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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Legends_surrounding_Abaoji's_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends_surrounding_Abaoji's_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Legends surrounding Abaoji's birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends_surrounding_Abaoji's_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Later_Tang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_Later_Tang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relationship with the Later Tang</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_the_Later_Tang-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with the Later Tang subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_Later_Tang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yao_Kun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yao_Kun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Yao Kun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yao_Kun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D9%88" title="تای‌زو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تای‌زو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A2-lu%CC%8Dt_A-p%C3%B3-ki" title="Iâ-lu̍t A-pó-ki – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iâ-lu̍t A-pó-ki" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_Taizu" title="Liao Taizu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liao Taizu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaoji" title="Abaoji – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abaoji" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bao_Ji" title="A Bao Ji – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="A Bao Ji" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D9%88" title="تای‌زو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تای‌زو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_Taizu" title="Liao Taizu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liao Taizu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94_%ED%83%9C%EC%A1%B0" title="요 태조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요 태조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88" title="امبراطور لياو تايزو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امبراطور لياو تايزو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Амбагян – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амбагян" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%8B%E9%98%BF%E4%BF%9D%E6%A9%9F" title="耶律阿保機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="耶律阿保機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaoji" title="Abaoji – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abaoji" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaoszi" title="Abaoszi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abaoszi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Abaoji" title="Yelü Abaoji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Yelü Abaoji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Абаоцзи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абаоцзи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="ئەباوۆجی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەباوۆجی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Taizu_od_Liaoa" title="Car Taizu od Liaoa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Car Taizu od Liaoa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao_Taizu" title="Liao Taizu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Liao Taizu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88" title="จักรพรรดิเหลียวไท่จู่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิเหลียวไท่จู่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Abaoji" title="Yelü Abaoji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yelü Abaoji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Єлюй Амбагай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єлюй Амбагай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAu_Th%C3%A1i_T%E1%BB%95" title="Liêu Thái Tổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liêu Thái Tổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96" title="遼太祖 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="遼太祖" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%8B%E9%98%BF%E4%BF%9D%E6%9C%BA" title="耶律阿保机 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="耶律阿保机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%8B%E9%98%BF%E4%BF%9D%E6%A9%9F" title="耶律阿保機 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="耶律阿保機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%8B%E9%98%BF%E4%BF%9D%E6%9C%BA" title="耶律阿保机 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耶律阿保机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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Liao</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Founder of China's Liao dynasty (872–926)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Emperor Taizu of Liao<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">遼太祖</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Emperor of <a href="/wiki/Khitan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khitan Empire">Khitan Empire</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%BE%BD%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%E8%BE%BD%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96.jpg/220px-%E8%BE%BD%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/%E8%BE%BD%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">916–926</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Dynasty established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Emperor Taizong</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Abaoji (阿保機)<br />872</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 September 926<span style="display:none">(926-09-06)</span> (aged 53–54)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Zuling Mausoleum (祖陵, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Bairin_Left_Banner" title="Bairin Left Banner">Bairin Left Banner</a>, Inner Mongolia)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Shul%C3%BC_Ping" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Shulü Ping">Empress Shulü Ping</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Family name: <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC" title="Yelü">Yēlǜ</a> (耶律)<br />Khitan given name: Ābǎojī (阿保機)<br />Sinicised given name: Yì (億)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Era dates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Shence (神冊): 916–922<br />Tianzan (天贊): 922–926<br />Tianxian (天顯): 926</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Emperor Dasheng Daming Tian (大聖大明天皇帝)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Emperor Dàshèng Dàmíng Shénliè Tiān (大聖大明神烈天皇帝), <br />shortly Emperor Tiān (天皇帝 <i>or</i> 天帝)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Tàizŭ (太祖)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC" title="Yelü">Yelü</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Yelü Saladi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yaonian_Yanmujin" title="Yaonian Yanmujin">Xiao Yanmujin</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Abaoji</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">阿保機</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">阿保机</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ābǎojī</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">A-pao-chi</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Emperor Taizu of Liao</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">遼太祖</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">辽太祖</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Liáo Tàizŭ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Liao T'ai-tsu</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Yelü Yi <span style="font-size:85%;">(sinicised name)</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">耶律億</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yēlǜ Yì</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abaoji</b> (872 – 6 September 926), posthumously known by his <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">temple name</a> as the <b>Emperor Taizu of Liao</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> leader and the founding <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> of China, ruling from 916 to 926.<sup id="cite_ref-dupuy_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dupuy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicised name</a>, <b>Yelü Yi</b>; some sources suggest that Abaoji's family name, <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yelü clan">Yelü</a>, was adopted during his lifetime,<sup id="cite_ref-dupuy_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dupuy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there is no consensus amongst historians on this point. </p><p>Abaoji was born in 872 in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Mongolia">Southern Mongolia</a> and had a turbulent childhood. His grandfather was killed in a conflict between tribes, and his father and uncles fled. He was hidden by his grandmother for his safety. He became <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">khagan</a> of the Khitans on 27 February 907,<sup id="cite_ref-Wittfogel_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wittfogel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was subsequently enthroned as emperor in 916, proclaiming his own <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">era name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on 6 September 926.<sup id="cite_ref-Wittfogel_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wittfogel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was responsible for the conquest and unification of all of <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">northern China</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dupuy_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dupuy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Khitan Empire became the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> in 942, Abaoji was posthumously considered a Liao emperor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legends_surrounding_Abaoji's_birth"><span id="Legends_surrounding_Abaoji.27s_birth"></span>Legends surrounding Abaoji's birth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abaoji&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legends surrounding Abaoji's birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later generations of Chinese historians record a variety of legends that surrounded the birth of Abaoji. According to the legends, his mother <a href="/wiki/Xiao_Yanmujin" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiao Yanmujin">Xiao Yanmujin</a> dreamt that the sun fell from the sky and into her bosom, from which her pregnancy followed. When she gave birth, the room was said to have become filled with a mysterious light and extraordinary fragrance. As a newborn, Abaoji's body was said to be that of a three-year-old, and the legends go on to say that he was walking at the age of three months. He was even recorded as being able to see events before they occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-M1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abaoji&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huaixiangrenren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Huaixiangrenren.jpg/220px-Huaixiangrenren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Huaixiangrenren.jpg/330px-Huaixiangrenren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Huaixiangrenren.jpg/440px-Huaixiangrenren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="2099" /></a><figcaption>Statues in <a href="/wiki/Huairen_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Huairen County">Huairen County</a>, Shanxi, China, commemorating Abaoji and <a href="/wiki/Li_Keyong" title="Li Keyong">Li Keyong</a>'s meeting in 907</figcaption></figure> <p>The location of the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a> in relation to the other neighbouring tribes is of importance. The Khitans resided on the east slope of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater Khingan</a> Mountains. West of the mountains were other nomadic pastoral tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Xi</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uighur</a> tribe. These other tribes had inter-married with the Khitans. Further west were the <a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatars</a>, a warlike tribe on the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a>. East and north-east lay the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchens</a> all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Amur_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur river">Amur river</a>. They were a peaceful people who resided in small villages and subsisted by hunting and fishing. Across the <a href="/wiki/Liao_River" title="Liao River">Liao River</a> to the east and south-east as far as the <a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a> lay the <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae people</a>, the majority of whom comprised a settled agricultural society. </p><p>The Yaonian clan had dominated the leadership of the Khitan<sup id="cite_ref-M1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tribes since the 750s. They maintained good relations with the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> to the south. However, by the end of the ninth century, leaders of the powerful Yila tribe were expressing dissatisfaction with the Yaonian khans. Abaoji's father had been the elected chieftain of the Yila tribe. As surnames were considered a marker of <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> culture, they were not used by the Khitan people outside of the Yaonian imperial clan. </p><p>Abaoji became chieftain of the Yila tribe in 901, and in 903 he was named the Yuyue, commander of all of the Khitan military forces. This had the effect of making him second only to the great khan in the hierarchy of the Khitan state. He started making a name for himself in 905 when he led 70,000 cavalry into <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> to create a brotherhood with <a href="/wiki/Li_Keyong" title="Li Keyong">Li Keyong</a>. Not only did he offer "brotherhood" but he pledged support against <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Wen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This showed that he was willing to be more aggressive than the Great Khan. In 907, he appeared at the triennial council and demanded to be named the <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">khagan</a>, the Khan of khans. His successes against the Han people in the north, against whom he had been raiding since 901, led to him receiving the support of seven tribal chiefs and even the acquiescence of the last Yaonian Great Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 907 until 916, Abaoji was beset with constant uprisings and rebellions, mostly instigated by his own family members (cousins and brothers). He eventually won them over by persuading them that they could become more successful as a dynasty. With his walled city showing off the tribe's wealth and power, he appointed all the usurpers to positions of influence which placated them. Abaoji's skilful manipulation of his enemies allowed him to increase his own and his tribe's power.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abaoji&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></div> <p>Abaoji's ongoing success was due to his ability to introduce innovations to Khitan society. Arguably the most important was the introduction of a dual administrative system in which nomadic steppe peoples would be governed by steppe traditions while sedentary populations in conquered <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">north China</a> would be governed by a civil bureaucracy run largely on <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> protocols. While this did not receive universal support from tribal leaders due to the erosion of their own powers, this became the model that later steppe peoples would use to govern their diverse empires.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two other important innovations were introduced in 916. He adopted Han court formalities in which he declared himself Celestial Emperor in the Han-style and adopted an <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">era name</a>, also in the Han manner of ruling. The second was to name his son, <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Bei" title="Yelü Bei">Yelü Bei</a>, as his heir apparent, also a first in Khitan society and something that directly contrasted with Khitan notions of rule by merit. This second innovation did not take hold easily as only a few of his successors experienced simple successions.<sup id="cite_ref-mote41_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mote41-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also organised his followers into warrior units known as <i><a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">orda</a></i>, and then by joining 12 ordas together, he formed an administrative district.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 918, Abaoji had a new walled city built. A Chinese city was built adjacent to this city in which artisans' shops, commercial shops and warehouses were constructed. Later, five capital cities would be built, including a <a href="/wiki/Linhuangfu" title="Linhuangfu">Supreme Capital</a> (上京), that served as the base of Khitan administration.<sup id="cite_ref-mote41_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mote41-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abaoji ordered the development of a <a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a> in 920. This script looks superficially like Chinese writing. However, it bears little resemblance to Chinese writing, and the two were mutually unintelligible. Five years later, the arrival of a <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghur</a> delegation led Abaoji to order his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Diela" title="Yelü Diela">Yelü Diela</a>, to develop a <a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">new script</a> on more syllabic principles. Unlike the Japanese and Koreans, the Khitans managed to adopt the cultural and administrative tool of writing without the baggage of Han culture and grammar that came with the wholesale adoption of Chinese characters.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time he died of typhoid fever at the age of 54, Abaoji had captured the entire <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> state,<sup id="cite_ref-Tanner_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanner-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> keeping their ruling family as nobility ruling his new fiefdom. His eastern boundaries were the <a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ussuri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ussuri River">Ussuri River</a>. His westward progression had gone far onto the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a>. By the time of his death, he had not acted on his plan to move south.<sup id="cite_ref-mote47_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mote47-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_the_Later_Tang">Relationship with the Later Tang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abaoji&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationship with the Later Tang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liao_Bronze_Guduo_(Chopping_Weapon)_(10623488453).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Liao_Bronze_Guduo_%28Chopping_Weapon%29_%2810623488453%29.jpg/220px-Liao_Bronze_Guduo_%28Chopping_Weapon%29_%2810623488453%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Liao_Bronze_Guduo_%28Chopping_Weapon%29_%2810623488453%29.jpg/330px-Liao_Bronze_Guduo_%28Chopping_Weapon%29_%2810623488453%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Liao_Bronze_Guduo_%28Chopping_Weapon%29_%2810623488453%29.jpg/440px-Liao_Bronze_Guduo_%28Chopping_Weapon%29_%2810623488453%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Hammer, <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Li_Cunxu" title="Li Cunxu">Li Cunxu</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Li_Keyong" title="Li Keyong">Li Keyong</a>, who had formed a bond with Abaoji back in 905, founded the <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a> on the ashes of the <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a> in 923. On Li Cunxu's death, though relations between the two had soured, the proper forms were followed and an emissary was sent to the Khitan capital. The souring of relations occurred probably due to the aggressiveness of Abaoji, as in 922 and 923 he had led an army deep into <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, looting and taking prisoners along the way. This was in essence Later Tang territory.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yao_Kun">Yao Kun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abaoji&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Yao Kun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yao Kun was sent by the <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a> court to meet with Abaoji in 926. He caught up with the Khitan ruler in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> while he was on campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> kingdom and while he was encamped at Fuyu in present-day <a href="/wiki/Jilin_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Jilin Province">Jilin Province</a>. Abaoji demanded that the <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a> surrender the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Prefectures" title="Sixteen Prefectures">Sixteen Prefectures</a>. If they were given up, there would be no reason for Abaoji to invade <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>. Yao Kun stated that this demand was not in his power to grant. This response landed Yao Kun in prison, where he still was when Abaoji died from illness on 6 September 926.<sup id="cite_ref-Wittfogel_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wittfogel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abaoji&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Bei" title="Yelü Bei">Yelü Bei</a> was designated heir apparent in 916, the <a href="/wiki/Empress_dowager" title="Empress dowager">empress dowager</a> <a href="/wiki/Empress_Shul%C3%BC_Ping" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Shulü Ping">Shulü Ping</a> did not consider him to be worthy and managed to have her second son Deguang succeed to the throne. Deguang became known to history as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Emperor Taizong</a> and he reigned from 926 to 947.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abaoji&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Abaoji" title="Special:EditPage/Abaoji">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Abaoji%22">"Abaoji"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Abaoji%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Abaoji%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Abaoji%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Abaoji%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Abaoji%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Consort and issue(s): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shul%C3%BC_Ping" title="Shulü Ping">Empress Chunqin</a>, of the Xiao clan (淳欽皇后蕭氏, 19 October 879 – 1 August 953), personal name Shulü Ping (述律平) <ul><li>Yelü Zhigu (耶律質古; d. 911), 1st daughter <ul><li>Married Xiao Shilu (蕭室魯), half-brother of Shülu Ping</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Bei" title="Yelü Bei">Yelü Bei</a>, Emperor Yizong (遼義宗耶律倍, 889 – 7 January 937), 1st son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Yelü Deguang</a>, Emperor Taizong (遼太宗耶律德光, 25 November 902 – 18 May 947 ), 2nd son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Lihu" title="Yelü Lihu">Yelü Lihu</a>, Emperor Zhangsu (章肅皇帝耶律李胡, 911– 960), 3rd son</li></ul></li> <li>Palace lady, of the Xiao clan (宮人蕭氏) <ul><li>Yelü Yaliguo (耶律牙里果), 4th son</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abaoji&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="ahnentafel" style="font-size:88%;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="60" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="29"> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">Yelü Noulisi</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">Yelü Salade</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">Yelü Yundeshi</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">Yelü Saladi</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="31" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="30" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">Yelü Abaoji (872–926)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="32" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="31" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="30" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">Yaonian Tila</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;"><a href="/wiki/Yaonian_Yanmujin" title="Yaonian Yanmujin">Xiao Yanmujin</a> (d. 933)</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abaoji&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelu_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yelu clan">Yelu clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambaghai" title="Ambaghai">Ambaghai</a> khan of the <a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abaoji&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoiberg2010">Hoiberg 2010</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dupuy-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dupuy_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dupuy_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dupuy_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuyDupuy1986">Dupuy & Dupuy 1986</a>, p. 276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wittfogel-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wittfogel_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wittfogel_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wittfogel_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWittfogelFêng1949">Wittfogel & Fêng 1949</a>, p. 600</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchettTietze1994">Twitchett & Tietze 1994</a>, pp. 60, 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts2011">Roberts 2011</a>, pp. 80–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, pp. 37–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, pp. 40–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, pp. 39–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mote41-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mote41_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mote41_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbrey1996">Ebrey 1996</a>, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, pp. 42–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanner-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tanner_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTanner2009">Tanner 2009</a>, p. 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mote47-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mote47_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, pp. 44–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, pp. 49–51</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abaoji&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDupuyDupuy1986" class="citation book cs1">Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1986). <i>The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present</i> (2nd Revised ed.). New York, NY: Harper & Row, Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-011139-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-011139-9"><bdi>0-06-011139-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Military+History+from+3500+B.C.+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-06-011139-9&rft.aulast=Dupuy&rft.aufirst=R.+Ernest&rft.au=Dupuy%2C+Trevor+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbaoji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbrey1996" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1996). Thompson, Damian (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of China</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66991-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-66991-X"><bdi>0-521-66991-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+China&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-66991-X&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeillustr00ebre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbaoji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoiberg2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency">"A-pao-chi"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8"><bdi>978-1-59339-837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A-pao-chi&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-837-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia2009ency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbaoji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMote2003" class="citation book cs1">Mote, F. W. (2003). <i>Imperial China: 900–1800</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674012127" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674012127"><bdi>978-0674012127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China%3A+900%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0674012127&rft.aulast=Mote&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbaoji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2011" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, J. A. G. (2011) [1999]. <i>A History of China</i>. Palgrave Essential Histories (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-24984-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-24984-4"><bdi>978-0-230-24984-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+China&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=Palgrave+Essential+Histories&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-24984-4&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbaoji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2009" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Harold M. (2009). <i>China: A History</i>. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 202–205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-915-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-915-2"><bdi>978-0-87220-915-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+History&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+IN&rft.pages=202-205&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-915-2&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Harold+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbaoji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwitchettTietze1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Twitchett, Denis; Tietze, Klaus-Peter (1994). "The Liao". In Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis C. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_China" title="The Cambridge History of China">The Cambridge History of China</a></i>. Vol. 6: <i>Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Liao&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China&rft.pages=43-153&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Twitchett&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Tietze%2C+Klaus-Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbaoji" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittfogelFêng1949" class="citation book cs1">Wittfogel, Karl August; Fêng, Chia-shêng (1949). <i>History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907–1125</i>. American Philosophical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Chinese+Society%3A+Liao%2C+907%E2%80%931125&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Wittfogel&rft.aufirst=Karl+August&rft.au=F%C3%AAng%2C+Chia-sh%C3%AAng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbaoji" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Abaoji </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Liao_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Liao Dynasty">House of Yelü</a> (916–1125)</b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 872</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 926</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Dynasty created</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Emperor of the Khitan</a> </b><br />916–926 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Emperor Taizong of Liao</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ai_of_Tang" title="Emperor Ai of Tang">Emperor Ai of Tang</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> (Eastern <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>) </b><br />916–926 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emperors_of_the_Liao_dynasty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liao_emperors" title="Template talk:Liao emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liao emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emperors_of_the_Liao_dynasty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Taizong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Shizong of Liao">Shizong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Muzong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Muzong of Liao">Muzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jingzong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Jingzong of Liao">Jingzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shengzong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Shengzong of Liao">Shengzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xingzong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Xingzong of Liao">Xingzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Daozong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Daozong of Liao">Daozong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tianzuo_of_Liao" title="Emperor Tianzuo of Liao">Tianzuo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="font-size:36px;">遼</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Western Liao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi" title="Yelü Dashi">Dezong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Tabuyan" title="Xiao Tabuyan">Empress Gantian</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Yilie" title="Yelü Yilie">Renzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Pusuwan" title="Yelü Pusuwan">Empress Dowager Chengtian</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Zhilugu" title="Yelü Zhilugu">Mozhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchlug" title="Kuchlug">Kuchlug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4989#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4989#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4989#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000064112483">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22019919">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/330523/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbxJ48bRM33qWXQ7j6xjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr93043202">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36705661">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p147360277">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007418806105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1415019">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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