 per cent). Bangkok alone accounts for 48.4 per cent of Thailand's service sector, which in turn constitutes 49 per cent of GDP. When the Bangkok Metropolitan Region is considered, manufacturing is the most significant contributor at 28.2 per cent of the gross regional product, reflecting the density of industry in the Bangkok's neighbouring provinces.<a href="#cite_note-101">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">The automotive industry</a> based around Greater Bangkok is the largest production hub in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-102">[90]</a> Tourism is also a significant contributor to Bangkok's economy, generating 427.5 billion baht ($13.38 billion) in revenue in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-internal_tourism-103">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_Siam_Pathumwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Many low-rise buildings in the foreground, with an elevated rail line and several medium box-saped buildings beyond; many tall buildings in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bangkok_Siam_Pathumwan.jpg/220px-Bangkok_Siam_Pathumwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bangkok_Siam_Pathumwan.jpg/330px-Bangkok_Siam_Pathumwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bangkok_Siam_Pathumwan.jpg/440px-Bangkok_Siam_Pathumwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Siam_area" title="Siam area">Siam area</a> is home to multiple shopping centres catering to both the middle and upper classes and tourists.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand" title="Stock Exchange of Thailand">Stock Exchange of Thailand</a> (SET) is on Ratchadaphisek Road in inner Bangkok. The SET, together with the Market for Alternative Investment (MAI) has 648 listed companies as of the end of 2011, with a combined market capitalization of 8.485 trillion baht ($267.64 billion).<a href="#cite_note-104">[92]</a> Due to the large amount of foreign representation, Thailand has for several years been a mainstay of the Southeast Asian economy and a centre of Asian business. The <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a> ranks Bangkok as an "Alpha -" <a href="/wiki/World_city" class="mw-redirect" title="World city">world city</a>, and it is ranked 59th in Z/Yen's <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a> 11.<a href="#cite_note-105">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[94]</a> Bangkok is home to the headquarters of all of Thailand's major commercial banks and financial institutions, as well as the country's largest companies. Many multinational corporations base their regional headquarters in Bangkok due to the lower cost of labour and operations relative to other major Asian business centres. Seventeen Thai companies are listed on the <a href="/wiki/Forbes_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes 2000">Forbes 2000</a>, all of which are based in the capital,<a href="#cite_note-107">[95]</a> including <a href="/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited" title="PTT Public Company Limited">PTT</a>, the only <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a> company in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-108">[96]</a> Income inequality is a major issue in Bangkok, especially between relatively unskilled lower-income immigrants from rural provinces and neighbouring countries, and middle-class professionals and business elites. Although absolute poverty rates are low—only 0.64 per cent of Bangkok's registered residents were living under the poverty line in 2010, compared to a national average of 7.75 per cent—economic disparity is still substantial.<a href="#cite_note-109">[97]</a> The city has a <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a> of 0.48, indicating a high level of inequality.<a href="#cite_note-110">[98]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bangkok" title="Tourism in Bangkok">Tourism in Bangkok</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Palace_Bangkok_(173279731).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Thai temple complex with several ornate buildings, and a lot of visitors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Grand_Palace_Bangkok_%28173279731%29.jpeg/220px-Grand_Palace_Bangkok_%28173279731%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Grand_Palace_Bangkok_%28173279731%29.jpeg/330px-Grand_Palace_Bangkok_%28173279731%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Grand_Palace_Bangkok_%28173279731%29.jpeg/440px-Grand_Palace_Bangkok_%28173279731%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew">Wat Phra Kaew</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace" title="Grand Palace">Grand Palace</a> is among Bangkok's major tourist attractions.</figcaption></figure> Bangkok is one of the world's top tourist destinations. Of 162 cities worldwide, <a href="/wiki/MasterCard" class="mw-redirect" title="MasterCard">MasterCard</a> ranked Bangkok as the top destination city by international visitor arrivals in its Global Destination Cities Index 2018, ahead of London, with just over 20 million overnight visitors in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-111">[99]</a> This was a repeat of its 2017 ranking (for 2016).<a href="#cite_note-112">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[101]</a> Euromonitor International ranked Bangkok fourth in its Top City Destinations Ranking for 2016.<a href="#cite_note-114">[102]</a> Bangkok was also named "World's Best City" by <a href="/wiki/Travel_%2B_Leisure" title="Travel + Leisure">Travel + Leisure</a> magazine's survey of its readers for four consecutive years, from 2010 to 2013.<a href="#cite_note-best_cities_2013-115">[103]</a> As the main gateway through which visitors arrive in Thailand, Bangkok is visited by the majority of international tourists to the country. Domestic tourism is also prominent. The Department of Tourism recorded 26,861,095 Thai and 11,361,808 foreign visitors to Bangkok in 2010. Lodgings were made by 15,031,244 guests, who occupied 49.9 per cent of the city's 86,687 hotel rooms.<a href="#cite_note-internal_tourism-103">[91]</a> Bangkok also topped the list as the world's most popular tourist destinations in 2017 rankings.<a href="#cite_note-116">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Bangkok,_Dystrykt_Phra_Nakhon,_Ulica_Khaosan_(08).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/2016_Bangkok%2C_Dystrykt_Phra_Nakhon%2C_Ulica_Khaosan_%2808%29.jpg/220px-2016_Bangkok%2C_Dystrykt_Phra_Nakhon%2C_Ulica_Khaosan_%2808%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/2016_Bangkok%2C_Dystrykt_Phra_Nakhon%2C_Ulica_Khaosan_%2808%29.jpg/330px-2016_Bangkok%2C_Dystrykt_Phra_Nakhon%2C_Ulica_Khaosan_%2808%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/2016_Bangkok%2C_Dystrykt_Phra_Nakhon%2C_Ulica_Khaosan_%2808%29.jpg/440px-2016_Bangkok%2C_Dystrykt_Phra_Nakhon%2C_Ulica_Khaosan_%2808%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4974" data-file-height="3316" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khao_San_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Khao San Road">Khao San Road</a> is lined by budget accommodation, shops and bars catering to tourists.</figcaption></figure> Among Bangkok's well-known sights are the Grand Palace and major Buddhist temples, including <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew">Wat Phra Kaew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wat_Pho" title="Wat Pho">Wat Pho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wat_Arun" title="Wat Arun">Wat Arun</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Giant_Swing" title="Giant Swing">Giant Swing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erawan_Shrine" title="Erawan Shrine">Erawan Shrine</a> demonstrate Hinduism's deep-rooted influence in Thai culture. <a href="/wiki/Vimanmek_Mansion" title="Vimanmek Mansion">Vimanmek Mansion</a> in Dusit Palace is famous as the world's largest teak building, while the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Thompson_House" title="Jim Thompson House">Jim Thompson House</a> provides an example of traditional <a href="/wiki/Thai_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai architecture">Thai architecture</a>. Other major museums include the <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_National_Museum" title="Bangkok National Museum">Bangkok National Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Barge_National_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Barge National Museum">Royal Barge National Museum</a>. Cruises and boat trips on the Chao Phraya and the canals of Thonburi offer views of some of the city's traditional architecture and ways of life on the waterfront.<a href="#cite_note-120">[108]</a> Shopping venues, many of which are popular with both tourists and locals, range from the shopping centres and department stores concentrated in Siam and Ratchaprasong to the sprawling <a href="/wiki/Chatuchak_Weekend_Market" title="Chatuchak Weekend Market">Chatuchak Weekend Market</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taling_Chan_Floating_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Taling Chan Floating Market">Taling Chan Floating Market</a> is among the few such markets in Bangkok. Yaowarat is known for its shops as well as street-side food stalls and restaurants, which are also found throughout the city. <a href="/wiki/Khao_San_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Khao San Road">Khao San Road</a> has long been famous as a destination for <a href="/wiki/Backpacker_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Backpacker tourism">backpacker tourism</a>, with its budget accommodation, shops and bars attracting visitors from all over the world. Bangkok has a reputation overseas as a major destination in the <a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">sex industry</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Thailand" title="Prostitution in Thailand">prostitution is technically illegal</a> and is rarely openly discussed in Thailand, it commonly takes place among massage parlours, saunas and hourly hotels, serving foreign tourists as well as locals. Bangkok has acquired the nickname "Sin City of Asia" for its level of sex tourism.<a href="#cite_note-EmmonsEveland2011-121">[109]</a> Issues often encountered by foreign tourists include scams, overcharging and dual pricing. In a survey of 616 tourists visiting Thailand, 7.79 per cent reported encountering a scam, the most common of which was the <a href="/wiki/Gem_scam" title="Gem scam">gem scam</a>, in which tourists are tricked into buying overpriced jewellery.<a href="#cite_note-122">[110]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Among Bangkok's well-known sights</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:(2020)_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Palace"><img alt="Grand Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%282020%29_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%288%29.jpg/200px-%282020%29_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%282020%29_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%288%29.jpg/300px-%282020%29_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%282020%29_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%288%29.jpg/400px-%282020%29_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace" title="Grand Palace">Grand Palace</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_swing_-_Sao_Chingcha_crop_2013-05-20.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Giant Swing"><img alt="The Giant Swing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Giant_swing_-_Sao_Chingcha_crop_2013-05-20.jpg/133px-Giant_swing_-_Sao_Chingcha_crop_2013-05-20.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Giant_swing_-_Sao_Chingcha_crop_2013-05-20.jpg/200px-Giant_swing_-_Sao_Chingcha_crop_2013-05-20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Giant_swing_-_Sao_Chingcha_crop_2013-05-20.jpg/266px-Giant_swing_-_Sao_Chingcha_crop_2013-05-20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Giant_Swing" title="Giant Swing">Giant Swing</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Arun_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wat Arun"><img alt="Wat Arun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Wat_Arun_8.jpg/200px-Wat_Arun_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Wat_Arun_8.jpg/300px-Wat_Arun_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Wat_Arun_8.jpg/400px-Wat_Arun_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3899" data-file-height="2599" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wat_Arun" title="Wat Arun">Wat Arun</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_Art_Biennale_2018_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bangkok_Art_Biennale_2018_03.jpg/220px-Bangkok_Art_Biennale_2018_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bangkok_Art_Biennale_2018_03.jpg/330px-Bangkok_Art_Biennale_2018_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bangkok_Art_Biennale_2018_03.jpg/440px-Bangkok_Art_Biennale_2018_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Temporary art display at <a href="/wiki/Siam_Discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam Discovery">Siam Discovery</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Art_Biennale" title="Bangkok Art Biennale">Bangkok Art Biennale</a> 2018</figcaption></figure> The culture of Bangkok reflects its position as Thailand's centre of wealth and modernisation. The city has long been the portal of entry of Western concepts and material goods, which have been adopted and blended with Thai values to various degrees by its residents. This is most evident in the lifestyles of the expanding middle class. <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a> serves as a display of economic and social status, and shopping centres are popular weekend hangouts.<a href="#cite_note-123">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puy_the_Roti_Lady_Benjawan_Kaewsaen_and_her_sister_Pang_in_Sala_Dang_Bangkok_Thailand_by_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Puy_the_Roti_Lady_Benjawan_Kaewsaen_and_her_sister_Pang_in_Sala_Dang_Bangkok_Thailand_by_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg/220px-Puy_the_Roti_Lady_Benjawan_Kaewsaen_and_her_sister_Pang_in_Sala_Dang_Bangkok_Thailand_by_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Puy_the_Roti_Lady_Benjawan_Kaewsaen_and_her_sister_Pang_in_Sala_Dang_Bangkok_Thailand_by_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg/330px-Puy_the_Roti_Lady_Benjawan_Kaewsaen_and_her_sister_Pang_in_Sala_Dang_Bangkok_Thailand_by_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Puy_the_Roti_Lady_Benjawan_Kaewsaen_and_her_sister_Pang_in_Sala_Dang_Bangkok_Thailand_by_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg/440px-Puy_the_Roti_Lady_Benjawan_Kaewsaen_and_her_sister_Pang_in_Sala_Dang_Bangkok_Thailand_by_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption>Street food vendor "Puy the Roti Lady" - "Benjawan Kaewsaen" and her sister Palm in the Silom - Saladang area of Bangkok</figcaption></figure> A distinct feature of Bangkok is the ubiquity of <a href="/wiki/Street_vendor" class="mw-redirect" title="Street vendor">street vendors</a> selling goods ranging from food items to clothing and accessories. It has been estimated that the city may have over 100,000 hawkers. While the BMA has authorised the practice in 287 sites, the majority of activity in another 407 sites takes place illegally. Although they take up pavement space and block pedestrian traffic, many of the city's residents depend on these vendors for their meals, and the BMA's efforts to curb their numbers have largely been unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-124">[112]</a> In 2015, however, the BMA, with support from the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Peace_and_Order" title="National Council for Peace and Order">National Council for Peace and Order</a> (Thailand's ruling military junta), began cracking down on street vendors in a bid to reclaim public space. Many famous market neighbourhoods were affected, including <a href="/wiki/Khlong_Thom,_Bangkok" title="Khlong Thom, Bangkok">Khlong Thom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saphan_Lek" title="Saphan Lek">Saphan Lek</a>, and the flower market at <a href="/wiki/Pak_Khlong_Talat" title="Pak Khlong Talat">Pak Khlong Talat</a>. Nearly 15,000 vendors were evicted from 39 public areas in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-125">[113]</a> While some applauded the efforts to focus on pedestrian rights, others have expressed concern that <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> would lead to the loss of the city's character and adverse changes to people's way of life.<a href="#cite_note-126">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_events">Festivals and events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Festivals and events">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratchadamnoen_King80_arch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An elaborate double archway above a road, with pictures of King Bhumibol Adulyadej; trees decorated with lights" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ratchadamnoen_King80_arch.jpg/220px-Ratchadamnoen_King80_arch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ratchadamnoen_King80_arch.jpg/330px-Ratchadamnoen_King80_arch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ratchadamnoen_King80_arch.jpg/440px-Ratchadamnoen_King80_arch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ratchadamnoen_Avenue" title="Ratchadamnoen Avenue">Ratchadamnoen Avenue</a> is annually decorated with lights and displays in celebration of <a href="/wiki/King_Bhumibol" class="mw-redirect" title="King Bhumibol">King Bhumibol</a>'s birthday.</figcaption></figure> The residents of Bangkok celebrate many of Thailand's annual festivals. During <a href="/wiki/Songkran_(Thailand)" title="Songkran (Thailand)">Songkran</a> on 13–15 April, traditional rituals as well as water fights take place throughout the city. <a href="/wiki/Loi_Krathong" class="mw-redirect" title="Loi Krathong">Loi Krathong</a>, usually in November, is accompanied by the Golden Mount Fair. New Year celebrations take place at many venues, the most prominent being the plaza in front of <a href="/wiki/CentralWorld" title="CentralWorld">CentralWorld</a>. Observances related to the royal family are held primarily in Bangkok. Wreaths are laid at King Chulalongkorn's equestrian statue in the Royal Plaza on 23 October, which is King Chulalongkorn Memorial Day. The previous king's and queen's birthdays, respectively on 5 December and 12 August, are marked as Thailand's national Father's Day and national Mother's Day. These national holidays are celebrated by royal audiences on the day's eve, in which the king or queen gives a speech, and public gatherings on the day of the observance. The king's birthday is also marked by the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Royal_Guards_parade" title="Thai Royal Guards parade">Royal Guards' parade</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sanam_Luang" title="Sanam Luang">Sanam Luang</a> is the site of the Thai Kite, Sport and Music Festival, usually held in March, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ploughing_Ceremony" title="Royal Ploughing Ceremony">Royal Ploughing Ceremony</a> which takes place in May. The Red Cross Fair at the beginning of April is held at Suan Amporn and the Royal Plaza, and features numerous booths offering goods, games and exhibits. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a> (January–February) and <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian Festival">Vegetarian Festival</a> (September–October) are celebrated widely by the Chinese community, especially in Yaowarat.<a href="#cite_note-128">[116]</a> Bangkok was designated as the <a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a> for the year 2013 by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[117]</a> Bangkok's first Thai International Gay Pride Festival took place on October 31, 1999.<a href="#cite_note-130">[118]</a> Pride Parades have also been held in Bangkok, with the first official parade held in 2022 under the name "<a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Pride" title="Bangkok Pride">Bangkok Naruemit Pride Parade</a>". Pride Parades were announced to be a part of Bangkok's "12 monthly festivals" in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-131">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> Bangkok is the centre of <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Thailand">Thailand's media industry</a>. All national newspapers, broadcast media and major publishers are based in the capital. Its 21 national newspapers had a combined daily circulation of about two million in 2002. These include the mass-oriented <a href="/wiki/Thai_Rath" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Rath">Thai Rath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khao_Sod" class="mw-redirect" title="Khao Sod">Khao Sod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(Thailand)" title="Daily News (Thailand)">Daily News</a>, the first of which currently prints a million copies per day,<a href="#cite_note-132">[120]</a> as well as the less sensational <a href="/wiki/Matichon" title="Matichon">Matichon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krungthep_Thurakij" class="mw-redirect" title="Krungthep Thurakij">Krungthep Thurakij</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Post" title="Bangkok Post">Bangkok Post</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(Thailand)" title="The Nation (Thailand)">The Nation</a> are the two national English language dailies. Foreign publications including <a href="/wiki/The_Asian_Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Asian Wall Street Journal">The Asian Wall Street Journal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a> also have operations in Bangkok.<a href="#cite_note-Kavi-133">[121]</a> The large majority of Thailand's more than 200 magazines are published in the capital, and include news magazines as well as lifestyle, entertainment, gossip and fashion-related publications. Bangkok is also the hub of <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Thailand" title="Television in Thailand">Thailand's broadcast television</a>. All six national terrestrial channels, Channels <a href="/wiki/Channel_3_(Thailand)" title="Channel 3 (Thailand)">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(Thailand)" title="Channel 5 (Thailand)">5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Channel_7_(Thailand)" title="Channel 7 (Thailand)">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernine_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernine TV">Modernine</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Services_of_Thailand_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="National Broadcasting Services of Thailand Television">NBT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_PBS" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai PBS">Thai PBS</a>, have headquarters and main studios in the capital. <a href="/wiki/GMM_Grammy" title="GMM Grammy">GMM Grammy</a> is Thailand's largest mass-media conglomerate is also headquartered in Bangkok as well. With the exception of local news segments broadcast by the NBT, all programming is done in Bangkok and repeated throughout the provinces. However, this centralised model is weakening with the rise of cable television, which has many local providers. There are numerous cable and satellite <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Bangkok" title="List of television stations in Bangkok">channels based in Bangkok</a>. <a href="/wiki/TrueVisions" title="TrueVisions">TrueVisions</a> is the major subscription television provider in Bangkok and Thailand, and it also carries international programming. Bangkok was home to 40 of Thailand's 311 FM radio stations and 38 of its 212 AM stations in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-Kavi-133">[121]</a> Broadcast media reform stipulated by the <a href="/wiki/1997_constitution_of_Thailand" title="1997 constitution of Thailand">1997 constitution</a> has been progressing slowly, although many community radio stations have emerged in the city. Likewise, Bangkok has dominated the <a href="/wiki/Thai_film_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai film industry">Thai film industry</a> since its inception. Although film settings normally feature locations throughout the country, the city is home to all major film studios in Thailand such as <a href="/wiki/GDH_559" title="GDH 559">GDH 559</a> (GMM Grammy's film production subsidiary), <a href="/wiki/Sahamongkol_Film_International" title="Sahamongkol Film International">Sahamongkol Film International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Production" title="Five Star Production">Five Star Production</a>. Bangkok has dozens of <a href="/wiki/List_of_cinemas_in_Thailand" title="List of cinemas in Thailand">cinemas and multiplexes</a>, and the city hosts two major film festivals annually, the <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_International_Film_Festival" title="Bangkok International Film Festival">Bangkok International Film Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Film_Festival_of_Bangkok" title="World Film Festival of Bangkok">World Film Festival of Bangkok</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BKK_Art_and_Culture_Centre_(II).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A modern-looking building with a smooth curved exterior on the corner of a road junction with several paintings on the wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BKK_Art_and_Culture_Centre_%28II%29.jpg/220px-BKK_Art_and_Culture_Centre_%28II%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BKK_Art_and_Culture_Centre_%28II%29.jpg/330px-BKK_Art_and_Culture_Centre_%28II%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/BKK_Art_and_Culture_Centre_%28II%29.jpg/440px-BKK_Art_and_Culture_Centre_%28II%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4484" data-file-height="3203" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Art_and_Culture_Centre" title="Bangkok Art and Culture Centre">Bangkok Art and Culture Centre</a>, the city's major public contemporary art venue, was opened in 2008 after many delays.</figcaption></figure> Traditional <a href="/wiki/Thai_art" title="Thai art">Thai art</a>, long developed within religious and royal contexts, continues to be sponsored by various government agencies in Bangkok, including the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Fine_Arts_(Thailand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Fine Arts (Thailand)">Department of Fine Arts</a>' Office of Traditional Arts. The SUPPORT Foundation in Chitralada Palace sponsors traditional and folk handicrafts. Various communities throughout the city still practice their traditional crafts, including the production of <a href="/wiki/Khon" title="Khon">khon</a> masks, alms bowls, and classical musical instruments. The <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery of Thailand">National Gallery</a> hosts permanent collection of traditional and modern art, with temporary contemporary exhibits. Bangkok's <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a> scene has slowly grown from relative obscurity into the public sphere over the past two decades. Private galleries gradually emerged to provide exposure for new artists, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patravadi_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patravadi Theatre (page does not exist)">Patravadi Theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/H_Gallery" title="H Gallery">H Gallery</a>. The centrally located <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Art_and_Culture_Centre" title="Bangkok Art and Culture Centre">Bangkok Art and Culture Centre</a>, opened in 2008 following a fifteen-year lobbying campaign, is now the largest public exhibition space in the city.<a href="#cite_note-134">[122]</a> There are also many other <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_and_art_galleries_in_Bangkok" title="List of museums and art galleries in Bangkok">art galleries and museums</a>, including the privately owned <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_(Bangkok)" title="Museum of Contemporary Art (Bangkok)">Museum of Contemporary Art</a>. The city's performing arts scene features traditional theatre and dance as well as Western-style plays. Khon and other traditional dances are regularly performed at the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_(Thailand)" title="National Theatre (Thailand)">National Theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salachalermkrung_Royal_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Salachalermkrung Royal Theatre">Salachalermkrung Royal Theatre</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Thailand_Cultural_Centre" title="Thailand Cultural Centre">Thailand Cultural Centre</a> is a newer multi-purpose venue which also hosts musicals, orchestras and other events. <a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Bangkok" title="List of theatres in Bangkok">Numerous venues</a> regularly feature a variety of performances throughout the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RajamangalaStadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RajamangalaStadium.jpg/220px-RajamangalaStadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RajamangalaStadium.jpg/330px-RajamangalaStadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/RajamangalaStadium.jpg/440px-RajamangalaStadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rajamangala_Stadium" title="Rajamangala Stadium">Rajamangala Stadium</a> was built for the <a href="/wiki/1998_Asian_Games" title="1998 Asian Games">1998 Asian Games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand_national_football_team" title="Thailand national football team">Thailand national football team</a> home stadium.</figcaption></figure> As is the national trend, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a> dominate Bangkok's spectator sport scene.<a href="#cite_note-135">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muangthong_United_F.C." title="Muangthong United F.C.">Muangthong United</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_United_F.C." title="Bangkok United F.C.">Bangkok United</a>, <a href="/wiki/BG_Pathum_United_F.C." title="BG Pathum United F.C.">BG Pathum United</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_F.C." title="Port F.C.">Port</a> and <a href="/wiki/Police_Tero_F.C." title="Police Tero F.C.">Police Tero</a> are major <a href="/wiki/Thai_League_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai League (football)">Thai League</a> clubs based in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region,<a href="#cite_note-136">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[125]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Rajadamnern_Stadium" title="Rajadamnern Stadium">Rajadamnern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lumpini_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumpini Stadium">Lumpini</a> stadiums are the main kickboxing venues. While <a href="/wiki/Sepak_takraw" title="Sepak takraw">sepak takraw</a> can be seen played in open spaces throughout the city, football and other modern sports are now the norm. Western sports introduced during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a> were originally only available to the privileged, and such status is still associated with certain sports. Golf is popular among the upwardly mobile, and there are several courses in Bangkok. <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a>, highly popular at the mid-20th century, still takes place at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bangkok_Sports_Club" title="Royal Bangkok Sports Club">Royal Bangkok Sports Club</a>. There are many public <a href="/wiki/List_of_sport_venues_in_Bangkok" title="List of sport venues in Bangkok">sporting facilities located throughout Bangkok</a>. The two main centres are the <a href="/wiki/National_Stadium_(Thailand)" title="National Stadium (Thailand)">National Stadium</a> complex, which dates to 1938, and the newer <a href="/wiki/Hua_Mak_Sports_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Hua Mak Sports Complex">Hua Mak Sports Complex</a>, which was built for the <a href="/wiki/1998_Asian_Games" title="1998 Asian Games">1998 Asian Games</a>. Bangkok had also hosted the games in <a href="/wiki/1966_Asian_Games" title="1966 Asian Games">1966</a>, <a href="/wiki/1970_Asian_Games" title="1970 Asian Games">1970</a> and <a href="/wiki/1978_Asian_Games" title="1978 Asian Games">1978</a>; the most of any city. The city was the host of the inaugural <a href="/wiki/1959_Southeast_Asian_Peninsular_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1959 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games">Southeast Asian Games in 1959</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2007_Summer_Universiade" title="2007 Summer Universiade">2007 Summer Universiade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2012_FIFA_Futsal_World_Cup" title="2012 FIFA Futsal World Cup">2012 FIFA Futsal World Cup</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bangkok" title="Transport in Bangkok">Transport in Bangkok</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bangkok" title="Special:EditPage/Bangkok">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bangkok%22">"Bangkok"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bangkok%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bangkok%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bangkok%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bangkok%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bangkok%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (April 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highway_interchange_at_night_(35517755855)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Night photograph looking down at a large elevated road interchange; many billboards along the roads" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Highway_interchange_at_night_%2835517755855%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Highway_interchange_at_night_%2835517755855%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Highway_interchange_at_night_%2835517755855%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Highway_interchange_at_night_%2835517755855%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Highway_interchange_at_night_%2835517755855%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Highway_interchange_at_night_%2835517755855%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4370" data-file-height="2466" /></a><figcaption>Streetlamps and headlights illuminate the Makkasan Interchange of the <a href="/wiki/Thai_expressway_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai expressway system">expressway</a>. The system sees a traffic of over 1.5 million vehicles per day.<a href="#cite_note-138">[126]</a></figcaption></figure> Although Bangkok's canals historically served as a major mode of transport, they have long since been surpassed in importance by land traffic. <a href="/wiki/Charoen_Krung_Road" title="Charoen Krung Road">Charoen Krung Road</a>, the first to be built by Western techniques, was completed in 1864. Since then, the road network has vastly expanded to accommodate the sprawling city. A complex elevated <a href="/wiki/Thai_expressway_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai expressway system">expressway network</a> and <a href="/wiki/Don_Mueang_Tollway" title="Don Mueang Tollway">Don Mueang Tollway</a> helps bring traffic into and out of the city centre, but Bangkok's rapid growth has put a large strain on infrastructure, and traffic jams have plagued the city since the 1990s. Although rail transport was introduced in 1893 and <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Bangkok" title="Trams in Bangkok">trams served the city</a> from 1888 to 1968, it was only in 1999 that Bangkok's first <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> system began operation. Older <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> systems include an extensive bus network and <a href="/wiki/Water_transport_in_Bangkok" title="Water transport in Bangkok">boat services</a> which still operate on the Chao Phraya and two canals. Taxis appear in the form of cars, motorcycles, and "<a href="/wiki/Tuk-tuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuk-tuk">tuk-tuk</a>" auto rickshaws. Bangkok is connected to the rest of the country through the <a href="/wiki/Thai_highway_network" title="Thai highway network">national highway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Thailand" title="Rail transport in Thailand">rail networks</a>, as well as by domestic flights to and from the city's two international airports (<a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_Airport" title="Suvarnabhumi Airport">Suvarnabhumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Don_Mueang_International_Airport" title="Don Mueang International Airport">Don Mueang</a>). Its centuries-old maritime transport of goods is still conducted through Khlong Toei Port. The BMA is largely responsible for overseeing the construction and maintenance of the road network and transport systems through its Public Works Department and Traffic and Transportation Department. However, many separate government agencies are also in charge of the individual systems, and much of transport-related policy planning and funding is contributed to by the national government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0008871-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of the Krung Thep Bridge at night with many skyscrapers in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/0008871-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2.jpg/220px-0008871-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/0008871-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2.jpg/330px-0008871-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/0008871-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2.jpg/440px-0008871-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7535" data-file-height="4239" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Krungthep_Bridge" title="Krungthep Bridge">Krung Thep Bridge</a> spanning the <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Chao Phraya river">Chao Phraya river</a></figcaption></figure> Road-based transport is the primary mode of travel in Bangkok. Due to the city's organic development, its streets do not follow an organized grid structure. Forty-eight major roads link the different areas of the city, branching into smaller streets and lanes (<a href="/wiki/Soi" title="Soi">soi</a>) which serve local neighbourhoods. <a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Bangkok" title="List of bridges in Bangkok">Eleven bridges</a> over the Chao Phraya link the two sides of the city, while several <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highways_in_Thailand" title="Controlled-access highways in Thailand">expressway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_motorway_network" title="Thai motorway network">motorway</a> routes bring traffic into and out of the city centre and link with nearby provinces. The first expressway in Bangkok is <a href="/wiki/Chaloem_Maha_Nakhon_Expressway" title="Chaloem Maha Nakhon Expressway">Chaloem Maha Nakhon Expressway</a>, which opened 1981. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phahonyothin_Road,_north_of_Ha_Yaek_Lat_Phrao_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Phahonyothin_Road%2C_north_of_Ha_Yaek_Lat_Phrao_station.jpg/220px-Phahonyothin_Road%2C_north_of_Ha_Yaek_Lat_Phrao_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Phahonyothin_Road%2C_north_of_Ha_Yaek_Lat_Phrao_station.jpg/330px-Phahonyothin_Road%2C_north_of_Ha_Yaek_Lat_Phrao_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Phahonyothin_Road%2C_north_of_Ha_Yaek_Lat_Phrao_station.jpg/440px-Phahonyothin_Road%2C_north_of_Ha_Yaek_Lat_Phrao_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5765" data-file-height="3244" /></a><figcaption>Traffic jams, seen here on <a href="/wiki/Phahonyothin_Road" title="Phahonyothin Road">Phahonyothin Road</a>, are common in Bangkok.</figcaption></figure> Bangkok's rapid growth in the 1980s resulted in sharp increases in vehicle ownership and traffic demand, which have since continued—in 2006 there were 3,943,211 in-use vehicles in Bangkok, of which 37.6 per cent were private cars and 32.9 per cent were motorcycles.<a href="#cite_note-139">[127]</a> These increases, in the face of limited carrying capacity, caused severe traffic congestion evident by the early 1990s. The extent of the problem is such that the Thai Traffic Police has a unit of officers trained in basic midwifery in order to assist deliveries which do not reach hospital in time.<a href="#cite_note-140">[128]</a> While Bangkok's limited road surface area (8 per cent, compared to 20–30 per cent in most Western cities) is often cited as a major cause of its traffic jams, other factors, including high vehicle ownership rate relative to income level, inadequate public transport systems, and lack of <a href="/wiki/Transportation_demand_management" title="Transportation demand management">transportation demand management</a>, also play a role.<a href="#cite_note-141">[129]</a> Efforts to alleviate the problem have included the construction of intersection bypasses and an extensive system of elevated highways, as well as the creation of several new rapid transit systems. <a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing_in_Bangkok" title="Congestion pricing in Bangkok">Plans to implement congestion pricing</a> were announced in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-BP_congestion_pricing-142">[130]</a> The city's overall traffic conditions, however, remain poor. Traffic has been the main source of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> in Bangkok, which reached serious levels in the 1990s. But efforts to improve air quality by improving fuel quality and enforcing emission standards, among others, had visibly ameliorated the problem by the 2000s. <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">Atmospheric particulate matter</a> levels dropped from 81 micrograms per cubic metre in 1997 to 43 in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-143">[131]</a> However, increasing vehicle numbers and a lack of continued pollution-control efforts threatens a reversal of the past success.<a href="#cite_note-144">[132]</a> In January–February 2018, weather conditions caused bouts of haze to cover the city, with particulate matter under 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5) rising to unhealthy levels for several days on end.<a href="#cite_note-145">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[134]</a> Although the BMA has created thirty signed bicycle routes along several roads totalling 230 kilometres (140 mi),<a href="#cite_note-147">[135]</a> cycling is still largely impractical, especially in the city centre. Most of these bicycle lanes share the pavement with pedestrians. Poor surface maintenance, encroachment by hawkers and street vendors, and a hostile environment for cyclists and pedestrians, make cycling and walking unpopular methods of getting around in Bangkok. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses_and_taxis">Buses and taxis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Buses and taxis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_buses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A partial view of a road with many vehicles, including buses, cars, taxis and motorcycles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bangkok_buses.jpg/220px-Bangkok_buses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bangkok_buses.jpg/330px-Bangkok_buses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bangkok_buses.jpg/440px-Bangkok_buses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Many buses, minibuses and taxis share the streets with private vehicles</figcaption></figure> Bangkok has an extensive bus network providing local transit services within the Greater Bangkok area. The <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Mass_Transit_Authority" title="Bangkok Mass Transit Authority">Bangkok Mass Transit Authority</a> (BMTA) operates a monopoly on bus services, with substantial concessions granted to private operators. Buses, minibus vans, and <a href="/wiki/Song_thaeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Song thaeo">song thaeo</a> operate on a total of 470 routes throughout the region.<a href="#cite_note-148">[136]</a> A separate <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> system owned by the BMA has been in operation since 2010. Known simply as the <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_BRT" title="Bangkok BRT">BRT</a>, the system currently consists of a single line running from the business district at Sathon to Ratchaphruek on the western side of the city. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Transport_Co.,_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Transport Co., Ltd. (page does not exist)">The Transport Co., Ltd.</a> is the BMTA's long-distance counterpart, with services to all provinces operating out of Bangkok. Taxis are ubiquitous in Bangkok, and are a popular form of transport. As of August 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are 106,050 cars, 58,276 motorcycles and 8,996 <a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">tuk-tuk</a> motorized tricycles cumulatively registered for use as taxis.<a href="#cite_note-149">[137]</a> Meters have been required for car taxis since 1992, while tuk-tuk fares are usually negotiated. <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_taxi" title="Motorcycle taxi">Motorcycle taxis</a> operate from regulated ranks, with either fixed or negotiable fares, and are usually employed for relatively short journeys. Despite their popularity, taxis have gained a bad reputation for often refusing passengers when the requested route is not to the driver's convenience.<a href="#cite_note-150">[138]</a> Motorcycle taxis were previously unregulated, and subject to extortion by organized crime gangs. Since 2003, registration has been required for motorcycle taxi ranks, and drivers now wear distinctive numbered vests designating their district of registration and where they are allowed to accept passengers. Several <a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">ride hailing</a> <a href="/wiki/Super-app" title="Super-app">super-apps</a> operate within the city, including <a href="/wiki/Grab_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grab (company)">Grab</a> (offering car and motorbike options),<a href="#cite_note-151">[139]</a> and <a href="/wiki/AirAsia" title="AirAsia">AirAsia</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-152">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[141]</a> The Estonian company Bolt launched airport transfer and ride hailing services in 2020. Ride sharing <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup</a> <a href="/wiki/MuvMi" title="MuvMi">MuvMi</a> launched in 2018, and operates an <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric</a> tuk-tuk service in 9 areas across the city.<a href="#cite_note-154">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail_systems">Rail systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rail systems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Bangkok" title="Rail transport in Bangkok">Rail transport in Bangkok</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BTS_Skytrain_in_Bangkok_(7997069605).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An elevated train, painted in blue, white and a red stripe and with advertisements, running above a road lined with many tall buildings and with many cars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/BTS_Skytrain_in_Bangkok_%287997069605%29.jpg/220px-BTS_Skytrain_in_Bangkok_%287997069605%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/BTS_Skytrain_in_Bangkok_%287997069605%29.jpg/330px-BTS_Skytrain_in_Bangkok_%287997069605%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/BTS_Skytrain_in_Bangkok_%287997069605%29.jpg/440px-BTS_Skytrain_in_Bangkok_%287997069605%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A BTS train departs from <a href="/wiki/Ratchadamri_BTS_station" title="Ratchadamri BTS station">Ratchadamri station</a>, towards Siam station.</figcaption></figure> Bangkok is the location of <a href="/wiki/Krung_Thep_Aphiwat_Central_Terminal" title="Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal">Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal</a>, the new main terminus of the national rail network operated by the <a href="/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand" title="State Railway of Thailand">State Railway of Thailand</a> (SRT). The older terminus, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_(Hua_Lamphong)_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkok (Hua Lamphong) railway station">Bangkok (Hua Lamphong) Railway Station</a>, which was the main station for Bangkok for over a century, remains in use. The SRT operates long-distance intercity services from Krung Thep Aphiwat, while commuter trains running to and from the outskirts of the city during the rush hour continue to operate at Bangkok (Hua Lamphong). Bangkok is served by four rapid transit systems: the <a href="/wiki/BTS_Skytrain" title="BTS Skytrain">BTS Skytrain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/MRT_(Bangkok)" title="MRT (Bangkok)">MRT</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SRT_Red_Lines" title="SRT Red Lines">SRT Red Lines</a>, and the elevated <a href="/wiki/Airport_Rail_Link_(Bangkok)" title="Airport Rail Link (Bangkok)">Airport Rail Link</a>. Although proposals for the development of rapid transit in Bangkok had been made since 1975,<a href="#cite_note-156">[144]</a> it was only in 1999 that the BTS finally began operation. The BTS consists of two lines, <a href="/wiki/Sukhumvit_Line" title="Sukhumvit Line">Sukhumvit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silom_Line" title="Silom Line">Silom</a>, with 59 stations along 68.25 kilometres (42.41 mi).<a href="#cite_note-157">[145]</a> The MRT opened for use in July 2004, and currently consists of two metro lines, the <a href="/wiki/MRT_Blue_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="MRT Blue Line">Blue Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/MRT_Purple_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="MRT Purple Line">Purple Line</a> with 53 stations along 70.6 kilometres (43.9 mi), and two <a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">monorail</a> lines: the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Line_(Bangkok)" title="Yellow Line (Bangkok)">Yellow Line</a> which opened in July 2023, and the <a href="/wiki/Pink_Line_(Bangkok)" title="Pink Line (Bangkok)">Pink Line</a> that opened in January 2024. The Airport Rail Link, opened in August 2010, connects the city centre to Suvarnabhumi Airport to the east. Its eight stations span a distance of 28.6 kilometres (17.8 mi). The <a href="/wiki/SRT_Red_Lines" title="SRT Red Lines">SRT Red Lines</a> commuter rail lines opened in 2021, and consists of two lines, the <a href="/wiki/SRT_Dark_Red_Line" title="SRT Dark Red Line">SRT Dark Red Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/SRT_Light_Red_Line" title="SRT Light Red Line">SRT Light Red Line</a> with currently 14 stations along 41 kilometres (25 mi). Although initial passenger numbers were low and their service area was limited to the inner city until the 2016 opening of the <a href="/wiki/MRT_Purple_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="MRT Purple Line">Purple Line</a>, which serves the <a href="/wiki/Nonthaburi" title="Nonthaburi">Nonthaburi</a> area, these systems have become indispensable to many commuters. The BTS reported an average of 600,000 daily trips in 2012,<a href="#cite_note-158">[146]</a> while the MRT had 240,000 passenger trips per day.<a href="#cite_note-159">[147]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pink_Line_at_Khu_Bon_Station_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pink line monorail train about to pull into a station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Pink_Line_at_Khu_Bon_Station_02.jpg/220px-Pink_Line_at_Khu_Bon_Station_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Pink_Line_at_Khu_Bon_Station_02.jpg/330px-Pink_Line_at_Khu_Bon_Station_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Pink_Line_at_Khu_Bon_Station_02.jpg/440px-Pink_Line_at_Khu_Bon_Station_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pink_Line_(Bangkok)" title="Pink Line (Bangkok)">MRT Pink Line</a>, one of the monorail lines in Bangkok</figcaption></figure> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit">[update]</a>, construction work is ongoing to extend the city-wide transit system's reach according to the <a href="/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_Master_Plan_in_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region</a>, which consists of eight main lines and four feeder lines totaling 508 kilometres (316 mi) to be completed by 2029. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_transport">Water transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Water transport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunch_at_Rongros,_Bangkok_(Jan_2021)_-_img_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lunch_at_Rongros%2C_Bangkok_%28Jan_2021%29_-_img_05.jpg/220px-Lunch_at_Rongros%2C_Bangkok_%28Jan_2021%29_-_img_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lunch_at_Rongros%2C_Bangkok_%28Jan_2021%29_-_img_05.jpg/330px-Lunch_at_Rongros%2C_Bangkok_%28Jan_2021%29_-_img_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lunch_at_Rongros%2C_Bangkok_%28Jan_2021%29_-_img_05.jpg/440px-Lunch_at_Rongros%2C_Bangkok_%28Jan_2021%29_-_img_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_Express_Boat" title="Chao Phraya Express Boat">Chao Phraya Express Boat</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chao Phraya">Chao Phraya</a> near <a href="/wiki/Wat_Arun" title="Wat Arun">Wat Arun</a></figcaption></figure> Although much diminished from its past prominence, water-based transport still plays an important role in Bangkok and the immediate upstream and downstream provinces. Several <a href="/wiki/Water_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Water bus">water buses</a> serve commuters daily. The <a href="/wiki/Chao_Phraya_Express_Boat" title="Chao Phraya Express Boat">Chao Phraya Express Boat</a> serves thirty-four stops along the river, carrying an average of 35,586 passengers per day in 2010, while the smaller <a href="/wiki/Khlong_Saen_Saep_boat_service" title="Khlong Saen Saep boat service">Khlong Saen Saep boat service</a> serves twenty-seven stops on <a href="/wiki/Saen_Saep_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Saen Saep Canal">Saen Saep Canal</a> with 57,557 daily passengers. <a href="/wiki/Khlong_Phasi_Charoen_boat_service" title="Khlong Phasi Charoen boat service">Khlong Phasi Charoen boat service</a> serves twenty stops on the <a href="/wiki/Khlong_Phasi_Charoen" title="Khlong Phasi Charoen">Phasi Charoen Canal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Long-tail_boat" title="Long-tail boat">Long-tail boats</a> operate on fifteen regular routes on the Chao Phraya, and passenger ferries at thirty-two river crossings served an average of 136,927 daily passengers in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-160">[148]</a> Bangkok Port, popularly known by its location as <a href="/wiki/Khlong_Toei_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Khlong Toei Port">Khlong Toei Port</a>, was Thailand's main international port from its opening in 1947 until it was superseded by the deep-sea <a href="/wiki/Laem_Chabang_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Laem Chabang Port">Laem Chabang Port</a> in 1991. It is primarily a cargo port, though its inland location limits access to ships of 12,000 deadweight tonnes or less. The port handled 11,936,855 tonnes (13,158,130 tons) of cargo in the first eight months of the 2010 fiscal year, about 22 per cent the total of the country's international ports.<a href="#cite_note-161">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Airports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HS-TGA_(15495092647).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/HS-TGA_%2815495092647%29.jpg/220px-HS-TGA_%2815495092647%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/HS-TGA_%2815495092647%29.jpg/330px-HS-TGA_%2815495092647%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/HS-TGA_%2815495092647%29.jpg/440px-HS-TGA_%2815495092647%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Suvarnabhumi Airport is home to flag carrier <a href="/wiki/Thai_Airways_International" title="Thai Airways International">Thai Airways International</a>.</figcaption></figure> Bangkok is one of Asia's busiest <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">air transport hubs</a>. Two commercial airports serve the city, the older <a href="/wiki/Don_Mueang_International_Airport" title="Don Mueang International Airport">Don Mueang International Airport</a> and the newer <a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_Airport" title="Suvarnabhumi Airport">Suvarnabhumi Airport</a>. Suvarnabhumi, which replaced Don Mueang as Bangkok's main airport after its opening in 2006, served 52,808,013 passengers in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-163">[151]</a> making it the world's 20th <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_airports_by_passenger_traffic" title="List of busiest airports by passenger traffic">busiest airport by passenger volume</a>. This volume exceeded its designed capacity of 45 million passengers. Don Mueang reopened for domestic flights in 2007,<a href="#cite_note-awst_20070101-164">[152]</a> and resumed international service focusing on low-cost carriers in October 2012.<a href="#cite_note-165">[153]</a> Suvarnabhumi is undergoing expansion to increase its capacity to 60 million passengers by 2019 and 90 million by 2021.<a href="#cite_note-166">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_education">Health and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Health and education">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chulalongkorn_University_Auditorium_High_View.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The campus of Chulalongkorn University, with many red-roofed buildings and trees; many tall buildings in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chulalongkorn_University_Auditorium_High_View.JPG/220px-Chulalongkorn_University_Auditorium_High_View.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chulalongkorn_University_Auditorium_High_View.JPG/330px-Chulalongkorn_University_Auditorium_High_View.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chulalongkorn_University_Auditorium_High_View.JPG/440px-Chulalongkorn_University_Auditorium_High_View.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Campus_of_Chulalongkorn_University" title="Campus of Chulalongkorn University">campus of Chulalongkorn University</a> was surrounded by rural fields when it was established in 1917. <a href="/wiki/Pathum_Wan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathum Wan District">Pathum Wan District</a> has since become part of the Bangkok city centre.</figcaption></figure> Bangkok has long been the centre of modern education in Thailand. The first schools in the country were established here in the later 19th century, and there are now 1,351 <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bangkok" title="List of schools in Bangkok">schools in the city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[155]</a> The city is home to the country's five oldest universities, <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University" title="Chulalongkorn University">Chulalongkorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thammasat_University" title="Thammasat University">Thammasat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasetsart_University" title="Kasetsart University">Kasetsart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahidol_University" title="Mahidol University">Mahidol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silpakorn_University" title="Silpakorn University">Silpakorn</a>, founded between 1917 and 1943. The city has since continued its dominance, especially in higher education; the majority of the country's universities, both public and private, <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bangkok" title="List of universities in Bangkok">are located in Bangkok</a> or the Metropolitan Region. Chulalongkorn and Mahidol are the only Thai universities to appear in the top 500 of the <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/King_Mongkut%27s_University_of_Technology_Thonburi" title="King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi">King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi</a>, also located in Bangkok, is the only Thai university in the top 400 of the 2012–13 <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[157]</a> Over the past few decades the general trend of pursuing a university degree has prompted the founding of new universities to meet the needs of Thai students. Bangkok became not only a place where immigrants and provincial Thais go for job opportunities, but also for a chance to receive a university degree. <a href="/wiki/Ramkhamhaeng_University" title="Ramkhamhaeng University">Ramkhamhaeng University</a> emerged in 1971 as Thailand's first open university; it now has the highest enrolment in the country. The demand for higher education has led to the founding of many other universities and colleges, both public and private. While many universities have been established in major provinces, the Greater Bangkok region remains home to the greater majority of institutions, and the city's tertiary education scene remains over-populated with non-Bangkokians. The situation is not limited to higher education, either. In the 1960s, 60 to 70 per cent of 10- to 19-year-olds who were in school had migrated to Bangkok for secondary education. This was due to both a lack of secondary schools in the provinces and perceived higher standards of education in the capital.<a href="#cite_note-170">[158]</a> Although this discrepancy has since largely abated, tens of thousands of students still compete for places in Bangkok's leading schools. Education has long been a prime factor in the centralization of Bangkok and will play a vital role in the government's efforts to decentralize the country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siriraj_Hospital,Bangkok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large complex of buildings, most over ten storeys high, on the bank of a river; one bears a sign with the words "SIRIRAJ HOSPITAL"; another says "FACULTY OF NURSING"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Siriraj_Hospital%2CBangkok.jpg/220px-Siriraj_Hospital%2CBangkok.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Siriraj_Hospital%2CBangkok.jpg/330px-Siriraj_Hospital%2CBangkok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Siriraj_Hospital%2CBangkok.jpg/440px-Siriraj_Hospital%2CBangkok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siriraj_Hospital" title="Siriraj Hospital">Siriraj Hospital</a>, established in 1888, is the oldest hospital in Thailand.</figcaption></figure> Much of Thailand's medical resources are disproportionately concentrated in the capital. In 2000, Bangkok had 39.6 per cent of the country's doctors and a physician-to-population ratio of 1:794, compared to a median of 1:5,667 among all provinces.<a href="#cite_note-171">[159]</a> The city is <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Bangkok" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hospitals in Bangkok">home to 42 public hospitals</a>, five of which are university hospitals, as well as 98 private hospitals and 4,063 registered clinics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]<a href="#cite_note-172">[160]</a> The BMA operates nine public hospitals through its Medical Service Department, and its Health Department provides primary care through sixty-eight community health centres. Thailand's universal <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Thailand" title="Healthcare in Thailand">healthcare system</a> is implemented through public hospitals and health centres as well as participating private providers. Research-oriented medical school affiliates such as <a href="/wiki/Siriraj_Hospital" title="Siriraj Hospital">Siriraj</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Chulalongkorn_Memorial_Hospital" title="King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital">King Chulalongkorn Memorial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramathibodi_Hospital" title="Ramathibodi Hospital">Ramathibodi</a> Hospitals are among the largest in the country, and act as <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_referral_hospital" title="Tertiary referral hospital">tertiary care centres</a>, receiving referrals from distant parts of the country. Lately, especially in the private sector, there has been much growth in <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a>, with hospitals such as <a href="/wiki/Bumrungrad_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumrungrad Hospital">Bumrungrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Hospital" title="Bangkok Hospital">Bangkok Hospital</a>, among others, providing services specifically catering to foreigners. An estimated 200,000 medical tourists visited Thailand in 2011, making Bangkok the most popular global destination for medical tourism.<a href="#cite_note-173">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crime_and_safety">Crime and safety</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Crime and safety">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_0515_rama_4_and_sathorn_24.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A person pushing burning tyres onto a street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/2010_0515_rama_4_and_sathorn_24.JPG/220px-2010_0515_rama_4_and_sathorn_24.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/2010_0515_rama_4_and_sathorn_24.JPG/330px-2010_0515_rama_4_and_sathorn_24.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/2010_0515_rama_4_and_sathorn_24.JPG/440px-2010_0515_rama_4_and_sathorn_24.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption>Political violence has at times spilled onto the streets of Bangkok, as seen during the <a href="/wiki/2010_Thai_military_crackdown" title="2010 Thai military crackdown">military crackdown on protesters in 2010</a>.</figcaption></figure> Bangkok has a relatively moderate crime rate when compared to urban counterparts around the world.<a href="#cite_note-OSAC-174">[162]</a> Traffic accidents are a major hazard<a href="#cite_note-175">[163]</a> while natural disasters are rare. Intermittent episodes of political unrest and occasional terrorist attacks have resulted in losses of life. Although the crime threat in Bangkok is relatively low, non-confrontational crimes of opportunity such as pick-pocketing, purse-snatching, and credit card fraud occur with frequency.<a href="#cite_note-OSAC-174">[162]</a> Bangkok's growth since the 1960s has been followed by increasing crime rates partly driven by urbanisation, migration, unemployment and poverty. By the late 1980s, Bangkok's crime rates were about four times that of the rest of the country. The police have long been preoccupied with street crimes ranging from housebreaking to assault and murder.<a href="#cite_note-176">[164]</a> The 1990s saw the emergence of vehicle theft and organized crime, particularly by foreign gangs.<a href="#cite_note-177">[165]</a> Drug trafficking, especially that of <a href="/wiki/Ya_ba" title="Ya ba">ya ba</a> methamphetamine pills, is also chronic.<a href="#cite_note-178">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[167]</a> According to police statistics, the most common complaint received by the Metropolitan Police Bureau in 2010 was housebreaking, with 12,347 cases. This was followed by 5,504 cases of motorcycle thefts, 3,694 cases of assault and 2,836 cases of embezzlement. Serious offences included 183 murders, 81 gang robberies, 265 robberies, 1 kidnapping and 9 arson cases. Offences against the state were by far more common, and included 54,068 drug-related cases, 17,239 cases involving prostitution and 8,634 related to gambling.<a href="#cite_note-180">[168]</a> The Thailand Crime Victim Survey conducted by the Office of Justice Affairs of the Ministry of Justice found that 2.7 per cent of surveyed households reported a member being victim of a crime in 2007. Of these, 96.1 per cent were crimes against property, 2.6 per cent were crimes against life and body, and 1.4 per cent were information-related crimes.<a href="#cite_note-181">[169]</a> Political demonstrations and protests are common in Bangkok. The historic uprisings of 1973, 1976 and 1992 are infamously known for the deaths from military suppression. Most events since then have been peaceful, but the series of major protests since 2006 have often turned violent. Demonstrations during March–May 2010 ended in a <a href="/wiki/2010_Thai_military_crackdown" title="2010 Thai military crackdown">crackdown in which 92 were killed</a>, including armed and unarmed protesters, security forces, civilians and journalists. Terrorist incidents have also occurred in Bangkok, most notably the <a href="/wiki/2015_Bangkok_bombing" title="2015 Bangkok bombing">bombing in 2015</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Erawan_shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Erawan shrine">Erawan shrine</a>, which killed 20, and also a <a href="/wiki/2006_Bangkok_bombings" title="2006 Bangkok bombings">series of bombings</a> on the 2006–07 New Year's Eve. Traffic accidents are a major hazard in Bangkok. There were 37,985 accidents in the city in 2010, resulting in 16,602 injuries and 456 deaths as well as 426.42 million baht in damages. However, the rate of fatal accidents is much lower than in the rest of Thailand. While accidents in Bangkok amounted to 50.9 per cent of the entire country, only 6.2 per cent of fatalities occurred in the city.<a href="#cite_note-182">[170]</a> Another serious public health hazard comes from <a href="/wiki/Stray_dogs_in_Bangkok" class="mw-redirect" title="Stray dogs in Bangkok">Bangkok's stray dogs</a>. Up to 300,000 strays are estimated to roam the city's streets,<a href="#cite_note-183">[171]</a> and dog bites are among the most common injuries treated in the emergency departments of the city's hospitals. Rabies is prevalent among the dog population, and treatment for bites pose a heavy public burden.<a href="#cite_note-185">[m]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calls_to_move_the_capital">Calls to move the capital</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Calls to move the capital">edit</a>]</div> Bangkok is faced with multiple problems—including congestion, and especially subsidence and flooding—which have raised the issue of moving the nation's capital elsewhere. The idea is not new: during World War II Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Plaek Phibunsongkhram</a> planned unsuccessfully to relocate the capital to <a href="/wiki/Phetchabun" title="Phetchabun">Phetchabun</a>. In the 2000s, the <a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a> administration assigned the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_National_Economic_and_Social_Development_Council" title="Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council">Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council</a> (NESDC) to formulate a plan to move the capital to <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Nayok_province" title="Nakhon Nayok province">Nakhon Nayok province</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2011_Thailand_floods" title="2011 Thailand floods">2011 floods</a> revived the idea of moving government functions from Bangkok. In 2017, the military government assigned NESDC to study the possibility of moving government offices from Bangkok to <a href="/wiki/Chachoengsao_province" title="Chachoengsao province">Chachoengsao province</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-186">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protesters_at_2009_Bangkok_Talks_on_Climate_Change.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Many people holding signs in front of a building with green layered roofs; many national flags on flag poles lined in two rows in front of the building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Protesters_at_2009_Bangkok_Talks_on_Climate_Change.jpg/220px-Protesters_at_2009_Bangkok_Talks_on_Climate_Change.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Protesters_at_2009_Bangkok_Talks_on_Climate_Change.jpg/330px-Protesters_at_2009_Bangkok_Talks_on_Climate_Change.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Protesters_at_2009_Bangkok_Talks_on_Climate_Change.jpg/440px-Protesters_at_2009_Bangkok_Talks_on_Climate_Change.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Protesters in front of the United Nations Building during the 2009 Bangkok Climate Change Conference. Bangkok is home to several UN offices.</figcaption></figure> The city's formal international relations are managed by the International Affairs Division of the BMA. Its missions include partnering with other major cities through <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister city</a> or friendship agreements, participation and membership in international organizations, and pursuing cooperative activities with the many foreign diplomatic missions based in the city.<a href="#cite_note-IAD_mission-189">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_participation">International participation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: International participation">edit</a>]</div> Bangkok is a member of several international organizations and regional city government networks, including the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Network_of_Major_Cities_21" title="Asian Network of Major Cities 21">Asian Network of Major Cities 21</a>, the Japan-led Asian-Pacific City Summit, the <a href="/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group" title="C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group">C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group</a>, the ESCAP-sponsored Regional Network of Local Authorities for Management of Human Settlements in Asia and Pacific (CITYNET), Japan's <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Local_Authorities_for_International_Relations" title="Council of Local Authorities for International Relations">Council of Local Authorities for International Relations</a>, the World Association of the Major Metropolises and <a href="/wiki/Local_Governments_for_Sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Governments for Sustainability">Local Governments for Sustainability</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-IAD_mission-189">[176]</a> With its location at the heart of mainland Southeast Asia and as one of Asia's hubs of transportation, Bangkok is home to many international and regional organizations. Among others, Bangkok is the seat of the Secretariat of the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (<a href="/wiki/ESCAP" class="mw-redirect" title="ESCAP">ESCAP</a>), as well as the Asia-Pacific regional offices of the Food and Agricultural Organization (<a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>), the International Civil Aviation Organization (<a href="/wiki/ICAO" class="mw-redirect" title="ICAO">ICAO</a>), the International Labour Organization (<a href="/wiki/ILO" class="mw-redirect" title="ILO">ILO</a>), the International Organization for Migration (<a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a>), the International Telecommunication Union (<a href="/wiki/ITU" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU">ITU</a>), the UN High Commission for Refugees (<a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a>), and the UN Children's Fund (<a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>).<a href="#cite_note-190">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_partnerships">City partnerships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: City partnerships">edit</a>]</div> Bangkok has made sister city or friendship agreements with:<a href="#cite_note-BMA_sister_cities-191">[178]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_Prefecture" title="Aichi Prefecture">Aichi Prefecture</a>, Japan (2012)<a href="#cite_note-192">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey (2012)<a href="#cite_note-193">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan (2004)<a href="#cite_note-194">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China (1993)<a href="#cite_note-195">[182]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brisbane" title="City of Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, Australia (1997)<a href="#cite_note-196">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary (1997)<a href="#cite_note-197">[184]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>, South Korea (2011)<a href="#cite_note-198">[185]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaozhou" title="Chaozhou">Chaozhou</a>, China (2005)<a href="#cite_note-199">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, China (2017)<a href="#cite_note-201">[188]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, China (2011)<a href="#cite_note-202">[189]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a>, South Korea (2017)<a href="#cite_note-203">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>, China (2016)<a href="#cite_note-204">[191]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture" title="Fukuoka Prefecture">Fukuoka Prefecture</a>, Japan (2006)<a href="#cite_note-205">[192]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang">George Town</a>, Malaysia (2012)<a href="#cite_note-206">[193]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, China (2009)<a href="#cite_note-Guangzhou-207">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, Vietnam (2004)<a href="#cite_note-209">[196]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, Vietnam (2015)<a href="#cite_note-210">[197]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>, Vietnam (2016)<a href="#cite_note-211">[198]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia (2002)<a href="#cite_note-212">[199]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Switzerland (2009)<a href="#cite_note-213">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal (2016)<a href="#cite_note-214">[201]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, Philippines (1997)<a href="#cite_note-215">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[203]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia (1997)<a href="#cite_note-217">[204]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, Portugal (2016)<a href="#cite_note-218">[205]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, Cambodia (2013)<a href="#cite_note-219">[206]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia (1997)<a href="#cite_note-220">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[208]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea (2006)<a href="#cite_note-222">[209]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, China (2013)<a href="#cite_note-223">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China (2012)<a href="#cite_note-224">[211]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, China (2015)<a href="#cite_note-225">[212]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran (2012)<a href="#cite_note-226">[213]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, China (2012)<a href="#cite_note-227">[214]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, Mongolia (2017)<a href="#cite_note-228">[215]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>, Laos (2004)<a href="#cite_note-229">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States (1962, 2002)<a href="#cite_note-230">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[218]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, China (2013)<a href="#cite_note-232">[219]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Bangkok Metropolitan Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangkok" title="Outline of Bangkok">Outline of Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World%27s_largest_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="World's largest cities">World's largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Bangkok" title="Football in Bangkok">Football in Bangkok</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bæŋˈkɒk/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-collins-7">[7]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbæŋkɒk/</a><a href="#cite_note-collins-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> กรุงเทพมหานคร, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">[krūŋ tʰêːp mahǎː nákʰɔ̄ːn]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/08\/Th-Krung_Thep_Maha_Nakhon.ogg\/Th-Krung_Thep_Maha_Nakhon.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Th-Krung Thep Maha Nakhon.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Th-Krung_Thep_Maha_Nakhon.ogg/Th-Krung_Thep_Maha_Nakhon.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Th-Krung_Thep_Maha_Nakhon.ogg" title="File:Th-Krung Thep Maha Nakhon.ogg">ⓘ</a>, where the phrase "Maha Nakhon" literally translates to "large (or great) city" </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/48\/Th-Krung_Thep.ogg\/Th-Krung_Thep.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Thai pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Th-Krung Thep.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Th-Krung_Thep.ogg/Th-Krung_Thep.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Thai pronunciation</a><a href="/wiki/File:Th-Krung_Thep.ogg" title="File:Th-Krung Thep.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Two plants are known in Thai by the name makok: E. hygrophilus (makok nam, 'water makok') and <a href="/wiki/Spondias_pinnata" title="Spondias pinnata">Spondias pinnata</a> (makok pa, 'jungle makok'). The species that grew in the area was likely makok nam. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> While this ceremonial name is generally believed, based on writings by the Somdet Phra Wannarat (Kaeo), to have originally been given by King Rama I and later modified by King Mongkut, it did not come into use until the latter reign.<a href="#cite_note-Chanchai-20">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> This ceremonial name uses two ancient Indian languages, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pāli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, prefaced with the only one Thai word, Krung, which means 'capital'. According to the romanisation of these languages, it can actually be written as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87#Thai" class="extiw" title="wikt:กรุง">Krung</a>-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:देव">dēva</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:महा">mahā</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:नगर">nagara</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:अमर">amara</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:रत्न">ratanakosindra</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:महा">mah</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:इन्द्र">indr</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:अयोध्या">āyudhyā</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:महा">mahā</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:तिलक">tilaka</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:भाव">bhava</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5#Numeral_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:नव">nava</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:रत्न">ratana</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:राजा">rāja</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:धानी">dhānī</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:पुरी">purī</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:रम्य">ramya</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:उत्तम">uttama</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:राजा">rājaniv</a>ēsana <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:महा">mah</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:आस्थान">āsthāna</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:अमर">amara</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:विमान">vimāna</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:अवतार">avatāra</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:स्थिति">sthitya</a> shakrasdattiya <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:विष्णु">viṣṇu</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:कर्मन्">karma</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:प्रसिद्धि">prasiddhi</a><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/79\/Bangkok_ceremonial_name_in_Sanskrit.ogg\/Bangkok_ceremonial_name_in_Sanskrit.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"(listen)"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Bangkok ceremonial name in Sanskrit.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Bangkok_ceremonial_name_in_Sanskrit.ogg/Bangkok_ceremonial_name_in_Sanskrit.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">(listen)</a><a href="/wiki/File:Bangkok_ceremonial_name_in_Sanskrit.ogg" title="File:Bangkok ceremonial name in Sanskrit.ogg">ⓘ</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> In contrast to the 169-letter-long transcription provided above in this article, the form recorded in the Guinness World Records is missing the first letter "h" in Amonphimanawatansathit, resulting in a word 168 letters long. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> The BMA gives an elevation figure of 2.31 metres (7 ft 7 in).<a href="#cite_note-BMA_geo-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> The population registry does not account for most internal migration, thus its figures will underestimate the city's actual population. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Thai ethnicity is rather a question of cultural identity than of genetic origin.<a href="#cite_note-Thak-92">[83]</a> Many people in Bangkok who self-identify as Thai have at least some Chinese ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-93">[84]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> An introductory publication by the BMA gives a figure of 80 per cent Thai, 10 per cent Chinese and 10 per cent other, although this is likely a rough estimate.<a href="#cite_note-95">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> By one recent estimate, at least 60 per cent of the city's residents are of Chinese descent.<a href="#cite_note-98">[87]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> A 1993 study found dog bites to constitute 5.3 per cent of injuries seen at Siriraj Hospital's emergency department.<a href="#cite_note-184">[172]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BMA_geo-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BMA_geo_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMA_geo_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMA_geo_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMA_geo_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMA_geo_1-4">e</a> Thavisin et al. (eds) 2006, p. 24. Reproduced in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkok.go.th/th/page/index.php?153-Geography_of_Bangkok&l=en">"Geography of Bangkok"</a>. BMA website. Retrieved 8 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BMA+website&rft.atitle=Geography+of+Bangkok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkok.go.th%2Fth%2Fpage%2Findex.php%3F153-Geography_of_Bangkok%26l%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Tangchonlatip-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tangchonlatip_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tangchonlatip_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangchonlatip2007" class="citation book cs1">Tangchonlatip, Kanchana (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304041608/http://www.ipsr.mahidol.ac.th/ipsr/annualconference/conferenceiii/Articles/Article02.htm">"กรุงเทพมหานคร: เมืองโตเดี่ยวตลอดกาลของประเทศไทย"</a> [Bangkok: Thailand's forever primate city]. 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Retrieved 26 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%3A+%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1+2550&rft.place=Nakhon+Pathom%2C+Thailand&rft.pub=Institute+for+Population+and+Social+Research&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Tangchonlatip&rft.aufirst=Kanchana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsr.mahidol.ac.th%2Fipsr%2Fannualconference%2Fconferenceiii%2FArticles%2FArticle02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinsakul-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinsakul_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinsakul_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinsakul2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sinsakul, Sin (August 2000). 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Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 18 (4): 415–426. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JAESc..18..415S">2000JAESc..18..415S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1367-9120%2899%2900075-9">10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00075-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1367-9120">1367-9120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Late+Quaternary+geology+of+the+Lower+Central+Plain%2C+Thailand&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=415-426&rft.date=2000-08&rft.issn=1367-9120&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1367-9120%2899%2900075-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JAESc..18..415S&rft.aulast=Sinsakul&rft.aufirst=Sin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010_census_1-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2010_census_1_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_census_1_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_census_1_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010_census_1_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190312075524/http://popcensus.nso.go.th/report/WholeKingdom_T.pdf">"Table 1 Population by sex, household by type of household, changwat and area"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 26 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary+%28online%29&rft.atitle=Definition+of+%22Bangkok%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fbangkok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805055650/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/bangkok">"Bangkok"</a>. US English Dictionary. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/bangkok">the original</a> on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Bangkok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fus%2Fbangkok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tipawan-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tipawan_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tipawan_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrashtityaMatungka" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chandrashtitya, Tipawan; Matungka, Chiraporn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100713001017/http://dit.dru.ac.th/home/012/attractions_history.html"><bdi lang="th">ประวัติเมืองธนบุรี</bdi></a> [History of Thonburi City]. Arts & Cultural Office (in Thai). Dhonburi Rajabhat University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dit.dru.ac.th/home/012/attractions_history.html">the original</a> on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arts+%26+Cultural+Office&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5&rft.aulast=Chandrashtitya&rft.aufirst=Tipawan&rft.au=Matungka%2C+Chiraporn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdit.dru.ac.th%2Fhome%2F012%2Fattractions_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200_years-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-200_years_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-200_years_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-200_years_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-200_years_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_for_the_Rattanakosin_Bicentennial_Celebration1982" class="citation book cs1">Committee for the Rattanakosin Bicentennial Celebration (1982). จดหมายเหตุการอนุรักษ์กรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ [Rattanakosin City conservation archives]. Department of Fine Arts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C&rft.pub=Department+of+Fine+Arts&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Committee+for+the+Rattanakosin+Bicentennial+Celebration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> Reproduced in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219220002/http://203.155.220.230/info/passbkk/frame.asp">"กว่าจะมาเป็นกรุงเทพฯ"</a> [The path to become Bangkok]. BMA Data Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://203.155.220.230/info/passbkk/frame.asp">the original</a> on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AF&rft.pub=BMA+Data+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F203.155.220.230%2Finfo%2Fpassbkk%2Fframe.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Thailand-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Thailand_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Thailand_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Thailand_14-2">c</a> Baker & Pongpaichit 2005, pp. 37–41, 45, 52–71, 149–150, 162, 199–204. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeechSuhartono2020" class="citation news cs1">Beech, Hannah; Suhartono, Muktita (14 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/14/world/asia/thailand-protests-queen-king.html">"As Motorcade Rolls By, Thai Royal Family Glimpses the People's Discontent"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201014174057/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/14/world/asia/thailand-protests-queen-king.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+Motorcade+Rolls+By%2C+Thai+Royal+Family+Glimpses+the+People%27s+Discontent&rft.date=2020-10-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Beech&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Suhartono%2C+Muktita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F10%2F14%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fthailand-protests-queen-king.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131112051933/http://rirs3.royin.go.th/word24/word-24-a3.asp"><bdi lang="th">พจนานุกรม ฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๒</bdi></a> [Royal Institute Dictionary, B.E. 1999 (online edition)] (in Thai). Royal Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rirs3.royin.go.th/word24/word-24-a3.asp">the original</a> on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1+%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99+%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8.+%E0%B9%92%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%94%E0%B9%92&rft.pub=Royal+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frirs3.royin.go.th%2Fword24%2Fword-24-a3.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWongthes2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Sujit_Wongthes" title="Sujit Wongthes">Wongthes, Sujit</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217125517/http://www.sujitwongthes.com/2012/03/nonfiction2555-1/"><bdi lang="th">กรุงเทพฯ มาจากไหน?</bdi></a> [Bangkok: A Historical Background] (in Thai). Bangkok: Dream Catcher. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-7686-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-616-7686-00-4"><bdi>978-616-7686-00-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sujitwongthes.com/2012/03/nonfiction2555-1/">the original</a> on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AF+%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%3F&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Dream+Catcher&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-616-7686-00-4&rft.aulast=Wongthes&rft.aufirst=Sujit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sujitwongthes.com%2F2012%2F03%2Fnonfiction2555-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang_Derm-Thonburi-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Wang_Derm-Thonburi_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302033915/http://www.wangdermpalace.org/thonburi/index_thai.html"><bdi lang="th">สาระน่ารู้กรุงธนบุรี</bdi></a> [Interesting facts about the city of Thonburi]. Phra Racha Wang Derm (in Thai). Phra Racha Wang Derm Restoration Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wangdermpalace.org/thonburi/index_thai.html">the original</a> on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phra+Racha+Wang+Derm&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wangdermpalace.org%2Fthonburi%2Findex_thai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chanchai-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chanchai_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chanchai_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhakathikhom2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Phakathikhom, Chanchai (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020085443/http://www.cdsd-rta.net/images/stories/valasan/valsan%20y54%20b3%20year2548/155403.pdf"><bdi lang="th">นามพระนคร "ศรีอยุธยา" มาแต่ไหน</bdi></a> [What were the origins of the capital name "Si Ayutthaya"?] (PDF). Senathipat (in Thai). 54 (3): 114–123. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0857-3891">0857-3891</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsd-rta.net/images/stories/valasan/valsan%20y54%20b3%20year2548/155403.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Senathipat&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3+%22%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%22+%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=114-123&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0857-3891&rft.aulast=Phakathikhom&rft.aufirst=Chanchai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdsd-rta.net%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fvalasan%2Fvalsan%2520y54%2520b3%2520year2548%2F155403.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1837" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Roberts_(diplomat)" title="Edmund Roberts (diplomat)">Roberts, Edmund</a> (1837) [1837]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aSgPAAAAYAAJ">"Chapter XVIII —City of Bang-kok"</a>. Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat: in the U.S. sloop-of-war Peacock during the years 1832–3–4. Harper & Brothers. p. image 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-608-40406-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-608-40406-6"><bdi>978-0-608-40406-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12212199">12212199</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123212347/https://books.google.com/books?id=aSgPAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2013. <q>The spot on which the present capital stands, and the country in its vicinity, on both banks of the river for a considerable distance, were formerly, before the removal of the court to its present situation called Bang-kok; but since that time, and for nearly sixty years past, it has been named Sia yuthia, (pronounced See-ah you-tè-ah, and by the natives, Krung, that is, the capital;) it is called by both names here, but never Bang-kok; and they always correct foreigners when the latter make this mistake. The villages which occupy the right hand of the river, opposite to the capital, pass under the general name of Bang-kok.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XVIII+%E2%80%94City+of+Bang-kok&rft.btitle=Embassy+to+the+Eastern+courts+of+Cochin-China%2C+Siam%2C+and+Muscat%3A+in+the+U.S.+sloop-of-war+Peacock+during+the+years+1832%E2%80%933%E2%80%934&rft.pages=image+288&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1837&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12212199&rft.isbn=978-0-608-40406-6&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaSgPAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royal_Institute_Newsletter-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Institute_Newsletter_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Institute_Newsletter_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"กรุงเทพมหานคร". Royal Institute Newsletter. 3 (31). December 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Institute+Newsletter&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=31&rft.date=1993-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> Reproduced in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141206140602/http://www.royin.go.th/th/knowledge/detail.php?ID=639"><bdi lang="th">กรุงเทพมหานคร</bdi></a> [Krung Thep Mahanakhon] (in Thai). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royin.go.th/th/knowledge/detail.php?ID=639">the original</a> on 6 December 2014. 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Retrieved 24 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bangkok&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft.au=The+City+of+Shenzhen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sz.gov.cn%2Fen_szgov%2Fgovt%2Fcities%2Ffriendship%2Fcontent%2Fpost_1312661.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTehran_MunicipalityBangkok_Metropolitan_Administration2012" class="citation web cs1">Tehran Municipality; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170601005056/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/th/showsister_cities?id=102">"Memorandum of understanding between Tehran Municipality Islamic Republic of Iran and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iad.bangkok.go.th/th/showsister_cities?id=102">the original</a> on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorandum+of+understanding+between+Tehran+Municipality+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran+and+Bangkok+Metropolitan+Administration+Kingdom+of+Thailand&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.au=Tehran+Municipality&rft.au=Bangkok+Metropolitan+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiad.bangkok.go.th%2Fth%2Fshowsister_cities%3Fid%3D102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTianjin_Municipal_GovernmentBangkok_Metropolitan_Administration2012" class="citation web cs1">Tianjin Municipal Government; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (27 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003112129/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Tianjin.pdf">"Agreement between Tianjin Municipal Government of the People's Republic of China and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration of the Kingdom of Thailand on the establishment of friendship exchanges and cooperative relationship"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Tianjin.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agreement+between+Tianjin+Municipal+Government+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+and+Bangkok+Metropolitan+Administration+of+the+Kingdom+of+Thailand+on+the+establishment+of+friendship+exchanges+and+cooperative+relationship&rft.date=2012-02-27&rft.au=Tianjin+Municipal+Government&rft.au=Bangkok+Metropolitan+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiad.bangkok.go.th%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FTianjin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangkok_Metropolitan_AdministrationUlaanbaatar2017" class="citation web cs1">Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; Ulaanbaatar (27 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823171550/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Agreement%20Bangkok-Ulaanbaatar_Eng.pdf">"Agreement on the Establishment of Sister City Relations Between The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, The Kingdom of Thailand and The City of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Agreement%20Bangkok-Ulaanbaatar_Eng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 August 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agreement+on+the+Establishment+of+Sister+City+Relations+Between+The+Bangkok+Metropolitan+Administration%2C+The+Kingdom+of+Thailand+and+The+City+of+Ulaanbaatar%2C+Mongolia&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft.au=Bangkok+Metropolitan+Administration&rft.au=Ulaanbaatar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiad.bangkok.go.th%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FAgreement%2520Bangkok-Ulaanbaatar_Eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_VientianeBangkok_Metropolitan_Administration2004" class="citation web cs1">City of Vientiane; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (24 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Vientiane.pdf">"บันทึกว่าด้วยความร่วมมือ ระหว่างนครหลวงเวียงจันทน์และกรุงเทพมหานคร"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003112113/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Vientiane.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3&rft.date=2004-05-24&rft.au=City+of+Vientiane&rft.au=Bangkok+Metropolitan+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiad.bangkok.go.th%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FVientiane.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDistrict_of_ColumbiaBangkok_Metropolitan_Administration1962" class="citation web cs1">District of Columbia; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (19 February 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://os.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/os/publication/attachments/OS_DC_Bangkok_Agreement_1962.pdf">"Resolution: Sister City Affiliation of Washington, D.C. and Bangkok, Thailand"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190831/http://os.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/os/publication/attachments/OS_DC_Bangkok_Agreement_1962.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution%3A+Sister+City+Affiliation+of+Washington%2C+D.C.+and+Bangkok%2C+Thailand&rft.date=1962-02-19&rft.au=District+of+Columbia&rft.au=Bangkok+Metropolitan+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fos.dc.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdc%2Fsites%2Fos%2Fpublication%2Fattachments%2FOS_DC_Bangkok_Agreement_1962.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDistrict_of_ColumbiaBangkok_Metropolitan_Administration2002" class="citation web cs1">District of Columbia; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (15 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://os.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/os/publication/attachments/OS_DC_Bangkok_Renewal_2002.pdf">"Reaffirmation agreement between Washington, D.C. and Bangkok, Thailand"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714065515/https://os.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/os/publication/attachments/OS_DC_Bangkok_Renewal_2002.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reaffirmation+agreement+between+Washington%2C+D.C.+and+Bangkok%2C+Thailand&rft.date=2002-07-15&rft.au=District+of+Columbia&rft.au=Bangkok+Metropolitan+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fos.dc.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdc%2Fsites%2Fos%2Fpublication%2Fattachments%2FOS_DC_Bangkok_Renewal_2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeople's_Government_of_Wuhan_MunicipalBangkok_Metropolitan_Administration" class="citation web cs1">People's Government of Wuhan Municipal; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418101251/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/th/showsister_cities?id=105">"Memorandum of understanding between People's Government of Wuhan Municipal People's Republic of China and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iad.bangkok.go.th/th/showsister_cities?id=105">the original</a> on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorandum+of+understanding+between+People%27s+Government+of+Wuhan+Municipal+People%27s+Republic+of+China+and+Bangkok+Metropolitan+Administration+Kingdom+of+Thailand&rft.au=People%27s+Government+of+Wuhan+Municipal&rft.au=Bangkok+Metropolitan+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiad.bangkok.go.th%2Fth%2Fshowsister_cities%3Fid%3D105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: General and cited references">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerPhongpaichit2005" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofthailan00bake">A History of Thailand</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01647-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01647-6"><bdi>978-0-521-01647-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Thailand&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01647-6&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Phongpaichit%2C+Pasuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofthailan00bake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2000" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Annette (2000). "Wonderful, Terrible: Everyday Life in Bangkok". In Bridge, Gary; Vatson, Sophie (eds.). A Companion to the City. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 460–471. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23578-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-23578-1"><bdi>978-0-631-23578-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wonderful%2C+Terrible%3A+Everyday+Life+in+Bangkok&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+City&rft.pages=460-471&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-631-23578-1&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaudin2010" class="citation book cs1">Naudin, Thierry, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119175347/http://www.unescap.org/esd/apuf-5/documents/SACR.pdf">The State of Asian Cities 2010/11</a> (PDF). United Nations Human Settlements Programme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-132274-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-132274-3"><bdi>978-92-1-132274-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unescap.org/esd/apuf-5/documents/sacr.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Asian+Cities+2010%2F11&rft.pub=United+Nations+Human+Settlements+Programme&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-92-1-132274-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unescap.org%2Fesd%2Fapuf-5%2Fdocuments%2Fsacr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_National_Economic_and_Social_Development_Board_(NESDB)2012" class="citation book cs1">Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130204201228/http://www.nesdb.go.th/Portals/0/eco_datas/account/gpp/2010/All%20GPP%20Book%202010p.zip">Gross Regional and Provincial Product chain volume measures 1995–2010 edition</a>. Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nesdb.go.th/Portals/0/eco_datas/account/gpp/2010/All%20GPP%20Book%202010p.zip">the original</a> (ZIP/PDF) on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gross+Regional+and+Provincial+Product+chain+volume+measures+1995%E2%80%932010+edition&rft.pub=Office+of+the+National+Economic+and+Social+Development+Board&rft.date=2012-08&rft.au=Office+of+the+National+Economic+and+Social+Development+Board+%28NESDB%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nesdb.go.th%2FPortals%2F0%2Feco_datas%2Faccount%2Fgpp%2F2010%2FAll%2520GPP%2520Book%25202010p.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThavisinSemsonPadhanarath2006" class="citation book cs1">Thavisin, Nathanon; Semson, Pongsak; Padhanarath, Kriengpol, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002125223/http://office.bangkok.go.th/iad/eng/viewpage.php?page_id=17">Your Key to Bangkok</a>. Bangkok: International Affairs Division, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-9565-72-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-9565-72-8"><bdi>978-974-9565-72-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://office.bangkok.go.th/iad/eng/viewpage.php?page_id=17">the original</a> on 2 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Your+Key+to+Bangkok&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=International+Affairs+Division%2C+Bangkok+Metropolitan+Administration&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-974-9565-72-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foffice.bangkok.go.th%2Fiad%2Feng%2Fviewpage.php%3Fpage_id%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraffic_and_Transportation_Department2011" class="citation book cs1">Traffic and Transportation Department (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://203.155.220.150/abc/Book%20Jarajon.pdf">สถิติจราจร ปี 2553 (Traffic statistics, 2010)</a> (PDF). Traffic and Transportation Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5+2553+%28Traffic+statistics%2C+2010%29&rft.pub=Traffic+and+Transportation+Department%2C+Bangkok+Metropolitan+Administration&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Traffic+and+Transportation+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F203.155.220.150%2Fabc%2FBook%2520Jarajon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwel-Smith2020" class="citation book cs1">Cornwel-Smith, Philip (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/1862459/a-love-letter-to-a-city-in-flux">Very Bangkok; In the City of the Senses</a> (Book review). Bangkok: River Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-451-043-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-616-451-043-2"><bdi>978-616-451-043-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Very+Bangkok%3B+In+the+City+of+the+Senses&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=River+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-616-451-043-2&rft.aulast=Cornwel-Smith&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Flife%2Farts-and-entertainment%2F1862459%2Fa-love-letter-to-a-city-in-flux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÜnaldi2016" class="citation book cs1">Ünaldi, Serhat (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/working-towards-the-monarchy-the-politics-of-space-in-downtown-bangkok/">Working Towards the Monarchy; The Politics of Space in Downtown Bangkok</a> (Hardcover ed.). University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-5572-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-5572-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-5572-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+Towards+the+Monarchy%3B+The+Politics+of+Space+in+Downtown+Bangkok&rft.edition=Hardcover&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2016-05&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-5572-7&rft.aulast=%C3%9Cnaldi&rft.aufirst=Serhat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuhpress.hawaii.edu%2Ftitle%2Fworking-towards-the-monarchy-the-politics-of-space-in-downtown-bangkok%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Beek2018" class="citation book cs1">Van Beek, Steve (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asiabooks.com/news-from-the-90s-bangkok-1890-1899-225724.html">News from the 90s; Bangkok 1890–1899</a>. Bangkok: ปิยวีร์ รื่นจินดา. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-93171-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-616-93171-0-4"><bdi>978-616-93171-0-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=News+from+the+90s%3B+Bangkok+1890%E2%80%931899&rft.place=Bangkok&rft.pub=%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-616-93171-0-4&rft.aulast=Van+Beek&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiabooks.com%2Fnews-from-the-90s-bangkok-1890-1899-225724.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABangkok" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangkok&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Bangkok at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bangkok" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Bangkok">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3" class="extiw" title="c:กรุงเทพมหานคร">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bangkok" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Bangkok">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bangkok" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Bangkok">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bangkok" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Bangkok">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bangkok" class="extiw" title="voy:Bangkok">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1861" class="extiw" title="d:Q1861">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://main.bangkok.go.th/">Official website</a> – Bangkok Metropolitan Administration</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bangkoktourist.com/">bangkoktourist.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512184003/http://www.bangkoktourist.com/">Archived</a> 12 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Official travel guide by the BMA Culture, Sports and Tourism Department</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tourismthailand.org/About-Thailand/Destination/Bangkok">Destination: Bangkok</a> at Tourism Authority of Thailand</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Bangkok" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Bangkok" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Bangkok</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nonthaburi_province" title="Nonthaburi province">Nonthaburi province</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pathum_Thani_province" title="Pathum Thani province">Pathum Thani province</a></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom_province" title="Nakhon Pathom province">Nakhon Pathom province</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Bangkok<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Chachoengsao_province" title="Chachoengsao province">Chachoengsao province</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samut_Sakhon_province" title="Samut Sakhon province">Samut Sakhon province</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bangkok" title="Bay of Bangkok">Bay of Bangkok</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samut_Prakan_province" title="Samut Prakan province">Samut Prakan province</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Bangkok&#124;link=Bangkok_Bangkok_(outline)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bangkok" title="Template:Bangkok"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bangkok" title="Template talk:Bangkok"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bangkok" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bangkok"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Bangkok&#124;link=Bangkok_Bangkok_(outline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok"><img alt="Bangkok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Bangkok.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangkok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Bangkok.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangkok.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_Bangkok.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bangkok.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangkok</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangkok" title="Outline of Bangkok">outline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangkok" title="History of Bangkok">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom" title="Thonburi Kingdom">Thonburi Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Rattanakosin Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakri_dynasty" title="Chakri dynasty">Chakri dynasty</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Bangkok_Metro_Authority.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seal_of_Bangkok_Metro_Authority.png/100px-Seal_of_Bangkok_Metro_Authority.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seal_of_Bangkok_Metro_Authority.png/150px-Seal_of_Bangkok_Metro_Authority.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Seal_of_Bangkok_Metro_Authority.png/200px-Seal_of_Bangkok_Metro_Authority.png 2x" data-file-width="2961" data-file-height="2961" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Administration" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Administration">Government</a> and localities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Administration" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Administration">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhoods_of_Bangkok" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighbourhoods of Bangkok">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Bangkok" title="List of districts of Bangkok">Districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings and landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Bangkok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of tourist attractions in Bangkok (page does not exist)">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace" title="Grand Palace">Grand Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wat Phra Kaeo">Wat Phra Kaeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Arun" title="Wat Arun">Wat Arun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Pho" title="Wat Pho">Wat Pho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Monument_(Thailand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory Monument (Thailand)">Victory Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Monument" title="Democracy Monument">Democracy Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Swing" title="Giant Swing">Giant Swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Island" title="Rattanakosin Island">Rattanakosin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumphini_Park" title="Lumphini Park">Lumphini Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand" title="Stock Exchange of Thailand">Stock Exchange Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bangkok" title="Tourism in Bangkok">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bangkok" title="Transport in Bangkok">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_Airport" title="Suvarnabhumi Airport">Suvarnabhumi Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mueang_International_Airport" title="Don Mueang International Airport">Don Mueang International Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krung_Thep_Aphiwat_Central_Terminal" title="Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal">Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_(Hua_Lamphong)_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkok (Hua Lamphong) railway station">Bangkok (Hua Lamphong) railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand" title="State Railway of Thailand">State Railway of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTS_Skytrain" title="BTS Skytrain">BTS Skytrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRT_(Bangkok)" title="MRT (Bangkok)">MRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_Rail_Link_(Bangkok)" title="Airport Rail Link (Bangkok)">Airport Rail Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRT_Red_Lines" title="SRT Red Lines">SRT Red Lines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Mass_Transit_Authority" title="Bangkok Mass Transit Authority">Bangkok Mass Transit Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_BRT" title="Bangkok BRT">Bangkok BRT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chakri_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chakri Day (page does not exist)">Chakri Day</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Bangkok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Bangkok (page does not exist)">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_in_Bangkok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema in Bangkok (page does not exist)">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shopping_in_Bangkok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shopping in Bangkok (page does not exist)">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_in_Bangkok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sports in Bangkok (page does not exist)">Sports</a></li> <li>Asian Games <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_Asian_Games" title="1966 Asian Games">1966 Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Asian_Games" title="1970 Asian Games">1970 Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Asian_Games" title="1978 Asian Games">1978 Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Asian_Games" title="1998 Asian Games">1998 Asian Games</a></li></ul></li> <li>SEA Games <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Southeast_Asian_Peninsular_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1959 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games">1959 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Southeast_Asian_Peninsular_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games">1967 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Southeast_Asian_Peninsular_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games">1975 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1985 Southeast Asian Games">1985 Southeast Asian Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Bangkok" title="Category:Education in Bangkok">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bangkok" title="List of schools in Bangkok">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bangkok" title="List of universities in Bangkok">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Bangkok" title="Category:People from Bangkok">Famous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Bangkok" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Bangkok">Buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Thailand">List of cities in Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bangkok" title="Category:Bangkok">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bangkok" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bangkok">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Bangkok" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Bangkok" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Bangkok</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_(khet)_of_Bangkok" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Khet_Bangkok" title="Template:Khet Bangkok"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Khet_Bangkok" title="Template talk:Khet Bangkok"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Khet_Bangkok" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Khet Bangkok"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_(khet)_of_Bangkok" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Districts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Bangkok" title="List of districts of Bangkok">khet</a>) of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangkok</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phra Nakhon side (Bangkok core side)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Kapi_district" title="Bang Kapi district">Bang Kapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Khen_district" title="Bang Khen district">Bang Khen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Kho_Laem_district" title="Bang Kho Laem district">Bang Kho Laem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Na_district" title="Bang Na district">Bang Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Rak_district" title="Bang Rak district">Bang Rak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Sue_district" title="Bang Sue district">Bang Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bueng_Kum_district" title="Bueng Kum district">Bueng Kum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatuchak_district" title="Chatuchak district">Chatuchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Din_Daeng_district" title="Din Daeng district">Din Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mueang_district" title="Don Mueang district">Don Mueang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusit_district" title="Dusit district">Dusit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_Khwang_district" title="Huai Khwang district">Huai Khwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Na_Yao_district" title="Khan Na Yao district">Khan Na Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlong_Sam_Wa_district" title="Khlong Sam Wa district">Khlong Sam Wa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlong_Toei_district" title="Khlong Toei district">Khlong Toei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_Si_district" title="Lak Si district">Lak Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lat_Krabang_district" title="Lat Krabang district">Lat Krabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lat_Phrao_district" title="Lat Phrao district">Lat Phrao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Buri_district" title="Min Buri district">Min Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Chok_district" title="Nong Chok district">Nong Chok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathum_Wan_district" title="Pathum Wan district">Pathum Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaya_Thai_district" title="Phaya Thai district">Phaya Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phra_Khanong_district" title="Phra Khanong district">Phra Khanong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_district" title="Phra Nakhon district">Phra Nakhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pom_Prap_Sattru_Phai_district" title="Pom Prap Sattru Phai district">Pom Prap Sattru Phai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prawet_district" title="Prawet district">Prawet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchathewi_district" title="Ratchathewi district">Ratchathewi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samphanthawong_district" title="Samphanthawong district">Samphanthawong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Mai_district" title="Sai Mai district">Sai Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saphan_Sung_district" title="Saphan Sung district">Saphan Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathon_district" title="Sathon district">Sathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suan_Luang_district" title="Suan Luang district">Suan Luang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Thonglang_district" title="Wang Thonglang district">Wang Thonglang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watthana_district" title="Watthana district">Watthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Nawa_district" title="Yan Nawa district">Yan Nawa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Admin_(green).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seal_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Admin_%28green%29.svg/100px-Seal_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Admin_%28green%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seal_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Admin_%28green%29.svg/150px-Seal_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Admin_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seal_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Admin_%28green%29.svg/200px-Seal_Bangkok_Metropolitan_Admin_%28green%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thonburi" title="Thonburi">Thonburi</a> side</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Bon_district" title="Bang Bon district">Bang Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Khae_district" title="Bang Khae district">Bang Khae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Khun_Thian_district" title="Bang Khun Thian district">Bang Khun Thian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Noi_district" title="Bangkok Noi district">Bangkok Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Yai_district" title="Bangkok Yai district">Bangkok Yai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Phlat_district" title="Bang Phlat district">Bang Phlat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chom_Thong_district,_Bangkok" title="Chom Thong district, Bangkok">Chom Thong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlong_San_district" title="Khlong San district">Khlong San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Khaem_district" title="Nong Khaem district">Nong Khaem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasi_Charoen_district" title="Phasi Charoen district">Phasi Charoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_Burana_district" title="Rat Burana district">Rat Burana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taling_Chan_district" title="Taling Chan district">Taling Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawi_Watthana_district" title="Thawi Watthana district">Thawi Watthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thon_Buri_district" title="Thon Buri district">Thon Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thung_Khru_district" title="Thung Khru district">Thung Khru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_Thailand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Template:Provinces of Thailand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Template talk:Provinces of Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces of Thailand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_Thailand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" title="Provinces of Thailand">Provinces of Thailand</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals" title="List of national capitals">Capital</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangkok (Krung Thep Maha Nakhon)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thailand" title="Northern Thailand">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_province" title="Chiang Mai province">Chiang Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai_province" title="Chiang Rai province">Chiang Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampang_province" title="Lampang province">Lampang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamphun_province" title="Lamphun province">Lamphun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Hong_Son_province" title="Mae Hong Son province">Mae Hong Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan_province" title="Nan province">Nan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phayao_province" title="Phayao province">Phayao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrae_province" title="Phrae province">Phrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradit_province" title="Uttaradit province">Uttaradit</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Phra Khrut Pha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/60px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/90px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="398" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Northeastern (Isan)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnat_Charoen_province" title="Amnat Charoen province">Amnat Charoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bueng_Kan_province" title="Bueng Kan province">Bueng Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buriram_province" title="Buriram province">Buriram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaiyaphum_province" title="Chaiyaphum province">Chaiyaphum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasin_province" title="Kalasin province">Kalasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khon_Kaen_province" title="Khon Kaen province">Khon Kaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loei_province" title="Loei province">Loei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Sarakham_province" title="Maha Sarakham province">Maha Sarakham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukdahan_province" title="Mukdahan province">Mukdahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Phanom_province" title="Nakhon Phanom province">Nakhon Phanom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Ratchasima_province" title="Nakhon Ratchasima province">Nakhon Ratchasima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Bua_Lamphu_province" title="Nong Bua Lamphu province">Nong Bua Lamphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Khai_province" title="Nong Khai province">Nong Khai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roi_Et_province" title="Roi Et province">Roi Et</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakon_Nakhon_province" title="Sakon Nakhon province">Sakon Nakhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisaket_province" title="Sisaket province">Sisaket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surin_province" title="Surin province">Surin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubon_Ratchathani_province" title="Ubon Ratchathani province">Ubon Ratchathani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udon_Thani_province" title="Udon Thani province">Udon Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasothon_province" title="Yasothon province">Yasothon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Thailand" title="Western Thailand">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanchanaburi_province" title="Kanchanaburi province">Kanchanaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phetchaburi_province" title="Phetchaburi province">Phetchaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province" title="Prachuap Khiri Khan province">Prachuap Khiri Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchaburi_province" title="Ratchaburi province">Ratchaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tak_province" title="Tak province">Tak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Thailand" title="Central Thailand">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Thong_province" title="Ang Thong province">Ang Thong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Nat_province" title="Chai Nat province">Chai Nat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamphaeng_Phet_province" title="Kamphaeng Phet province">Kamphaeng Phet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krung_Thep_Maha_Nakhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Krung Thep Maha Nakhon">Krung Thep Maha Nakhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopburi_province" title="Lopburi province">Lopburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Nayok_province" title="Nakhon Nayok province">Nakhon Nayok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom_province" title="Nakhon Pathom province">Nakhon Pathom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Sawan_province" title="Nakhon Sawan province">Nakhon Sawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonthaburi_province" title="Nonthaburi province">Nonthaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathum_Thani_province" title="Pathum Thani province">Pathum Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phetchabun_province" title="Phetchabun province">Phetchabun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phichit_province" title="Phichit province">Phichit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phitsanulok_province" title="Phitsanulok province">Phitsanulok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_Si_Ayutthaya_province" title="Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province">Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samut_Prakan_province" title="Samut Prakan province">Samut Prakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samut_Sakhon_province" title="Samut Sakhon province">Samut Sakhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samut_Songkhram_province" title="Samut Songkhram province">Samut Songkhram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraburi_province" title="Saraburi province">Saraburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing_Buri_province" title="Sing Buri province">Sing Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_province" title="Sukhothai province">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suphan_Buri_province" title="Suphan Buri province">Suphan Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthai_Thani_province" title="Uthai Thani province">Uthai Thani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Thailand" title="Eastern Thailand">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chachoengsao_province" title="Chachoengsao province">Chachoengsao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanthaburi_province" title="Chanthaburi province">Chanthaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Chonburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prachinburi_province" title="Prachinburi province">Prachinburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayong_province" title="Rayong province">Rayong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Kaeo_province" title="Sa Kaeo province">Sa Kaeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trat_province" title="Trat province">Trat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chumphon_province" title="Chumphon province">Chumphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krabi_province" title="Krabi province">Krabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_province" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat province">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narathiwat_province" title="Narathiwat province">Narathiwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattani_province" title="Pattani province">Pattani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phang_Nga_province" title="Phang Nga province">Phang Nga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phatthalung_province" title="Phatthalung province">Phatthalung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuket_province" title="Phuket province">Phuket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranong_province" title="Ranong province">Ranong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satun_province" title="Satun province">Satun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkhla_province" title="Songkhla province">Songkhla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Thani_province" title="Surat Thani province">Surat Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trang_province" title="Trang province">Trang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yala_province" title="Yala province">Yala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_Municipalities_of_Thailand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metropolitan_cities_of_Thailand" title="Template:Metropolitan cities of Thailand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metropolitan_cities_of_Thailand" title="Template talk:Metropolitan cities of Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan_cities_of_Thailand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan cities of Thailand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_Municipalities_of_Thailand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Thailand" title="List of municipalities in Thailand">City Municipalities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special Governed Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangkok (Krung Thep Maha Nakhon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattaya" title="Pattaya">Pattaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thesaban" title="Thesaban">City Municipalities (thesaban nakhon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buriram" title="Buriram">Buriram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaophraya_Surasak" title="Chaophraya Surasak">Chaophraya Surasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai" title="Chiang Rai">Chiang Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_Yai" title="Hat Yai">Hat Yai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khon_Kaen" title="Khon Kaen">Khon Kaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko_Samui" title="Ko Samui">Ko Samui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laem_Chabang" title="Laem Chabang">Laem Chabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampang" title="Lampang">Lampang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Sot" title="Mae Sot">Mae Sot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom" title="Nakhon Pathom">Nakhon Pathom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Ratchasima" title="Nakhon Ratchasima">Nakhon Ratchasima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Sawan" title="Nakhon Sawan">Nakhon Sawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonthaburi" title="Nonthaburi">Nonthaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Noi" title="Om Noi">Om Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Kret" title="Pak Kret">Pak Kret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phitsanulok" title="Phitsanulok">Phitsanulok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_Si_Ayutthaya_(city)" title="Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city)">Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuket_(city)" title="Phuket (city)">Phuket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangsit" title="Rangsit">Rangsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayong" title="Rayong">Rayong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakon_Nakhon" title="Sakon Nakhon">Sakon Nakhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samut_Prakan_province" title="Samut Prakan province">Samut Prakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samut_Sakhon" title="Samut Sakhon">Samut Sakhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songkhla" title="Songkhla">Songkhla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Thani" title="Surat Thani">Surat Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trang,_Thailand" title="Trang, Thailand">Trang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubon_Ratchathani" title="Ubon Ratchathani">Ubon Ratchathani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udon_Thani" title="Udon Thani">Udon Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yala,_Thailand" title="Yala, Thailand">Yala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in italics</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Central Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">South Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Southeast Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">West Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;">East Asia</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;">North Asia</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Thunder_Cove" title="Camp Thunder Cove">Camp Thunder Cove</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">BIOT</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>) *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Fish_Cove" title="Flying Fish Cove">Flying Fish Cove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands">West Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> (de facto) *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.3em; line-height:1.3em;"><div>* Disputed. See: <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz-Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz-Georgian conflict">Abkhaz-Georgian conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian-Ossetian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Ossetian conflict">Georgian-Ossetian conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Host_cities_of_Asian_Games" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_Games_host_cities" title="Template:Asian Games host cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_Games_host_cities" title="Template talk:Asian Games host cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_Games_host_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian Games host cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Host_cities_of_Asian_Games" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Host cities of <a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Summer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1951_Asian_Games" title="1951 Asian Games">1951</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Asian_Games" title="1954 Asian Games">1954</a>: <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Asian_Games" title="1958 Asian Games">1958</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Asian_Games" title="1962 Asian Games">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Asian_Games" title="1966 Asian Games">1966</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Asian_Games" title="1970 Asian Games">1970</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Asian_Games" title="1974 Asian Games">1974</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Asian_Games" title="1978 Asian Games">1978</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Asian_Games" title="1982 Asian Games">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Asian_Games" title="1986 Asian Games">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Asian_Games" title="1990 Asian Games">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Asian_Games" title="1994 Asian Games">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Asian_Games" title="1998 Asian Games">1998</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Asian_Games" title="2002 Asian Games">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Asian_Games" title="2006 Asian Games">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Asian_Games" title="2010 Asian Games">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Asian_Games" title="2014 Asian Games">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Asian_Games" title="2018 Asian Games">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>-<a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Asian_Games" title="2022 Asian Games">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_Asian_Games" title="2026 Asian Games">2026</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aichi">Aichi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2030_Asian_Games" title="2030 Asian Games">2030</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2034_Asian_Games" title="2034 Asian Games">2034</a>: <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_Games_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asian Games logo"><img alt="Asian Games logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asian_Games_logo.svg/70px-Asian_Games_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asian_Games_logo.svg/105px-Asian_Games_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asian_Games_logo.svg/140px-Asian_Games_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="406" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Winter_Games" title="Asian Winter Games">Winter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1986 Asian Winter Games">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1990 Asian Winter Games">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1996 Asian Winter Games">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Asian_Winter_Games" title="1999 Asian Winter Games">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangwon Province (South Korea)">Kangwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2003 Asian Winter Games">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture" title="Aomori Prefecture">Aomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2007 Asian Winter Games">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2011 Asian Winter Games">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>-<a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2017 Asian Winter Games">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2025 Asian Winter Games">2025</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2029_Asian_Winter_Games" title="2029 Asian Winter Games">2029</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trojena" title="Trojena">Trojena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Template talk:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_most_populous_urban_areas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's most populous urban areas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_50_most-populous_urban_areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World's 50 <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">most-populous urban areas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Tokyo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(India)" title="National Capital Region (India)">Delhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>–<a href="/wiki/Foshan" title="Foshan">Foshan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region" title="Mumbai Metropolitan Region">Mumbai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manila_Area" title="Greater Manila Area">Manila</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Capital_Area" title="Seoul Capital Area">Seoul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cairo" title="Greater Cairo">Cairo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="11"><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata metropolitan area">Kolkata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Dhaka" title="Greater Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Region" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Region">Bangkok</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_metropolitan_area" title="Moscow metropolitan area">Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires" title="Greater Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="21"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangalore" title="Greater Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_metropolitan_area" title="Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="31"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tehran" title="Greater Tehran">Tehran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_metropolitan_area" title="Chennai metropolitan area">Chennai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li></ol></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20em;"><div> <div><ol start="41"><li><a href="/wiki/Lima_metropolitan_area" title="Lima metropolitan area">Lima</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Metropolitan Area of Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Metropolitan_Region" title="Hyderabad Metropolitan Region">Hyderabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taipei%E2%80%93Keelung_metropolitan_area" title="Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area">Taipei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABky%C5%8D_metropolitan_area" title="Chūkyō metropolitan area">Nagoya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_metropolitan_area" title="Surabaya metropolitan area">Surabaya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_metropolitan_area" title="Bandung metropolitan area">Bandung</a></li></ol></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Book_Capitals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Book_Capital" title="Template:World Book Capital"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Book_Capital" title="Template talk:World Book Capital"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Book_Capital" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Book Capital"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Book_Capitals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capitals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> </li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> </li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> </li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangkok</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_UNESCO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/80px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/120px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/160px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourist_attractions_in_Bangkok" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Bangkok" title="Template:Tourist attractions in Bangkok"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tourist_attractions_in_Bangkok" title="Template talk:Tourist attractions in Bangkok"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Bangkok" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist attractions in Bangkok"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourist_attractions_in_Bangkok" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bangkok" title="Tourism in Bangkok">Tourist attractions in Bangkok</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Buddhist temples (Wats)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Arun" title="Wat Arun">Wat Arun (Temple of Dawn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Benchamabophit" title="Wat Benchamabophit">Wat Benchamabophit (Marble Temple)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Bowonniwet_Vihara" title="Wat Bowonniwet Vihara">Wat Bowonniwet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Champa" title="Wat Champa">Wat Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Chana_Songkram" class="mw-redirect" title="Wat Chana Songkram">Wat Chana Songkram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Hong_Rattanaram" title="Wat Hong Rattanaram">Wat Hong Rattanaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Ko,_Bangkok" title="Wat Ko, Bangkok">Wat Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Kalayanamitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Wat Kalayanamitr">Wat Kalayanamitr (Big Buddha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Mahathat_Yuwaratrangsarit" title="Wat Mahathat Yuwaratrangsarit">Wat Mahathat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Paknam_Bhasicharoen" title="Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen">Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Pathum_Khongkha" title="Wat Pathum Khongkha">Wat Pathum Khongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Pathum_Wanaram" title="Wat Pathum Wanaram">Wat Pathum Wanaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Pho" title="Wat Pho">Wat Pho (Reclining Buddha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew" title="Wat Phra Kaew">Wat Phra Kaew (Emerald Buddha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Prayurawongsawat" title="Wat Prayurawongsawat">Wat Prayurawongsawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Rakhangkhositaram" title="Wat Rakhangkhositaram">Wat Rakhangkhositaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Ratchabophit" title="Wat Ratchabophit">Wat Ratchabophit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Ratchaburana,_Bangkok" title="Wat Ratchaburana, Bangkok">Wat Ratchaburana (Wat Liap)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Ratchanatdaram" title="Wat Ratchanatdaram">Wat Ratchanatdaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Ratchapradit" title="Wat Ratchapradit">Wat Ratchapradit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Saket" title="Wat Saket">Wat Saket (Golden Mount)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Suthat" title="Wat Suthat">Wat Suthat (Giant Swing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Suwannaram" title="Wat Suwannaram">Wat Suwannaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Traimit" title="Wat Traimit">Wat Traimit (Golden Buddha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Yannawa" title="Wat Yannawa">Wat Yannawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Rosary_Church,_Bangkok" title="Holy Rosary Church, Bangkok">Holy Rosary Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_Cathedral,_Bangkok" title="Assumption Cathedral, Bangkok">Assumption Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Redeemer_Church,_Bangkok" title="Holy Redeemer Church, Bangkok">Holy Redeemer Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_Church,_Bangkok" title="Immaculate Conception Church, Bangkok">Immaculate Conception Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Church,_Bangkok" title="Santa Cruz Church, Bangkok">Santa Cruz Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other religious buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Luang_Mosque" title="Bang Luang Mosque">Bang Luang Mosque (Kudi Khao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasathan" title="Devasathan">Devasathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erawan_Shrine" title="Erawan Shrine">Erawan Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Swing" title="Giant Swing">Giant Swing (Sao Chingcha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu_Shrine,_Khlong_San" title="Guan Yu Shrine, Khlong San">Guan Yu Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thian_Fah_Foundation_Hospital" title="Thian Fah Foundation Hospital">Guanyin Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kian_Un_Keng_Shrine" title="Kian Un Keng Shrine">Kian Un Keng Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lak_Mueang" title="Lak Mueang">Lak Mueang (City Pillar Shrine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leng_Buai_Ia_Shrine" title="Leng Buai Ia Shrine">Leng Buai Ia Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariamman_Temple,_Bangkok" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariamman Temple, Bangkok">Mariamman Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Chao_Pho_Suea_Phra_Nakhon" class="mw-redirect" title="San Chao Pho Suea Phra Nakhon">Tiger God Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ton_Son_Mosque" title="Ton Son Mosque">Ton Son Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Dibayavari_Vihara" title="Wat Dibayavari Vihara">Wat Dibayavari Vihara (Kham Low Yi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Mangkon_Kamalawat" title="Wat Mangkon Kamalawat">Wat Mangkon Kamalawat (Leng Noei Yi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat_Bamphen_Chin_Phrot" title="Wat Bamphen Chin Phrot">Wat Bamphen Chin Phrot (Yong Hok Yi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Bangkok" title="List of palaces in Bangkok">Palaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Khun_Phrom_Palace" title="Bang Khun Phrom Palace">Bang Khun Phrom Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusit_Palace" title="Dusit Palace">Dusit Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Palace" title="Grand Palace">Grand Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaya_Thai_Palace" title="Phaya Thai Palace">Phaya Thai Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suan_Pakkad_Palace" title="Suan Pakkad Palace">Suan Pakkad Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Palace" title="Thonburi Palace">Thonburi Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and Cultural performances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Bu_Community" title="Ban Bu Community">Ban Bu Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Aquarium" title="Bangkok Aquarium">Bangkok Aquarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Art_and_Culture_Centre" title="Bangkok Art and Culture Centre">Bangkok Art and Culture Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Folk_Museum" title="Bangkok Folk Museum">Bangkok Folk Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_National_Museum" title="Bangkok National Museum">Bangkok National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand_Museum" title="Bank of Thailand Museum">Bank of Thailand Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamrung_Chat_Satsana_Ya_Thai" title="Bamrung Chat Satsana Ya Thai">Ban Mo Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ChangChui_Creative_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ChangChui Creative Park (page does not exist)">ChangChui Creative Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coin_Museum_(Bangkok)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coin Museum (Bangkok) (page does not exist)">Coin Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Thompson_House" title="Jim Thompson House">Jim Thompson House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlong_Bang_Luang_Artist_House" title="Khlong Bang Luang Artist House">Khlong Bang Luang Artist House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Prajadhipok_Museum" title="King Prajadhipok Museum">King Prajadhipok Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhong_1919" title="Lhong 1919">Lhong 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.R._Kukrit%27s_House" title="M.R. Kukrit's House">M.R. Kukrit's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_(Bangkok)" title="Museum of Contemporary Art (Bangkok)">Museum of Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Siam" title="Museum Siam">Museum Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavilion_of_Regalia,_Royal_Decorations_and_Coins" title="Pavilion of Regalia, Royal Decorations and Coins">Pavilion of Regalia, Royal Decorations and Coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Saovabha_Memorial_Institute" title="Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute">Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Chalermkrung_Royal_Theatre" title="Sala Chalermkrung Royal Theatre">Sala Chalermkrung Royal Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Life_Bangkok_Ocean_World" title="Sea Life Bangkok Ocean World">Sea Life Bangkok Ocean World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Commercial_Bank,_Talat_Noi_Branch" title="Siam Commercial Bank, Talat Noi Branch">Siam Commercial Bank, Talat Noi Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silpa_Bhirasri_National_Museum" title="Silpa Bhirasri National Museum">Silpa Bhirasri National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siriraj_Medical_Museum" title="Siriraj Medical Museum">Siriraj Medical Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So_Heng_Tai_Mansion" title="So Heng Tai Mansion">So Heng Tai Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_Cultural_Centre" title="Thailand Cultural Centre">Thailand Cultural Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_(Thailand)" title="National Gallery (Thailand)">National Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Royal_Barges" title="National Museum of Royal Barges">National Museum of Royal Barges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Markets and Malls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatique" title="Asiatique">Asiatique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Embassy" title="Central Embassy">Central Embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CentralWorld" title="CentralWorld">CentralWorld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatuchak_Weekend_Market" title="Chatuchak Weekend Market">Chatuchak Weekend Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(Bangkok)" title="Emporium (Bangkok)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmQuartier" title="EmQuartier">EmQuartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaysorn_Village" title="Gaysorn Village">Gaysorn Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconsiam" title="Iconsiam">Iconsiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlong_Lat_Mayom_Floating_Market" title="Khlong Lat Mayom Floating Market">Khlong Lat Mayom Floating Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlong_Toei_Market" title="Khlong Toei Market">Khlong Toei Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan_Riam_Floating_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwan Riam Floating Market">Kwan Riam Floating Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBK_Center" title="MBK Center">MBK Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Khlong_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Pak Khlong Market">Pak Khlong Talat Market (Flower Market)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantip_Plaza" title="Pantip Plaza">Pantip Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patpong_Night_Market" title="Patpong Night Market">Patpong Night Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratunam_Market" title="Pratunam Market">Pratunam Market (Clothing Market)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_City_Shopping_Complex" title="River City Shopping Complex">River City Shopping Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampheng" title="Sampheng">Sampheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyan_Mitrtown" title="Samyan Mitrtown">Samyan Mitrtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saphan_Han" title="Saphan Han">Saphan Han (Toys and Ladies Market)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Center" title="Siam Center">Siam Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam Discovery">Siam Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Paragon" title="Siam Paragon">Siam Paragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Square" title="Siam Square">Siam Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soi_Lalai_Sap" title="Soi Lalai Sap">Soi Lalai Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suan_Lum_Night_Bazaar_Ratchadaphisek" title="Suan Lum Night Bazaar Ratchadaphisek">Suan Lum Night Bazaar Ratchadaphisek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talat_Nang_Loeng" title="Talat Nang Loeng">Talat Nang Loeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talat_Phlu" title="Talat Phlu">Talat Phlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talat_Rotfai" title="Talat Rotfai">Talat Rotfai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taling_Chan_Floating_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Taling Chan Floating Market">Taling Chan Floating Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_21" title="Terminal 21">Terminal 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha_Din_Daeng,_Bangkok" title="Tha Din Daeng, Bangkok">Tha Din Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonburi_Market" title="Thonburi Market">Thonburi Market (Sanam Luang II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trok_Mo_Market" title="Trok Mo Market">Trok Mo Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Lang_Market" title="Wang Lang Market">Wang Lang Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Khlong_Talat#Yodpiman_River_Walk" title="Pak Khlong Talat">Yodpiman River Walk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bridges, streets and transport facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkok railway station">Bangkok railway station (Hua Lamphong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Bridge" title="Bhumibol Bridge">Bhumibol Bridge (Mega Bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTS_Skytrain" title="BTS Skytrain">BTS Skytrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Bush_Lane" title="Captain Bush Lane">Captain Bush Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaloem_La_56_Bridge" title="Chaloem La 56 Bridge">Chaloem La 56 Bridge (Elephant's Heads Bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charoen_Krung_Road" title="Charoen Krung Road">Charoen Krung Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinso_Road" title="Dinso Road">Dinso Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mueang_International_Airport" title="Don Mueang International Airport">Don Mueang Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaosan_Road" title="Khaosan Road">Khaosan Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krungthep_Bridge" title="Krungthep Bridge">Krungthep Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krung_Thep_Aphiwat_Central_Terminal" title="Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal">Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krung_Thon_Bridge" title="Krung Thon Bridge">Krung Thon Bridge (Sang Hi Bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makkhawan_Rangsan_Bridge" title="Makkhawan Rangsan Bridge">Makkhawan Rangsan Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Bridge_(Bangkok)" title="Memorial Bridge (Bangkok)">Memorial Bridge (Phut Bridge)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_MRT" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangkok MRT">MRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odeon_Circle" title="Odeon Circle">Odeon Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patpong" title="Patpong">Patpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_VIII_Bridge" title="Rama VIII Bridge">Rama VIII Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Buttri_Road" title="Ram Buttri Road">Ram Buttri Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchadamnoen_Avenue" title="Ratchadamnoen Avenue">Ratchadamnoen Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Plaza_(Bangkok)" title="Royal Plaza (Bangkok)">Royal Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utthayan_Road" title="Utthayan Road">Utthayan Road (Axis Road)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area and neighbourhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Khrua" title="Ban Khrua">Ban Khrua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Lao" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban Lao">Ban Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Lamphu" title="Bang Lamphu">Bang Lamphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Bangkok" title="Chinatown, Bangkok">Yaowarat (Chinatown)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusit_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusit District">Dusit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Takhe" title="Hua Takhe">Hua Takhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudi_Chin" title="Kudi Chin">Kudi Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana,_Bangkok" title="Nana, Bangkok">Nana (Little Arabia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phahurat" title="Phahurat">Phahurat (Little India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratunam" title="Pratunam">Pratunam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Island" title="Rattanakosin Island">Rattanakosin Island (Old Town Zone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_City_Avenue" title="Royal City Avenue">Royal City Avenue (RCA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Phraeng" title="Sam Phraeng">Sam Phraeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silom" class="mw-redirect" title="Silom">Silom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soi_Cowboy" title="Soi Cowboy">Soi Cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talat_Noi" title="Talat Noi">Talat Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha_Chang,_Bangkok" title="Tha Chang, Bangkok">Tha Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha_Phra_Chan" title="Tha Phra Chan">Tha Phra Chan (Amulet Market)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha_Tian_Market" title="Tha Tian Market">Tha Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonburi" title="Thonburi">Thonburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thong_Lo" title="Thong Lo">Thong Lo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Burapha" title="Wang Burapha">Wang Burapha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benchasiri_Park" title="Benchasiri Park">Benchasiri Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjakitti_Park" title="Benjakitti Park">Benjakitti Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatuchak_Park" title="Chatuchak Park">Chatuchak Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University_Centenary_Park" title="Chulalongkorn University Centenary Park">Chulalongkorn University Centenary Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumphini_Park" title="Lumphini Park">Lumphini Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaraphirom_Park" title="Nagaraphirom Park">Nagaraphirom Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mother_Memorial_Park" title="Princess Mother Memorial Park">Princess Mother Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Sirikit_Park" title="Queen Sirikit Park">Queen Sirikit Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rommaninat_Park" title="Rommaninat Park">Rommaninat Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanam_Luang" title="Sanam Luang">Sanam Luang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santichaiprakarn_Park" title="Santichaiprakarn Park">Santichaiprakarn Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suan_Luang_Rama_IX" title="Suan Luang Rama IX">Suan Luang Rama IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suan_Luang_Rama_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Suan Luang Rama VIII">Suan Luang Rama VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wachirabenchathat_Park" title="Wachirabenchathat Park">Wachirabenchathat Park</a></li> <li>World Siam Stadium</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_Stadium_Huamark" title="Indoor Stadium Huamark">Indoor Stadium Huamark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpinee_Boxing_Stadium" title="Lumpinee Boxing Stadium">Lumpinee Boxing Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stadium_(Thailand)" title="National Stadium (Thailand)">National Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajadamnern_Stadium" title="Rajadamnern Stadium">Rajadamnern Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamangala_Stadium" title="Rajamangala Stadium">Rajamangala Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Arena" title="Bangkok Arena">Bangkok Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments and Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Monument" title="Democracy Monument">Democracy Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_King_Chulalongkorn" title="Equestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn">Equestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Swing" title="Giant Swing">Giant Swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_Memorial_and_Pi_Kun_Bridge" title="Pig Memorial and Pi Kun Bridge">Pig Memorial and Pi Kun Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Monument_(Bangkok)" title="Victory Monument (Bangkok)">Victory Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wongwian_Yai" title="Wongwian Yai">Wongwian Yai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skyscrapers and architectural buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiyoke_Tower_II" title="Baiyoke Tower II">Baiyoke Tower II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_City_Library" title="Bangkok City Library">Bangkok City Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_House,_Bangkok" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs House, Bangkok">Customs House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_Tower_and_Clock_Tower_(Bangkok)" title="Drum Tower and Clock Tower (Bangkok)">Drum Tower and Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Bangkok" title="Fortifications of Bangkok">Fortifications of Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office_(Bangkok)" title="General Post Office (Bangkok)">General Post Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Power_MahaNakhon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Power MahaNakhon">King Power MahaNakhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_headquarters_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Defence headquarters (Thailand)">Ministry of Defence headquarters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pata_Zoo" title="Pata Zoo">Pata Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_World" title="Safari World">Safari World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Park_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam Park City">Siam Park City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Thailand&#124;link=Thailand_Thai_cities_with_100,000+_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_Thailand" title="Template:Most populous cities in Thailand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Most_populous_cities_in_Thailand" title="Template talk:Most populous cities in Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_Thailand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most populous cities in Thailand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Thailand&#124;link=Thailand_Thai_cities_with_100,000+_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Thailand" title="List of municipalities in Thailand">Thai cities with 100,000+ population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000 and more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangkok</a> (capital)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>N/A</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Ratchasima" title="Nakhon Ratchasima">Nakhon Ratchasima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_Yai" title="Hat Yai">Hat Yai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udon_Thani" title="Udon Thani">Udon Thani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khon_Kaen" title="Khon Kaen">Khon Kaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonthaburi" title="Nonthaburi">Nonthaburi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000–299,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pattaya" title="Pattaya">Pattaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuket" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuket">Phuket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaophraya_Surasak" title="Chaophraya Surasak">Chaophraya Surasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Kret" title="Pak Kret">Pak Kret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubon_Ratchathani" title="Ubon Ratchathani">Ubon Ratchathani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Megacities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Megacities" title="Template:Megacities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Megacities" title="Template talk:Megacities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Megacities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Megacities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Africa (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Asia (35)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China (14)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongguan" title="Dongguan">Dongguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India (6)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan (3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keihanshin" title="Keihanshin">Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya" title="Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (7)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Europe (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">America (8)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1861#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1861#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1861#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122149998">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/123143268">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205495/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyWQ64d4wVV4pqBybK68C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4004432-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79065460">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15284306q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15284306q">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628998">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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