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Nadu subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_economy_of_Tamil_Nadu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socio-politics_of_pre-independence_Madras_Province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-politics_of_pre-independence_Madras_Province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Socio-politics of pre-independence Madras Province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-politics_of_pre-independence_Madras_Province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Dravidian_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Dravidian_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Rise of Dravidian politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Dravidian_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dravidian_politics_and_the_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dravidian_politics_and_the_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Dravidian politics and the economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dravidian_politics_and_the_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutionalised_populism_of_Dravidian_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutionalised_populism_of_Dravidian_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Institutionalised populism of Dravidian politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutionalised_populism_of_Dravidian_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratisation_of_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratisation_of_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Democratisation of education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratisation_of_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macroeconomic_trend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macroeconomic_trend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Macroeconomic trend</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Macroeconomic_trend-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Macroeconomic trend subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Macroeconomic_trend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socialist_boom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_boom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Socialist boom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_boom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capitalist_boom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitalist_boom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Capitalist boom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitalist_boom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_boom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_boom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Economic boom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_boom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sectors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sectors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sectors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_livestock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_livestock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Agriculture and livestock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_livestock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wind_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Wind energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Solar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Nuclear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydroelectric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydroelectric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Hydroelectric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydroelectric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bio-diesel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bio-diesel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Bio-diesel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bio-diesel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_and_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_and_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Industry and manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_and_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IT/ITeS-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IT/ITeS-Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>IT/ITeS-Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IT/ITeS-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automotive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automotive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Automotive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automotive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vehicle_parts_manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicle_parts_manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Vehicle parts manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicle_parts_manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Transportation industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textiles_and_apparels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textiles_and_apparels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Textiles and apparels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textiles_and_apparels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerospace_and_defence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerospace_and_defence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Aerospace and defence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerospace_and_defence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Electronics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Leather</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fireworks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fireworks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Fireworks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fireworks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14.2</span> <span>Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14.3</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14.4</span> <span>Ports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_revenues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_revenues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government revenues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_revenues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_debt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_debt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government debt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_debt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:26.0em;padding:0;"><caption class="infobox-title adr">Economy of <span class="country-name">Tamil Nadu</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_metro_during_trail_run.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chennai_metro_during_trail_run.JPG/300px-Chennai_metro_during_trail_run.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chennai_metro_during_trail_run.JPG/450px-Chennai_metro_during_trail_run.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Chennai_metro_during_trail_run.JPG/600px-Chennai_metro_during_trail_run.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu with its skyline and <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metro" title="Chennai Metro">Metro</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> (INR, ₹)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">Fiscal year</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 April – 31 March</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Country group</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">Developing/Emerging</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Upper-middle income economy<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>3,155,096 crore</span> (US$378 billion) (2024–25 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-Budget_Analysis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budget_Analysis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">2nd</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP growth</div></th><td class="infobox-data">16% (2023-24)<sup id="cite_ref-Budget_Analysis_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budget_Analysis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>350,695</span> (US$4,202) (2024-25 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-Budget_Analysis_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budget_Analysis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita rank</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">9th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP by sector</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Services</a>: 54% (2020–21)<br /><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">Industry</a>: 33%<br /><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a>: 13%<sup id="cite_ref-Budget_Analysis_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budget_Analysis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Population below <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty line</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_poverty_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by poverty rate">4.3%</a> in poverty (2020–21)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.738 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #00FF00">high</span> (2021) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index">11th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unemployment</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.1% (Dec 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">External</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Exports</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>4.21 lakh crore</span> (US$50 billion) (2023–24)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Export goods</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">Automobiles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">missile defense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">telecommunications equipment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armament" class="mw-redirect" title="Armament">armaments</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Material-handling_equipment" title="Material-handling equipment">transportation equipment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tyres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">footwear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toys" class="mw-redirect" title="Toys">toys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruits">fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main export partners</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">FDI</a> stock</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>28,049 crore</span> (US$3.4 billion) (2017–18)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Public finances</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_government_debt" title="List of countries by government debt"><span class="wrap">Government debt</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">26.29% of GSDP (2022–23 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-Budget_Analysis_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budget_Analysis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Government_budget_balance" title="Government budget balance"><span class="wrap">Budget balance</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>−90,114 crore</span> (US$−11 billion) (3.63% of GSDP) (2022–23 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-Budget_Analysis_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budget_Analysis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenues</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>2.36 lakh crore</span> (US$28 billion) (2022–23 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-Budget_Analysis_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budget_Analysis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Expenses</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>3.33 lakh crore</span> (US$40 billion) (2022–23 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-Budget_Analysis_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budget_Analysis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:lightblue;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em;padding:0.2em;"> <i>All values, unless otherwise stated, are in <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollars</a>.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></b> has the second largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">state economy</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state also hosts the highest number of <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factories</a> in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state is 48.40% <a href="/wiki/Urbanised" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanised">urbanised</a>, accounting for around 9.26% of the urban population in the country, while the state as a whole accounted for 5.96% of India's total population in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census</a><b>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">Services</a> contributes to 54% to the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> of the state, followed by <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">manufacturing</a> at 33% and <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">agriculture</a> at 13%.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Government is the major investor in the state, with 52% of total investments, followed by private Indian investors at 29.9% and foreign private investors at 14.9%. It has been ranked as the most economically free state in India by the Economic Freedom Rankings for the States of India.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_economy_of_Tamil_Nadu">Political economy of Tamil Nadu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political economy of Tamil Nadu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> is a large country of different peoples, cultures, languages and landscapes. As a country with a <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_India" title="Federalism in India">quasi-federal structure of Governance</a>, a lot of the <a href="/wiki/State_List" title="State List">successes and failures of state governance</a> and economies can be attributed to state specific socio-economic contexts and policies. </p><p>For decades, Tamil Nadu has consistently performed above national averages for Social and Economic indicators and is today the 2nd largest economy in the country after Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>These successes are impossible to discuss without acknowledging the unique Political Economy of the state as most of the growth seen by Tamil Nadu happened after <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">national political parties</a> lost relevance in the state and were replaced by local <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_parties" title="Dravidian parties">Dravidian Parties</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/1967_Madras_State_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election">1967 legislative assembly election</a> in Tamil Nadu, the state has been ruled either by the <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">DMK</a> or its offshoot and rival, the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">AIADMK</a>. Today, the 2 large Dravidian parties, the DMK and AIADMK together control 199 seats out of the 234 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, TN was lagging behind the Indian average in many socio-economic indicators. It's Urban and Rural poverty rates were worse than the pan-Indian average but as of 2011-12, poverty rates had come down to 6.5 percent, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_poverty_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by poverty rate">3rd lowest among major states</a> and lower than the economically important states of Maharashtra and Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socio-politics_of_pre-independence_Madras_Province">Socio-politics of pre-independence Madras Province</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Socio-politics of pre-independence Madras Province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The growth of Tamil Nadu can be attributed to the unique development of the state's socio-political sphere. During the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule of India</a>, the territory of what is today Tamil Nadu was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Province</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalist</a> literature was used for the critique of Social power in a caste society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following table shows the distribution of selected jobs among different caste groups in 1912 in Madras Presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Caste group</b> </th> <th>Deputy collectors </th> <th>Sub judges </th> <th>District Munsifs </th> <th>% of total <p>male population </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Brahmins </td> <td>77 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>93 </td> <td>3.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>non-Brahmin Hindus </td> <td>30 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>85.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muslims </td> <td>15 </td> <td>nil </td> <td>2 </td> <td>6.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indian Christians </td> <td>7 </td> <td>nil </td> <td>5 </td> <td>2.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europeans and Eurasians </td> <td>11 </td> <td>nil </td> <td>3 </td> <td>.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Dravidian_politics">Rise of Dravidian politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise of Dravidian politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is this context of upper caste hegemony that gave rise to Dravidian politics. The discovery of a wealth of ancient Tamil and ancient Dravidian language literature, along with the discovery of the independent origin of Dravidian languages from Sanskrit, further helped build a counter-narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/C._N._Annadurai" title="C. N. Annadurai">C.N. Annadurai</a>, another important idealogue of the Dravidian movement and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a> (DMK), a Dravidian party founded in 1949 and sought to enter electoral politics, also emphasized the dual identity of the worker.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dravidian_politics_and_the_economy">Dravidian politics and the economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dravidian politics and the economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutionalised_populism_of_Dravidian_politics">Institutionalised populism of Dravidian politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Institutionalised populism of Dravidian politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dravidian parties have a history of <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> policy making in Tamil Nadu. Economic popular policies seek to address specific grievances of specific groups. Therefore, Social and Economic popular policies can be differentiated by both their intent and content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratisation_of_education">Democratisation of education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Democratisation of education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2024, Tamil Nadu is the state with the highest education enrollment in India, with a <a href="/wiki/Gross_enrolment_ratio" title="Gross enrolment ratio">gross enrollment ratio</a> of 47%, surpassing the national average of 28.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state has high levels of literacy across social groups and nearly 50 percent of youth finishing school enter tertiary education. </p><p>There exists an elite bias in the provision of public services such as health and education in India. Throughout India, higher and technical education, up till the 80s were developed at the expense of basic education. Lower classes and castes couldn't catch up and be represented in higher education due to the abysmal status of primary education. But socio-political changes in Tamil Nadu allowed it to buck this trend since there were heavy investments into universal primary education in the state until it was deemed sufficiently developed. Investments were then targeted at developing secondary education and then tertiary education.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The positive outcome in education is a result of a near century long mobilisation for equal access to education, allowing people to escape poverty and enter the modern economy. The state has also focused on inclusivity in higher education. There exists an extensive affirmative action program to ensure pupil from all communities are represented at tertiary education.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Macroeconomic_trend">Macroeconomic trend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Macroeconomic trend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_boom">Socialist boom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Socialist boom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Real GSDP per capita grew 96 per cent during 1980–95. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>GSDP at market prices<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Gross State Domestic Product <br />(000,000 rupees)</th> <th><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span> per USD</th> <th>GSDP Deflator <br />(index 2011 = 100)</th> <th>Per Capita Income<br />(as % of USA) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td>116,119</td> <td>7.89</td> <td>11.454</td> <td>2.43 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981</td> <td>139,555</td> <td>8.68</td> <td>12.456</td> <td>2.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982</td> <td>144,053</td> <td>9.48</td> <td>13.422</td> <td>2.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983</td> <td>167,345</td> <td>10.10</td> <td>14.709</td> <td>2.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984</td> <td>196,256</td> <td>11.35</td> <td>15.370</td> <td>2.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985</td> <td>224,851</td> <td>12.33</td> <td>16.820</td> <td>1.95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986</td> <td>251,650</td> <td>12.60</td> <td>18.946</td> <td>2.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987</td> <td>297,345</td> <td>12.94</td> <td>21.040</td> <td>2.17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988</td> <td>333,354</td> <td>13.90</td> <td>21.845</td> <td>2.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989</td> <td>389,898</td> <td>16.21</td> <td>23.894</td> <td>1.94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>450,321</td> <td>17.49</td> <td>25.713</td> <td>1.96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td>531,048</td> <td>22.71</td> <td>29.452</td> <td>1.72 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td>618,025</td> <td>28.16</td> <td>32.539</td> <td>1.53 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993</td> <td>745,165</td> <td>31.29</td> <td>36.111</td> <td>1.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994</td> <td>889,112</td> <td>31.39</td> <td>38.275</td> <td>1.77 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitalist_boom">Capitalist boom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Capitalist boom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Real GSDP per capita grew 188 per cent during 1995–2014. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>GSDP at market prices<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Gross State Domestic Product <br />(000,000 rupees)</th> <th><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span> per USD</th> <th>GSDP Deflator <br />(index 2011 = 100)</th> <th>Per Capita Income<br />(as % of USA) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>1,012,627</td> <td>32.42</td> <td>42.137</td> <td>1.86 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td>1,155,473</td> <td>35.51</td> <td>45.815</td> <td>1.84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997</td> <td>1,340,803</td> <td>36.37</td> <td>49.133</td> <td>1.96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td>1,530,613</td> <td>41.36</td> <td>53.557</td> <td>1.87 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>1,635,546</td> <td>43.13</td> <td>53.932</td> <td>1.80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>1,789,259</td> <td>45.00</td> <td>55.728</td> <td>1.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>1,814,428</td> <td>47.22</td> <td>57.410</td> <td>1.66 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>1,927,711</td> <td>48.63</td> <td>59.943</td> <td>1.65 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>2,137,552</td> <td>46.59</td> <td>62.713</td> <td>1.81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>2,466,685</td> <td>45.26</td> <td>64.934</td> <td>2.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>2,904,036</td> <td>44.00</td> <td>67.084</td> <td>2.26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>3,497,531</td> <td>45.19</td> <td>70.127</td> <td>2.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>3,951,361</td> <td>41.18</td> <td>74.650</td> <td>2.93 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>4,520,346</td> <td>43.39</td> <td>80.984</td> <td>3.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>5,403,351</td> <td>48.33</td> <td>87.347</td> <td>3.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>6,587,827</td> <td>45.65</td> <td>94.144</td> <td>4.17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>7,514,860</td> <td>46.58</td> <td>100.000</td> <td>4.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>8,548,250</td> <td>53.37</td> <td>107.956</td> <td>4.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>9,685,300</td> <td>58.51</td> <td>113.680</td> <td>4.19 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_boom">Economic boom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economic boom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Real GSDP per capita grew 35 per cent during 2014–21. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>GSDP at market prices<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Gross State Domestic Product <br />(000,000 rupees)</th> <th><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span> per USD</th> <th>GSDP Deflator <br />(index 2011 = 100)</th> <th>Per Capita Income<br />(as % of USA) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>10,726,780</td> <td>61.00</td> <td>119.998</td> <td>4.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>11,765,000</td> <td>64.11</td> <td>121.594</td> <td>4.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>13,026,390</td> <td>67.20</td> <td>125.645</td> <td>4.32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>14,650,510</td> <td>65.12</td> <td>130.135</td> <td>4.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>16,302,090</td> <td>68.40</td> <td>135.324</td> <td>4.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>17,431,440</td> <td>70.42</td> <td>140.143</td> <td>4.69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>18,082,390</td> <td>74.10</td> <td>145.171</td> <td>4.68 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>20,654,360</td> <td>73.92</td> <td>153.552</td> <td>4.81 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sectors">Sectors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_livestock">Agriculture and livestock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Agriculture and livestock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagercoil_paddy_fields.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nagercoil_paddy_fields.jpg/200px-Nagercoil_paddy_fields.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nagercoil_paddy_fields.jpg/300px-Nagercoil_paddy_fields.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nagercoil_paddy_fields.jpg/400px-Nagercoil_paddy_fields.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Paddy fields in <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanyakumari District">Kanyakumari District</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tamil Nadu has historically been an agricultural state, while its advances in other fields transformed the state into being an industrialized and innovation based economy, leading to competition for land and its resources. Agriculture is heavily dependent on the river water and monsoon rains. The perennial rivers are Palar, Cheyyar, Ponnaiyar, <a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveri River">Kaveri</a>, Meyar, <a href="/wiki/Bhavani_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhavani river">Bhavani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amaravathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravathi">Amaravathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaigai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaigai">Vaigai</a>, Chittar and <a href="/wiki/Tamaraparani" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamaraparani">Tamaraparani</a>. Non-perennial rivers include the Vellar, <a href="/wiki/Noyyal_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Noyyal river">Noyyal</a>, Suruli, Siruvani, Gundar, Vaipar, Valparai and Varshali. Tamil Nadu ranks first in Cloves production with 1,059 metric tons in the year 2022. Tamil Nadu is the highest producer of bananas and coconuts in the whole country. It is also a leading state in production of other crops such as sugarcane, cotton, kambu, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">groundnut</a> and oil seeds. At present, Tamil Nadu is India's 4th largest producer of rice behind West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-policy-notes_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-policy-notes-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil Nadu is the home to <a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">Dr. M. S. Swaminathan</a>, known as the "father of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>" in India.<sup id="cite_ref-MSS_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state is one of the major producers of turmeric in India. </p><p>Given below is a table of 2015–16 national output share of select agricultural crops and allied segments in Tamil Nadu based on 2011 prices<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Segment</th> <th>National Share % </th></tr> <tr> <td>Drumstick</td> <td>98.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cloves</td> <td>79.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tapioca</td> <td>44.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coconut</td> <td>29.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tamarind</td> <td>25.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Banana</td> <td>19.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gooseberry</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ragi</td> <td>17.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Horsegram</td> <td>17.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sapota</td> <td>17.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Floriculture</td> <td>16.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turmeric</td> <td>14.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urd</td> <td>14.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Groundnut</td> <td>14.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cucumber</td> <td>12.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maize</td> <td>12.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Egg</td> <td>12.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carrot</td> <td>12.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marine fish</td> <td>11.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gur</td> <td>11.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Water melon</td> <td>11.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jackfruit</td> <td>10.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jowar</td> <td>10.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tea</td> <td>8.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cocoa</td> <td>8.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moong</td> <td>7.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oilseed</td> <td>7.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Papaya</td> <td>7.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Meat</td> <td>7.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paddy</td> <td>6.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bean</td> <td>6.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fruit and vegetable</td> <td>6.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sugarcane</td> <td>6.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mango</td> <td>5.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bitter gourd</td> <td>5.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pear</td> <td>5.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sericulture and Apiculture</td> <td>5.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a chart of proven reserves of major minerals of Tamil Nadu<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <i>Department of Geology and Mining</i> with figures in tonnes. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Mineral</th> <th>Reserve</th> <th>National Share % </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></td> <td>30,275,000</td> <td>87 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite">Vermiculite</a></td> <td>2,000,000</td> <td>66 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></td> <td>23,000,000</td> <td>42 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></td> <td>8,000,000</td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</a></td> <td>2,000,000</td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">Ilmenite</a></td> <td>98,000,000</td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">Rutile</a></td> <td>5,000,000</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">Monazite</a></td> <td>2,000,000</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesite" title="Magnesite">Magnesite</a></td> <td>73,000,000</td> <td>17 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tamil Nadu has a few mining projects based on <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a>, Lignite, Magnesite, Graphite, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">Bauxite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first one is the <a href="/wiki/Neyveli_Lignite_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neyveli Lignite Corporation">Neyveli Lignite Corporation</a> that has led development of large industrial complex around <a href="/wiki/Neyveli" title="Neyveli">Neyveli</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuddalore" title="Cuddalore">Cuddalore</a> district with Thermal power plants, Fertilizer, Brequetting and Carbonisation plants. Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) have entered into MoU with Government of Tamil Nadu in June 2002 for establishing a titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) plant with a project outlay of $650 million. Magnesite mining is done at <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a> apart from which mining of Bauxite ores are carried out at Yercaud and this region is also rich in Iron Ore <a href="/wiki/Kanjamalai" title="Kanjamalai">Kanjamalai</a>. <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> is found in <a href="/wiki/Dharmapuri" title="Dharmapuri">Dharmapuri</a>, and is the only source in the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamil Nadu, being an industrialized and urbanized state, is among the top 3 states with respect to generation of electricity. The total installed capacity of Tamil Nadu stands at around 30200 MW as in September 2018, that derives 11500 MW of power from solar and wind energy. Tamil Nadu has the distinction of being the leader in <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_India" title="Renewable energy in India">renewable energy in India</a> by adopting clean sources of energy and having established wind farms as early as 1995. Today it produces more wind power than Denmark and the Netherlands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wind_energy">Wind energy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Wind energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency (TEDA) is a Tamil Nadu government promoting renewable energy sources and energy conservation activities. The agency has largely been responsible for instigating the tremendous growth of Tamil Nadu in the development of wind power.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total installed capacity of windmills in Tamil Nadu totals to around 8700MW. <a href="/wiki/Muppandal_wind_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Muppandal wind farm">Muppandal wind farm</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> source, supplying the villagers with electricity for work.<sup id="cite_ref-tve_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tve-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wind farms were built in <a href="/wiki/Nagercoil" title="Nagercoil">Nagercoil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuticorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuticorin">Tuticorin</a> apart from already existing ones around <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollachi" title="Pollachi">Pollachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharapuram" title="Dharapuram">Dharapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangeyam" title="Kangeyam">Kangeyam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Udumalaipettai" title="Udumalaipettai">Udumalaipettai</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solar">Solar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Solar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2008, <a href="/wiki/Signet_Solar" title="Signet Solar">Signet Solar</a> Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> signed a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> with the State government to build a INR 20 billion <a href="/wiki/Thin_film" title="Thin film">thin-film</a> <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic module">photovoltaic module</a> manufacturing plant in the <a href="/wiki/Sriperumbudur" title="Sriperumbudur">Sriperumbudur</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zone">Special Economic Zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2008, <a href="/wiki/Moser_Baer" title="Moser Baer">Moser Baer</a> inked a MoU with the state government to build INR 20 billion plant for manufacturing of silicon-based photovoltaic thin film modules and allied products in the <a href="/wiki/Oragadam" title="Oragadam">Oragadam</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zone">Special Economic Zone</a> which is closer to the Signet Solar's plant in Sriperumbudur.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear">Nuclear</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nuclear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kalpakkam" title="Kalpakkam">Kalpakkam</a> Nuclear Power Plant, Ennore Thermal Plant, <a href="/wiki/Neyveli" title="Neyveli">Neyveli</a> Lignite Power Plant, <a href="/wiki/Virudhachalam" title="Virudhachalam">Virudhachalam</a> Ceramics and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narimanam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narimanam (page does not exist)">Narimanam</a> Natural Gas Plants are major sources of Tamil Nadu's electricity. It is presently adding the <a href="/wiki/Koodankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant">Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant</a> to its energy grid. Tamil Nadu sources some of its power needs from renewable sources with wind power contributing over 2000 MW or over 20% of the needs. Tamil Nadu is facing largest power shortage since 2009 (34.1% deficit), the highest in the country, due to industrialization over the last decade.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India's leading steel producer <a href="/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India_Limited" title="Steel Authority of India Limited">SAIL</a> has a steel plant in Salem, Tamil Nadu.<sup id="cite_ref-SAIL_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIL-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil Nadu ranks <a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_installed_power_capacity" title="States of India by installed power capacity">first nationwide</a> in diesel-based thermal electricity generation with national market share of over 34%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydroelectric">Hydroelectric</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hydroelectric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mettur_Dam" title="Mettur Dam">Mettur Dam</a> is one of the largest dams in India. It was completed in 1936. The total length of the dam is 1700 meters. It is also called Stanley Reservoir. The Mettur Hydro Electrical power project is also quite large <a href="/wiki/Mettur_Dam" title="Mettur Dam">Mettur Dam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mettur" title="Mettur">Mettur</a> has a number of industries (50 km from Salem city): SISCOL,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MALCO (Madras Aluminium Company owned by <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Resources" title="Vedanta Resources">Vedanta Resources</a>), Chemplast (former known as Mettur Chemicals),<sup id="cite_ref-Chemplast_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemplast-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thermal power plant, Hydel power plant and huge number of chemical industries. There are many other dams that provide irrigation and drinking water, including the <a href="/wiki/Vaigai_Dam" title="Vaigai Dam">Vaigai Dam</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bio-diesel">Bio-diesel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bio-diesel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamil Nadu at this time is the only state to have a formal Bio-Diesel Policy to use <a href="/wiki/Jatropha_incentives_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatropha incentives in India">jatropha crops</a> as a source of biofuel and to distribute wasteland to the poor farmers for the planting of these crops.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_and_manufacturing">Industry and manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Industry and manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the global electrical equipment public sector company <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Heavy_Electricals_Limited" title="Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited">BHEL</a> has manufacturing plants at <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranipet" title="Ranipet">Ranipet</a>. The Tamil Nadu state government owns the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Newsprint_and_Papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers">Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers</a> (TNPL),<sup id="cite_ref-tnpl_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnpl-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the world's biggest <a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">bagasse</a>-based paper mills in <a href="/wiki/Karur" title="Karur">Karur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a> . The world's sixth largest manufacturer of watches together with <a href="/wiki/Tata_Group" title="Tata Group">TATA</a>, under the brand name of "Titan" which has manufacturing plant in <a href="/wiki/Hosur" title="Hosur">Hosur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-titan_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 40 percent of all wind-generated electricity in India is created by windmills in Tamil Nadu. Danish wind power company <a href="/wiki/NEG_Micon" title="NEG Micon">NEG Micon</a> has established its manufacturing unit in Chennai.<sup id="cite_ref-vestas_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vestas-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil Nadu is a leading producer of cement in India and with manufacturing units located at <a href="/wiki/Ariyalur" title="Ariyalur">Ariyalur</a>, Coimbatore, <a href="/wiki/Karur" title="Karur">Karur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli" title="Tirunelveli">Tirunelveli</a>. High-density Polyethylene mono filament yarn and associated products are manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Karur" title="Karur">Karur</a> for mosquito nets and fishing nets. More than 60% mosquito nets in India are manufactured here. The region around <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a> is rich in mineral ores. The country's largest steel public sector undertaking, SAIL, has a steel plant in Salem. </p><p>Coimbatore is a major industrial hub in South India and houses more than 30,000 small, medium and large industries. Coimbatore is known as "Manchester of South India" due to its extensive textile industry and also referred to as "the Pump City" as it supplies half or 50% of India's requirements of motors and pumps.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is one of the largest exporters of <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wet_grinder" title="Wet grinder">wet grinders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">auto components</a> and the term "Coimbatore Wet Grinder" has been given a <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">Geographical indication</a>. <a href="/wiki/Larsen_%26_Toubro" title="Larsen & Toubro">Larsen & Toubro</a> has 300 acre huge manufacturing campus in Coimbatore which houses various units of company, manufactures aerospace and defence parts for leading players in the market. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tuticorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuticorin">Tuticorin</a> is known as "Gateway of Tamil Nadu". Thoothukudi is the major chemical producer in the state. It produces the 70 percent of the total salt production in the state and 30 percent in the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IT/ITeS-Software"><span id="IT.2FITeS-Software"></span>IT/ITeS-Software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: IT/ITeS-Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamil Nadu is one of the largest contributor of software exports majorly from its cities <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichy" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichy">Trichy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> . State has 526 engineering colleges, the most for any state in India giving the services industry access to qualified and skilled labour force. The top engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu have been a major recruiting hub for the IT firms. According to estimates, about 50 per cent of the human resources required for the IT and ITES industry was being sourced from the state.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state has a wide network of about 110 industrial parks and estates offering developed plots with supporting infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-IT_park_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT_park-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the state government is promoting other industrial parks like Rubber Park, Apparel Parks, Floriculture Park, <a href="/wiki/TIDEL_Park" title="TIDEL Park">TIDEL Park</a> for IT/ITS, TICEL BioPark for Biotechnology,<sup id="cite_ref-ticel_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ticel-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siruseri IT Park, Elcot SEZ and Agro Export Zones among others. Tamil Nadu has the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Small and medium enterprises">Small and medium enterprises</a> (SMEs) in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_of_Small_Enterprises_and_Development_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_of_Small_Enterprises_and_Development-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automotive">Automotive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Automotive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Automobile_industry_in_Chennai" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile industry in Chennai">Automobile industry in Chennai</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> is nicknamed "The <a href="/wiki/Detroit_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit of Asia">Detroit of Asia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is home to large number of auto component industries. Over 11.2% of the <i>S&P CNX 500</i> conglomerates have corporate offices in Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu has manufacturing facilities from automobiles, railway coaches, battle-tanks, tractors, motorbikes and heavy vehicles to ships. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> has a manufacturing facility in Coimbatore which manufactures rail transportation products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vehicle_parts_manufacturers">Vehicle parts manufacturers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Vehicle parts manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Madras_Rubber_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Rubber Factory">Madras Rubber Factory</a> the local tyre manufacturer is located in Chennai and <a href="/wiki/Perambalur" title="Perambalur">Perambalur</a>. <a href="/wiki/TI_Cycles_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="TI Cycles of India">TI cycles</a> of Murugappa group have their units in Chennai. UCAL Carburettors, TRW Rane, <a href="/wiki/TVS_Group" title="TVS Group">TVS Group</a> are established in Hosur.TVS Srichakra Tyre works at Madurai. Coimbatore is home to <a href="/wiki/Pricol" title="Pricol">Pricol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ELGi_Equipments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ELGi Equipments (page does not exist)">Elgi Equipments</a>, Craftsman, Roots Horn, Rolon Chains and numerous Tier-I part suppliers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation_industry">Transportation industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Transportation industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Custom built trucks operated in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka are from <a href="/wiki/Tiruchengode" title="Tiruchengode">Tiruchengode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sankagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankagiri">Sankagiri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Namakkal" title="Namakkal">Namakkal</a>. 90 Percent of Private busses operating in South India are built in Karur. <a href="/wiki/Karur" title="Karur">Karur</a> is well known for its bus body building industries. More than 150 Bus body building industries are located in and around Karur. Apart from that, mostly all the TNSTC, MTC, SETC and PRTC busses are built in Karur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textiles_and_apparels">Textiles and apparels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Textiles and apparels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamil Nadu used to be the textile hub of India Tiruppur "Dollar City" due to its cotton production and textile industries. The textile industry plays a significant role in the Indian economy by providing direct employment to an estimated 35 million people, and thereby contributing 4% of GDP and 35% of gross export earnings. The textile sector contributes to 14% of the manufacturing sector. From Spinning to garment manufacturing, entire textile production chain facilities are in Tamil Nadu. About half of India's total spinning mill capacity is in Tamil Nadu. The western part of Tamil Nadu, comprising Coimbatore, Tirupur, Erode, Namakkal, Karur and Dindigul, has the majority of spinning mills manufacturing cotton/polyester/blended yarn, open end yarn and silk yarn used by garment units in Tamil Nadu, Maharastra etc. Yarn is also exported to China, Bangladesh etc. <a href="/wiki/Tirupur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirupur">Tirupur</a> knitted garment units have been exporting garments for about 3 decades with 2015–16 exports in the range of US$3 Billion. <a href="/wiki/Karur" title="Karur">Karur</a> is the major home textile (Curtain cloth, bed linens, kitchen linens, toilet linens, table linens, wall hangings etc.) manufacturing and export hub in India. <a href="/wiki/Erode" title="Erode">Erode</a> is the main cloth market in south India for both retail and wholesale ready-mades. Madras (Chennai) has a large presence of woven garments (shirts/pants) manufacturing units. Madurai and Kanchipuram are famous for handloom sarees exported / sold all over India. <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Machine_Works" title="Lakshmi Machine Works">Lakshmi Machine Works</a> [LMW], one of the three major textile machinery manufacturing companies in the world is located in Coimbatore. Savio also has a factory in Coimbatore. Many textile component manufacturers are in Coimbatore and some export to the Europe etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerospace_and_defence">Aerospace and defence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Aerospace and defence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Nadu_Defence_Corridor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tamil_Nadu_Defence_Corridor.jpg/220px-Tamil_Nadu_Defence_Corridor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tamil_Nadu_Defence_Corridor.jpg/330px-Tamil_Nadu_Defence_Corridor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tamil_Nadu_Defence_Corridor.jpg/440px-Tamil_Nadu_Defence_Corridor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption>Tamil Nadu Defence Corridor</figcaption></figure> <p>The defence industry in Tamil Nadu is one of the fastest growing sector in the states generating a huge amount of export revenue. <a href="/wiki/Avadi" title="Avadi">Avadi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> is the major and biggest defence industrial corridor stands out first in the defence exports of the state which headquarters many defence industries for numerous defence manufacturing public undertakings such as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_Vehicles_Factory" title="Heavy Vehicles Factory">Heavy Vehicles Factory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armoured_Vehicles_Nigam" title="Armoured Vehicles Nigam">Armoured Vehicles Nigam</a>, Engine Factory Avadi, <a href="/wiki/Combat_Vehicles_Research_and_Development_Establishment" title="Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment">Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment</a>, <a href="/wiki/DRDO" class="mw-redirect" title="DRDO">DRDO</a> and Ordnance Depot. The other major defence industries of the state are <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Factory_Tiruchirappalli" title="Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli">Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larsen_%26_Toubro" title="Larsen & Toubro">L&T</a> Aerospace & Defence unit Coimbatore, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Machine_Works" title="Lakshmi Machine Works">LMW Advanced Technology Centre</a> <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashok_Leyland_Defence_Systems" title="Ashok Leyland Defence Systems">Ashok Leyland Defence Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahindra_Aerospace" title="Mahindra Aerospace">Mahindra Aerospace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramco_Systems" title="Ramco Systems">Ramco Systems</a>, TANEJA Aerospace and Salem Aerospace Limited.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state has the country's first defence corridor and aerospace park.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal cities manufacturing defence and aerospace components are <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a> and the secondary manufacturing cities are <a href="/wiki/Nagercoil" title="Nagercoil">Nagercoil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hosur" title="Hosur">Hosur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French aerospace and defence company, <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> decided to invest 1 billion dollar (7,200 crores) in an aerospace project in Chennai.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company has also planned to build a helicopter assembly factory in Tamil Nadu.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tier - II cities of <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a> also serves as a major export hub for defence manufacturing firms.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defence, paramilitary and police personnel across the nation use guns, ammunitions and bullets manufactured from the city.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special grade steel used in making missiles are manufactured in Salem.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India's multinational engineering conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Larsen_%26_Toubro" title="Larsen & Toubro">L&T</a> joint venture with France-based <a href="/wiki/MBDA" title="MBDA">MBDA</a>, a world leader in missile systems planned a "L&T MBDA Missile Systems" facility at Aspen SEZ in Coimbatore serves as its hub to export fully assembled missile systems to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IAF_Tejas_full_size_(32941198511).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/IAF_Tejas_full_size_%2832941198511%29.jpg/220px-IAF_Tejas_full_size_%2832941198511%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/IAF_Tejas_full_size_%2832941198511%29.jpg/330px-IAF_Tejas_full_size_%2832941198511%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/IAF_Tejas_full_size_%2832941198511%29.jpg/440px-IAF_Tejas_full_size_%2832941198511%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="1270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HAL_Tejas" title="HAL Tejas">IAF's Tejas</a> fighter aircraft</figcaption></figure> <p>Tamil Nadu also is the hub station where the first Indian made <a href="/wiki/Fifth-generation_jet_fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth-generation jet fighter">Fifth-generation jet fighter</a> plane is to be manufactured. The Aeronautical Development Agency, which conceived and designed the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas, set the ball rolling for building the next generation defence aircraft, the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), by initiating in Coimbatore to build a technology demonstrator. The project – to be implemented in Sulur in Coimbatore district which will house the permanent base of the Tejas squadron – marks one of Tamil Nadu's first major defence aircraft project.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics">Electronics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electronics manufacturing is a growing industry in Tamil Nadu. Chennai has emerged as <a href="/wiki/EMS_Hub_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="EMS Hub of India">EMS Hub of India</a>. Companies like Flextronics, <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony-Ericsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony-Ericsson">Sony-Ericsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foxconn" title="Foxconn">Foxconn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a> have chosen Chennai as their South Asian manufacturing hub. Products manufactured include circuit boards and cellular phone handsets.<sup id="cite_ref-Flextronics_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flextronics-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> also has a Research and Development facility in Chennai.<sup id="cite_ref-Ericsson_India_Private_Ltd._70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ericsson_India_Private_Ltd.-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Big EPC companies have set up their Engineering centres which include <a href="/wiki/Saipem" title="Saipem">Saipem India Projects Ltd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technip" title="Technip">Technip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foster_Wheeler" title="Foster Wheeler">Foster Wheeler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schneider_Electric" title="Schneider Electric">Schneider Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mott_MacDonald" title="Mott MacDonald">Mott MacDonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a>, Austrian company "Austrian Energy and Environment" have also a design office here besides local giant ECC <a href="/wiki/Larsen_%26_Toubro" title="Larsen & Toubro">Larsen & Toubro</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanmina-SCI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanmina-SCI">Sanmina-SCI</a> formed a joint venture in 2022 to manufacture electronics in Tamil Nadu.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Siemens_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokia Siemens Networks">Nokia Siemens Networks</a> has decided to build a manufacturing plant for wireless network equipment in Tamil Nadu.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state with a projected population of about 66.5 million in year 2009 has a high mobile market share in India. According to statistics released by Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), the state had a total subscriber base of 43 million mobile customers at the beginning of August 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leather">Leather</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Leather"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamil Nadu accounts for 60 per cent of leather tanning capacity in India<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 38 per cent of all leather footwear, garments and components. The state also accounts for 50 per cent of leather exports<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from India, valued at around US$3.3 billion of the total US$6.5 billion from India. Hundreds of leather and <a href="/wiki/Tannery_(facility)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannery (facility)">tannery</a> facilities are located around <a href="/wiki/Vellore" title="Vellore">Vellore</a> and its nearby towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Ranipet" title="Ranipet">Ranipet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambur" title="Ambur">Ambur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaniyambadi" title="Vaniyambadi">Vaniyambadi</a>. The Vellore district is the top exporter of finished leather goods in the country. Vellore leather accounts for more than 37 percent<sup id="cite_ref-VDA1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VDA1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the country's export of leather and leather-related products (such as finished leathers, shoes, garments and <a href="/wiki/Leather_gloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather gloves">gloves</a>). </p><p>Hundreds of leather and tannery industries are located around <a href="/wiki/Vellore" title="Vellore">Vellore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dindigul" title="Dindigul">Dindigul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erode" title="Erode">Erode</a> its nearby towns such as <a href="/wiki/Ranipet" title="Ranipet">Ranipet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambur" title="Ambur">Ambur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perundurai" title="Perundurai">Perundurai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaniyambadi" title="Vaniyambadi">Vaniyambadi</a> The tanning industry in India has a total capacity of 225 million pieces of hides and skins, of which Tamil Nadu alone contributes 70 per cent, a leading export product share at 40 per cent for India. It currently employs about 2.5 million persons. Leather exports by the end of 2000–2001 were INR90 billion. </p><p>Central Leather Research Institute, a CSIR research laboratory, is located in Chennai, the state capital. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fireworks">Fireworks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Fireworks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Sivakasi" title="Sivakasi">Sivakasi</a> is a leader in the areas of printing, fireworks, and safety matches. It was fondly called as "Little Japan" by <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>. It contributes to 90% of India's fireworks production. Over 2,345 licensed fireworks factories are present around sivakasi city and around 2,34,000 people's are working.<a href="/wiki/Sivakasi" title="Sivakasi">Sivakasi</a> provides over 60% of India's total offset printing solutions. Only after <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutenberg">Gutenberg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sivakasi" title="Sivakasi">Sivakasi</a> has more printing presses in the world. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_conglomerates_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of conglomerates in Tamil Nadu">List of conglomerates in Tamil Nadu</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first modern bank in Tamil Nadu, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Madras" title="Bank of Madras">Bank of Madras</a> was started by the British in 1843. It was followed by the opening of other banks namely – <a href="/wiki/Arbuthnot_%26_Co" title="Arbuthnot & Co">Arbuthnot & Co</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Chettinad" title="Bank of Chettinad">Bank of Chettinad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Madura" title="Bank of Madura">Bank of Madura</a>, that were later merged under the supervision of RBI. The state serves as the headquarters for the second most banks in India, only next to the financial Capital <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>. The banking sector in Tamil Nadu is broadly classified into scheduled banks and non-scheduled banks. All banks included in the Second Schedule to the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 are Scheduled Banks. These banks are Scheduled Commercial Banks and Scheduled Co-operative Banks. Scheduled Co-operative Banks consist of Scheduled State Co-operative Banks and Scheduled Urban Cooperative Banks. Scheduled Commercial Banks in Tamil Nadu are categorised into five different groups according to their ownership and/or nature of operation: </p> <ul><li>Nationalised Banks</li> <li>Private Sector Banks</li> <li>Foreign Banks</li> <li>Regional Rural Banks</li> <li>Small Finance Banks</li></ul> <p>The following are the list of Banks based in Tamil Nadu. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Bank Name</th> <th>Established</th> <th>Headquarter</th> <th>Branches</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">Revenues</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total Assets</a></th> <th>Ref/Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Bank" title="Indian Bank">Indian Bank</a></td> <td>1907</td> <td>Chennai</td> <td>2,836</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>43,414.34 crore</span> (US$5.2 billion)</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>394,771 crore</span> (US$47 billion)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Overseas_Bank" title="Indian Overseas Bank">Indian Overseas Bank</a></td> <td>1937</td> <td>Chennai</td> <td>3,350</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>43,120.09 crore</span> (US$5.2 billion)</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>374,436.76 crore</span> (US$45 billion)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karur_Vysya_Bank" title="Karur Vysya Bank">Karur Vysya Bank</a></td> <td>1916</td> <td>Karur</td> <td>790</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>9,987.3 crore</span> (US$1.2 billion)</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>107,663.72 crore</span> (US$13 billion)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_Union_Bank" title="City Union Bank">City Union Bank</a></td> <td>1904</td> <td>Kumbakonam</td> <td>623</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>4,596.4 crore</span> (US$550 million)</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>66,289.44 crore</span> (US$7.9 billion)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Vilas_Bank" title="Lakshmi Vilas Bank">Lakshmi Vilas Bank</a></td> <td>1926</td> <td>Chennai</td> <td>565</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>2,568.4 crore</span> (US$310 million)</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>56,287.92 crore</span> (US$6.7 billion)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamilnad_Mercantile_Bank_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited">Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited</a></td> <td>1921</td> <td>Thoothukudi</td> <td>509</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>3,911.7 crore</span> (US$470 million)</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>63,467.98 crore</span> (US$7.6 billion)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Equitas_Small_Finance_Bank" title="Equitas Small Finance Bank">Equitas Small Finance Bank</a></td> <td>2007</td> <td>Chennai</td> <td>412</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>1,908.77 crore</span> (US$230 million)</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>23,086.5 crore</span> (US$2.8 billion)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Grama_Bank" title="Tamil Nadu Grama Bank">Tamil Nadu Grama Bank</a></td> <td>2019</td> <td>Salem</td> <td>630</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>1,824.36 crore</span> (equivalent to <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>20 billion or US$250 million in 2023)</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>25,438.02 crore</span> (US$3.0 billion)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Repco_Bank" title="Repco Bank">Repco Bank</a></td> <td>1969</td> <td>Chennai</td> <td>153</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>984.5 crore</span> (US$120 million)</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>16,515 crore</span> (US$2.0 billion)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TNSC_Bank" title="TNSC Bank">TNSC Bank</a></td> <td>1905</td> <td>Chennai</td> <td>100+</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>485.7 crore</span> (US$58 million)</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>11,216 crore</span> (US$1.3 billion)</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Transport in Tamil Nadu">Transport in Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Road_network_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Road network in Tamil Nadu">Road network in Tamil Nadu</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_Kathipara_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chennai_Kathipara_bridge.jpg/200px-Chennai_Kathipara_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chennai_Kathipara_bridge.jpg/300px-Chennai_Kathipara_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chennai_Kathipara_bridge.jpg/400px-Chennai_Kathipara_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="927" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Kathipara Junction in Chennai</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chennai_Cargo_Terminal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chennai_Cargo_Terminal.JPG/200px-Chennai_Cargo_Terminal.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chennai_Cargo_Terminal.JPG/300px-Chennai_Cargo_Terminal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chennai_Cargo_Terminal.JPG/400px-Chennai_Cargo_Terminal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3267" data-file-height="2453" /></a><figcaption>Three 747s at Chennai Cargo Terminal. Chennai cargo terminal is the second busiest in India.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madras_Port_In_1996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Madras_Port_In_1996.jpg/200px-Madras_Port_In_1996.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Madras_Port_In_1996.jpg/300px-Madras_Port_In_1996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Madras_Port_In_1996.jpg/400px-Madras_Port_In_1996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Madras_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Port">Madras Port</a>, the second biggest port in South Asia</figcaption></figure> <p>Tamil Nadu has a well established transportation system that connects all parts of the state. This is partly responsible for the investment in the state. Though the present transportation system is substantial, it needs to be developed further to keep pace with the rapid increase in use.<sup id="cite_ref-tnhighnotes_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnhighnotes-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamil Nadu is served by an extensive road network in terms of its spread and quality, providing links between urban centres, agricultural market-places and rural habitations in the countryside. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Road">Road</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 28 national highways in the state, covering a total distance of 5,036 km (3,129 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state is also a terminus for <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_44_(India)" title="National Highway 44 (India)">North-South Corridor Road</a> (NH44) and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Quadrilateral" title="Golden Quadrilateral">Golden Quadrilateral</a> project that is 99.2% completed as of 31 July 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-gldnquad_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gldnquad-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mofussil_Bus_Terminus" title="Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus">Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus</a> is the largest bus terminal in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. The state has a total road length of 167,000 km, of which 60,628 km are maintained by Highways Department. This is nearly 2.5 times higher than the density of all-India road network.<sup id="cite_ref-tnroads_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnroads-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ranks second with a share of over 20% in total road projects under operation in the public-private partnership model.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is currently working on upgrading its road network, though the pace of work is considered slow.<sup id="cite_ref-tnupgrade_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnupgrade-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railway">Railway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamil Nadu has a well-developed rail network as part of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Railway (India)">Southern Railway</a>. Headquartered at Chennai, the present <a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Railway (India)">Southern Railway</a> network extends over a large area of India's Southern Peninsula, covering the states of Tamil Nadu, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, Puducherry, minor portions of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>. Tamil Nadu has a total railway track length of 6,693 km and there are 690 railway stations in the state. The system connects it with most major cities in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Main rail junctions in the state include <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_Junction_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station">Tiruchirappalli Junction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erode" title="Erode">Erode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dindigul" title="Dindigul">Dindigul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katpadi" title="Katpadi">Katpadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Junction_railway_station" title="Thanjavur Junction railway station">Thanjavur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli" title="Tirunelveli">Tirunelveli</a>. Chennai has a well-established <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Chennai" title="Transport in Chennai">Suburban Railway</a> network, a <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mass_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System">Mass Rapid Transport System</a> and is currently developing a <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Metro" title="Chennai Metro">Metro</a> system, with its first underground stretch operational since May 2017. <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid Transit">Rapid Transit</a> (Metro) or <a href="/wiki/Light_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Metro">Light Metro</a> system in <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a> are currently in under process <sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air">Air</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamil Nadu has a major international airport, <a href="/wiki/Chennai_International_Airport" title="Chennai International Airport">Chennai International Airport</a>, that is connected with 27 countries with more than 500 direct flights every day. Other international airports in Tamil Nadu include <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_International_Airport" title="Coimbatore International Airport">Coimbatore International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_International_Airport" title="Tiruchirappalli International Airport">Tiruchirappalli International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Airport" title="Madurai Airport">Madurai Airport</a>. Chennai International Airport is currently the fourth largest international airport in India after <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, Mumbai, and <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> has a passenger growth of 18%. It also has domestic airports at <a href="/wiki/Salem_Airport_(India)" title="Salem Airport (India)">Salem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuticorin_Airport" title="Tuticorin Airport">Thoothukudi</a> making several parts of the state easily accessible. Increased industrial activity has given rise to an increase in passenger traffic as well as freight movement which has been growing at over 21.3 per cent per year.<sup id="cite_ref-tntransport_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tntransport-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ports">Ports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Ports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamil Nadu has four major ports at <a href="/wiki/Chennai_Port" title="Chennai Port">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ennore_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennore Port">Ennore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kattupalli_Shipyard" title="Kattupalli Shipyard">Kattupalli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuticorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuticorin">Tuticorin</a>, as well as one intermediate port, <a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam" title="Nagapattinam">Nagapattinam</a>, and seven minor ports, <a href="/wiki/Rameswaram" title="Rameswaram">Rameswaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanyakumari (town)">Kanyakumari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuddalore" title="Cuddalore">Cuddalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colachel" title="Colachel">Colachel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaikal" title="Karaikal">Karaikal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamban" title="Pamban">Pamban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valinokkam" title="Valinokkam">Valinokkam</a> of which are currently capable of handling over 73 million metric tonnes of cargo annually (24 per cent share of India). All the minor ports are managed by the Tamil Nadu Maritime Board.<sup id="cite_ref-tnmariboard_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnmariboard-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chennai Port is an artificial harbour situated on the Coromandel Coast in South-East India and it is the second principal port in the country for handling containers. It is currently being upgraded to have a dedicated terminal for cars capable of handling 400,000 vehicles by 2009 to be used by Hyundai, Ford and Nissan Renault.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ennore_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennore Port">Ennore Port</a> was recently converted from an intermediate port to a major port and handles all the coal and ore traffic in Tamil Nadu. The volume of cargo in the ports grew by 13 per cent over 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-ennoreport_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ennoreport-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tutiport_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutiport-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tuticorin Port is expanding its facilities at the cost of US$1.6 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sethusamudram_Shipping_Canal_Project" title="Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project">Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project</a> will transform the <a href="/wiki/Tuticorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuticorin">Tuticorin</a> port into a <a href="/wiki/Transshipment" title="Transshipment">transshipment</a> hub similar to those in Singapore and <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>. The ports are in need of improvement and some of them have container terminals privatised. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Tourism in Tamil Nadu">Tourism in Tamil Nadu</a></div> <p>Owing to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">ancientness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_culture" title="Tamil culture">depth</a> of its civilization, Tamil Nadu has been a hub for <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>. In recent years, the state has emerged as one of the leading tourist destination for both domestic and foreign tourists. Tourism in Tamil Nadu is promoted by Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC), a Government of Tamil Nadu undertaking. The state currently ranks the highest among Indian states with about 248 million arrivals in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-toi3_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi3-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual growth rate of the industry stood at 16 per cent. Approximately 2,804,687 foreign and 111,637,104 domestic tourists visited the state in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofindia.indiatimes.com_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanyakumari_Moon_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kanyakumari_Moon_View.jpg/200px-Kanyakumari_Moon_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kanyakumari_Moon_View.jpg/300px-Kanyakumari_Moon_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kanyakumari_Moon_View.jpg/400px-Kanyakumari_Moon_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5408" data-file-height="3144" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Thiruvalluvar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanniyakumari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanniyakumari">Kanniyakumari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mamallapuram,_Shore_Temple,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mamallapuram%2C_Shore_Temple%2C_India.jpg/200px-Mamallapuram%2C_Shore_Temple%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mamallapuram%2C_Shore_Temple%2C_India.jpg/300px-Mamallapuram%2C_Shore_Temple%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mamallapuram%2C_Shore_Temple%2C_India.jpg/400px-Mamallapuram%2C_Shore_Temple%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shore_Temple" title="Shore Temple">Shore Temple, Mahabalipuram</a> (built in 700–728 AD) in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The state boasts some of the grand Hindu temples built in Dravidian architecture. The Brihadishwara Temple in Thanjavur, built by the Cholas, the Airavateswara temple in Darasuram and the Shore Temple, along with the collection of other monuments in Mahabalipuram (also called Mamallapuram) have been declared as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Madurai is home to the Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple. Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam is the largest functioning temple in the world, Tiruchirappalli where the famous Rockfort Temple is located, Rameshwaram whose temple walk-ways corridor (Praagarams) are the longest 1.2 km (0.75 mi) of all Indian temples in the world, Kanchipuram and Palani are important pilgrimage sites for Hindus. Other popular temples in Tamil Nadu include those in Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Chidambaram, Thiruvannaamalai, Tiruchendur, Tiruvarur, Kumbakonam, Srivilliputhur, Tiruttani, Namakkal, Vellore, Karur, Bhavani, Coimbatore, Kanniyakumari. </p><p>Tamil Nadu is also home to hill stations like Udhagamandalam (Ooty), Kodaikanal, Yercaud, Coonoor, Topslip, Valparai, Yelagiri and Manjolai. The Nilgiri hills, Palani hills, Shevaroy hills, Kolli Hills and Cardamom hills are all abodes of thick forests and wildlife. Tamil Nadu has many National Parks, Biosphere Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Elephant and Bird Sanctuaries, Reserved Forests, Zoos and Crocodile farms. Prominent among them are Mudumalai National Park, The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Anaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary and Arignar Anna Zoological Park. The mangrove forests at Pichavaram are also eco-tourism spots of importance. </p><p>Kanyakumari, the southernmost tip of peninsular India, is famous for its beautiful sunrise, Vivekananda Rock Memorial and Thiruvalluvar's statue built off the coastline. Marina Beach in Chennai is one of the longest beaches in the world. The stretch of beaches from Chennai to Mahabalipuram are home to many resorts, theme parks and eateries. The prominent waterfalls in the state are Courtallam, Hogenakkal, Papanasam, Manimuthar, Thirparappu, Pykara and Silver Cascade. The Chettinad region of the state is renowned for its Palatial houses and cuisine. With medical care in Chennai, Vellore, Coimbatore and Madurai, Tamil Nadu has the largest numbers in Medical tourism in India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services">Services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamil Nadu has 526 engineering colleges, the most for any state in India giving the services industry access to qualified and skilled labour force. The state has a wide network of about 110 industrial parks and estates offering developed plots with supporting infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-IT_park_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT_park-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the state government is promoting other industrial parks like Rubber Park, Apparel Parks, Floriculture Park, TIDEL Park for IT/ITS, TICEL BioPark for Biotechnology,<sup id="cite_ref-ticel_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ticel-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siruseri IT Park, Elcot SEZ and Agro Export Zones among others. Tamil Nadu has the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Small and medium enterprises">Small and medium enterprises</a> (SMEs) in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Institute_of_Small_Enterprises_and_Development_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Institute_of_Small_Enterprises_and_Development-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Software Parks</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tidel_Park_Chennai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tidel_Park_Chennai.jpg/200px-Tidel_Park_Chennai.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tidel_Park_Chennai.jpg/300px-Tidel_Park_Chennai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tidel_Park_Chennai.jpg/400px-Tidel_Park_Chennai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tidel_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidel Park">Tidel Park</a>, Chennai</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TIDELPark_Coimbatore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/TIDELPark_Coimbatore.jpg/200px-TIDELPark_Coimbatore.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/TIDELPark_Coimbatore.jpg/300px-TIDELPark_Coimbatore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/TIDELPark_Coimbatore.jpg/400px-TIDELPark_Coimbatore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tidel Park, Coimbatore</div></div></div></div></div> <p>This is a chart of trend of software exports from Tamil Nadu published by <a href="/wiki/Electronics_Corporation_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu">Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu</a> with figures in Crores of Indian Rupees.<sup id="cite_ref-ELCOT_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELCOT-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Software exports </th></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>370 crore</span> (US$44 million) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>31,160 crore</span> (US$3.7 billion) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>41,150 crore</span> (US$4.9 billion) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>62,100 crore</span> (US$7.4 billion) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>82,450 crore</span> (US$9.9 billion)<sup id="cite_ref-business-standard.com_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-business-standard.com-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>111,179 crore</span> (US$13 billion)<sup id="cite_ref-Software_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Software-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>139,129 crore</span> (US$17 billion)<sup id="cite_ref-thehindubusinessline.com_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thehindubusinessline.com-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Chennai is the second largest software exporter in India, next only to Bangalore. India's largest IT park is housed at Chennai. Software exports from Tamil Nadu during 2017–2018 rose 8.6% per cent to touch <span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Indian_Rupee_symbol.svg/8px-Indian_Rupee_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Indian_Rupee_symbol.svg/12px-Indian_Rupee_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Indian_Rupee_symbol.svg/16px-Indian_Rupee_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="753" /></a></span></span>1,11,179 crore, involving a workforce of 780,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Software_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Software-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chennai is the largest hub for e-publishing, as there are 67 e-publishing units registered with the <a href="/wiki/STPI" class="mw-redirect" title="STPI">STPI</a> in Chennai and 25 in Bangalore. Companies such as <a href="/wiki/HCL_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="HCL Technologies">HCL Technologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTT_DATA" class="mw-redirect" title="NTT DATA">NTT DATA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wipro" title="Wipro">Wipro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services" title="Tata Consultancy Services">Tata Consultancy Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capgemini" title="Capgemini">Capgemini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larsen_%26_Toubro_Infotech" class="mw-redirect" title="Larsen & Toubro Infotech">LTI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tech_Mahindra" title="Tech Mahindra">Tech Mahindra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infosys" title="Infosys">Infosys</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognizant" title="Cognizant">Cognizant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accenture" title="Accenture">Accenture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sopra_Steria" title="Sopra Steria">Sopra Steria</a>, <a href="/wiki/CGI_Inc." title="CGI Inc.">CGI Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verizon" title="Verizon">Verizon</a>, <a href="/wiki/DXC_Technology" title="DXC Technology">DXC Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atos" title="Atos">Atos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtusa" title="Virtusa">Virtusa</a> and many others have offices in Chennai. Infosys Technologies has set up India's largest software development centre to house 25,000 software professionals at an estimated investment of <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>12,500 million</span> (US$150 million) in Chennai.<sup id="cite_ref-infosys_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infosys-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India's largest IT park – SIPCOT is housed at Siruseri – Chennai, It has numerous IT companies such as TCS, CTS, Syntel, Steria, Polaris, Patni, Hexaware etc. Chennai has been rated as the most attractive city for offshoring services.<sup id="cite_ref-offshoring_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-offshoring-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coimbatore is second largest Software exporter in Tamil Nadu with presence of <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognizant" title="Cognizant">Cognizant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTT_Data" title="NTT Data">NTT Data</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services" title="Tata Consultancy Services">TCS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wipro" title="Wipro">Wipro</a>, <a href="/wiki/HCL_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="HCL Technologies">HCL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capgemini_Engineering" title="Capgemini Engineering">Capgemini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harman_International_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Harman International Industries">Harman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deloitte" title="Deloitte">Deloitte</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cognizant" title="Cognizant">Cognizant</a> has more than 13,000 employees working in Coimbatore, which is their second largest headcount in India after Chennai. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a> has one of the largest R&D development centre in Coimbatore outside Germany which employees close to 5500 in the city. Madurai is the next biggest IT city. Companies like HCL, Honeywell are in Madurai. A new TIDEL park is proposed at Madurai Maatuthavani. The IT Companies like <a href="/wiki/Capgemini" title="Capgemini">Capgemini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutherland" title="Sutherland">Sutherland</a>, TTS Business Services, Sun Business Solution (Sun Group), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific Publishing (page does not exist)">Scientific Publishing</a>, Omega Healthcare, Vagus Technologies, MMC Infotech are also in Tiruchirappalli. </p><p>Chennai has emerged as the "SaaS Capital of India".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deccan_Chronicle_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deccan_Chronicle-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SaaS sector in/around Chennai generated US$1 Billion in revenue and employed about 10000 personnel in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-Deccan_Chronicle_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deccan_Chronicle-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_revenues">Government revenues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Government revenues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamil Nadu ranks fourth nationwide of all state governments in tax revenue. (<i>See:</i> <a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_tax_revenues" class="mw-redirect" title="States of India by tax revenues">States of India by tax revenues</a>.) This is a chart of trend of tax revenues (including the shares from Union tax pool) extracted from the Consolidated Fund of the Government of Tamil Nadu<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with figures in millions of Indian Rupees. See also the Finance Commission of India report.<sup id="cite_ref-fincomreport_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fincomreport-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tax revenues of local bodies are excluded. As of June 29, 2024, Tamil Nadu's debt burden is estimated to be <mark>Rs 8.34 lakh crore</mark>. This makes it the state with the highest outstanding debt in India. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Tax revenues</th> <th>Sales tax</th> <th>Excise duties</th> <th>Registration fees</th> <th>Corporation tax</th> <th>Vehicle tax </th></tr> <tr> <td>1950</td> <td><b>441</b><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955</td> <td><b>270</b></td> <td>112<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>3</td> <td>7</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960</td> <td><b>417</b></td> <td>191</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965</td> <td><b>723</b></td> <td>409</td> <td>4</td> <td>99<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>133 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975</td> <td><b>3,190</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td><b>34,508</b></td> <td>20,659</td> <td>4,348</td> <td>2,263</td> <td></td> <td>2,273 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td><b>79,045</b></td> <td>46,892</td> <td>9,346</td> <td>6,130</td> <td></td> <td>3,922 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td><b>150,659</b></td> <td>81,971</td> <td>18,686</td> <td>9,101</td> <td></td> <td>5,904 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td><b>253,232</b></td> <td>143,607<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>24,780</td> <td>15,628<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>13,846</td> <td>11,305 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This is a chart of trend of <a href="/wiki/Non-tax_revenue" title="Non-tax revenue">non-tax revenues</a> and grants-in-aid <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tn.gov.in/budget/finance/revenue%20receipts.pdf">extracted</a> from the Consolidated Fund of the Government of Tamil Nadu with figures in millions of Indian Rupees. See also <sup id="cite_ref-fincomreport_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fincomreport-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-tax revenues of local bodies are excluded. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Non-tax revenues</th> <th>Interest</th> <th>Mining</th> <th>Grants-in-aid </th></tr> <tr> <td>1960</td> <td><b>197</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>114</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965</td> <td><b>466</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>233</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td><b>3,814</b></td> <td>897</td> <td>588</td> <td><b>12,555</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td><b>8,584</b></td> <td>3,428</td> <td>672</td> <td><b>18,362</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td><b>17,107</b></td> <td>4,036</td> <td>3,953</td> <td><b>15,398</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td><b>21,014</b></td> <td>5,673</td> <td>4,274<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b>28,268</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_debt">Government debt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Government debt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amount in <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">Crores</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Fin year</th> <th>Bought</th> <th>Repaid</th> <th>Total debt </th></tr> <tr> <td>31 March 2000</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>23,840 <sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 March 2001</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>28,685</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 March 2006</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>57,457</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 March 2007</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>60,170 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 March 2008</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>64,655 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 March 2009</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>74,858 <sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 March 2011</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>1,12,000</b> <sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 March 2012</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1,35,060 <sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 - 2014 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,55,129 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 - 2015 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,78,170 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 - 2016 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>2,11,483</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 - 2017 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2,52,431 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 - 2018 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3,14,366 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 - 2019 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3,55,845 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 - 2020 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3,97,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 - 2021 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>4,56,661</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stats_about_Tamil_Nadu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Stats_about_Tamil_Nadu.JPG/220px-Stats_about_Tamil_Nadu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Stats_about_Tamil_Nadu.JPG/330px-Stats_about_Tamil_Nadu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Stats_about_Tamil_Nadu.JPG/440px-Stats_about_Tamil_Nadu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Stats about Tamil Nadu</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Nadu_-_India%27s_Economic_Powerhouse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tamil_Nadu_-_India%27s_Economic_Powerhouse.JPG/220px-Tamil_Nadu_-_India%27s_Economic_Powerhouse.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tamil_Nadu_-_India%27s_Economic_Powerhouse.JPG/330px-Tamil_Nadu_-_India%27s_Economic_Powerhouse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tamil_Nadu_-_India%27s_Economic_Powerhouse.JPG/440px-Tamil_Nadu_-_India%27s_Economic_Powerhouse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Tamil Nadu – India's economic powerhouse</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Nadu%27s_Contribution_to_India%27s_Industrial_Output.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Tamil_Nadu%27s_Contribution_to_India%27s_Industrial_Output.JPG/220px-Tamil_Nadu%27s_Contribution_to_India%27s_Industrial_Output.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Tamil_Nadu%27s_Contribution_to_India%27s_Industrial_Output.JPG/330px-Tamil_Nadu%27s_Contribution_to_India%27s_Industrial_Output.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Tamil_Nadu%27s_Contribution_to_India%27s_Industrial_Output.JPG/440px-Tamil_Nadu%27s_Contribution_to_India%27s_Industrial_Output.JPG 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Tamil Nadu's contribution to India's industrial output</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strategic_Location_of_Tamil_Nadu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Strategic_Location_of_Tamil_Nadu.JPG/220px-Strategic_Location_of_Tamil_Nadu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Strategic_Location_of_Tamil_Nadu.JPG/330px-Strategic_Location_of_Tamil_Nadu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Strategic_Location_of_Tamil_Nadu.JPG/440px-Strategic_Location_of_Tamil_Nadu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Strategic location of Tamil Nadu</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Nadu_strong_Social_and_educational_Infrastructure.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tamil_Nadu_strong_Social_and_educational_Infrastructure.JPG/220px-Tamil_Nadu_strong_Social_and_educational_Infrastructure.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tamil_Nadu_strong_Social_and_educational_Infrastructure.JPG/330px-Tamil_Nadu_strong_Social_and_educational_Infrastructure.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tamil_Nadu_strong_Social_and_educational_Infrastructure.JPG/440px-Tamil_Nadu_strong_Social_and_educational_Infrastructure.JPG 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Tamil Nadu's strong social and educational infrastructure</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Nadu_Rankings.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tamil_Nadu_Rankings.JPG/220px-Tamil_Nadu_Rankings.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tamil_Nadu_Rankings.JPG/330px-Tamil_Nadu_Rankings.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Tamil_Nadu_Rankings.JPG/440px-Tamil_Nadu_Rankings.JPG 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Tamil Nadu rankings</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Nadu_Statistics.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tamil_Nadu_Statistics.JPG/220px-Tamil_Nadu_Statistics.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tamil_Nadu_Statistics.JPG/330px-Tamil_Nadu_Statistics.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tamil_Nadu_Statistics.JPG/440px-Tamil_Nadu_Statistics.JPG 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Tamil Nadu statistics</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">includes the province of Hyderabad</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">includes revenues from non-ferrous mining and metallurgical industries</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">includes stamp fees</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">includes tax on trades</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">includes stamp fees</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">includes revenues from non-ferrous mining and metallurgical industries </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citation">Citation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Citation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fincomindia.nic.in/thirdreport.htm">the original</a> on 28 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finance+Commission+Report&rft.pub=Finance+Commission+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffincomindia.nic.in%2Fthirdreport.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Tamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061108185149/http://www.tn.gov.in/budget/archives/eighteen_year_accounts/revenue_account_receipts.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tn.gov.in/budget/archives/eighteen_year_accounts/revenue_account_receipts.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tn.gov.in%2Fbudget%2Farchives%2Feighteen_year_accounts%2Frevenue_account_receipts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Tamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050121050712/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/08/19/stories/0419223a.htm">"The Hindu : State's debt position 'alarming'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/08/19/stories/0419223a.htm">the original</a> on 21 January 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Businesstoday.in. 5 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tamil+Nadu%3A+Deeper+in+debt+-+BusinessToday&rft.pub=Businesstoday.in&rft.date=2011-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesstoday.in%2Fopinion%2Fperspective%2Ftamil-nadu-budget-jayalalithaa%2Fstory%2F17695.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Tamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523063828/http://www.tn.gov.in/budget/budgetspeech_e_2012_2013.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tn.gov.in/budget/budgetspeech_e_2012_2013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tn.gov.in%2Fbudget%2Fbudgetspeech_e_2012_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+Tamil+Nadu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagarajMotiram2017" class="citation book cs1">Nagaraj, R; Motiram, Sripad (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/ca/universitypress/subjects/politics-international-relations/political-economy/political-economy-contemporary-india?format=HB"><i>Political Economy of Contemporary India</i></a>. 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tamil_Nadu" title="Template:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tamil_Nadu" title="Template talk:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil_Nadu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tamil Nadu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_of_Tamil_Nadu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tamil_Nadu.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-redirect" title="Srivilliputhur Andal temple">Srivilliputhur Andal temple tower</a></li> <li>Animal: <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr</a></li> <li>Bird: <a href="/wiki/Common_emerald_dove" title="Common emerald dove">Emerald dove</a></li> <li>Flower: <a href="/wiki/Gloriosa_superba" title="Gloriosa superba">Gloriosa lily</a></li> <li>Fruit: <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li>Tree: <a href="/wiki/Borassus_flabellifer" title="Borassus flabellifer">Palm tree</a></li> <li>Butterfly: <a href="/wiki/Cirrochroa_thais" title="Cirrochroa thais">Cirrochroa Thais</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TamilNadu_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/80px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/120px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/TamilNadu_Logo.svg/160px-TamilNadu_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of governors of Tamil Nadu">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_chief_ministers_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of deputy chief ministers of Tamil Nadu">Deputy chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly" title="Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu">Political parties</a></li> <li>Raj Bhavan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Chennai" title="Raj Bhavan, Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Ooty" title="Raj Bhavan, Ooty">Ooty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Police" title="Tamil Nadu Police">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Tamil Nadu">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cinema" title="Tamil cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Government of Tamil Nadu">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu#History" title="Tamil Nadu">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Education in Tamil Nadu">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Sports in Tamil Nadu">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Politics of Tamil Nadu">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_in_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="List of temples in Tamil Nadu">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of protected areas of Tamil Nadu">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_radio_on_internet" title="Tamil radio on internet">Radio on Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doddabetta" title="Doddabetta">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Wildlife of Tamil Nadu">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_sexual_minorities" title="Tamil sexual minorities">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Tourism in Tamil Nadu">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River_water_dispute" title="Kaveri River water dispute">Kaveri River water dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Day" title="Tamil Nadu Day">State Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur" title="Tiruppur">Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of districts of Tamil Nadu">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariyalur_district" title="Ariyalur district">Ariyalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengalpattu_district" title="Chengalpattu district">Chengalpattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_district" title="Chennai district">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_district" title="Coimbatore district">Coimbatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuddalore_district" title="Cuddalore district">Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmapuri_district" title="Dharmapuri district">Dharmapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dindigul_district" title="Dindigul district">Dindigul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erode_district" title="Erode district">Erode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallakurichi_district" title="Kallakurichi district">Kallakurichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram_district" title="Kanchipuram district">Kanchipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karur_district" title="Karur district">Karur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnagiri_district" title="Krishnagiri district">Krishnagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_district" title="Madurai district">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayiladuthurai_district" title="Mayiladuthurai district">Mayiladuthurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam_district" title="Nagapattinam district">Nagapattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namakkal_district" title="Namakkal district">Namakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambalur_district" title="Perambalur district">Perambalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_district" title="Pudukkottai district">Pudukkottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathapuram_district" title="Ramanathapuram district">Ramanathapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranipet_district" title="Ranipet district">Ranipet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_district" title="Salem district">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivaganga_district" title="Sivaganga district">Sivaganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkasi_district" title="Tenkasi district">Tenkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_district" title="Thanjavur district">Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theni_district" title="Theni district">Theni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi_district" title="Thoothukudi district">Thoothukudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli_district" title="Tiruchirappalli district">Tiruchirappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_district" title="Tirunelveli district">Tirunelveli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupathur_district" title="Tirupathur district">Tirupathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_district" title="Tiruppur district">Tiruppur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvallur_district" title="Tiruvallur district">Tiruvallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvannamalai_district" title="Tiruvannamalai district">Tiruvannamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvarur_district" title="Tiruvarur district">Tiruvarur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_district" title="Vellore district">Vellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viluppuram_district" title="Viluppuram district">Viluppuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virudhunagar_district" title="Virudhunagar district">Virudhunagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_Nadu-related_lists" title="Category:Tamil Nadu-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of districts in Tamil Nadu by Human Development Index">Districts in Tamil Nadu by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population">Cities in Tamil Nadu by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Tamil_Nadu_by_population" title="List of towns in Tamil Nadu by population">Towns in Tamil Nadu by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revenue_divisions_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="List of revenue divisions of Tamil Nadu">Revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/16px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/24px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Economy_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_India" title="Template:Economy of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_India" title="Template talk:Economy of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Economy_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and 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href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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