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Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%83" title="بكلربك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بكلربك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Бәктәр бәге – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәктәр бәге" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бейлербей – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бейлербей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бейлербей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бейлербей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begler-beg" title="Begler-beg – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Begler-beg" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beglerbegi" title="Beglerbegi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Beglerbegi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beylerbey" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beilerbei" title="Beilerbei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Beilerbei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Μπεηλέρμπεης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπεηλέρμπεης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Beylerbey" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="بیگلربیگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیگلربیگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Beylerbey" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beylerbey" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%AB" title="Բեգլերբեգի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեգլերբեգի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beglerbeg" title="Beglerbeg – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Beglerbeg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beilerbei" title="Beilerbei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Beilerbei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ბეგლარბეგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეგლარბეგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Беклер бегі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Беклер бегі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejlerbejs" title="Bejlerbejs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bejlerbejs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beilerb%C4%97jus" title="Beilerbėjus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Beilerbėjus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejler-bej" title="Bejler-bej – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bejler-bej" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Беглербег – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Беглербег" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%83" title="بكلربك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بكلربك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beylerbey" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%82%A4" title="ベイレルベイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベイレルベイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beylerbey" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beklarbegi" title="Beklarbegi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Beklarbegi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejlerbej" title="Bejlerbej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bejlerbej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beilerbei" title="Beilerbei – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Beilerbei" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beilerbei" title="Beilerbei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Beilerbei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бейлербей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бейлербей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejlerbeu" title="Bejlerbeu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bejlerbeu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beglerbeg" title="Beglerbeg – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Beglerbeg" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beglerbeg" title="Beglerbeg – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beglerbeg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Беглербег – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Беглербег" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beglerbeg" title="Beglerbeg – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Beglerbeg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylerbeyi" title="Beylerbeyi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Beylerbeyi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejlerbej" title="Bejlerbej – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bejlerbej" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Бәкләрибәк – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бәкләрибәк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylerbeyi" title="Beylerbeyi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beylerbeyi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бейлербей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бейлербей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8B%92%E8%B4%9D%E4%BC%8A" title="贝勒贝伊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贝勒贝伊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the neighbourhood in Istanbul, see <a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi" title="Beylerbeyi">Beylerbeyi</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_Empire_(1609).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png/200px-Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png/300px-Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png/400px-Ottoman_Empire_%281609%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>The <i>eyalets</i> of the Ottoman Empire in 1609</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Beylerbey</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">بكلربكی</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ottoman_Turkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ottoman Turkish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ottoman Turkish-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbeyi</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'<a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bey</a> of beys', meaning the 'commander of commanders' or 'lord of lords’, sometimes rendered <a href="/wiki/Governor-general" title="Governor-general">governor-general</a>) was a high rank in the western Islamic world in the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Seljuks">Anatolian Seljuks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkhanids">Ilkhanids</a> to <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Initially designating a <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a>, it eventually came to be held by senior provincial governors. In Ottoman usage, where the rank survived the longest, it designated the governors-general of some of the largest and most important provinces, although in later centuries it became devalued into a mere honorific title. The title is originally <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> and its equivalents in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> were <i><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">amir al-umara</a></i>, and in <a href="/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Persian</a>, <i>mir-i miran</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_use">Early use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beylerbey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralamb_-_103_-_Beylerbey_of_Bosnia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ralamb_-_103_-_Beylerbey_of_Bosnia.jpg/200px-Ralamb_-_103_-_Beylerbey_of_Bosnia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ralamb_-_103_-_Beylerbey_of_Bosnia.jpg/300px-Ralamb_-_103_-_Beylerbey_of_Bosnia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Ralamb_-_103_-_Beylerbey_of_Bosnia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption> Depiction of the <i>beylerbey</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Eyalet" title="Bosnia Eyalet">Bosnia Eyalet</a> (1657)</figcaption></figure> <p>The title originated with the <a href="/wiki/Seljuqs" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuqs">Seljuqs</a>, and was used in the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a> initially as an alternative for the Arabic title of <i><a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">malik</a> al-umara</i> ("chief of the commanders"), designating the army's commander-in-chief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkhanids">Ilkhanids</a>, the title was used to designate the chief <i><a href="/wiki/Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir">amir</a> al-ulus</i> ("emir of the state")—also known by the Turkic title <i>ulusbegi</i> and the Arabic <i><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">amir al-umara</a></i>–while in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> it was applied to all the holders of the rank of <i>amir al-ulus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson198984_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson198984-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mamluks_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks of Egypt">Mamluks of Egypt</a> possibly used it as an alternative title for the <i><a href="/wiki/Atabak" class="mw-redirect" title="Atabak">atabak</a> al-asakir</i>, the commander-in-chief of the army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottoman_use">Ottoman use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beylerbey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ottoman use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire">Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <p>The Ottomans used the title <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span> from the late 14th until the mid-19th century, with varying meanings and degrees of importance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Ottoman state continued to use the term <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span> in the meaning of commander-in-chief, held by princes of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman dynasty</a>: under the Ottoman Empire's founder, <a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a> (ruled 1299–1326), his son <a href="/wiki/Orhan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Orhan I">Orhan</a> held the post, and during Orhan's reign (1324–1362), his brother <a href="/wiki/Alaeddin_Pasha" title="Alaeddin Pasha">Alaeddin Pasha</a> and Orhan's son <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Pasha_(son_of_Orhan)" title="Süleyman Pasha (son of Orhan)"> Süleyman Pasha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirken19768–9_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirken19768–9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first step towards the transformation of the office into a gubernatorial title occurred when <a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1362–1389</span>) gave the title to <a href="/wiki/Lala_Shahin_Pasha" title="Lala Shahin Pasha">Lala Shahin Pasha</a> as a reward for his <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_capture_of_Adrianople" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman capture of Adrianople">capture of Adrianople</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>) in the 1360s. In addition, Lala Shahin was given military authority over the Ottoman territories in Europe (<a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked the <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span> effectively as the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> of the European territories, as the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Sultans</a> still resided in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, and as the straits of the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>, which connected the two parts of the Ottoman state, continued to escape full Ottoman control until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lala Shahin died after 1388. Sometime in 1385–87 <a href="/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1_Kara_Halil_Hayreddin_Pasha" title="Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha">Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha</a> succeeded him in the position of commander-in-chief in Rumelia. In 1393 Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1389–1402</span>) appointed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kara_Timurtash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kara Timurtash (page does not exist)">Kara Timurtash</a> as <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span> and viceroy in Anatolia, when Bayezid himself crossed over into Europe to campaign against <a href="/wiki/Mircea_I_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mircea I of Wallachia">Mircea I of Wallachia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process marked the birth of the first two, and by far the most important, <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">beylerbeylik</a></i></span>s: those of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia_Eyalet" title="Anatolia Eyalet">Anatolia</a>, while the third <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbeylik</i></span>, that of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBm_Eyalet" title="Rûm Eyalet">Rûm</a>, followed soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span> was in charge of a province—termed a <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbeylik</i></span> or generically <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">vilayet</i></span>, "province", while after 1591 the term <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">eyalet</a></i></span> was used and <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbeylik</i></span> came to mean the office of <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965721–722,_723_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965721–722,_723-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Territorial <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbeylik</i></span>s were subdivided into <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjak</a></i></span>s or <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">liwa</i></span>s under <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sanjakbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjakbey">sanjakbey</a></i></span>s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirken19768–9_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirken19768–9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the continuous <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth of the Ottoman Empire">growth of the Ottoman Empire</a> in the 15th and 16th centuries, new provinces were established, and the ranks of the <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span>s swelled to a peak of 44 by the end of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirken19769_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirken19769-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A list of <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">eyalet</i></span>s in 1609 mentions 32 in total: 23 of them regular <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">eyalet</i></span>s where revenue was distributed among the military fief-holders, while the rest (in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>) were under the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salyane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salyane (page does not exist)">salyane</a></i> system, i.e. their revenue was sent to the imperial treasury, and the officials and soldiers were paid salaries from it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965723_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965723-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of these new provinces varied enormously: some containing as many as twenty <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">sanjak</i></span>s, and others as few as two, including the <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s own residence (or <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pasha</a>-sanjakı</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirken19769_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirken19769-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among themselves, the various <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span>s had an order of precedence based on the date of conquest or formation of their provinces. The <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a>, however, retained his pre-eminence, ranking first among the other provincial governors-general, and being accorded a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)"> Imperial Council</a> (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">divan</a></i></span>) after 1536. In addition, the post was occasionally held by the Sultan's chief minister, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his province, the <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span> operated as a virtual viceroy of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Sultan</a>: he had full authority over matters of war, justice and administration, except in so far as they were limited by the authority of other officials also appointed by the central government, chiefly the various fiscal secretaries under the <i>mal defterdari</i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadı">kadı</a></i>, who could appeal directly to the imperial government. In addition, as a further check to their power, the <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a> contingents stationed in the province's cities were outside his authority, and <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span>s were even forbidden from entering the fortresses garrisoned by the Janissaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirken197610–11_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirken197610–11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965723_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965723-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span> also had his own court and government council (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">divan</i></span>) and could freely grant fiefs (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Timar" title="Timar">timar</a></i></span>s and <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ziamet" title="Ziamet">ziamet</a></i></span>s) without prior approval by the Sultan, although this right was curtailed after 1530, when beylerbey authority was restricted to the smaller <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">timar</i></span>s only.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflecting the office's origin in the military, the primary responsibility of the <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span>s and their <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">sanjakbey</i></span>s was the maintenance of the <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">sipahi</a></i></span> cavalry, formed by holders of the military fiefs, whom they led in person on campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722,_723_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722,_723-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1451–1481</span>) onwards, the title of <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span> also became an honorary court rank, coming after the <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">viziers</a>; both viziers and <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span>s were titled <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pashas</a>, with the viziers sporting three <a href="/wiki/Tugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tugh">horse-tails</a> and the <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span>s two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 16th century on, however, viziers could be appointed as provincial <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span>s, enjoying precedence and authority over the ordinary <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span>s of the neighbouring provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of the 17th century, the title of '<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span> of Rumelia' ('<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">Rumeli beylerbeysi</i></span>) also began to be awarded as an honorific rank, alongside the actual holder of the provincial post, even to officials unrelated to the provincial administration, such as the chief treasurer (<span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Defterdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Defterdar">defterdar</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirken19769_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirken19769-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 18th century, the Arabic-origin title of <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">wali</a></i></span> began to be increasingly used for provincial governors-general at the expense of <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span>, except for the two original <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span>s of Rumelia and Anatolia; the Arabic title <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">amir al-umara</i></span>, and the Persian <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">mir-i miran</i></span> or <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">mirmiran</i></span>, which had been used as equivalents of the <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span>, now increasingly came to refer only to the honorary rank, which in turn was increasingly devalued. The process culminated with the <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">vilayet</a></i></span> reform of 1864, after which <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">wali</i></span> became the only official designation for the governor-general of a province, while the title of <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">beylerbey</i></span> survived only in the honorary rank of <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">Rumeli beylerbeysi</i></span>, which continued in use alongside its Perso-Arabic equivalents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safavid_use">Safavid use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beylerbey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Safavid use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daud_Khan_Undiladze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Daud_Khan_Undiladze.jpg/220px-Daud_Khan_Undiladze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Daud_Khan_Undiladze.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daud_Khan_Undiladze" title="Daud Khan Undiladze">Daud Khan Undiladze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">ghilman</a> and the beylerbey of <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karabakh" title="Karabakh">Karabakh</a> from 1625 to 1630.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Iran</a>, the title (<i>beglerbegi</i>) was used from ca. 1543/44 on for governors (generically styled <i><a href="/wiki/Hakim_(title)" title="Hakim (title)">hakim</a></i>) of the more important provinces. The title was thus used for the governors of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Karabakh" title="Safavid Karabakh">Karabakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Shirvan" title="Safavid Shirvan">Shirvan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fars_(East_Syrian_Ecclesiastical_Province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)">Fars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_province_(Safavid_Empire)" title="Baghdad province (Safavid Empire)">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Astarabad" title="Safavid Astarabad">Astarabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Safavids also used the title of <i>wali</i> for provinces even more important than those of the <i>beglerbegi</i>. Towards the end of the Safavid period, the title of <i>beglerbegi</i> had been eclipsed by that of <i>wali</i>, most notably being the wali's of the shah's their <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Georgian</a> areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson198984_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson198984-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farman_by_Shah_Tahmasp_II_concerning_Sa%27dlu_the_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Farman_by_Shah_Tahmasp_II_concerning_Sa%27dlu_the_family.jpg/220px-Farman_by_Shah_Tahmasp_II_concerning_Sa%27dlu_the_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Farman_by_Shah_Tahmasp_II_concerning_Sa%27dlu_the_family.jpg/330px-Farman_by_Shah_Tahmasp_II_concerning_Sa%27dlu_the_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Farman_by_Shah_Tahmasp_II_concerning_Sa%27dlu_the_family.jpg/440px-Farman_by_Shah_Tahmasp_II_concerning_Sa%27dlu_the_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="2266" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">Farman</a></i> (decree) from the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_II" title="Tahmasp II">Tahmasp II</a> for Mohammad Qoli Khan Sa'dlu, the <i>beglerbegi</i> of <a href="/wiki/Erivan_province_(Safavid_Iran)" title="Erivan province (Safavid Iran)">Chokhur-e Sa'd (Erivan)</a> in reply to an appeal</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Beglerbegi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">بیگلربیگی</span>) was a title generally held by governors of provinces of higher importance in <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson198984_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson198984-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200195–96_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200195–96-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title is of Turkish origin, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Baig" class="mw-redirect" title="Baig">beg</a> of begs" (commander of commanders).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson198984_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson198984-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Safavids, it meant governor-general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200196_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200196-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title first appears in 1543/44, when the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Tahmasp I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1524–1576</span>) issued a decree that referred the governor of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> as <i>beglerbegi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson198984_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson198984-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title was created to distinguish more important governors from less important ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200195_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200195-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, starting in the 1540s, governor-general (<i>beglerbegi</i>), senior-governor (<i>hakem-khan</i>), and junior-governor (<i>hakem-soltan</i>) were one of the titles that would be given to a <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> governing a province or smaller administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200196_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200196-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other <i>beglerbegis</i> soon appear in records, such as the <i>beglerbegi</i> of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Astarabad" title="Safavid Astarabad">Astarabad</a> in 1548, and the <i>beglerbegi</i> of <a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kerman</a> in 1565. According to <a href="/wiki/Willem_Floor" title="Willem Floor">Willem Floor</a>: "This, and the fact that <i>beglerbegis</i> also were at the same time <i><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">emir al-omara</a></i> of their jurisdiction, contradicts the view that the term <i>beglerbegi</i> was simply a Turkish translation of the title <i>emir al-omara</i>." <i>Beglerbegi</i> was only applied to governors of large administrations in the second half of the 16th-century. The title was more commonly employed in the latter part of the 17th century, even for lesser administrations. Several <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khans</a> and <i>soltans</i> were subject to the <i>beglerbegi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200196_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200196-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>beglerbegis</i> had complete command over the soldiers and khans under their command. According to the early 18th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Dastur_al-Moluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dastur al-Moluk">Dastur al-Moluk</a></i>, a <i>beglerbegi</i> was superior to a khan in rank, and the <i>soltans</i> were subordinate to the khan. The <i>beglerbegi</i>, who was also an emir, was also known as the <i>emir al-omara</i> of the province that he oversaw. There were eleven <i>beglerbegis</i> towards the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Abbas_the_Great" title="Abbas the Great">Shah Abbas II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1588–1629</span>); five <i><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Safavid_Iran#Gholam" title="Military of Safavid Iran">gholams</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Karabakh" title="Safavid Karabakh">Karabakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_province_(Safavid_Empire)" title="Baghdad province (Safavid Empire)">Baghdad</a>, Astarabad, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Shirvan" title="Safavid Shirvan">Shirvan</a>), two <i>valis</i> of some sort (<a href="/wiki/Safavid_Lorestan" title="Safavid Lorestan">Lorestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Kurdistan" title="Safavid Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>) and four <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> emirs (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erivan_province_(Safavid_Iran)" title="Erivan province (Safavid Iran)">Chokhur-e Sa'd (Erivan)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_province_(Safavid_Iran)" title="Azerbaijan province (Safavid Iran)">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Qandahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Qandahar">Qandahar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200197_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200197-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herat and Kerman, which were among the first provinces to be administered by a <i>beglerbegi</i>, are not included in the list. This is due to not all of these administrations would continue to be governed by a <i>beglerbegi</i> after the 1630s. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Treaty of Zuhab</a> in 1639, the Safavids lost Baghdad to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Between 1632 and 1722, a <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> oversaw the administration of Fars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200197_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200197-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beylerbey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMénage19601159–1160_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMénage1960">Ménage 1960</a>, pp. 1159–1160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson198984-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson198984_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson198984_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson198984_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson198984_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson198984_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1989">Jackson 1989</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirken19768–9-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirken19768–9_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirken19768–9_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirken1976">Birken 1976</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFİnalcık1965">İnalcık 1965</a>, p. 722.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965721–722,_723-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965721–722,_723_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFİnalcık1965">İnalcık 1965</a>, pp. 721–722, 723.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirken19769-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirken19769_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirken19769_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirken19769_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirken1976">Birken 1976</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965723-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965723_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965723_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFİnalcık1965">İnalcık 1965</a>, p. 723.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirken197610–11-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirken197610–11_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirken1976">Birken 1976</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722,_723-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık1965722,_723_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFİnalcık1965">İnalcık 1965</a>, pp. 722, 723.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRustamkhanli2013" class="citation book cs1">Rustamkhanli, Sabir (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kwpHHr4CMWQC&q=beylerbeyi+safavid&pg=PA109"><i>My Road of Life</i></a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781481791823" title="Special:BookSources/9781481791823"><bdi>9781481791823</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Road+of+Life&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2013-04&rft.isbn=9781481791823&rft.aulast=Rustamkhanli&rft.aufirst=Sabir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkwpHHr4CMWQC%26q%3Dbeylerbeyi%2Bsafavid%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeylerbey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-vii-">"GEORGIA vii. Georgians in the Safavid Administration"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GEORGIA+vii.+Georgians+in+the+Safavid+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgeorgia-vii-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeylerbey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200195–96-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200195–96_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFloor2001">Floor 2001</a>, pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200196-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200196_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200196_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200196_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFloor2001">Floor 2001</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200195-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200195_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFloor2001">Floor 2001</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor200197-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200197_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor200197_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFloor2001">Floor 2001</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beylerbey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirken1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Birken" class="extiw" title="de:Andreas Birken">Birken, Andreas</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (1976). <i>Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches</i> [<i>The Provinces of the Ottoman Empire</i>]. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, 13 (in German). Reichert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-920153-56-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-920153-56-1"><bdi>3-920153-56-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Provinzen+des+Osmanischen+Reiches&rft.series=Beihefte+zum+T%C3%BCbinger+Atlas+des+Vorderen+Orients%2C+13&rft.pub=Reichert&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=3-920153-56-1&rft.aulast=Birken&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeylerbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloor2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willem_Floor" title="Willem Floor">Floor, Willem</a> (2001). <i>Safavid Government Institutions</i>. Mazda Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568591353" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568591353"><bdi>978-1568591353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safavid+Government+Institutions&rft.pub=Mazda+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1568591353&rft.aulast=Floor&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeylerbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİnalcık1965" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k" title="Halil İnalcık">İnalcık, Halil</a> (1965). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/eya-let-SIM_2216">"Eyālet"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume II:<i> C–G</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">721–</span>724. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469475">495469475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ey%C4%81let&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+II%3A+C%E2%80%93G&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E721-%3C%2Fspan%3E724&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469475&rft.aulast=%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k&rft.aufirst=Halil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Feya-let-SIM_2216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeylerbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jackson, Peter (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/beglerbegi-pers">"Beglerbegī"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. IV/1: Bāyju–Behruz. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-124-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-124-6"><bdi>978-0-71009-124-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beglerbeg%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-124-6&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbeglerbegi-pers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeylerbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMénage1960" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ménage, V. L. (1960). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/beglerbegi-SIM_1355">"Beglerbegī"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb" title="H. A. R. Gibb">Gibb, H. A. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hendrik_Kramers" title="Johannes Hendrik Kramers">Kramers, J. H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Évariste Lévi-Provençal">Lévi-Provençal, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume I:<i> A–B</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">1159–</span>1160. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469456">495469456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beglerbeg%C4%AB&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+I%3A+A%E2%80%93B&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1159-%3C%2Fspan%3E1160&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469456&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9nage&rft.aufirst=V.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fbeglerbegi-SIM_1355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeylerbey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİpşırlı1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">İpşırlı, Mehmet (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/beylerbeyi"><i>BEYLERBEYİ</i></a> (in Turkish). Vol. 6 (Besir Aga Camii - Cafer Pasa Tekkesi). Istanbul: <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_Ansiklopedisi" title="İslâm Ansiklopedisi">TDV Encyclopedia of Islam</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-97-53-89433-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-97-53-89433-3"><bdi>978-97-53-89433-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BEYLERBEY%C4%B0&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=TDV+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-97-53-89433-3&rft.aulast=%C4%B0p%C5%9F%C4%B1rl%C4%B1&rft.aufirst=Mehmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fbeylerbeyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeylerbey" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:Organization of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:Organization of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_organisation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire262" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/State_organisation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State organisation of the Ottoman Empire">State organisation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of Osman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman dynasty</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraglio" title="Seraglio">Seraglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ender%C3%BBn" title="Enderûn">Enderûn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_School" title="Palace School">Palace Schools</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(classical period)</i></span> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers" title="List of Ottoman grand viziers">Grand Vizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Viziers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazasker" title="Kazasker">Kazaskers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Ministers_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Ministers of Finance">Defterdars/Ministers of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1" title="Nişancı">Nişancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reis_%C3%BCl-K%C3%BCttab" title="Reis ül-Küttab">Reis ül-Küttab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Porte" title="Dragoman of the Porte">Dragoman of the Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%BBn" title="Birûn">Birûn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Government</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(reform period)</i></span> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadastre_Bureau_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Cadastre Bureau (Ottoman Empire)">Cadastre Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Evkaf" title="Ministry of Evkaf">Ministry of Evkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Finance (Ottoman Empire)">Ministry of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Ottoman Empire)">Ministry of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Justice (Ottoman Empire)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Agriculture_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Trade and Agriculture (Ottoman Empire)">Ministry of Trade and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of War (Ottoman Empire)">Ministry of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sheikh-ul-Islams_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire">Sheikh-ul-Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">General Assembly</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(constitutional period)</i></span> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of political parties in the Ottoman Empire">political parties</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ottoman "Arma" symbol"><img alt="Ottoman "Arma" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire">Administrative<br />divisions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_ul-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh ul-Islam">Sheikh ul-Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople">Armenian Apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch">Syriac Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Patriarch_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham_Bashi" title="Hakham Bashi">Hakham Bashi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Provincial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">Eyalets</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beylerbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">Vilayets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">Sanjaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjakbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjakbey">Sanjakbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">Mutasarrifates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">Kazas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kadiluk" title="Kadiluk">Kadiluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassal and tributary states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raya_(country_subdivision)" title="Raya (country subdivision)">Rayas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ottoman_Empire323" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Template:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ottoman_Empire323" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osman%27s_Dream" title="Osman's Dream">Osman's Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_era" title="Köprülü era">Köprülü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Stagnation and reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">1st Constitutional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">2nd Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Ottoman Muslims</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire)">Foreign Affairs Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_relations" title="Ottoman–Safavid relations">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ottoman Empire–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of treaties of the Ottoman Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Constitution" title="Armenian National Constitution">Armenian Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_electoral_law" title="Ottoman electoral law">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_family_law" title="Ottoman family law">Family law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCstur" title="Düstur">Düstur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Civil codes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecelle" title="Mecelle">Mecelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_Office_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Translation Office (Ottoman Empire)">Translation Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_organisation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State organisation of the Ottoman Empire">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of Osman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">List of Ottoman sultans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Roman succession claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Imperial Harem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valide_sultan" title="Valide sultan">Valide sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haseki_sultan" title="Haseki sultan">Haseki sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1n_(title)" title="Kadın (title)">Kadınefendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikbal_(title)" title="Ikbal (title)">Hanımefendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mothers_of_the_Ottoman_sultans" title="List of mothers of the Ottoman sultans">List of Ottoman sultans' mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_consorts_of_the_Ottoman_sultans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans">List of Ottoman sultans' consorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizlar_Agha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizlar Agha">Kizlar Agha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ender%C3%BBn" title="Enderûn">Inner Palace Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapi_Agha" title="Kapi Agha">Kapi Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_School" title="Palace School">Palace Schools</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central (<a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Council</a> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(classic period)</i></span> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Grand_Viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Grand Viziers">Grand Vizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Viziers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazasker" title="Kazasker">Kazaskers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Ministers_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Ministers of Finance">Defterdars/Ministers of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1" title="Nişancı">Nişancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reis_%C3%BCl-K%C3%BCttab" title="Reis ül-Küttab">Reis ül-Küttab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Porte" title="Dragoman of the Porte">Dragoman of the Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%BBn" title="Birûn">Outer Palace Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Government</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(reform and constitutional period)</i></span> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rūm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullah_millet" title="Ullah millet">Ullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Millet">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_millet" title="Armenian millet">Armenian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham_Bashi" title="Hakham Bashi">Hakham Bashi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">Eyalets</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beylerbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">Vilayets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">Sanjaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjakbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjakbey">Sanjakbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">Mutasarrifates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">Kazas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kadiluk" title="Kadiluk">Kadiluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassal and tributary states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_army_in_the_15th%E2%80%9319th_centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman army in the 15th–19th centuries">Classic period army</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agha_of_the_Janissaries" title="Agha of the Janissaries">Agha of the Janissaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Divisions_of_Cavalry" title="Six Divisions of Cavalry">Six Divisions of Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timariots" title="Timariots">Timariots</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_reforms" title="Ottoman military reforms">Reform period</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid_Army" title="Nizam-i Djedid Army">Nizam-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekban-i_Djedid_Army" title="Sekban-i Djedid Army">Sekban-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asakir-i_Mansure-i_Muhammediye" title="Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye">Mansure Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidieh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamidieh">Hamidieh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Modernized army</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha" title="Kapudan Pasha">Kapudan Pasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kapudan_Pashas" title="List of Kapudan Pashas">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Fleet" title="Dragoman of the Fleet">Dragoman of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Arsenal" title="Imperial Arsenal">Imperial Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire_admirals" title="Category:Ottoman Empire admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Ottoman Empire">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_ships_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval ships of the Ottoman Empire">Ships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Aviation_Squadrons" title="Ottoman Aviation Squadrons">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_weapons" title="Ottoman weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By era <ul><li>Enlargement</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socioeconomics_of_the_Ottoman_reformation_era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socioeconomics of the Ottoman reformation era (page does not exist)">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_agriculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman agriculture (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_currency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman currency (page does not exist)">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">Akçe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_(currency)" title="Para (currency)">Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultani" title="Sultani">Sultani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuru%C5%9F" title="Kuruş">Kuruş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_lira" title="Ottoman lira">Lira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Taxation in the Ottoman Empire">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Ottoman Empire">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Society of the Ottoman Empire">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Social structure of the Ottoman Empire">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_court" title="Ottoman court">Ottoman court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Languages of the Ottoman Empire">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosques_commissioned_by_the_Ottoman_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynasty">Mosques</a></li></ul></li> <li>Art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Shadow play</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_clothing" title="Ottoman clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prose_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Prose of the Ottoman Empire">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_poetry" title="Ottoman poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Education in the Ottoman Empire">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of schools in the Ottoman Empire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_education_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenian education in the Ottoman Empire">of Armenians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Media of the Ottoman Empire">Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Demographics of the Ottoman Empire">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire">Bibliography</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Ottoman Empire">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Highest_military_ranks2437" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar 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title="General officer">General officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_officer" title="Flag officer">Flag officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_officer" title="Air officer">Air officer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">Amir al-umara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataman" title="Ataman">Ataman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">Autokrator</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beylerbey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constable_of_France" title="Constable of France">Constable of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dux_bellorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dux bellorum">Dux bellorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Domestic" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Domestic">Grand Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ispahsalar" title="Ispahsalar">Ispahsalar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">Megas doux</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemarch" title="Polemarch">Polemarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Realm_(Denmark)" title="Marshal of the Realm (Denmark)">Rigsmarsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serasker" title="Serasker">Serasker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">Shōgun</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spahbed" title="Spahbed">Spahbed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparapet" title="Sparapet">Sparapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">Hetman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_fleet" title="Admiral of the fleet">Admiral of the fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_admiral_(United_States)" title="Fleet admiral (United States)">Fleet admiral</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aluf" title="Aluf">Aluf</a></i></li> 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admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_marshal" title="Grand marshal">Grand marshal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Highest_Commander_of_the_Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Highest Commander of the Royal Thai Armed Forces">Chom Thap Thai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(Indonesia)" title="General of the Army (Indonesia)">Jenderal besar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">Marshal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mare%C5%9Fal_(Turkey)" title="Mareşal (Turkey)">Mareşal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Italy" title="Marshal of Italy">Marshal of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_air_force" title="Marshal of the air force">Marshal of the air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic">Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Peru" title="Marshal of Peru">Marshal of Peru</a></li> <li><a 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