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<li id="toc-King_Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_Sebastian_of_Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>King Sebastian of Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_Sebastian_of_Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sultan_Abd_al-Malik_of_Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sultan_Abd_al-Malik_of_Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sultan Abd al-Malik of Morocco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sultan_Abd_al-Malik_of_Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_presence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_presence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ottoman presence</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Alcácer Quibir</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86" title="معركة وادي المخازن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة وادي المخازن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="وادی‌المخازن ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وادی‌المخازن ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_an_Tri_Roue" title="Emgann an Tri Roue – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann an Tri Roue" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Kasr_al-Kabir" title="Batalla de Kasr al-Kabir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Kasr al-Kabir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86" title="معركة واد لمخازين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="معركة واد لمخازين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Alc%C3%A1cer-Quibir" title="Schlacht von Alcácer-Quibir – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Alcácer-Quibir" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Alcazarquivir" title="Batalla de Alcazarquivir – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Alcazarquivir" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Alkazarkibir" title="Batalo de Alkazarkibir – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Alkazarkibir" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksar_el-Kebirreko_gudua" title="Ksar el-Kebirreko gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ksar el-Kebirreko gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_des_Trois_Rois" title="Bataille des Trois Rois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille des Trois Rois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Alcazarquivir" title="Batalla de Alcazarquivir – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla de Alcazarquivir" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Pertempuran Alcácer Quibir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Alcácer Quibir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Alcazarquivir" title="Battaglia di Alcazarquivir – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Alcazarquivir" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8" title="קרב אל-קסר אל-כביר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב אל-קסר אל-כביר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B5%D0%BB-%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Битка кај Ксар ел-Кебир – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Битка кај Ксар ел-Кебир" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Pertempuran Alcácer Quibir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Alcácer Quibir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_der_Drie_Koningen" title="Slag der Drie Koningen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag der Drie Koningen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="アルカセル・キビールの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルカセル・キビールの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Slaget ved Alcácer Quibir – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Alcácer Quibir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Alc%C3%A1cer-Quibir" title="Bitwa pod Alcácer-Quibir – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Alcácer-Quibir" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Batalha de Alcácer Quibir – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Alcácer Quibir" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80-%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Битва при Эль-Ксар-эль-Кебире – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Эль-Ксар-эль-Кебире" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksar_el-Kebirin_taistelu" title="Ksar el-Kebirin taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ksar el-Kebirin taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadisseyl_Muharebesi" title="Vadisseyl Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vadisseyl Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96_(1578)" title="Битва при Алкасер-Кібірі (1578) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва при Алкасер-Кібірі (1578)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%81_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86" title="معرکہ وادی المخازن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معرکہ وادی المخازن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Trận Alcácer Quibir – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Alcácer Quibir" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%8E%8B%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="三王战役 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="三王战役" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%8E%8B%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="三王战役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="三王战役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Alcácer Quibir</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan-Portuguese_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan-Portuguese conflicts">Moroccan-Portuguese conflicts</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_alcacer_quibir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Battle_of_alcacer_quibir.jpg/300px-Battle_of_alcacer_quibir.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Battle_of_alcacer_quibir.jpg/450px-Battle_of_alcacer_quibir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Battle_of_alcacer_quibir.jpg/600px-Battle_of_alcacer_quibir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1071" /></a></span><br />Battle at <a href="/wiki/Ksar_el_Kebir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksar el Kebir">Ksar el Kebir</a>, depicting the encirclement of the Portuguese army on the right</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>4 August 1578</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Ksar-el-Kebir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksar-el-Kebir">Alcácer Quibir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Moroccan victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a> allies</li></ul> </div> <p><b>Mercenaries from:</b> <br /> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg/23px-Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg/35px-Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg/45px-Generieke_vlag_van_Vlaanderen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%28pre_1808%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi Sultanate</a></li> <li><b>Supported by:</b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ottoman_Empire_%281517-1793%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="283" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> </div> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValensi200964_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValensi200964-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian I">Sebastian I</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action"><abbr title="Missing in action">MIA</abbr></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_Mohammed_II_Saadi" title="Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi">Mohammed II</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/StucleyArms.png/20px-StucleyArms.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/StucleyArms.png/30px-StucleyArms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/StucleyArms.png/40px-StucleyArms.png 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="1065" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stukley" title="Thomas Stukley">Thomas Stukley</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Marwan_Abd_al-Malik_I_Saadi" title="Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi">Abd al-Malik I</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Mansur" title="Ahmad al-Mansur">Ahmad al-Mansur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">23,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer2009534Sebastian_spends_considerable_sums_to_equip_a_large_fleet_of_some_500_ships_and_gather_a_force_of_23,000_men._They_then_march_into_the_interior,_where_the_sultan_has_collected_a_large_force_of_at_least_60,000_and_perhaps_as_many_as_100,000_men_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer2009534Sebastian_spends_considerable_sums_to_equip_a_large_fleet_of_some_500_ships_and_gather_a_force_of_23,000_men._They_then_march_into_the_interior,_where_the_sultan_has_collected_a_large_force_of_at_least_60,000_and_perhaps_as_many_as_100,000_men-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> including:<br /> <ul><li>6,000 Moors</li> <li>3,000 Flemish and Germans</li> <li>2,000 Castilians</li> <li>600 Italians</li></ul> 40 cannons</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 60,000–100,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer2009534Sebastian_spends_considerable_sums_to_equip_a_large_fleet_of_some_500_ships_and_gather_a_force_of_23,000_men._They_then_march_into_the_interior,_where_the_sultan_has_collected_a_large_force_of_at_least_60,000_and_perhaps_as_many_as_100,000_men_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer2009534Sebastian_spends_considerable_sums_to_equip_a_large_fleet_of_some_500_ships_and_gather_a_force_of_23,000_men._They_then_march_into_the_interior,_where_the_sultan_has_collected_a_large_force_of_at_least_60,000_and_perhaps_as_many_as_100,000_men-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />34 cannons</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 8,000 killed<sup id="cite_ref-Lyle_N._McAlister,_p.292_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyle_N._McAlister,_p.292-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />15,000 captured<sup id="cite_ref-Lyle_N._McAlister,_p.292_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyle_N._McAlister,_p.292-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>or</i><br />12,000 killed<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small>(Spanish sources)</small></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 7,000 killed<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small>(Portuguese sources)</small><br /><i>or</i><br />1,500 killed<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small>(Spanish sources)</small></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Moroccan-Portuguese_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Moroccan-Portuguese conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moroccan–Portuguese_conflicts6473" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Moroccan%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts"><span class="wrap">Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Iberia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vatalandi" title="Battle of Vatalandi">Vatalandi (1110)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Santar%C3%A9m_(1111)" title="Capture of Santarém (1111)">Santarém (1111)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coimbra_(1117)" title="Siege of Coimbra (1117)">Coimbra (1117)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Leiria_(1137)" title="Capture of Leiria (1137)">Leiria (1137)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ourique" title="Battle of Ourique">Ourique (1139)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trancoso_(1140)" title="Battle of Trancoso (1140)">Trancoso (1140)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lisbon_(1142)" title="Siege of Lisbon (1142)">Lisbon (1142)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Soure_(1144)" title="Capture of Soure (1144)">Soure (1144)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Santar%C3%A9m" title="Conquest of Santarém">Santarém (1147)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lisbon" title="Siege of Lisbon">Lisbon (1147)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacav%C3%A9m" title="Battle of Sacavém">Sacavém (1147)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_do_Sal_(1161)" title="Battle of Alcácer do Sal (1161)">Alcácer do Sal (1161)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palmela" title="Battle of Palmela">Palmela (1165)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_%C3%89vora" title="Conquest of Évora">Évora (1165)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1169)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1169)">Badajoz (1169)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Juromenha" title="Capture of Juromenha">Juromena (1170)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santar%C3%A9m_(1171)" title="Siege of Santarém (1171)">Santarém (1171)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Triana_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Triana Raid">Seville (1178)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Abrantes" title="Siege of Abrantes">Abrantes (1179)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cabo_Espichel_(1180)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cabo Espichel (1180)">Cabo Espichel (1180)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%C3%89vora_(1181)" title="Siege of Évora (1181)">Évora (1181)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Silves_(1182)" title="Battle of Silves (1182)">Silves (1182)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santar%C3%A9m_(1184)" title="Siege of Santarém (1184)">Santarém (1184)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Silves_(1189)" title="Siege of Silves (1189)">Silves (1189)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Silves_(1190)" title="Siege of Silves (1190)">Silves (1190)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tomar" title="Siege of Tomar">Tomar (1190)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_do_Sal_(1191)" title="Siege of Alcácer do Sal (1191)">Alcácer do Sal (1191)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Silves_(1191)" title="Siege of Silves (1191)">Silves (1191)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alarcos" title="Battle of Alarcos">Alarcos (1195)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Las Navas de Tolosa (1212)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_do_Sal" title="Siege of Alcácer do Sal">Alcácer do Sal (1217)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Algarve" title="Portuguese conquest of the Algarve">Algarve (1238-1249)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Faro_(1249)" title="Siege of Faro (1249)">Faro (1249)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_Salado" title="Battle of Río Salado">Salado (1340)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalmes%C3%AD" title="Battle of Guadalmesí">Guadalmesí (1342)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)" title="Siege of Algeciras (1342–1344)">Algeciras (1342–44)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Morocco</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceuta_(1182)" title="Battle of Ceuta (1182)">Ceuta (1182)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Ceuta" title="Portuguese conquest of Ceuta">Ceuta (1415)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ceuta_(1419)" title="Siege of Ceuta (1419)">Ceuta (1419)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1437)" title="Battle of Tangier (1437)">Tangier (1437)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Portuguese conquest of Ksar es-Seghir">Ksar es-Seghir (1458)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tangier_(1463%E2%80%931464)" title="Siege of Tangier (1463–1464)">Tangier (1463–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfa_expedition_(1468)" title="Anfa expedition (1468)">Anfa (1468)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Asilah" title="Conquest of Asilah">Asilah (1471)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_Tangier" title="Portuguese conquest of Tangier">Tangier (1471)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaouia_expedition" title="Chaouia expedition">Chaouia (1487)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Graciosa_(1489)" title="Siege of Graciosa (1489)">Graciosa (1489)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_expedition_(1490)" title="Targa expedition (1490)">Targa (1490)</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Tanger_(1502)" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Tanger (1502)">Tangier (1502)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelo_Real#Construction_(1506)" title="Castelo Real">Castelo Real (1510)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azemmour" title="Battle of Azemmour">Azemmour (1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tednest" title="Battle of Tednest">Tednest (1514)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alcaides" title="Battle of the Alcaides">Boulaouane (1514)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_of_Marrakesh_(1515)" title="Raid of Marrakesh (1515)">Marrakesh (1515)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mamora_(1515)" title="Battle of Mamora (1515)">Mamora (1515)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_expedition_to_Doukkala_(1516)" title="Portuguese expedition to Doukkala (1516)">Doukkala (1516)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Agadir_(1533)" title="Siege of Agadir (1533)">Agadir (1533)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Agadir" title="Fall of Agadir">Agadir (1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mazagan_(1562)" title="Siege of Mazagan (1562)">Mazagan (1562)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcácer Quibir (1578)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazagan_Ambush" title="Mazagan Ambush">Mazagan (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Tangier#Portuguese_raid_and_handing_Tangier_to_the_English" title="English Tangier">Tangier (1662)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mamora_(1696)" title="Battle of Mamora (1696)">Mamora (1696)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mazagan_(1769)" title="Siege of Mazagan (1769)">Mazagan (1769)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ottoman–Portuguese_conflicts1409" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Portuguese-Turkish_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Portuguese-Turkish War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Portuguese-Turkish_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Portuguese-Turkish War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Portuguese-Turkish_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Portuguese-Turkish War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ottoman–Portuguese_conflicts1409" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_confrontations" title="Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations"><span class="wrap">Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jeddah_(1517)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jeddah (1517)">Siege of Jeddah (1517)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ash-Shihr_(1531)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ash-Shihr (1531)">Battle of Ash-Shihr (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1531)" title="Siege of Diu (1531)">Siege of Diu (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Conquest of Tunis (1535)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%931560)" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)">Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1568)" title="Siege of Malacca (1568)">Siege of Malacca (1568)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Alcácer Quibir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1581)" title="Capture of Muscat (1581)">Capture of Muscat (1581)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1586%E2%80%931589)" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)">Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Madeira" title="Sack of Madeira">Sack of Madeira (1617)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1714%E2%80%931718)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)">Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)</a></li> <li>Battle at the Portuguese coast (1726)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Alcácer Quibir</b> (also known as "<b>Battle of Three Kings</b>" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">معركة الملوك الثلاثة</span>) or "<b>Battle of Wadi al-Makhazin</b>" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">معركة وادي المخازن</span>) in Morocco) was fought in northern <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, near the town of <a href="/wiki/Ksar-el-Kebir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksar-el-Kebir">Ksar-el-Kebir</a> (variant spellings: <i>Ksar El Kebir</i>, <i>Alcácer-Quivir</i>, <i>Alcazarquivir</i>, <i>Alcassar</i>, etc.) and <a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>, on 4 August 1578. </p><p>A Moroccan victory, the battle has been described as "the greatest military disaster the Portuguese ever suffered in the course of their overseas expansion."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It marked an end to Portuguese attempts to reconquer territories it had lost in Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The combatants were the army of the deposed Moroccan Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_Mohammed_II_Saadi" title="Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi">Abu Abdallah Mohammed II</a>, with his ally, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs#House_of_Aviz-Beja" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">King of Portugal</a> <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian I">Sebastian I</a>, against a large Moroccan army under the new <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of Morocco (and uncle of Abu Abdallah Mohammed II) <a href="/wiki/Abu_Marwan_Abd_al-Malik_I_Saadi" title="Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi">Abd Al-Malik I</a>. </p><p>The Christian king Sebastian I had planned a crusade after Abu Abdallah asked him to help recover his throne.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abu Abdallah's uncle, Abd Al-Malik, had taken it from him with <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> support. The defeat of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and disappearance of the childless Sebastian led to the end of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">Aviz dynasty</a>, and the integration of the country in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> for 60 years under the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_dynasty" title="Philippine dynasty">Philippine dynasty</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">dynastic union</a> with <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_009.jpg/180px-Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_009.jpg/270px-Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_009.jpg/360px-Alonso_S%C3%A1nchez_Coello_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>King Sebastian of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_Sebastian_of_Portugal">King Sebastian of Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: King Sebastian of Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sebastian, who would later be known in Portugal as <i>the Desired</i>, was the son of the <a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infante</a> Dom <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Manuel,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="João Manuel, Prince of Portugal">John</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal">Joanna</a>, daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Charles V">Emperor Charles V</a>. His father died before he was born, and he became king at the age of three after the death of his grandfather in 1557. He was educated almost entirely by <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, by his guardian and tutor <a href="/wiki/Aleixo_de_Meneses" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleixo de Meneses">Aleixo de Meneses</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal">Catherine of Austria</a>, sister of Charles V and wife of King John III. Some, judging him after his defeat, alleged that under these influences his youthful idealism soon mutated into <a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">religious fanaticism</a>, although he never joined the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(Mediterranean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy League (Mediterranean)">Holy League</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cortes" title="Portuguese Cortes">Portuguese Cortes</a> asked Sebastian several times to go to <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and stop the turmoil of the advancing <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Turkish military</a> presence, because the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> would be a threat to the security of the Portuguese coasts and to the commerce with <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a>, and the Atlantic Islands, like the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>. But it was only when <a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_Mohammed_II_Saadi" title="Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi">Abu Abdallah Mohammed II al-Mutawakkil</a> went to <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and asked for Sebastian's help in recovering his throne from his uncle that Sebastian decided to mount a military effort. Sebastian felt driven to revive lost glories by intervening in North Africa, influenced by the events such as the defense of <a href="/wiki/Mazagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazagan">Mazagan</a> in 1562 from a Moroccan siege. Accordingly, in 1568, the kingdom began to prepare for intervention in Morocco. </p><p>This policy was not only supported by the mercantile <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> as it would benefit commerce in this area (primarily, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>), but also by the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>. Up to that time Portuguese military action in Africa had been confined to small expeditions and raids; Portugal had built its vast maritime empire from Brazil to the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> by a combination of trade, sea exploration, and technological superiority, with Christian conversion of subject peoples being one, but by no means the only, end in view. Sebastian proposed to change this strategy entirely. </p><p>In 1574 Sebastian visited some of the Portuguese bases in North Africa and led a successful raid on Muslim territory beyond the then Portuguese city of <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, engaging in several skirmishes and in a confrontation of greater magnitude on 21 October. Although in numerical inferiority but with a heavy contingent of cavalry, he was successful, which encouraged him to grander designs against the new <a href="/wiki/Saadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadian">Saadian</a> ruler of Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave his support to Al-Mutawakkil, who was engaged in a civil war to recover the throne of Morocco from his uncle, the Emir Abd Al-Malik—who was aided by the Ottomans. Despite the admonitions of his mother and his uncle <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> (who had become very cautious after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Battle of Djerba</a>), Sebastian was determined to wage a military campaign, and he used much of Portugal's imperial wealth to equip a large fleet and gather an army which included soldiers of several nationalities: 2,000 volunteers from Spain (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>), 3,000 mercenaries from <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Germany</a>, and 600 <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Italy" title="List of historical states of Italy">Italians</a> initially recruited to aid in an <a href="/wiki/Second_Desmond_Rebellion#Aborted_invasion_of_1578" title="Second Desmond Rebellion">invasion of Ireland</a> under the leadership of the English adventurer, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stukley" title="Thomas Stukley">Thomas Stukley</a>. It is said that the expeditionary force numbered 500 ships, and the army in total numbered about 18,000 men, including the flower of the Portuguese nobility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sultan_Abd_al-Malik_of_Morocco">Sultan Abd al-Malik of Morocco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sultan Abd al-Malik of Morocco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morocco, meanwhile, was under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi (or Saadian) dynasty</a>, a Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharifian</a> dynasty. Their rise to power began as a resistance to the Portuguese presence in <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Agadir</a> and by the 1550s they controlled most of present-day Morocco and had supplanted the earlier <a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasid dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the death of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Ghalib" title="Abdallah al-Ghalib">Abdallah al-Ghalib</a> in 1574 his son <a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_Mohammed_II_Saadi" title="Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi">Muhammad II al-Mutawakkil</a> inherited the throne, but two years later he was overthrown by his uncle <a href="/wiki/Abu_Marwan_Abd_al-Malik_I_Saadi" title="Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi">Abd al-Malik</a>. Abd al-Malik had travelled to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> in 1574 and secured Ottoman support from the Sultan there himself. The <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbey</a> of Algiers provided him with troops and with these Abd al-Malik was able to depose his nephew after winning a <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fez_(1576)" title="Capture of Fez (1576)">decisive victory near Fez</a>. Once on the throne, as an Ottoman vassal he had the <a href="/wiki/Friday_prayer" title="Friday prayer">Friday prayers</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Khutbah" title="Khutbah">khutba</a></i> in mosques delivered in the Ottoman sultan's name (<a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a>), adopted Ottoman clothing, and organized his army along <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman lines</a> with the help of Turkish officers.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 188">: 188 </span></sup> After this, the Saadi army, whose bulk was recruited from <i><a href="/wiki/Guich" title="Guich">guich</a></i> troops ("military tribes" mobilized to serve as regular levies<sup id="cite_ref-:052_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), combined mounted <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebusiers</a>, infantry armed with rifles, large numbers of light cavalry, and a detachment of artillery; most of which were newly trained in Ottoman tactics. In addition to his local <i>guich</i> troops and Berber contingents, many of the soldiers were recruited from <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusis</a> previously expelled from the Iberian Peninsula (or descended from those refugees), Berber tribes from the east such as the <a href="/wiki/Igawawen" title="Igawawen">Zwawa</a>, and from the Turks and ex-Ottoman soldiers in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92–104, 153–155">: 92–104, 153–155 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 214–215">: 214–215 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_presence">Ottoman presence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ottoman presence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Talk:Battle of Alcácer Quibir">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Indications of the presence of an Ottoman force accompanying the Moroccans to the battlefield vary between sources. Historian Stephen Cory, in reviewing relations between the Saadians and Ottomans in this period, states that the battle was won by the Saadians "without direct Ottoman assistance."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abderrahmane El Moudden, in a large study of Ottoman-Saadian diplomacy in this period, notes that some modern Turkish sources attribute the 1578 victory to Ottoman forces led by Ramazan Pasha on the field—though he also notes that some of these sources are liable to exaggerate Turkish military history.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an encyclopedic entry about King Sebastian, historian <a href="/wiki/Allen_James_Fromherz" title="Allen James Fromherz">Allen Fromherz</a> indicates the presence of Ottoman forces at the battle, including <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian R. G. Grant states that Abd al-Malik's army was "partly supplied by the Ottoman Turks" and that it combined "Moroccan cavalry with Ottoman musket-armed infantry and cannon".<sup id="cite_ref-Grant2017_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grant2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor of Islamic Studies, Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, states that the Turks "could not take over the affairs of Morocco after [the Battle of Alcácer's] victory to which they contributed much". He also mentions that Abd al-Malik's army included Turkish troops, that its officers were Turks and so was the commander of his army, who is alleged to have had Abd al-Malik poisoned in order to secure total Ottoman control over Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-Abun-NasrAbun-Nasr1987_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abun-NasrAbun-Nasr1987-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After haranguing his troops from the windows of the Church of Santa Maria in <a href="/wiki/Lagos,_Portugal" title="Lagos, Portugal">Lagos</a>, Sebastian departed that port in his armada on 24 June 1578. </p><p>He landed at <a href="/wiki/Arzila" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzila">Arzila</a>, in Portuguese Morocco, where Abu Abdallah joined him with an additional 6,000 Moorish allied troops, and marched into the interior. </p><p>Abd al-Malik I, who was gravely ill, had meanwhile collected a large army, rallying his countrymen to <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> against the Portuguese invaders. The two armies approached each other near <a href="/wiki/Ksar-el-Kebir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksar-el-Kebir">Ksar-el-Kebir</a>, camping on opposite sides of the <a href="/wiki/Loukkos_River" title="Loukkos River">Loukkos River</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle">Battle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cena_da_Batalha_de_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cena_da_Batalha_de_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir.png/250px-Cena_da_Batalha_de_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cena_da_Batalha_de_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir.png/375px-Cena_da_Batalha_de_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cena_da_Batalha_de_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir.png/500px-Cena_da_Batalha_de_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>A scene of the battle. 19th-century depiction</figcaption></figure> <p>On 4 August 1578, the Portuguese and Moorish allied troops were drawn up in battle array, and Sebastian rode around encouraging the ranks. But the Moroccans advanced on a broad front, planning to encircle his army. </p><p>The Sultan had 10,000 cavalry on the wings, and in the center had placed <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> who had been driven out of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and thus bore a special grudge against Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his illness, the Sultan left his litter and led his forces on horseback. </p><p>The battle started as both sides exchanged several volleys of gunfire from <a href="/wiki/Musketry" class="mw-redirect" title="Musketry">musketry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>. Stukley, commanding the Portuguese center, was killed by a cannonball early in the battle. The Moroccan cavalry advanced and began to encircle the Portuguese army. Both armies soon became fully engaged in a melee. </p><p>The flanks of the Portuguese army began to give way to the Moorish cavalry, and eventually the center became threatened as well. Seeing the flanks compromised, and having lost its commander early in battle, the Portuguese center lost heart and was overcome. </p><p>The battle ended after nearly four hours of heavy fighting and resulted in the total defeat of the Portuguese and Abu Abdallah's army with 8,000 dead, including the slaughter of almost the whole of Portugal's nobility. 15,000 were captured and sold into <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slavery</a>, and around 100 survivors escaped to the coast. The body of King Sebastian, who led a charge into the midst of the enemy and was then cut off, was never found.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sultan Abd Al-Malik died during the battle from natural causes (the effort of riding was too much for him), but the news was concealed from his troops until total victory had been secured. Abu Abdallah attempted to flee but drowned in the river. Because of the deaths during the fighting of Sebastian, Abu Abdallah, and Abd Al-Malik, the battle became known in Morocco as the Battle of the Three Kings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_succession_crisis_of_1580" title="Portuguese succession crisis of 1580">Portuguese succession crisis of 1580</a></div> <p>Abd Al-Malik was succeeded as Sultan by his brother <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_I_al-Mansur_Saadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad I al-Mansur Saadi">Ahmad al-Mansur</a>, also known as Ahmed Addahbi, who conquered <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9" title="Djenné">Jenne</a> after defeating the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a>. The Moroccan army which <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tondibi" title="Battle of Tondibi">invaded Songhai</a> in 1590–91 was made up mostly of European captives, including a number of Portuguese taken prisoner at the battle of Alcácer Quibir.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Portugal, the battle was an unmitigated disaster. Sebastian died on the battlefield along with most of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portuguese nobility</a>. The captive nobles were <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransomed</a>, nearly bankrupting Portugal. Despite the lack of a body, Sebastian was presumed dead, at the age of 24. In his piety, he had remained unmarried and had sired no heir. His aged, childless uncle <a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Henry of Portugal</a>, a cardinal of the Roman church, succeeded to the throne as closest legitimate relative. His brief reign (1578–1580) was devoted to attempting to raise the crippling financial reparations demanded by the disastrous Morocco venture. After his death, legitimate claimants to the throne of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a>, which had ruled Portugal for 200 years, were defeated by a Castilian military invasion. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, a maternal grandson of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a>, and nearest male claimant (being an uncle of Sebastian I), invaded with an army of 40,000 men, defeating the troops of <a href="/wiki/Anthony,_Prior_of_Crato" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony, Prior of Crato">Anthony, Prior of Crato</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A2ntara_(1580)" title="Battle of Alcântara (1580)">Battle of Alcântara</a> and was crowned Philip I of Portugal by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cortes" title="Portuguese Cortes">Cortes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tomar" title="Tomar">Tomar</a> in 1581. </p><p>Later, at the beginning of his reign, Philip II ordered that the mutilated remains said to be Sebastian's (and so recognized after the battle by some of his close companions),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and still in North Africa, be returned to Portugal, where they were buried at the <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery" title="Jerónimos Monastery">Jerónimos Monastery</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. Portugal and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">its Empire</a> were not <i>de jure</i> incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, and remained as a separate realm of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Habsburgs">Spanish Habsburgs</a> until 1640 when it broke away through the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a>. </p><p>Partly in reaction to the <a href="/wiki/National_trauma" title="National trauma">national trauma</a> of this disastrous defeat, a cult of '<a href="/wiki/Sebastianism" title="Sebastianism">Sebastianism</a>' which portrayed the lost monarch in terms similar to <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> arose.<sup id="cite_ref-Pick_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pick-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legend of Portugal's "Once and Future King" who would some day return to save his nation has ebbed and flowed in Portuguese life ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The battle was the subject of the <a href="/wiki/George_Peele" title="George Peele">George Peele</a> <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> play, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Alcazar" title="The Battle of Alcazar">The Battle of Alcazar</a></i>, and is also a central event to the anonymously written <i>The Famous History of the Life and Death of Captain <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stukeley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Stukeley">Thomas Stukeley</a></i>. It is also mentioned peripherally in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heywood" title="Thomas Heywood">Thomas Heywood</a>'s 1605 play <i><a href="/wiki/If_You_Know_Not_Me,_You_Know_Nobody" title="If You Know Not Me, You Know Nobody">If You Know Not Me, You Know Nobody</a></i>. The real story of one of the most unfortunate and latest ransomed captives, Dom João de Portugal of the Counts de <a href="/wiki/Vimioso" title="Vimioso">Vimioso</a>, inspired the play <i>Frei <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Sousa_(writer)" title="Luís de Sousa (writer)">Luís de Sousa</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Almeida Garrett</a>.</li> <li>The battle is reanacted in the 1990 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_the_Three_Kings_(film)" title="The Battle of the Three Kings (film)">The Battle of the Three Kings</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 1990 film <i><a href="/wiki/%22Non%22,_ou_A_V%C3%A3_Gl%C3%B3ria_de_Mandar" class="mw-redirect" title=""Non", ou A Vã Glória de Mandar">"Non", ou A Vã Glória de Mandar</a></i> by the Portuguese director <a href="/wiki/Manoel_de_Oliveira" title="Manoel de Oliveira">Manoel de Oliveira</a> features a representation of the battle.</li> <li>The battle is represented in the 2020 video game <i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Empires_III:_Definitive_Edition" title="Age of Empires III: Definitive Edition">Age of Empires III: Definitive Edition</a></i> as a historical battle mission under the name "The Battle of the Three Kings".</li> <li>The battle is mentioned in the story "Among the Hairy Earthmen" by <a href="/wiki/R._A._Lafferty" title="R. A. Lafferty">R. A. Lafferty</a>, where it is depicted as one of a series of Renaissance battles provoked by extraterrestrial juvenile delinquents inhabiting human bodies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">History of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Morocco" title="Military history of Morocco">Military history of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military history of Portugal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebastian disappeared in the battle and was later presumed dead. This would lead to Sebastianism, a myth based on the belief that he would reappear and return to Portugal at some critical point in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValensi200964-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValensi200964_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValensi2009">Valensi 2009</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x8uUEAAAQBAJ&dq=Sebastian+disappear+1578&pg=PA322"><i>Collective Structures of Imagination in Jungian Interpretation</i></a>. Brill. 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46875-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46875-7"><bdi>978-90-04-46875-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collective+Structures+of+Imagination+in+Jungian+Interpretation&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-90-04-46875-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx8uUEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSebastian%2Bdisappear%2B1578%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublicover2017" class="citation book cs1">Publicover, Laurence (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7Q1DwAAQBAJ&dq=Sebastian+disappear+1578+presumed+dead&pg=PT99"><i>Dramatic Geography: Romance, Intertheatricality, and Cultural Encounter in Early Modern Mediterranean Drama</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-252974-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-252974-9"><bdi>978-0-19-252974-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dramatic+Geography%3A+Romance%2C+Intertheatricality%2C+and+Cultural+Encounter+in+Early+Modern+Mediterranean+Drama&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-252974-9&rft.aulast=Publicover&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7Q1DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSebastian%2Bdisappear%2B1578%2Bpresumed%2Bdead%26pg%3DPT99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiBattistaWittman2014" class="citation book cs1">DiBattista, Maria; Wittman, Emily O. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fTeNAwAAQBAJ&dq=Sebastian+presumed+dead+1578&pg=PA146"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Autobiography</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02810-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02810-4"><bdi>978-1-107-02810-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Autobiography&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02810-4&rft.aulast=DiBattista&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Wittman%2C+Emily+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfTeNAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSebastian%2Bpresumed%2Bdead%2B1578%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer2009534Sebastian_spends_considerable_sums_to_equip_a_large_fleet_of_some_500_ships_and_gather_a_force_of_23,000_men._They_then_march_into_the_interior,_where_the_sultan_has_collected_a_large_force_of_at_least_60,000_and_perhaps_as_many_as_100,000_men-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer2009534Sebastian_spends_considerable_sums_to_equip_a_large_fleet_of_some_500_ships_and_gather_a_force_of_23,000_men._They_then_march_into_the_interior,_where_the_sultan_has_collected_a_large_force_of_at_least_60,000_and_perhaps_as_many_as_100,000_men_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer2009534Sebastian_spends_considerable_sums_to_equip_a_large_fleet_of_some_500_ships_and_gather_a_force_of_23,000_men._They_then_march_into_the_interior,_where_the_sultan_has_collected_a_large_force_of_at_least_60,000_and_perhaps_as_many_as_100,000_men_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpencer2009">Spencer 2009</a>, p. 534, Sebastian spends considerable sums to equip a large fleet of some 500 ships and gather a force of 23,000 men. They then march into the interior, where the sultan has collected a large force of at least 60,000 and perhaps as many as 100,000 men.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyle_N._McAlister,_p.292-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lyle_N._McAlister,_p.292_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyle_N._McAlister,_p.292_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyle N. McAlister, p. 292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España, vol. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O minuto vitorioso de Alcácer Quibir – José de Esaguy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDisney2009" class="citation book cs1">Disney, A. R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/558951192"><i>A history of Portugal and the Portuguese empire : from beginnings to 1807. Volume 2, The Portuguese empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-65024-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-65024-6"><bdi>978-0-511-65024-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/558951192">558951192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Portugal+and+the+Portuguese+empire+%3A+from+beginnings+to+1807.+Volume+2%2C+The+Portuguese+empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F558951192&rft.isbn=978-0-511-65024-6&rft.aulast=Disney&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F558951192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Tucker. <i>Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi had sought the assistance of Sebastian to recover his throne, which his uncle had seized with Ottoman assistance. Sebastian saw this not only as a Christian Crusade but as necessary to keep the Ottomans from the southern Iberian Peninsula and to protect Portuguese trade.</i> p. 534</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSousa" class="citation journal cs1">Sousa, Luis Costa e. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/20982169">"From Tangier to Alcácer Quibir: The Portuguese Military Revolution (Re)visited"</a>. <i>Portuguese Studies Review</i>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>29 – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portuguese+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=From+Tangier+to+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir%3A+The+Portuguese+Military+Revolution+%28Re%29visited&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.aulast=Sousa&rft.aufirst=Luis+Costa+e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F20982169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). <i>A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521337674" title="Special:BookSources/0521337674"><bdi>0521337674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+period&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0521337674&rft.aulast=Abun-Nasr&rft.aufirst=Jamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivet2012" class="citation book cs1">Rivet, Daniel (2012). <i>Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI</i>. Fayard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+Maroc%3A+de+Moulay+Idr%C3%AEs+%C3%A0+Mohammed+VI&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Rivet&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFageOliverClark1975" class="citation book cs1">Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland; Clark, Desmond J. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V7qpKqM2Ji8C&pg=PA408"><i>The Cambridge History of Africa</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20981-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20981-6"><bdi>978-0-521-20981-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20981-6&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Roland&rft.au=Clark%2C+Desmond+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV7qpKqM2Ji8C%26pg%3DPA408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:052-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:052_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahenCourKedourie2012" class="citation book cs1">Cahen, Cl.; Cour, A.; Kedourie, E. (2012). "D̲j̲ays̲h̲". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</i>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=D%CC%B2j%CC%B2ays%CC%B2h%CC%B2&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Cahen&rft.aufirst=Cl.&rft.au=Cour%2C+A.&rft.au=Kedourie%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthier1985" class="citation book cs1">Berthier, Pierre (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33332794/f78.item"><i>La bataille de l'oued el-Makhazen : dite bataille des Trois Rois (4 août 1578)</i></a>. Paris: Éd. du C.N.R.S.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+bataille+de+l%27oued+el-Makhazen+%3A+dite+bataille+des+Trois+Rois+%284+ao%C3%BBt+1578%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89d.+du+C.N.R.S.&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Berthier&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k33332794%2Ff78.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCory2016" class="citation book cs1">Cory, Stephen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CtnsCwAAQBAJ&q=Reviving+the+Islamic+caliphate+in+early+modern+Morocco&pg=PA1"><i>Reviving the Islamic caliphate in early modern Morocco</i></a>. Routledge. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317063421" title="Special:BookSources/9781317063421"><bdi>9781317063421</bdi></a>. <q>The situation was different with Mūlāy Aḥmad. His signature victory, the Battle of Wādī al-Makhāzin, was won without direct Ottoman assistance. In fact, al-Manṣūr had reason to suspect that the Ottomans were trying to eliminate him as sultan of Morocco.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reviving+the+Islamic+caliphate+in+early+modern+Morocco&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317063421&rft.aulast=Cory&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCtnsCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DReviving%2Bthe%2BIslamic%2Bcaliphate%2Bin%2Bearly%2Bmodern%2BMorocco%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Moudden1992" class="citation book cs1">El Moudden, Abderrahmane (1992). <i>Sharifs and Padishahs: Moroccan-Ottoman relations from the 16th through the 18th centuries. Contribution to the study of a diplomatic culture</i>. Princeton University (PhD dissertation). pp. 89, 102 (see footnotes).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharifs+and+Padishahs%3A+Moroccan-Ottoman+relations+from+the+16th+through+the+18th+centuries.+Contribution+to+the+study+of+a+diplomatic+culture&rft.pages=89%2C+102+%28see+footnotes%29&rft.pub=Princeton+University+%28PhD+dissertation%29&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=El+Moudden&rft.aufirst=Abderrahmane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromherz2012" class="citation book cs1">Fromherz, Allen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA4-PA313">"Sebastian of Portugal"</a>. In Gates, Henry Louis; Akyeampong, Emmanuel; Niven, Steven J. (eds.). <i>Dictionary of African Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5"><bdi>978-0-19-538207-5</bdi></a>. <q>The battle of the Three Kings, named after the king of Portugal and the two claimants to the Saadian sultanate, took place at Ksar el Kebir, a city between Tangier and Fez, on 4 August 1578. The Saadian claimant 'Abd al-Malik used not only Ottoman Janissaries but a contingent of Andalusi Muslims who had been expelled from Iberia and who, it was often reported, attacked the Spanish and Portuguese with a special vengeance. The Ottomans and Saadians were also supplied with advanced artillery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sebastian+of+Portugal&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+African+Biography&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538207-5&rft.aulast=Fromherz&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39JMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA4-PA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant2017-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grant2017_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._G._Grant2017" class="citation book cs1">R. G. Grant (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZNADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289"><i>1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History</i></a>. Book Sales. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7858-3553-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7858-3553-0"><bdi>978-0-7858-3553-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1001+Battles+That+Changed+the+Course+of+History&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Book+Sales&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7858-3553-0&rft.au=R.+G.+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ZNADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abun-NasrAbun-Nasr1987-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abun-NasrAbun-Nasr1987_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamil_M._Abun-NasrAbun-Nasr,_Jamil_Mirʻi_Abun-Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Jamil M. Abun-Nasr; Abun-Nasr, Jamil Mirʻi Abun-Nasr (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&pg=PA214"><i>A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33767-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33767-0"><bdi>978-0-521-33767-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+Period&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33767-0&rft.au=Jamil+M.+Abun-Nasr&rft.au=Abun-Nasr%2C+Jamil+Mir%CA%BBi+Abun-Nasr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjdlKbZ46YYkC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peters, <i>The emir also possessed a secret weapon – a wing recruited from <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> whose families had been driven from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and who viewed the coming battle as a grudge fight.</i> p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall Cavendish, p. 625</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2019" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, George E. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgScDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT156"><i>Landlords And Strangers: Ecology, Society, And Trade In Western Africa, 1000–1630</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0429719233" title="Special:BookSources/978-0429719233"><bdi>978-0429719233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landlords+And+Strangers%3A+Ecology%2C+Society%2C+And+Trade+In+Western+Africa%2C+1000%E2%80%931630&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0429719233&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwgScDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pick-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pick_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPick2001" class="citation journal cs1">Pick, T.M. (2001). "The myth of the trauma/the trauma of the myth: Myths as mediators of some long-term effects of war trauma". <i>Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology</i>. <b>7</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">201–</span>226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2FS15327949PAC0703b_2">10.1207/S15327949PAC0703b_2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace+and+Conflict%3A+Journal+of+Peace+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+myth+of+the+trauma%2Fthe+trauma+of+the+myth%3A+Myths+as+mediators+of+some+long-term+effects+of+war+trauma&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2FS15327949PAC0703b_2&rft.aulast=Pick&rft.aufirst=T.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooker" class="citation web cs1">Booker, Lynne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103444/http://www.algarvehistoryassociation.com/en/algarve-history/88-d-sebastiao-the-return-of-the-king">"D Sebastião: The Return of the King"</a>. <i>Algarve History Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.algarvehistoryassociation.com/en/algarve-history/88-d-sebastiao-the-return-of-the-king">the original</a> on 31 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Algarve+History+Association&rft.atitle=D+Sebasti%C3%A3o%3A+The+Return+of+the+King&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.algarvehistoryassociation.com%2Fen%2Falgarve-history%2F88-d-sebastiao-the-return-of-the-king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099111/combined">"La batalla de los Tres Reyes (1990)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=La+batalla+de+los+Tres+Reyes+%281990%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0099111%2Fcombined&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Partly based on an entry on Sebastian in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Popular_Encyclopedia;_or,_Conversations_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Popular Encyclopedia; or, Conversations Lexicon">The Popular Encyclopedia; or, Conversations Lexicon</a></i> (London: Blackie & Son, 1864)</li> <li>E. W. Bovill, <i>The Battle of Alcazar</i> (London: The Batchworth Press, 1952).</li> <li>Mary Elizabeth Brooks, <i>A King for Portugal. The Madrigal conspiracy, 1594–95. On the impersonation of King Sebastian by Gabriel de Espinosa. With plates, including portraits</i> (Madison and Milwaukee: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1964), Chapter 1.</li> <li>Marshall Cavendish: <i>World and Its Peoples</i> (2009)</li> <li>Lyle N. McAlister, <i>Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700, Volume 3</i> (1984)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2009" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, C. Tucker (2009). <i>A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-185109-672-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-185109-672-5"><bdi>978-185109-672-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-185109-672-5&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=C.+Tucker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ralph Peters, <i>Endless War: Middle-Eastern Islam Vs. Western Civilization</i> (2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81170-823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81170-823-4">978-0-81170-823-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValensi2009" class="citation book cs1">Valensi, Lucette (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kda3HujyDzwC"><i>Fables de la mémoire – la glorieuse bataille des trois rois, 1578 : souvenirs d'une grande tuerie chez les chrétiens, les juifs & les musulmans</i></a>. Péninsules. Editions Chandeigne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-915540-59-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-915540-59-8"><bdi>978-2-915540-59-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fables+de+la+m%C3%A9moire+%E2%80%93+la+glorieuse+bataille+des+trois+rois%2C+1578+%3A+souvenirs+d%27une+grande+tuerie+chez+les+chr%C3%A9tiens%2C+les+juifs+%26+les+musulmans&rft.series=P%C3%A9ninsules&rft.pub=Editions+Chandeigne&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-915540-59-8&rft.aulast=Valensi&rft.aufirst=Lucette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKda3HujyDzwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Alc%C3%A1cer+Quibir" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Portuguese_interregnum" title="1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum">1383–85 Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aljubarrota" title="Battle of Aljubarrota">Battle of Aljubarrota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alfarrobeira" title="Battle of Alfarrobeira">Battle of Alfarrobeira</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Alcácer Quibir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_succession_crisis_of_1580" title="Portuguese succession crisis of 1580">Portuguese succession crisis of 1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">War of the Portuguese Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Conspirators" title="Forty Conspirators">Forty Conspirators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_court_to_Brazil" title="Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil">Transfer of the Portuguese court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution of 1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilafrancada" title="Vilafrancada">Vilafrancada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Revolt" title="April Revolt">April Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Portuguese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_January_1891_revolt" title="31 January 1891 revolt">31 January 1891 revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Library_Elevator_Coup" title="Municipal Library Elevator Coup">Municipal Library Elevator Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Regicide" title="Lisbon Regicide">Lisbon Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_attack_on_Chaves" title="Royalist attack on Chaves">Royalist attack on Chaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_North" title="Monarchy of the North">Monarchy of the North</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_(1834_to_1910)_-_Lesser.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/150px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/225px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/300px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1115" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy" title="Portuguese House of Burgundy">Portuguese House of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_dynasty" title="Philippine dynasty">House of Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza-Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i> <small>(disputed)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal<br />residences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Ajuda" title="Palace of Ajuda">Ajuda Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_Palace" title="Belém Palace">Belém Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemposta_Palace" title="Bemposta Palace">Bemposta Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%A7aco_Palace" title="Buçaco Palace">Buçaco Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Cascais" title="Citadel of Cascais">Citadel of Cascais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_%C3%89vora" title="Royal Palace of Évora">Évora Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Mafra" title="Palace of Mafra">Mafra Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessidades_Palace" title="Necessidades Palace">Necessidades Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pena_Palace" title="Pena Palace">Pena Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Queluz" title="Palace of Queluz">Queluz Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinta_da_Boa_Vista" title="Quinta da Boa Vista">Quinta da Boa Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial" title="Paço Imperial">Rio de Janeiro Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramalh%C3%A3o_Palace" title="Ramalhão Palace">Ramalhão Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribeira_Palace" title="Ribeira Palace">Ribeira Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_de_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o" title="Paço de São Cristóvão">São Cristóvão Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jorge_Castle" title="São Jorge Castle">São Jorge Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Estate" title="Santa Cruz Estate">Santa Cruz Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintra_National_Palace" title="Sintra National Palace">Sintra National Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducal_Palace_of_Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa" title="Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa">Vila Viçosa Palace</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Project_of_Filippo_Juvarra_for_the_Royal_Palace_of_Lisbon" title="Project of Filippo Juvarra for the Royal Palace of Lisbon">Juvarra's Project for the Royal Palace in Lisbon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_Royal_Palace_in_Campo_de_Ourique" title="Project for the Royal Palace in Campo de Ourique">Project for the Royal Palace in Campo de Ourique</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Algarve" title="Kingdom of the Algarve">Kingdom of the Algarve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brazil" title="Kingdom of Brazil">Kingdom of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Portuguese Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastianism" title="Sebastianism">Sebastianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cortes" title="Portuguese Cortes">Portuguese Cortes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portuguese nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Portuguese_Crown" title="List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown">List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Portugal" title="Council of Portugal">Council of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon_of_the_House_of_Braganza" title="Pantheon of the House of Braganza">Pantheon of the House of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Faithful_Majesty" title="Most Faithful Majesty">Most Faithful Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pio,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza">Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza (current pretender)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="Family tree of Portuguese monarchs">Family tree of Portuguese monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Crown_Jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Crown Jewels">Portuguese Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Portuguese_sovereign" title="Style of the Portuguese sovereign">Style of the Portuguese sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Most_Faithful_Majesty%27s_Council" title="His Most Faithful Majesty's Council">His Most Faithful Majesty's Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_King%27s_Guard_(Portugal_and_Castile)" title="Chief of the King's Guard (Portugal and Castile)">Chief of the King's Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox791" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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