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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Initials and finals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Initials_and_finals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Initials and finals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Initials_and_finals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Initials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Finals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllables_that_begin_with_a_medial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllables_that_begin_with_a_medial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Syllables that begin with a medial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllables_that_begin_with_a_medial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>System features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-System_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle System features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-System_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants_and_initial_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants_and_initial_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consonants and initial symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants_and_initial_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels_and_final_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_and_final_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels and final symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_and_final_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syllabic_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllabic_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Syllabic consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllabic_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_o" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_o"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Vowel <i>o</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_o-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Punctuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Comparison with other systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_other_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison with other systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pinyin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pinyin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pinyin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pinyin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Chart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adaptations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mathews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>Mathews</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wade–Giles</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%E2%80%93%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2" title="ويد–جيلز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويد–جيلز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veyd-Caylz" title="Veyd-Caylz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Veyd-Caylz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wade–Giles" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84-%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%82" title="Γουέιντ-Τζάιλς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουέιντ-Τζάιλς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2" title="وید جایلز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وید جایلز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisation_Wade-Giles" title="Romanisation Wade-Giles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Romanisation Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C-%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" title="웨이드-자일스 표기법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웨이드-자일스 표기법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Wade–Giles" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wade–Giles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93-%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="וייד-ג'יילס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וייד-ג'יילס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%93-%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ვეიდ-ჯაილზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვეიდ-ჯაილზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Wade–Giles" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veida%E2%80%94D%C5%BEailsa_sist%C4%93ma" title="Veida—Džailsa sistēma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Veida—Džailsa sistēma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles-%C3%A1t%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Wade–Giles-átírás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wade–Giles-átírás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E5%BC%8F" title="ウェード式 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウェード式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wade–Giles" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Транскрипционная система Уэйда — Джайлза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Транскрипционная система Уэйда — Джайлза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wade–Giles" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Gilesovo_pre%C4%8Drkovanje" title="Wade-Gilesovo prečrkovanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wade-Gilesovo prečrkovanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B4-%D0%8F%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Вејд-Џајлс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вејд-Џајлс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wade–Giles" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wade–Giles" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="வேட்-கில்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேட்-கில்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94-%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="เวด-ไจลส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เวด-ไจลส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Система Вейда-Джайлза – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Система Вейда-Джайлза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2" title="وید-جائیلز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وید-جائیلز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles" title="Wade-Giles – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wade-Giles" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Wade–Giles" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BC%8F%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="威式拼音 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威式拼音" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A6%A5%E7%91%AA%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="威妥瑪拼音 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威妥瑪拼音" data-language-autonym="中文" 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background:lightblue;">Wade–Giles<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div> romanization</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Wade" title="Thomas Francis Wade">Thomas Wade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Giles" title="Herbert Giles">Herbert Giles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">19th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data">BCP 47 variant subtag: <code>wadegile</code><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:威">威</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BF%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:翟">翟</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BC%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:式">式</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:拼音">拼音</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Wēi-Zhái Shì Pīnyīn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄨㄟ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄓㄞˊ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄕˋ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄆㄧㄣ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄧㄣ</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Uei Jair Shyh Pin'in</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span>Wei<sup>1</sup> Chai<sup>2</sup> Shih<sup>4</sup> Pʻin<sup>1</sup>-yin<sup>1</sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Wei Jhái Shìh Pin-yin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Wēi Jái Shr̀ Pīnyīn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS2</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Wēi Jái Shr̀ Pīnyīn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[wéɪ ʈʂǎɪ ʂɻ̩̂ pʰín.ín]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan_Strait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Taiwan_Strait.png/300px-Taiwan_Strait.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Taiwan_Strait.png/450px-Taiwan_Strait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Taiwan_Strait.png/600px-Taiwan_Strait.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait" title="Taiwan Strait">Taiwan Strait</a>, featuring names using Wade–Giles in Taiwan versus those using pinyin in mainland China</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Wade–Giles</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">WAYD</span> <span style="font-size:90%">JYLZE</span></i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">romanization system</a> for <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>. It developed from the system produced by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Wade" title="Thomas Francis Wade">Thomas Francis Wade</a> during the mid-19th century, and was given completed form with <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Giles" title="Herbert Giles">Herbert Giles</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese%E2%80%93English_Dictionary" title="A Chinese–English Dictionary">A Chinese–English Dictionary</a></i> (1892). </p><p>The romanization systems in common use until the late 19th century were based on the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing dialect</a>, but Wade–Giles was based on the Beijing dialect and was the system of transcription familiar in the English-speaking world for most of the 20th century. Both of these kinds of transcription were used in <a href="/wiki/Postal_romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal romanization">postal romanizations</a> (romanized place-names standardized for postal uses). In <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, Wade–Giles has been mostly replaced by <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>, which was officially adopted in 1958, with exceptions for the romanized forms of some of the most commonly used names of locations and persons, and other proper nouns. The romanized name for most locations, persons and other proper nouns in Taiwan is based on the Wade–Giles derived romanized form, for example <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Matsu_Islands" title="Matsu Islands">Matsu Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wade–Giles was developed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Wade" title="Thomas Francis Wade">Thomas Francis Wade</a>, a scholar of Chinese and a British ambassador in China who was the first professor of Chinese at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. Wade published <i><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yü-yen Tzŭ-erh Chi</i></span></i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">語言自邇集</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">语言自迩集</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1867, the first textbook on the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> in English,<sup id="cite_ref-Kaske2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaske2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became the basis for the system later known as Wade–Giles. The system, designed to transcribe Chinese terms for Chinese specialists, was further refined in 1892 by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Giles" title="Herbert Giles">Herbert Giles</a> (in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese%E2%80%93English_Dictionary" title="A Chinese–English Dictionary">A Chinese–English Dictionary</a></i>), a British diplomat in China, and his son <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Giles" title="Lionel Giles">Lionel Giles</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a curator at the British Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taiwan used Wade–Giles for decades as the de facto standard, co-existing with several official romanizations in succession, namely, <a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> (1928), <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II</a> (1986), and <a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> (2000). The <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) has previously promoted pinyin with <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a>'s successful presidential bid in 2008 and in a number of cities with Kuomintang mayors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>However, the current <a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a> administration and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a> (DPP) along with the majority of the people in Taiwan, both native and overseas, use spelling and transcribe their legal names based on the Wade–Giles system, as well as the other aforementioned systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initials_and_finals">Initials and finals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initials and finals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tables below show the Wade–Giles representation of each <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Chinese sound</a> (in bold type),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with the corresponding <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbol (in square brackets), and equivalent representations in <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initials">Initials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Initials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal"><b><big>m</big></b> [m]</a><br />ㄇ m</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal"><b><big>n</big></b> [n]</a><br />ㄋ n</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Unaspirated</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive"><b><big>p</big></b> [p]</a><br />ㄅ b </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive"><b><big>t</big></b> [t]</a><br />ㄉ d</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive"><b><big>k</big></b> [k]</a><br />ㄍ g </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive"><b><big>pʻ</big></b> [pʰ]</a><br />ㄆ p </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive"><b><big>tʻ</big></b> [tʰ]</a><br />ㄊ t</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive"><b><big>kʻ</big></b> [kʰ]</a><br />ㄎ k </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Unaspirated</a> </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate"><b><big>ts</big></b> [ts]</a><br />ㄗ z </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate"><b><big>ch</big></b> [ʈʂ]</a><br />ㄓ zh </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate"><b><big>ch</big></b> [tɕ]</a><br />ㄐ j</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated</a> </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate"><b><big>tsʻ</big></b> [tsʰ]</a><br />ㄘ c </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate"><b><big>chʻ</big></b> [ʈʂʰ]</a><br />ㄔ ch </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate"><b><big>chʻ</big></b> [tɕʰ]</a><br />ㄑ q</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative"><b><big>f</big></b> [f]</a><br />ㄈ f </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant"><b><big>s</big></b> [s]</a><br />ㄙ s </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex sibilant"><b><big>sh</big></b> [ʂ]</a><br />ㄕ sh </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant"><b><big>hs</big></b> [ɕ]</a><br />ㄒ x </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative"><b><big>h</big></b> [x]</a><br />ㄏ h </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral approximant"><b><big>l</big></b> [l]</a><br />ㄌ l</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex approximant"><b><big>j</big></b> [ɻ~ʐ]</a><br />ㄖ r</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Instead of <i>ts</i>, <i>tsʻ</i> and <i>s</i>, Wade–Giles writes <i>tz</i>, <i>tzʻ</i> and <i>ss</i> before <i>ŭ</i> (see <a href="#Syllabic_consonants">below</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finals">Finals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Finals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="13">Coda </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">∅</th> <th colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></th> <th colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></th> <th colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></th> <th colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span></th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɻ/</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Medial </th> <th>∅ </th> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>ih/ŭ</big></b><br />[ɨ]<br />ㄭ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MoeKai_Bopomofo_U%2B312D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/MoeKai_Bopomofo_U%2B312D.svg/15px-MoeKai_Bopomofo_U%2B312D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/MoeKai_Bopomofo_U%2B312D.svg/23px-MoeKai_Bopomofo_U%2B312D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/MoeKai_Bopomofo_U%2B312D.svg/30px-MoeKai_Bopomofo_U%2B312D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> -i</td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>ê/o</big></b><br />[ɤ]<br />ㄜ e</td> <td><b><big>a</big></b><br />[a]<br />ㄚ a </td> <td><b><big>ei</big></b><br />[ei]<br />ㄟ ei</td> <td><b><big>ai</big></b><br />[ai]<br />ㄞ ai </td> <td><b><big>ou</big></b><br />[ou]<br />ㄡ ou</td> <td><b><big>ao</big></b><br />[au]<br />ㄠ ao </td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>ên</big></b><br />[ən]<br />ㄣ en</td> <td><b><big>an</big></b><br />[an]<br />ㄢ an </td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>ung</big></b><br />[ʊŋ]<br />ㄨㄥ ong</td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>êng</big></b><br />[əŋ]<br />ㄥ eng</td> <td><b><big>ang</big></b><br />[aŋ]<br />ㄤ ang </td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>êrh</big></b><br />[aɚ̯]<br />ㄦ er </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </th> <td><b><big>i</big></b><br />[i]<br />ㄧ i</td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>ieh</big></b><br />[je]<br />ㄧㄝ ie</td> <td><b><big>ia</big></b><br />[ja]<br />ㄧㄚ ia </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><b><big>iu</big></b><br />[jou]<br />ㄧㄡ iu</td> <td><b><big>iao</big></b><br />[jau]<br />ㄧㄠ iao </td> <td><b><big>in</big></b><br />[in]<br />ㄧㄣ in</td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>ien</big></b><br />[jɛn]<br />ㄧㄢ ian </td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>iung</big></b><br />[jʊŋ]<br />ㄩㄥ iong</td> <td><b><big>ing</big></b><br />[iŋ]<br />ㄧㄥ ing</td> <td><b><big>iang</big></b><br />[jaŋ]<br />ㄧㄤ iang </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> </th> <td><b><big>u</big></b><br />[u]<br />ㄨ u</td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>o/uo</big></b><br />[wo]<br />ㄛ/ㄨㄛ o/uo</td> <td><b><big>ua</big></b><br />[wa]<br />ㄨㄚ ua</td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>ui/uei</big></b><br />[wei]<br />ㄨㄟ ui</td> <td><b><big>uai</big></b><br />[wai]<br />ㄨㄞ uai </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><b><big>un</big></b><br />[wən]<br />ㄨㄣ un</td> <td><b><big>uan</big></b><br />[wan]<br />ㄨㄢ uan </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><b><big>uang</big></b><br />[waŋ]<br />ㄨㄤ uang </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɥ/</span> </th> <td><b><big>ü</big></b><br />[y]<br />ㄩ ü</td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>üeh</big></b><br />[ɥe]<br />ㄩㄝ üe</td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><b><big>ün</big></b><br />[yn]<br />ㄩㄣ ün</td> <td><b><big>üan</big></b><br />[ɥɛn]<br />ㄩㄢ üan </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Wade–Giles writes <i>-uei</i> after <i>kʻ</i> and <i>k</i>, otherwise <i>-ui</i>: <i>kʻuei</i>, <i>kuei</i>, <i>hui</i>, <i>shui</i>, <i>chʻui</i>. </p><p>It writes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-ɤ]</span> as <i>-o</i> after <i>kʻ</i>, <i>k</i> and <i>h</i>, otherwise as <i>-ê</i>: <i>kʻo</i>, <i>ko</i>, <i>ho</i>, <i>shê</i>, <i>chʻê</i>. When <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤ]</span> forms a syllable on its own, it is written <i>ê</i> or <i>o</i> depending on the character. </p><p>Wade–Giles writes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[-wo]</span> as <i>-uo</i> after <i>kʻ</i>, <i>k</i>, <i>h</i> and <i>sh</i>, otherwise as <i>-o</i>: <i>kʻuo</i>, <i>kuo</i>, <i>huo</i>, <i>shuo</i>, <i>bo</i>, <i>tso</i>. After <i>chʻ</i>, it is written <i>chʻo</i> or <i>chʻuo</i> depending on the character. </p><p>For <i>-ih</i> and <i>-ŭ</i>, see <a href="#Syllabic_consonants">below</a>. </p><p>Giles's <i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese%E2%80%93English_Dictionary" title="A Chinese–English Dictionary">A Chinese–English Dictionary</a></i> also includes the finals <i>-io</i> (in <i>yo</i>, <i>chio</i>, <i>chʻio</i>, <i>hsio</i>, <i>lio</i> and <i>nio</i>) and <i>-üo</i> (in <i>chüo</i>, <i>chʻüo</i>, <i>hsüo</i>, <i>lüo</i> and <i>nüo</i>), both of which are pronounced <i>-üeh</i> in modern <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>: <i>yüeh</i>, <i>chüeh</i>, <i>chʻüeh</i>, <i>hsüeh</i>, <i>lüeh</i> and <i>nüeh</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllables_that_begin_with_a_medial">Syllables that begin with a medial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Syllables that begin with a medial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="13">Coda </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">∅</th> <th colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></th> <th colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></th> <th colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></th> <th colspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Medial </th> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> </th> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>i/yi</big></b><br />[i]<br />ㄧ yi</td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>yeh</big></b><br />[je]<br />ㄧㄝ ye</td> <td><b><big>ya</big></b><br />[ja]<br />ㄧㄚ ya </td> <td></td> <td><b><big>yai</big></b><br />[jai]<br />ㄧㄞ yai </td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>yu</big></b><br />[jou]<br />ㄧㄡ you</td> <td><b><big>yao</big></b><br />[jau]<br />ㄧㄠ yao </td> <td><b><big>yin</big></b><br />[in]<br />ㄧㄣ yin</td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>yen</big></b><br />[jɛn]<br />ㄧㄢ yan </td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>yung</big></b><br />[jʊŋ]<br />ㄩㄥ yong</td> <td><b><big>ying</big></b><br />[iŋ]<br />ㄧㄥ ying</td> <td><b><big>yang</big></b><br />[jaŋ]<br />ㄧㄤ yang </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> </th> <td><b><big>wu</big></b><br />[u]<br />ㄨ wu</td> <td><b><big>wo</big></b><br />[wo]<br />ㄨㄛ wo</td> <td><b><big>wa</big></b><br />[wa]<br />ㄨㄚ wa </td> <td><b><big>wei</big></b><br />[wei]<br />ㄨㄟ wei</td> <td><b><big>wai</big></b><br />[wai]<br />ㄨㄞ wai </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>wên</big></b><br />[wən]<br />ㄨㄣ wen</td> <td><b><big>wan</big></b><br />[wan]<br />ㄨㄢ wan </td> <td></td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>wêng</big></b><br />[wəŋ]<br />ㄨㄥ weng</td> <td><b><big>wang</big></b><br />[waŋ]<br />ㄨㄤ wang </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɥ/</span> </th> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>yü</big></b><br />[y]<br />ㄩ yu</td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>yüeh</big></b><br />[ɥe]<br />ㄩㄝ yue</td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>yün</big></b><br />[yn]<br />ㄩㄣ yun</td> <td bgcolor="#efefef"><b><big>yüan</big></b><br />[ɥɛn]<br />ㄩㄢ yuan </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Wade–Giles writes the syllable <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> as <i>i</i> or <i>yi</i> depending on the character. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_features">System features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: System features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants_and_initial_symbols">Consonants and initial symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants and initial symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A feature of the Wade–Giles system is the representation of the <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">unaspirated-aspirated</a> <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop consonant</a> pairs using a character resembling an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a>. Thomas Wade and others used the <a href="/wiki/Spiritus_asper" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritus asper">spiritus asper</a> (ʽ or ʻ), borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Polytonic_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytonic orthography">polytonic orthography</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> language. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Giles" title="Herbert Giles">Herbert Giles</a> and others used a left (opening) curved single <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a> (‘) for the same purpose. A third group used a plain <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> ('). The <a href="/wiki/Backtick" title="Backtick">backtick</a>, and visually similar characters, are sometimes seen in various electronic documents using the system. </p><p>Examples using the spiritus asper: <i>p</i>, <i>pʻ</i>, <i>t</i>, <i>tʻ</i>, <i>k</i>, <i>kʻ</i>, <i>ch</i>, <i>chʻ</i>. The use of this character preserves <i>b</i>, <i>d</i>, <i>g</i>, and <i>j</i> for the romanization of <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Chinese varieties</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Voiced" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced">voiced</a> consonants, such as <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a> (which has a full set of voiced consonants) and <a href="/wiki/Min_Nan" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Nan">Min Nan</a> (Hō-ló-oē) whose century-old <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> (POJ, often called Missionary Romanization) is similar to Wade–Giles. POJ, <a href="/wiki/Legge_romanization" title="Legge romanization">Legge romanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Wade" title="Simplified Wade">Simplified Wade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO Chinese transcription</a> use the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> instead of an apostrophe-like character to indicate aspiration. (This is similar to the obsolete <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> convention before the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">revisions of the 1970s</a>). The convention of an apostrophe-like character or <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> to denote aspiration is also found in romanizations of other Asian languages, such as <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> for <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">ISO 11940</a> for <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>. </p><p>People unfamiliar with Wade–Giles often ignore the spiritus asper, sometimes omitting them when copying texts, unaware that they represent vital information. Hànyǔ Pīnyīn addresses this issue by employing the Latin letters customarily used for voiced stops, unneeded in Mandarin, to represent the unaspirated stops: <i>b, p, d, t, g, k, j, q, zh, ch.</i> </p><p>Partly because of the popular omission of apostrophe-like characters, the four sounds represented in Hànyǔ Pīnyīn by <i>j</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>zh</i>, and <i>ch</i> often all become <i>ch</i>, including in many proper names. However, if the apostrophe-like characters are kept, the system reveals a symmetry that leaves no overlap: </p> <ul><li>The non-<a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">retroflex</a> <i>ch</i> (Pīnyīn <i>j</i>) and <i>chʻ</i> (Pīnyīn <i>q</i>) are always before either <i>ü</i> or <i>i</i>, but never <i>ih</i>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">retroflex</a> <i>ch</i> (Pīnyīn <i>zh</i>) and <i>chʻ</i> (Pīnyīn <i>ch</i>) are always before <i>ih</i>, <i>a</i>, <i>ê</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>o</i>, or <i>u</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_and_final_symbols">Vowels and final symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels and final symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syllabic_consonants">Syllabic consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Syllabic consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II</a>, Wade–Giles renders the two types of <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic consonant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">空韵</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">空韻</span>; Wade–Giles: <i>kʻung<sup>1</sup>-yün<sup>4</sup></i>; <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0ny%C7%94_P%C4%ABny%C4%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hànyǔ Pīnyīn">Hànyǔ Pīnyīn</a>: <i>kōngyùn</i>) differently: </p> <ul><li><i>-ŭ</i> is used after the <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilants</a> written in this position (and this position only) as <i>tz</i>, <i>tzʻ</i> and <i>ss</i> (Pīnyīn <i>z</i>, <i>c</i> and <i>s</i>).</li> <li><i>-ih</i> is used after the <a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">retroflex</a> <i>ch</i>, <i>chʻ</i>, <i>sh</i>, and <i>j</i> (Pīnyīn <i>zh</i>, <i>ch</i>, <i>sh</i>, and <i>r</i>).</li></ul> <p>These finals are both written as <i>-ih</i> in <a href="/wiki/Tongy%C3%B2ng_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongyòng Pinyin">Tongyòng Pinyin</a>, as <i>-i</i> in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0ny%C7%94_P%C4%ABny%C4%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hànyǔ Pīnyīn">Hànyǔ Pīnyīn</a> (hence distinguishable only by the initial from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> as in <i>li</i>), and as <i>-y</i> in <a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Wade" title="Simplified Wade">Simplified Wade</a>. They are typically omitted in <a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Dp%C5%8Dm%C5%8Df%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Bōpōmōfō">Zhùyīn (Bōpōmōfō)</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <td>ʈ͡ʂɻ̩</td> <td>ʈ͡ʂʰɻ̩</td> <td>ʂɻ̩</td> <td>ɻɻ̩</td> <td>t͡sɹ̩</td> <td>t͡sʰɹ̩</td> <td>sɹ̩ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a> </th> <td>jr</td> <td>chr</td> <td>shr</td> <td>r</td> <td>dz</td> <td>tsz</td> <td>sz </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS II</a> </th> <td>jr</td> <td>chr</td> <td>shr</td> <td>r</td> <td>tz</td> <td>tsz</td> <td>sz </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Wade–Giles </th> <td>chih</td> <td>chʻih</td> <td>shih</td> <td>jih</td> <td>tzŭ</td> <td>tzʻŭ</td> <td>ssŭ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tongy%C3%B2ng_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongyòng Pinyin">Tongyòng Pinyin</a> </th> <td>jhih</td> <td>chih</td> <td>shih</td> <td>rih</td> <td>zih</td> <td>cih</td> <td>sih </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0ny%C7%94_P%C4%ABny%C4%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hànyǔ Pīnyīn">Hànyǔ Pīnyīn</a> </th> <td>zhi</td> <td>chi</td> <td>shi</td> <td>ri</td> <td>zi</td> <td>ci</td> <td>si </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> </th> <td>jy</td> <td>chy</td> <td>shy</td> <td>ry</td> <td>tzy</td> <td>tsy</td> <td>sy </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Wade" title="Simplified Wade">Simplified Wade</a> </th> <td>chy</td> <td>chhy</td> <td>shy</td> <td>ry</td> <td>tsy</td> <td>tshy</td> <td>sy </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Dp%C5%8Dm%C5%8Df%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Bōpōmōfō">Zhùyīn</a> </th> <td>ㄓ</td> <td>ㄔ</td> <td>ㄕ</td> <td>ㄖ</td> <td>ㄗ</td> <td>ㄘ</td> <td>ㄙ </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_o">Vowel <i>o</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vowel o"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Final <i>o</i> in Wade–Giles has two pronunciations in modern Peking dialect: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wo]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤ]</span>. </p><p>What is pronounced in vernacular Peking dialect as a <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">close-mid back unrounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤ]</span> is written usually as <i>ê</i>, but sometimes as <i>o</i>, depending on historical pronunciation (at the time Wade–Giles was developed). Specifically, after velar initials <i>k</i>, <i>kʻ</i> and <i>h</i> (and a historical <i>ng</i>, which had been dropped by the time Wade–Giles was developed), <i>o</i> is used; for example, "哥" is <i>ko<sup>1</sup></i> (Pīnyīn <i>gē</i>) and "刻" is <i>kʻo<sup>4</sup></i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Pīnyīn <i>kè</i>). In Peking dialect, <i>o</i> after velars (and what used to be <i>ng</i>) have shifted to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤ]</span>, thus they are written as <i>ge</i>, <i>ke</i>, <i>he</i> and <i>e</i> in Pīnyīn. When <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤ]</span> forms a syllable on its own, Wade–Giles writes <i>ê</i> or <i>o</i> depending on the character. In all other circumstances, it writes <i>ê</i>. </p><p>What is pronounced in Peking dialect as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wo]</span> is usually written as <i>o</i> in Wade–Giles, except for <i>wo</i>, <i>shuo</i> (e.g. "說" <i>shuo<sup>1</sup></i>) and the three syllables of <i>kuo</i>, <i>kʻuo</i>, and <i>huo</i> (as in 過, 霍, etc.), which contrast with <i>ko</i>, <i>kʻo</i>, and <i>ho</i> that correspond to Pīnyīn <i>ge</i>, <i>ke</i>, and <i>he</i>. This is because characters like 羅, 多, etc. (Wade–Giles: <i>lo<sup>2</sup></i>, <i>to<sup>1</sup></i>; Pīnyīn: <i>luó</i>, <i>duō</i>) did not originally carry the medial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>. Peking dialect does not have phonemic contrast between <i>o</i> and <i>-uo</i>/<i>wo</i> (except in interjections when used alone) and a medial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> is usually inserted in front of <i>-o</i> to form <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wo]</span>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pwo</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰwo</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mwo</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">fwo</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">two</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰwo</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nwo</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">lwo</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kɤ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰɤ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">xɤ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈ͡ʂwo</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈ͡ʂʰwo</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʐwo</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡swo</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡sʰwo</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">swo</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɤ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">wo</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Wade–Giles </th> <td>po</td> <td>pʻo</td> <td>mo</td> <td>fo</td> <td>to</td> <td>tʻo</td> <td>no</td> <td>lo</td> <td>ko</td> <td>kʻo</td> <td>ho</td> <td>cho</td> <td>chʻo</td> <td>jo</td> <td>tso</td> <td>tsʻo</td> <td>so</td> <td>o/ê</td> <td>wo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Dp%C5%8Dm%C5%8Df%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Bōpōmōfō">Zhùyīn</a> </th> <td>ㄅ<b>ㄛ</b></td> <td>ㄆ<b>ㄛ</b></td> <td>ㄇ<b>ㄛ</b></td> <td>ㄈ<b>ㄛ</b></td> <td>ㄉ<b>ㄨㄛ</b></td> <td>ㄊ<b>ㄨㄛ</b></td> <td>ㄋ<b>ㄨㄛ</b></td> <td>ㄌ<b>ㄨㄛ</b></td> <td>ㄍ<b>ㄜ</b></td> <td>ㄎ<b>ㄜ</b></td> <td>ㄏ<b>ㄜ</b></td> <td>ㄓ<b>ㄨㄛ</b></td> <td>ㄔ<b>ㄨㄛ</b></td> <td>ㄖ<b>ㄨㄛ</b></td> <td>ㄗ<b>ㄨㄛ</b></td> <td>ㄘ<b>ㄨㄛ</b></td> <td>ㄙ<b>ㄨㄛ</b></td> <td><b>ㄜ</b></td> <td><b>ㄨㄛ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABny%C4%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Pīnyīn">Pīnyīn</a> </th> <td>b<b>o</b></td> <td>p<b>o</b></td> <td>m<b>o</b></td> <td>f<b>o</b></td> <td>d<b>uo</b></td> <td>t<b>uo</b></td> <td>n<b>uo</b></td> <td>l<b>uo</b></td> <td>g<b>e</b></td> <td>k<b>e</b></td> <td>h<b>e</b></td> <td>zh<b>uo</b></td> <td>ch<b>uo</b></td> <td>r<b>uo</b></td> <td>z<b>uo</b></td> <td>c<b>uo</b></td> <td>s<b>uo</b></td> <td><b>e</b></td> <td><b>wo</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Zhùyīn and Pīnyīn write <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wo]</span> as ㄛ <i>-o</i> after ㄅ <i>b</i>, ㄆ <i>p</i>, ㄇ <i>m</i> and ㄈ <i>f</i>, and as ㄨㄛ <i>-uo</i> after all other initials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology#Tones" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Tones</a> are indicated in Wade–Giles using superscript numbers (1–4) placed after the syllable. This contrasts with the use of diacritics to represent the tones in Pīnyīn. For example, the Pīnyīn <i>qiàn</i> (fourth tone) has the Wade–Giles equivalent <i>chʻien<sup>4</sup></i>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tone </th> <th>Sample text <p>(<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">s</a>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">t</a>; <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit</a>) </p> </th> <th>Hanyu Pinyin </th> <th>Wade–Giles </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. high </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">妈</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">媽</span>; 'mom' </td> <td>mā </td> <td><i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">ma<sup>1</sup></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. rising </td> <td><span lang="zh">麻</span>; 'hemp'<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>má </td> <td><i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">ma<sup>2</sup></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. low (dipping) </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">马</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">馬</span>; 'horse' </td> <td>mǎ </td> <td><i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">ma<sup>3</sup></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. falling </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">骂</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BD%B5" class="extiw" title="wikt:罵">罵</a></span>; 'scold' </td> <td>mà </td> <td><i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">ma<sup>4</sup></span></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. neutral<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span lang="zh-Hans">吗</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%97%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:嗎">嗎</a></span>; (<a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">interrogative</a>) </td> <td>ma </td> <td><i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">ma</span></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simplified and traditional characters are the same</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Neutral_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral tone">neutral tone</a> for more.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wade–Giles uses <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphens</a> to separate all syllables within a word (whereas Pīnyīn separates syllables only in specially defined cases, using hyphens or closing (right) single quotation marks as appropriate). </p><p>If a syllable is not the first in a word, its first letter is not <a href="/wiki/Majuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Majuscule">capitalized</a>, even if it is part of a <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper noun</a>. The use of apostrophe-like characters, hyphens, and capitalization is frequently not observed in place names and personal names. For example, the majority of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Taiwanese" title="Overseas Taiwanese">overseas</a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">Taiwanese people</a> write their <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given names</a> like "Tai Lun" or "Tai-Lun", whereas the Wade–Giles is actually "Tai-lun". (See also <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese names</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_systems">Comparison with other systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Comparison with other systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pinyin"><span class="anchor" id="Pinyin"></span>Pinyin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pinyin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wade–Giles chose the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>-like <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> (implying a sound like IPA's <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</span>, as in <i><b>s</b></i> in English <i>mea<b>s</b>ure</i>) to represent a Northern Mandarin pronunciation of what is represented as <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> in pinyin (Northern Mandarin <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a>]</span>/ Southern Mandarin <span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɻ]</a></span>; generally considered <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a>).</li> <li><i>Ü</i> (representing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>/</span>) always has an <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">umlaut</a> above, while pinyin only employs it in the cases of <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">nü</i></span>, <i><span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">nüe</i></span></i>, <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">lü</i></span>, <i><span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">lüe</i></span></i> and <i><span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">lüan</i></span></i>, while leaving it out after <i>j</i>, <i>q</i>, <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> as a simplification because <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a>⟩</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span> cannot otherwise appear after those letters. (The vowel <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a>⟩</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span> can occur in those cases in pinyin where the diaeresis are indicated <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>⟩</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a>]</span>; in which cases it serves to distinguish the <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>]</span> from the <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span>. By contrast it is always present to mark the front vowel in Wade–Giles.) Because <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">yü</i></span> (as in <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani">玉</span></span> "jade") must have an umlaut in Wade–Giles, the umlaut-less <span title="Wade–Giles transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">yu</i></span> in Wade–Giles is freed up for what corresponds to <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">you</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:有">有</a></span></span> "have"/"<a href="/wiki/Existential_clause" title="Existential clause">there is</a>") in Pinyin.</li> <li>The Pīnyīn cluster <span class="nowrap">⟨-ong⟩</span> is <span class="nowrap">⟨-ung⟩</span> in Wade–Giles, reflecting the pronunciation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>]</span> as in English <i>b<b>oo</b>k</i> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>. (Compare <i><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung fu">kung<sup>1</sup>-fu</a></i> to <span title="Pinyin transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">gōngfu</i></span> as an example.)</li> <li>After a consonant, both Wade–Giles and Pīnyīn use <span class="nowrap">⟨-iu⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨-un⟩</span> instead of the complete syllables: <span class="nowrap">⟨-iou⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨-uên⟩</span>/<span class="nowrap">⟨-uen⟩</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chart">Chart</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Vowels <i>a</i>, <i>e</i>, <i>o</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ai</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ei</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">au</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ou</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">an</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ən</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aŋ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">əŋ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊŋ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aɹ</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> </th> <td rowspan="3">a</td> <td rowspan="3">o</td> <td rowspan="2">ê</td> <td rowspan="2">e</td> <td rowspan="3">ai</td> <td rowspan="3">ei</td> <td rowspan="3">ao</td> <td rowspan="3">ou</td> <td rowspan="3">an</td> <td rowspan="2">en</td> <td rowspan="3">ang</td> <td rowspan="2">eng</td> <td rowspan="2">ong</td> <td rowspan="2">er </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wade–Giles</a> </th> <td>eh</td> <td>ê/o</td> <td>ên</td> <td>êng</td> <td>ung</td> <td>êrh </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-Bopo"> <th scope="row" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <td>ㄚ</td> <td>ㄛ</td> <td>ㄝ</td> <td>ㄜ</td> <td>ㄞ</td> <td>ㄟ</td> <td>ㄠ</td> <td>ㄡ</td> <td>ㄢ</td> <td>ㄣ</td> <td>ㄤ</td> <td>ㄥ</td> <td>ㄨㄥ</td> <td>ㄦ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-hant"> <th scope="row" lang="en">example </th> <td>阿</td> <td>喔</td> <td>誒</td> <td>俄</td> <td>艾</td> <td>黑</td> <td>凹</td> <td>偶</td> <td>安</td> <td>恩</td> <td>昂</td> <td>冷</td> <td>中</td> <td>二 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Vowels <i>i</i>, <i>u</i>, <i>y</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">je</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">jou</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">jɛn</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">in</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iŋ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">jʊŋ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">wo</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">wei</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">wən</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">wəŋ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">y</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɥe</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɥɛn</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">yn</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">yi</td> <td rowspan="2">ye</td> <td rowspan="2">you</td> <td rowspan="2">yan</td> <td rowspan="3">yin</td> <td rowspan="3">ying</td> <td rowspan="2">yong</td> <td rowspan="3">wu</td> <td rowspan="3">wo/o</td> <td rowspan="3">wei</td> <td>wen</td> <td>weng</td> <td rowspan="2">yu</td> <td rowspan="2">yue</td> <td rowspan="2">yuan</td> <td rowspan="2">yun </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> </th> <td>wun</td> <td>wong </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wade–Giles</a> </th> <td>i/yi</td> <td>yeh</td> <td>yu</td> <td>yen</td> <td>yung</td> <td>wên</td> <td>wêng</td> <td>yü</td> <td>yüeh</td> <td>yüan</td> <td>yün </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-Bopo"> <th scope="row" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <td>ㄧ</td> <td>ㄧㄝ</td> <td>ㄧㄡ</td> <td>ㄧㄢ</td> <td>ㄧㄣ</td> <td>ㄧㄥ</td> <td>ㄩㄥ</td> <td>ㄨ</td> <td>ㄨㄛ/ㄛ</td> <td>ㄨㄟ</td> <td>ㄨㄣ</td> <td>ㄨㄥ</td> <td>ㄩ</td> <td>ㄩㄝ</td> <td>ㄩㄢ</td> <td>ㄩㄣ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-hant"> <th scope="row" lang="en">example </th> <td>一</td> <td>也</td> <td>又</td> <td>言</td> <td>音</td> <td>英</td> <td>用</td> <td>五</td> <td>我</td> <td>位</td> <td>文</td> <td>翁</td> <td>玉</td> <td>月</td> <td>元</td> <td>雲 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Non-sibilant consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">fəŋ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tjou</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">twei</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">twən</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ny</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ly</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">xɤ</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">b</td> <td rowspan="2">p</td> <td rowspan="3">m</td> <td>feng</td> <td>diu</td> <td>dui</td> <td rowspan="2">dun</td> <td rowspan="2">te</td> <td>nü</td> <td>lü</td> <td rowspan="2">ge</td> <td rowspan="2">ke</td> <td rowspan="2">he </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> </th> <td>fong</td> <td>diou</td> <td>duei</td> <td>nyu</td> <td>lyu </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wade–Giles</a> </th> <td>p</td> <td>pʻ</td> <td>fêng</td> <td>tiu</td> <td>tui</td> <td>tun</td> <td>tʻê</td> <td>nü</td> <td>lü</td> <td>ko</td> <td>kʻo</td> <td>ho </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-Bopo"> <th scope="row" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <td>ㄅ</td> <td>ㄆ</td> <td>ㄇ</td> <td>ㄈㄥ</td> <td>ㄉㄧㄡ</td> <td>ㄉㄨㄟ</td> <td>ㄉㄨㄣ</td> <td>ㄊㄜ</td> <td>ㄋㄩ</td> <td>ㄌㄩ</td> <td>ㄍㄜ</td> <td>ㄎㄜ</td> <td>ㄏㄜ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-hant"> <th scope="row" lang="en">example </th> <td>玻</td> <td>婆</td> <td>末</td> <td>封</td> <td>丟</td> <td>兌</td> <td>頓</td> <td>特</td> <td>女</td> <td>旅</td> <td>歌</td> <td>可</td> <td>何 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Sibilant consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɕjɛn</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɕjʊŋ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɕʰin</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɕɥɛn</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈʂɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈʂɨ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈʂʰɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈʂʰɨ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʂɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʂɨ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɻɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɻɨ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tswo</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsɨ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsʰɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsʰɨ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sɤ</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sɨ</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">jian</td> <td>jiong</td> <td>qin</td> <td>xuan</td> <td>zhe</td> <td>zhi</td> <td rowspan="2">che</td> <td>chi</td> <td rowspan="2">she</td> <td>shi</td> <td rowspan="2">re</td> <td>ri</td> <td rowspan="2">ze</td> <td rowspan="2">zuo</td> <td>zi</td> <td rowspan="2">ce</td> <td>ci</td> <td rowspan="2">se</td> <td>si </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> </th> <td>jyong</td> <td>cin</td> <td>syuan</td> <td>jhe</td> <td>jhih</td> <td>chih</td> <td>shih</td> <td>rih</td> <td>zih</td> <td>cih</td> <td>sih </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wade–Giles</a> </th> <td>chien</td> <td>chiung</td> <td>chʻin</td> <td>hsüan</td> <td>chê</td> <td>chih</td> <td>chʻê</td> <td>chʻih</td> <td>shê</td> <td>shih</td> <td>jê</td> <td>jih</td> <td>tsê</td> <td>tso</td> <td>tzŭ</td> <td>tsʻê</td> <td>tzʻŭ</td> <td>sê</td> <td>ssŭ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-Bopo"> <th scope="row" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <td>ㄐㄧㄢ</td> <td>ㄐㄩㄥ</td> <td>ㄑㄧㄣ</td> <td>ㄒㄩㄢ</td> <td>ㄓㄜ</td> <td>ㄓ</td> <td>ㄔㄜ</td> <td>ㄔ</td> <td>ㄕㄜ</td> <td>ㄕ</td> <td>ㄖㄜ</td> <td>ㄖ</td> <td>ㄗㄜ</td> <td>ㄗㄨㄛ</td> <td>ㄗ</td> <td>ㄘㄜ</td> <td>ㄘ</td> <td>ㄙㄜ</td> <td>ㄙ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-hant"> <th scope="row" lang="en">example </th> <td>件</td> <td>囧</td> <td>秦</td> <td>宣</td> <td>哲</td> <td>之</td> <td>扯</td> <td>赤</td> <td>社</td> <td>是</td> <td>惹</td> <td>日</td> <td>仄</td> <td>左</td> <td>字</td> <td>策</td> <td>次</td> <td>色</td> <td>斯 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><b>Tones</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ma˥</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ma˧˥</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ma˨˩˦</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ma˥˩</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ma</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> </th> <td>mā</td> <td rowspan="2">má</td> <td rowspan="2">mǎ</td> <td rowspan="2">mà</td> <td>ma </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a> </th> <td>ma</td> <td>må </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wade–Giles</a> </th> <td>ma<sup>1</sup></td> <td>ma<sup>2</sup></td> <td>ma<sup>3</sup></td> <td>ma<sup>4</sup></td> <td>ma </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-Bopo"> <th scope="row" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> </th> <td>ㄇㄚ</td> <td>ㄇㄚˊ</td> <td>ㄇㄚˇ</td> <td>ㄇㄚˋ</td> <td>˙ㄇㄚ </td></tr> <tr lang="zh-hant"> <th scope="row" lang="en">example (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>) </th> <td>媽</td> <td>麻</td> <td>馬</td> <td>罵</td> <td>嗎 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Note: In Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, the so-called neutral tone is written leaving the syllable with no diacritic mark at all. In Tongyòng Pinyin, a ring is written over the vowel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several adaptations of Wade–Giles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathews"><i>Mathews</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mathews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Romanization system used in the 1943 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Mathews%27_Chinese%E2%80%93English_Dictionary" title="Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary">Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary</a></i> differs from Wade–Giles in the following ways:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>It uses the right apostrophe: <span style="font-family: serif; font-size:larger;"><i>pʼ</i>, <i>tʼ</i>, <i>kʼ</i>, <i>chʼ</i>, <i>tsʼ</i>, <i>tzʼŭ</i>;</span> while Wade–Giles uses the left apostrophe, similar to the aspiration <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet before the revisions of the 1970s</a>: <span style="font-family: serif; font-size:larger;"><i>pʻ</i>, <i>tʻ</i>, <i>kʻ</i>, <i>chʻ</i>, <i>tsʻ</i>, <i>tzʻŭ</i>.</span></li> <li>It consistently uses <i>i</i> for the syllable <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>, while Wade–Giles uses <i>i</i> or <i>yi</i> depending on the character.</li> <li>It uses <i>o</i> for the syllable <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɤ]</span>, while Wade–Giles uses <i>ê</i> or <i>o</i> depending on the character.</li> <li>It offers the choice between <i>ssŭ</i> and <i>szŭ</i>, while Wade–Giles requires <i>ssŭ</i>.</li> <li>It does not use the spellings <i>chio</i>, <i>chʻio</i>, <i>hsio</i>, <i>yo</i>, replacing them with <i>chüeh</i>, <i>chʻüeh</i>, <i>hsüeh</i>, <i>yüeh</i> in accordance with their modern pronunciations.</li> <li>It uses an underscored <i><sup>3</sup></i> to denote a second tone which comes from an original third tone, but only if the following syllable has the neutral tone and the <a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi#Mandarin_Chinese" title="Tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a> is therefore not predictable: <i>hsiao<u><sup>3</sup></u>•chieh</i>.</li> <li>It denotes the neutral tone by placing a dot (if the neutral tone is compulsory) or a circle (if the neutral tone is optional) before the syllable. The dot or circle replaces the hyphen.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Table">Table</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles_table" title="Wade–Giles table">Wade–Giles table</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of Wade–Giles derived English language terminology: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_of_Buddhist_Tzu_Chi_University_at_the_main_entrance.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tzu Chi University, Hualien"><img alt="Tzu Chi University, Hualien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sign_of_Buddhist_Tzu_Chi_University_at_the_main_entrance.JPG/360px-Sign_of_Buddhist_Tzu_Chi_University_at_the_main_entrance.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sign_of_Buddhist_Tzu_Chi_University_at_the_main_entrance.JPG/540px-Sign_of_Buddhist_Tzu_Chi_University_at_the_main_entrance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sign_of_Buddhist_Tzu_Chi_University_at_the_main_entrance.JPG/720px-Sign_of_Buddhist_Tzu_Chi_University_at_the_main_entrance.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tzu_Chi_University" title="Tzu Chi University">Tzu Chi University</a>, Hualien</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 378.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 376.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lienchiang_County_Health_Bureau_and_Lienchiang_County_Hospital_20140405.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lienchiang County Hospital and Health Bureau"><img alt="Lienchiang County Hospital and Health Bureau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lienchiang_County_Health_Bureau_and_Lienchiang_County_Hospital_20140405.jpg/565px-Lienchiang_County_Health_Bureau_and_Lienchiang_County_Hospital_20140405.jpg" decoding="async" width="377" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lienchiang_County_Health_Bureau_and_Lienchiang_County_Hospital_20140405.jpg/847px-Lienchiang_County_Health_Bureau_and_Lienchiang_County_Hospital_20140405.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lienchiang_County_Health_Bureau_and_Lienchiang_County_Hospital_20140405.jpg/1130px-Lienchiang_County_Health_Bureau_and_Lienchiang_County_Hospital_20140405.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5373" data-file-height="2284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lienchiang_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Lienchiang County">Lienchiang County</a> Hospital and Health Bureau</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Pingtung_County.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Pingtung County"><img alt="Emblem of Pingtung County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emblem_of_Pingtung_County.svg/240px-Emblem_of_Pingtung_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emblem_of_Pingtung_County.svg/360px-Emblem_of_Pingtung_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Emblem_of_Pingtung_County.svg/480px-Emblem_of_Pingtung_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="344" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem of <a href="/wiki/Pingtung_County" title="Pingtung County">Pingtung County</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism–Taoism romanization issue">Daoism–Taoism romanization issue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legge_romanization" title="Legge romanization">Legge romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization of Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization of Chinese</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry">"Language Subtag Registry"</a>. IANA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Subtag+Registry&rft.pub=IANA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Flanguage-subtag-registry%2Flanguage-subtag-registry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWade%E2%80%93Giles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade1867" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wade, Thomas Francis (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fu0aAAAAYAAJ"><i>Yü-yen Tzŭ-erh Chi: A Progressive Course Designed to Assist the Student of Colloquial Chinese, As Spoken in the Capital and the Metropolitan Department</i></a> (in Chinese). London: Trübner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Y%C3%BC-yen+Tz%C5%AD-erh+Chi%3A+A+Progressive+Course+Designed+to+Assist+the+Student+of+Colloquial+Chinese%2C+As+Spoken+in+the+Capital+and+the+Metropolitan+Department&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFu0aAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWade%E2%80%93Giles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaske2008-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaske2008_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaske2008" class="citation book cs1">Kaske, Elisabeth (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=okhrBBmnHVQC"><i>The Politics of Language in Chinese Education: 1895–1919</i></a>. Brill. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-16367-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-16367-6"><bdi>978-9-004-16367-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Language+in+Chinese+Education%3A+1895%E2%80%931919&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9-004-16367-6&rft.aulast=Kaske&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DokhrBBmnHVQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWade%E2%80%93Giles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070128065433/http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/skozerow/wadegiles.htm">"Chinese Language Transliteration Systems – Wade–Giles"</a>. UCLA film and television archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/skozerow/wadegiles.htm">the original</a> on 28 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+Language+Transliteration+Systems+%E2%80%93+Wade%E2%80%93Giles&rft.pub=UCLA+film+and+television+archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolaris.gseis.ucla.edu%2Fskozerow%2Fwadegiles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWade%E2%80%93Giles" class="Z3988"></span> (Web archive)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese%E2%80%93English_Dictionary" title="A Chinese–English Dictionary">A Chinese–English Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Chinese%E2%80%93English_Dictionary" title="A Chinese–English Dictionary">A Chinese–English Dictionary</a></i>, p. 761.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Mathews%27_Chinese%E2%80%93English_Dictionary" title="Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary">Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wade, Thomas Francis. <i>A progressive course designed to assist the student of Colloquial Chinese</i> (Yü Yen Tzǔ Êrh Chi) in two volumes. Third edition Shanghai: Hong Kong: Singapore: Yokohama: London: Kelly & Walsh, Limited, 1903.</li> <li>Giles, Herbert A. <i>A Chinese–English Dictionary</i>. 2-vol. & 3-vol. versions both. London: Shanghai: Bernard Quaritch; Kelly and Walsh, 1892. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b31352583">Rev. & enlarged 2nd ed.</a> in 3 vols. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseenglishdi01gile/page/n9/mode/2up">Vol. I: front-matter & <i>a</i>-<i>hsü</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseenglishdi02gile">Vol. II: <i>hsü</i>-<i>shao</i></a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseenglishdi03gile">Vol. III: <i>shao</i>-<i>yün</i></a>), Shanghai: Hong Kong: Singapore: Yokohama: London: Kelly & Walsh, Limited; Bernard Quaritch, 1912. Rpt. of the 2nd ed. but in 2 vols. and bound as 1, New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp., 1964.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/pinyin/difference.html">Library of Congress Pinyin Conversion Project Frequently Asked Questions What's the difference between Wade–Giles and Pinyin?</a>" – <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wade%E2%80%93Giles&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_terms_derived_from_Wade%E2%80%93Giles" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:English terms derived from Wade–Giles">Category:English terms derived from Wade–Giles</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandarintools.com/pyconverter.html">Chinese Romanization Converter</a> – Convert between Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, Wade–Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and other known or (un-)common Romanization systems.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/china.html">A conversion table of Chinese provinces and cities from Wade–Giles to Pīnyīn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pinyin4j.sourceforge.net/">Pinyin4j: Java library supporting Chinese to Wade–Giles</a> – Support Simplified and Traditional Chinese; Support most popular Romanization systems, including Hànyŭ Pīnyīn, Tongyòng Pinyin, Wade–Giles, MPS2, Yale and Gwoyeu Romatzyh; Support multiple pronunciations of a single character; Support customized output, such as ü or tone marks.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ch00inesewithouttegilerich"><i>Chinese without a teacher</i>, Chinese phrasebook by Herbert Giles with Romanization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/pinyin.pl?if=en">Chinese Phonetic Conversion Tool</a> – Converts between Wade–Giles and other formats</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mandarinspot.com/annotate?phs=wadegiles">Wade–Giles Annotation</a> – Wade–Giles pronunciation and English definitions for Chinese text snippets or web pages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100714072949/http://www.cybertranslator.idv.tw/pinyin/bopomofo.htm">國語拼音對照表</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s0HjAAAAMAAJ">Key to Wade–Giles romanization of Chinese characters: November 1944</a> (<a 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_language" title="Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_language" title="Template talk:Chinese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_dialect" title="Taz dialect">Taz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an dialect">Xi'an</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renshou%E2%80%93Fushun_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renshou–Fushun Mandarin (page does not exist)">Renshou–Fushun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gui%E2%80%93Liu_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gui–Liu Mandarin (page does not exist)">Gui–Liu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Lanzhou dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:兰州话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urumqi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urumqi dialect (page does not exist)">Urumqi dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:乌鲁木齐话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi-Yan_dialect" title="Zhi-Yan dialect">Zhi–Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_dialect" title="Wuxi dialect">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an_dialect" title="Rui'an dialect">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji-She&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji-She (page does not exist)">Ji-She</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%AD%99%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:绩歙片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiu-Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiu-Yi (page does not exist)">Xiu-Yi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%BB%9F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:休黟片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi-De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qi-De (page does not exist)">Qi-De</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%81%E5%A9%BA%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:祁婺片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Yanzhou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8C%E5%8D%A0%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:旌占片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing-Zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing-Zhan (page does not exist)">Jing-Zhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:严州片">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi%E2%80%93Liu_Gan" title="Yi–Liu Gan">Yi–Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying%E2%80%93Yi_Gan" title="Ying–Yi Gan">Ying–Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%E2%80%93Tong_Gan" title="Da–Tong Gan">Da–Tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%E2%80%93Xu_Xiang" title="Ji–Xu Xiang">Ji–Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Quan_Xiang" title="Yong–Quan Xiang">Yong–Quan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houguan_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houguan language group (page does not exist)">Houguan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu%E2%80%93Ning_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu–Ning language group (page does not exist)">Fu–Ning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Pedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Malaysian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banqiao dialect (page does not exist)">Banqiao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehai dialects">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinhui_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinhui dialect (page does not exist)">Xinhui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao%E2%80%93Yang_Yue" title="Gao–Yang Yue">Gao–Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%E2%80%93Hua_Yue" title="Wu–Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Xun_Yue" title="Yong–Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%E2%80%93Lian_Yue" title="Qin–Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Yongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guandao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guandao dialect (page does not exist)">Guandao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Rongjiang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Chinese" title="Mai Chinese">Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai-Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/350px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="785" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/525px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/700px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard<br />forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Input</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li> <li>Boshiamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKC_Chinese_Input_System" title="CKC Chinese Input System">CKC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_method" title="Dayi method">Dayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IME" title="Microsoft Pinyin IME">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubi_method" title="Wubi method">Wubi (Wang Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary<br /> forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Logographic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Script_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Script styles">Script styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" 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href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" 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