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class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence_and_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_and_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Occurrence and production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occurrence_and_production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Occurrence and production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_and_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pure_element_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pure_element_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Pure element applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pure_element_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compound_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Compound applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Biological role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mo-containing_enzymes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mo-containing_enzymes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Mo-containing enzymes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mo-containing_enzymes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_metabolism_and_deficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_metabolism_and_deficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Human metabolism and deficiency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_metabolism_and_deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Excretion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excess_and_copper_antagonism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excess_and_copper_antagonism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Excess and copper antagonism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excess_and_copper_antagonism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mammography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Mammography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dietary_recommendations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_recommendations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Dietary recommendations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dietary_recommendations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Dietary recommendations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Dietary_recommendations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Labeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Labeling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Food sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Molybdenum</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 142 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-142" aria-hidden="true" > 142 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeen" title="Molibdeen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Molibdeen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%88%8A%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%B4%E1%8A%90%E1%88%9D" title="ሞሊብዴነም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞሊብዴነም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="موليبدنوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موليبدنوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdenu" title="Molibdenu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Molibdenu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdenu" title="Molibdenu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Molibdenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibd%C3%A9num" title="Molibdénum – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Molibdénum" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="মলিবডেনাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মলিবডেনাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Малібдэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малібдэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Малібдэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Малібдэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="मॉलिब्डेनम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मॉलिब्डेनम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="མོ་ལིབ་ཌེ་ནིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མོ་ལིབ་ཌེ་ནིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibd%C3%A8" title="Molibdè – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Molibdè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybden" title="Molybden – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Molybden" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdenu" title="Molibdenu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Molibdenu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenwm" title="Molybdenwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Molybdenwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybd%C3%A6n" title="Molybdæn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Molybdæn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="موليبدين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="موليبدين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Molybdän" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%84%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%B0" title="މޮލިބްޑިނަމް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މޮލިބްޑިނަމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%BCbdeen" title="Molübdeen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Molübdeen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Μολυβδαίνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μολυβδαίνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86" title="مولیبدن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مولیبدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybd%C3%A8ne" title="Molybdène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Molybdène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molaibd%C3%A9ineam" title="Molaibdéineam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Molaibdéineam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moilibdeanum" title="Moilibdeanum – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Moilibdeanum" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%AE" title="મોલિબ્ડેનમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મોલિબ્ડેનમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Молибдениум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Молибдениум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%B0%EB%A6%AC%EB%B8%8C%EB%8D%B0%EB%84%98" title="몰리브데넘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몰리브데넘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Մոլիբդեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոլիբդեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="मोलिब्डेनम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोलिब्डेनम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdo" title="Molibdo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Molibdo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Molibdenum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdeno" title="Molybdeno – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Molybdeno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMophobo" title="UMophobo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UMophobo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3l%C3%BDbden" title="Mólýbden – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mólýbden" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%93%D7%9F" title="מוליבדן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוליבדן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibd%C3%A8num" title="Molibdènum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Molibdènum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%94l%C9%A9b%C9%A9d%C9%9Bn%C9%A9" title="Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɔlɩbɩdɛnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಾಲಿಬ್ಡಿನಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾಲಿಬ್ಡಿನಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მოლიბდენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოლიბდენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenom" title="Molybdenom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Molybdenom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeni" title="Molibdeni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Molibdeni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldel" title="Moldel – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Moldel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%AEbden" title="Molîbden – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Molîbden" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibd%C4%93ns" title="Molibdēns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Molibdēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Molybdän" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdenas" title="Molibdenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Molibdenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdeen" title="Molybdeen – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Molybdeen" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mlibdena" title="mlibdena – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mlibdena" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibd%C3%A9n" title="Molibdén – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Molibdén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4libdena" title="Môlibdena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Môlibdena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="മൊളിബ്ഡിനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൊളിബ്ഡിനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="मॉलिब्डेनम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मॉलिब्डेनम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="موليبدنوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موليبدنوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Molibdenum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%ADk_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Mŭk (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mŭk (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Молибдена – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Молибдена" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="မိုလိပ်ဒီနမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိုလိပ်ဒီနမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdeen" title="Molybdeen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Molybdeen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="मोलिब्डेनम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मोलिब्डेनम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%96%E3%83%87%E3%83%B3" title="モリブデン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モリブデン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%BCbdeen" title="Molübdeen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Molübdeen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybden" title="Molybden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Molybden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybden" title="Molybden – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Molybden" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibd%C3%A8n" title="Molibdèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Molibdèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AE" title="ਮੌਲਿਬਡੀਨਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੌਲਿਬਡੀਨਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="मोलिब्डेनम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मोलिब्डेनम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85" title="مولیبیڈینم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مولیبیڈینم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="موليبډينوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="موليبډينوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibd%C3%AAnio" title="Molibdênio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Molibdênio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulipthinu" title="Mulipthinu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mulipthinu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE" title="मोलिब्डेनम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मोलिब्डेनम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdenu" title="Molibdenu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Molibdenu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybd%C3%A4n" title="Molybdän – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Molybdän" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeni" title="Molibdeni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Molibdeni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdenu" title="Molibdenu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Molibdenu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybd%C3%A9n" title="Molybdén – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Molybdén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Molybdenum" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%86%D9%85" title="مۆلیبدێنۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆلیبدێنۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibd%C3%A9num" title="Molibdénum – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Molibdénum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdeeni" title="Molybdeeni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Molybdeeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybden" title="Molybden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Molybden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மாலிப்டினம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாலிப்டினம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="మోలిబ్డినం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మోలిబ్డినం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="โมลิบดีนัม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โมลิบดีนัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молибден – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Молибден" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Молібден – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молібден" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85" title="مولیبڈینم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مولیبڈینم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86" title="مولبېدىن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مولبېدىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Molibden" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybden" title="Molybden – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Molybden" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%AC" title="鉬 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鉬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molibdeno" title="Molibdeno – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Molibdeno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="מאליבדען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאליבדען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 42 (Mo)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Molybdenum, 42Mo</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5148" data-file-height="3264" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Molybdenum</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/məˈlɪbdənəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">mə-LIB-də-nəm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">gray metallic</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Mo)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>95.95±0.01<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>95.95±0.01 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Molybdenum in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a 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title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> ↑ Mo ↓ <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> ← molybdenum → <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">42</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">group 6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">period 5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a>] 4d5 5s1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 13, 1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2896 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (2623 °C, 4753 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4912 K (4639 °C, 8382 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">10.223 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">9.33 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">37.48 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">598 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24.06 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>2742 </td> <td>2994 </td> <td>3312 </td> <td>3707 </td> <td>4212 </td> <td>4879 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +4, +6 −4,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> −2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> +2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> +3,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> +5<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.16 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 684.3 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1560 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2618 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 139 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">154±5 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Molybdenum_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Molybdenum_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Molybdenum_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Molybdenum_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Molybdenum_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Molybdenum_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Molybdenum_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of molybdenum</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic</a> (bcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cI2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Body-centered cubic crystal structure for molybdenum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div>a = 314.71 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.10×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">138 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_diffusivity" title="Thermal diffusivity">Thermal diffusivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">54.3 mm2/s (at 300 K)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">53.4 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+89.0×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">329 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">126 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">230 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">5400 m/s (at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.31 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.5 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1400–2740 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1370–2500 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7439-98-7 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> (1778)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jacob_Hjelm" title="Peter Jacob Hjelm">Peter Jacob Hjelm</a> (1781)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_molybdenum" title="Isotopes of molybdenum">Isotopes of molybdenum</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_molybdenum_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox molybdenum isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_molybdenum_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox molybdenum isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-10">[10]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">92Mo </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">14.7% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">93Mo </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">4839 y<a href="#cite_note-93Mo-11">[11]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium-93" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium-93">93Nb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">94Mo </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">9.19% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">95Mo </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">15.9% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">96Mo </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">16.7% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">97Mo </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">9.58% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">98Mo </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">24.3% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">99Mo </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">65.94 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m">99mTc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma decay">γ</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">100Mo </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">9.74% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">7.07×1018 y<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-10">[10]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β−β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium-100" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium-100">100Ru</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Molybdenum" title="Category:Molybdenum">Category: Molybdenum</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_molybdenum" title="Template:Infobox molybdenum">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_molybdenum" title="Template talk:Infobox molybdenum">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_molybdenum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox molybdenum">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Molybdenum is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Mo (from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> molybdaenum) and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 42. The name derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> Μόλυβδος molybdos, meaning <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, since its ores were confused with lead ores.<a href="#cite_note-CRCdescription2-12">[12]</a> Molybdenum minerals have been known throughout history, but the element was discovered (in the sense of differentiating it as a new entity from the mineral salts of other metals) in 1778 by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a>. The metal was first isolated in 1781 by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jacob_Hjelm" title="Peter Jacob Hjelm">Peter Jacob Hjelm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Molybdenum does not occur naturally as a <a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">free metal</a> on Earth; in its minerals, it is found only in <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidized states</a>. The free element, a silvery <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> with a grey cast, has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_melting_point" class="mw-redirect" title="List of elements by melting point">sixth-highest</a> <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of any element. It readily forms hard, stable <a href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">carbides</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>, and for this reason most of the world production of the element (about 80%) is used in <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> alloys, including high-strength alloys and <a href="/wiki/Superalloy" title="Superalloy">superalloys</a>. Most molybdenum compounds have low <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a> in water. Heating molybdenum-bearing minerals under <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and water affords <a href="/wiki/Molybdate" title="Molybdate">molybdate</a> ion MoO2− 4, which forms quite soluble salts. Industrially, molybdenum <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a> (about 14% of world production of the element) are used as <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Category:Molybdenum_enzymes" title="Category:Molybdenum enzymes">Molybdenum-bearing enzymes</a> are by far the most common bacterial catalysts for breaking the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bond</a> in atmospheric molecular <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> in the process of biological <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a>. At least 50 molybdenum enzymes are now known in bacteria, plants, and animals, although only bacterial and cyanobacterial enzymes are involved in nitrogen fixation. Most <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenase" title="Nitrogenase">nitrogenases</a> contain an iron–molybdenum cofactor <a href="/wiki/FeMoco" title="FeMoco">FeMoco</a>, which is believed to contain either Mo(III) or Mo(IV).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> By contrast Mo(VI) and Mo(IV) are complexed with <a href="/wiki/Molybdopterin" title="Molybdopterin">molybdopterin</a> in all other molybdenum-bearing enzymes.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Molybdenum is an <a href="/wiki/Essential_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential element">essential element</a> for all higher <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryote</a> organisms, including humans. A species of <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theonellidae" title="Theonellidae">Theonella conica</a>, is known for hyperaccumulation of molybdenum.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> In its pure form, molybdenum is a silvery-grey metal with a <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a> of 5.5 and a standard atomic weight of 95.95 g/mol.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> It has a <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of 2,623 °C (4,753 °F), sixth highest of the naturally occurring elements; only <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> have higher melting points.<a href="#cite_note-CRCdescription2-12">[12]</a> It has one of the lowest coefficients of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal expansion</a> among commercially used metals.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical properties">edit</a>]</div> Molybdenum is a <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> of 2.16 on the Pauling scale. It does not visibly react with oxygen or water at room temperature, but is attacked by halogens and hydrogen peroxide. Weak oxidation of molybdenum starts at 300 °C (572 °F); bulk oxidation occurs at temperatures above 600 °C, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_trioxide" title="Molybdenum trioxide">molybdenum trioxide</a>. Like many heavier transition metals, molybdenum shows little inclination to form a cation in aqueous solution, although the Mo3+ cation is known to form under carefully controlled conditions.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Gaseous molybdenum consists of the diatomic species Mo2. That molecule is a <a href="/wiki/Singlet_state" title="Singlet state">singlet</a>, with two unpaired electrons in bonding orbitals, in addition to 5 conventional bonds. The result is a <a href="/wiki/Sextuple_bond" title="Sextuple bond">sextuple bond</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roos-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_molybdenum" title="Isotopes of molybdenum">Isotopes of molybdenum</a></div> There are 39 known <a href="/wiki/Isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopes">isotopes</a> of molybdenum, ranging in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass</a> from 81 to 119, as well as 13 metastable <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a>. Seven isotopes occur naturally, with atomic masses of 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, and 100. Of these naturally occurring isotopes, only molybdenum-100 is unstable.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-10">[10]</a> Molybdenum-98 is the most <a href="/wiki/Isotopic_abundance" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopic abundance">abundant</a> isotope, comprising 24.14% of all molybdenum. Molybdenum-100 has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of about 1019 <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">y</a> and undergoes <a href="/wiki/Double_beta_decay" title="Double beta decay">double beta decay</a> into ruthenium-100. All unstable isotopes of molybdenum decay into isotopes of <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a>. Of the <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synthetic radioisotopes</a>, the most stable is 93Mo, with a half-life of 4,839 years.<a href="#cite_note-93Mo-11">[11]</a> The most common isotopic molybdenum application involves <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum-99" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum-99">molybdenum-99</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Fission_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission product">fission product</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Parent_radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent radioisotope">parent radioisotope</a> to the short-lived gamma-emitting daughter radioisotope <a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m">technetium-99m</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomer</a> used in various imaging applications in medicine.<a href="#cite_note-armstrong-24">[24]</a> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology" title="Delft University of Technology">Delft University of Technology</a> applied for a patent on the molybdenum-98-based production of molybdenum-99.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Molybdenum_compounds" title="Category:Molybdenum compounds">Category:Molybdenum compounds</a></div> Molybdenum forms chemical compounds in oxidation states −4 and from −2 to +6. Higher oxidation states are more relevant to its terrestrial occurrence and its biological roles, mid-level oxidation states are often associated with <a href="/wiki/Metal_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal cluster">metal clusters</a>, and very low oxidation states are typically associated with <a href="/wiki/Organomolybdenum_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organomolybdenum compound">organomolybdenum compounds</a>. The chemistry of molybdenum and tungsten show strong similarities. The relative rarity of molybdenum(III), for example, contrasts with the pervasiveness of the chromium(III) compounds. The highest oxidation state is seen in <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(VI)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum(VI) oxide">molybdenum(VI) oxide</a> (MoO3), whereas the normal sulfur compound is <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_disulfide" title="Molybdenum disulfide">molybdenum disulfide</a> MoS2.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-26">[26]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right: 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Oxidation state </th> <th>Example<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-28">[28]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>−4</td> <td>Na 4[Mo(CO) 4] </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2</td> <td>[Mo(CO) 5]2− <a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−1</td> <td>Na 2[Mo 2(CO) 10] </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_hexacarbonyl" title="Molybdenum hexacarbonyl">Mo(CO) 6</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadienylmolybdenum_tricarbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopentadienylmolybdenum tricarbonyl">C 5H 5Mo(CO) 3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(II)_chloride" title="Molybdenum(II) chloride">MoCl 2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(III)_bromide" title="Molybdenum(III) bromide">MoBr 3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_disulfide" title="Molybdenum disulfide">MoS 2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(V)_chloride" title="Molybdenum(V) chloride">MoCl 5</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(VI)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum(VI) fluoride">MoF 6</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png/170px-Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png/255px-Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png/340px-Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keggin_structure" title="Keggin structure">Keggin structure</a> of the phosphomolybdate anion (P[Mo12O40]3−), an example of a <a href="/wiki/Polyoxometalate" title="Polyoxometalate">polyoxometalate</a></figcaption></figure> From the perspective of commerce, the most important compounds are molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2) and molybdenum trioxide (MoO 3). The black disulfide is the main mineral. It is roasted in air to give the trioxide:<a href="#cite_note-Holl-26">[26]</a> <dl><dd>2 MoS 2 + 7 O 2 → 2 MoO 3 + 4 SO 2</dd></dl> The trioxide, which is volatile at high temperatures, is the precursor to virtually all other Mo compounds as well as alloys. Molybdenum has several <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a>, the most stable being +4 and +6 (bolded in the table at left). Molybdenum(VI) oxide is soluble in strong <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">alkaline</a> water, forming molybdates (MoO42−). Molybdates are weaker oxidants than <a href="/wiki/Chromates" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromates">chromates</a>. They tend to form structurally complex <a href="/wiki/Oxyanion" title="Oxyanion">oxyanions</a> by condensation at lower <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> values, such as [Mo7O24]6− and [Mo8O26]4−. Polymolybdates can incorporate other ions, forming <a href="/wiki/Polyoxometalate" title="Polyoxometalate">polyoxometalates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The dark-blue <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>-containing heteropolymolybdate P[Mo12O40]3− is used for the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet-visible_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy">spectroscopic</a> detection of phosphorus.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The broad range of <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> of molybdenum is reflected in various molybdenum chlorides:<a href="#cite_note-Holl-26">[26]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(II)_chloride" title="Molybdenum(II) chloride">Molybdenum(II) chloride</a> MoCl2, which exists as the hexamer Mo6Cl12 and the related dianion [Mo6Cl14]2-.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(III)_chloride" title="Molybdenum(III) chloride">Molybdenum(III) chloride</a> MoCl3, a dark red solid, which converts to the anion trianionic complex [MoCl6]3-.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_tetrachloride" title="Molybdenum tetrachloride">Molybdenum(IV) chloride</a> MoCl4, a black solid, which adopts a polymeric structure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(V)_chloride" title="Molybdenum(V) chloride">Molybdenum(V) chloride</a> MoCl5 dark green solid, which adopts a dimeric structure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(VI)_chloride" title="Molybdenum(VI) chloride">Molybdenum(VI) chloride</a> MoCl6 is a black solid, which is monomeric and slowly decomposes to MoCl5 and Cl2 at room temperature.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li></ul> The accessibility of these oxidation states depends quite strongly on the halide counterion: although <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(VI)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum(VI) fluoride">molybdenum(VI) fluoride</a> is stable, molybdenum does not form a stable hexachloride, pentabromide, or tetraiodide.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Like <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> and some other transition metals, molybdenum forms <a href="/wiki/Quadruple_bond" title="Quadruple bond">quadruple bonds</a>, such as in Mo2(CH3COO)4 and [Mo2Cl8]4−.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/ECW_model" title="ECW model">Lewis acid</a> properties of the butyrate and perfluorobutyrate dimers, <a href="/wiki/ECW_model" title="ECW model">Mo2(O2CR)4</a> and Rh2(O2CR) 4, have been reported.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The oxidation state 0 and lower are possible with carbon monoxide as ligand, such as in <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_hexacarbonyl" title="Molybdenum hexacarbonyl">molybdenum hexacarbonyl</a>, Mo(CO)6.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Molybdenite" title="Molybdenite">Molybdenite</a>—the principal ore from which molybdenum is now extracted—was previously known as molybdena. Molybdena was confused with and often utilized as though it were <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>. Like graphite, molybdenite can be used to blacken a surface or as a solid lubricant.<a href="#cite_note-Lansdown1999-36">[36]</a> Even when molybdena was distinguishable from graphite, it was still confused with the common <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> ore PbS (now called <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a>); the name comes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> Μόλυβδος molybdos, meaning lead.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-20">[20]</a> (The Greek word itself has been proposed as a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a> <a href="/wiki/Luvian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luvian language">Luvian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a> languages).<a href="#cite_note-melchert-37">[37]</a> Although (reportedly) molybdenum was deliberately alloyed with steel in one 14th-century Japanese sword (mfd. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1330), that art was never employed widely and was later lost.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In the West in 1754, <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Andersson_Qvist" title="Bengt Andersson Qvist">Bengt Andersson Qvist</a> examined a sample of molybdenite and determined that it did not contain lead and thus was not galena.<a href="#cite_note-vanderkrogt-40">[40]</a> By 1778 <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> chemist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> stated firmly that molybdena was (indeed) neither galena nor graphite.<a href="#cite_note-elemental-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Instead, Scheele correctly proposed that molybdena was an ore of a distinct new element, named molybdenum for the mineral in which it resided, and from which it might be isolated. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jacob_Hjelm" title="Peter Jacob Hjelm">Peter Jacob Hjelm</a> successfully isolated molybdenum using <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a> in 1781.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> For the next century, molybdenum had no industrial use. It was relatively scarce, the pure metal was difficult to extract, and the necessary techniques of metallurgy were immature.<a href="#cite_note-Hoyt1921-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krupp1888-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-'Gupta1992'-46">[46]</a> Early molybdenum steel alloys showed great promise of increased hardness, but efforts to manufacture the alloys on a large scale were hampered with inconsistent results, a tendency toward brittleness, and recrystallization. In 1906, <a href="/wiki/William_D._Coolidge" title="William D. Coolidge">William D. Coolidge</a> filed a patent for rendering molybdenum <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a>, leading to applications as a heating element for high-temperature furnaces and as a support for tungsten-filament light bulbs; oxide formation and degradation require that molybdenum be physically sealed or held in an inert gas.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 1913, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_E._Elmore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank E. Elmore (page does not exist)">Frank E. Elmore</a> developed a <a href="/wiki/Froth_flotation_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Froth flotation process">froth flotation process</a> to recover <a href="/wiki/Molybdenite" title="Molybdenite">molybdenite</a> from ores; flotation remains the primary isolation process.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, demand for molybdenum spiked; it was used both in <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle armor">armor plating</a> and as a substitute for tungsten in <a href="/wiki/High-speed_steel" title="High-speed steel">high-speed steels</a>. Some British tanks were protected by 75 mm (3 in) <a href="/wiki/Mangalloy" title="Mangalloy">manganese steel</a> plating, but this proved to be ineffective. The manganese steel plates were replaced with much lighter 25 mm (1.0 in) molybdenum steel plates allowing for higher speed, greater maneuverability, and better protection.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-20">[20]</a> The Germans also used molybdenum-doped <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> for heavy artillery, like in the super-heavy howitzer <a href="/wiki/Big_Bertha_(howitzer)" title="Big Bertha (howitzer)">Big Bertha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> because traditional steel melts at the temperatures produced by the propellant of the <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">one ton</a> shell.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> After the war, demand plummeted until metallurgical advances allowed extensive development of peacetime applications. In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, molybdenum again saw strategic importance as a substitute for tungsten in steel alloys.<a href="#cite_note-Millholland1941-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence_and_production">Occurrence and production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Occurrence and production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lustrous, silvery, flat, hexagonal crystals in roughly parallel layers sit flowerlike on a rough, translucent crystalline piece of quartz." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG/220px-Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG/330px-Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG/440px-Molly_Hill_molybdenite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1387" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Molybdenite" title="Molybdenite">Molybdenite</a> on quartz</figcaption></figure> Molybdenum is the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">54th most abundant element in the Earth's crust</a> with an average of 1.5 parts per million and the 25th most abundant element in the oceans, with an average of 10 parts per billion; it is the 42nd most abundant element in the Universe.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-52">[52]</a> The Soviet <a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">Luna 24</a> mission discovered a molybdenum-bearing grain (1 × 0.6 μm) in a <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a> fragment taken from <a href="/wiki/Mare_Crisium" title="Mare Crisium">Mare Crisium</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The comparative rarity of molybdenum in the Earth's crust is offset by its concentration in a number of water-insoluble ores, often combined with sulfur in the same way as copper, with which it is often found. Though molybdenum is found in such <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> as <a href="/wiki/Wulfenite" title="Wulfenite">wulfenite</a> (PbMoO4) and <a href="/wiki/Powellite" title="Powellite">powellite</a> (CaMoO4), the main commercial source is <a href="/wiki/Molybdenite" title="Molybdenite">molybdenite</a> (Mo<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>2). Molybdenum is mined as a principal ore and is also recovered as a byproduct of copper and tungsten mining.<a href="#cite_note-CRCdescription2-12">[12]</a> The world's production of molybdenum was 250,000 tonnes in 2011, the largest producers being China (94,000 t), the United States (64,000 t), Chile (38,000 t), Peru (18,000 t) and Mexico (12,000 t). The total reserves are estimated at 10 million tonnes, and are mostly concentrated in China (4.3 Mt), the US (2.7 Mt) and Chile (1.2 Mt). By continent, 93% of world molybdenum production is about evenly shared between North America, South America (mainly in Chile), and China. Europe and the rest of Asia (mostly Armenia, Russia, Iran and Mongolia) produce the remainder.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-54">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molybdenum_world_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Molybdenum_world_production.svg/220px-Molybdenum_world_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Molybdenum_world_production.svg/330px-Molybdenum_world_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Molybdenum_world_production.svg/440px-Molybdenum_world_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>World production trend</figcaption></figure> In molybdenite processing, the ore is first roasted in air at a temperature of 700 °C (1,292 °F). The process gives gaseous sulfur dioxide and the <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_trioxide" title="Molybdenum trioxide">molybdenum(VI) oxide</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Holl-26">[26]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2MoS2 + 7O2 -> 2MoO3 + 4SO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>MoS</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>7</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>MoO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2MoS2 + 7O2 -> 2MoO3 + 4SO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/feba993095b4e24dcf9d494215d3295970bab5e1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:35.788ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2MoS2 + 7O2 -> 2MoO3 + 4SO2}}}"></dd></dl> The resulting oxide is then usually extracted with aqueous ammonia to give ammonium molybdate: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {MoO3 + 2NH3 + H2O -> (NH4)2(MoO4)}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>MoO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>MoO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {MoO3 + 2NH3 + H2O -> (NH4)2(MoO4)}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ccfa4efe86974f11af77b7b98850bcc928788329" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:42.997ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {MoO3 + 2NH3 + H2O -> (NH4)2(MoO4)}}}"></dd></dl> Copper, an impurity in molybdenite, is separated at this stage by treatment with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-26">[26]</a> Ammonium molybdate converts to <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_dimolybdate" title="Ammonium dimolybdate">ammonium dimolybdate</a>, which is isolated as a solid. Heating this solid gives molybdenum trioxide:<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-55">[55]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {(NH4)2Mo2O7 -> 2MoO3 + 2NH3 + H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>Mo</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>MoO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {(NH4)2Mo2O7 -> 2MoO3 + 2NH3 + H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/24cb267bd5958f4125cb16522c7b46725e1dfd80" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:43.792ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {(NH4)2Mo2O7 -> 2MoO3 + 2NH3 + H2O}}}"></dd></dl> Crude trioxide can be further purified by sublimation at 1,100 °C (2,010 °F). Metallic molybdenum is produced by reduction of the oxide with hydrogen: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {MoO3 + 3H2 -> Mo + 3H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>MoO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>Mo</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {MoO3 + 3H2 -> Mo + 3H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/13397a2af8494ab63b1dbcfa510505d6956a419f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.728ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {MoO3 + 3H2 -> Mo + 3H2O}}}"></dd></dl> The molybdenum for steel production is reduced by the <a href="/wiki/Aluminothermic_reaction" title="Aluminothermic reaction">aluminothermic reaction</a> with addition of iron to produce <a href="/wiki/Ferromolybdenum" title="Ferromolybdenum">ferromolybdenum</a>. A common form of ferromolybdenum contains 60% molybdenum.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Molybdenum had a value of approximately $30,000 per tonne as of August 2009. It maintained a price at or near $10,000 per tonne from 1997 through 2003, and reached a peak of $103,000 per tonne in June 2005.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a> announced that molybdenum would be traded as a commodity.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mining">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Knaben" title="Knaben">Knaben</a> mine in southern Norway, opened in 1885, was the first dedicated molybdenum mine. Closed in 1973 but reopened in 2007,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> it now produces 100,000 kilograms (98 long tons; 110 short tons) of molybdenum disulfide per year. Large mines in Colorado (such as the <a href="/wiki/Henderson_molybdenum_mine" title="Henderson molybdenum mine">Henderson mine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Climax_mine" title="Climax mine">Climax mine</a>)<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> and in British Columbia yield molybdenite as their primary product, while many <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry copper">porphyry copper</a> deposits such as the <a href="/wiki/Bingham_Canyon_Mine" title="Bingham Canyon Mine">Bingham Canyon Mine</a> in Utah and the <a href="/wiki/Chuquicamata" title="Chuquicamata">Chuquicamata</a> mine in northern Chile produce molybdenum as a byproduct of copper-mining. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alloys">Alloys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alloys">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_of_Molybdenum_Copper_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Plate_of_Molybdenum_Copper_.jpg/220px-Plate_of_Molybdenum_Copper_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Plate_of_Molybdenum_Copper_.jpg/330px-Plate_of_Molybdenum_Copper_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Plate_of_Molybdenum_Copper_.jpg/440px-Plate_of_Molybdenum_Copper_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>A plate of molybdenum copper alloy</figcaption></figure> About 86% of molybdenum produced is used in <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, with the rest used in chemical applications. The estimated global use is structural steel 35%, <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> 25%, chemicals 14%, tool & high-speed steels 9%, <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> 6%, molybdenum elemental metal 6%, and <a href="/wiki/Superalloy" title="Superalloy">superalloys</a> 5%.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Molybdenum can withstand extreme temperatures without significantly expanding or softening, making it useful in environments of intense heat, including military armor, aircraft parts, electrical contacts, industrial motors, and supports for filaments in <a href="/wiki/Light_bulbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Light bulbs">light bulbs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-azom-62">[62]</a> Most high-strength steel <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> (for example, <a href="/wiki/41xx_steel" title="41xx steel">41xx steels</a>) contain 0.25% to 8% molybdenum.<a href="#cite_note-CRCdescription2-12">[12]</a> Even in these small portions, more than 43,000 tonnes of molybdenum are used each year in <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tool_steel" title="Tool steel">tool steels</a>, cast irons, and high-temperature <a href="/wiki/Superalloy" title="Superalloy">superalloys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-52">[52]</a> Molybdenum is also used in steel alloys for its high <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> resistance and <a href="/wiki/Weldability" title="Weldability">weldability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-USGS-54">[54]</a> Molybdenum contributes corrosion resistance to type-300 stainless steels (specifically type-316) and especially so in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Austenitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austenitic">superaustenitic</a> stainless steels (such as alloy <a href="/wiki/AL-6XN" title="AL-6XN">AL-6XN</a>, 254SMO and 1925hMo). Molybdenum increases lattice strain, thus increasing the energy required to dissolve iron atoms from the surface.[<a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">contradictory</a>] Molybdenum is also used to enhance the corrosion resistance of ferritic (for example grade 444)<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and martensitic (for example 1.4122 and 1.4418) stainless steels.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Because of its lower density and more stable price, molybdenum is sometimes used in place of tungsten.<a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-52">[52]</a> An example is the 'M' series of high-speed steels such as M2, M4 and M42 as substitution for the 'T' steel series, which contain tungsten. Molybdenum can also be used as a flame-resistant coating for other metals. Although its melting point is 2,623 °C (4,753 °F), molybdenum rapidly oxidizes at temperatures above 760 °C (1,400 °F) making it better-suited for use in vacuum environments.<a href="#cite_note-azom-62">[62]</a> TZM (Mo (~99%), Ti (~0.5%), Zr (~0.08%) and some C) is a corrosion-resisting molybdenum superalloy that resists molten fluoride salts at temperatures above 1,300 °C (2,370 °F). It has about twice the strength of pure Mo, and is more ductile and more weldable, yet in tests it resisted corrosion of a standard eutectic salt (<a href="/wiki/FLiBe" title="FLiBe">FLiBe</a>) and salt vapors used in <a href="/wiki/Molten_salt_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Molten salt reactor">molten salt reactors</a> for 1100 hours with so little corrosion that it was difficult to measure.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Due to its excellent mechanical properties under high temperature and high pressure, TZM alloys are extensively applied in the military industry.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> It is used as the valve body of <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedo</a> engines, <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine_nozzle" title="Rocket engine nozzle">rocket nozzles</a> and gas pipelines, where it can withstand extreme thermal and mechanical stresses.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> It is also used as <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> shields in nuclear applications.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Other molybdenum-based alloys that do not contain iron have only limited applications. For example, because of its resistance to molten zinc, both pure molybdenum and molybdenum-<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> alloys (70%/30%) are used for piping, stirrers and pump impellers that come into contact with molten zinc.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pure_element_applications">Pure element applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pure element applications">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Molybdenum powder is used as a fertilizer for some plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Cauliflower" title="Cauliflower">cauliflower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-52">[52]</a></li> <li>Elemental molybdenum is used in NO, NO2, NOx analyzers in power plants for pollution controls. At 350 °C (662 °F), the element acts as a catalyst for NO2/NOx to form NO molecules for detection by infrared light.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li>Molybdenum anodes replace tungsten in certain low voltage X-ray sources for specialized uses such as <a href="/wiki/Mammography" title="Mammography">mammography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li>The radioactive isotope <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum-99" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum-99">molybdenum-99</a> is used to generate <a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m">technetium-99m</a>, used for medical imaging<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The isotope is handled and stored as the molybdate.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compound_applications">Compound applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Compound applications">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_disulfide" title="Molybdenum disulfide">Molybdenum disulfide</a> (MoS2) is used as a solid <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricant</a> and a high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) anti-wear agent. It forms strong films on metallic surfaces and is a common additive to HPHT greases — in the event of a catastrophic grease failure, a thin layer of molybdenum prevents contact of the lubricated parts.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>When combined with small amounts of cobalt, MoS2 is also used as a catalyst in the <a href="/wiki/Hydrodesulfurization" title="Hydrodesulfurization">hydrodesulfurization</a> (HDS) of petroleum. In the presence of hydrogen, this catalyst facilitates the removal of nitrogen and especially sulfur from the feedstock, which otherwise would poison downstream catalysts. HDS is one of the largest scale applications of catalysis in industry.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>Molybdenum oxides are important catalysts for selective oxidation of organic compounds. The production of the commodity chemicals <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">acrylonitrile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> relies on MoOx-based catalysts.<a href="#cite_note-ullmann-55">[55]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_disilicide" title="Molybdenum disilicide">Molybdenum disilicide</a> (MoSi2) is an electrically conducting <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> with primary use in <a href="/wiki/Heating_element" title="Heating element">heating elements</a> operating at temperatures above 1500 °C in air.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_trioxide" title="Molybdenum trioxide">Molybdenum trioxide</a> (MoO3) is used as an adhesive between <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamels</a> and metals.<a href="#cite_note-elemental-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_molybdate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead molybdate">Lead molybdate</a> (wulfenite) co-precipitated with lead chromate and lead sulfate is a bright-orange pigment used with ceramics and plastics.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li>The molybdenum-based mixed oxides are versatile catalysts in the chemical industry. Some examples are the catalysts for the oxidation of carbon monoxide, propylene to <a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">acrolein</a> and acrylic acid, the <a href="/wiki/Ammoxidation" title="Ammoxidation">ammoxidation</a> of propylene to acrylonitrile.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li>Molybdenum carbides, nitride and phosphides can be used for hydrotreatment of rapeseed oil.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_heptamolybdate" title="Ammonium heptamolybdate">Ammonium heptamolybdate</a> is used in biological staining.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li>Molybdenum coated soda lime glass is used in CIGS (<a href="/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide" title="Copper indium gallium selenide">copper indium gallium selenide</a>) <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cells</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells">CIGS solar cells</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphomolybdic_acid" title="Phosphomolybdic acid">Phosphomolybdic acid</a> is a stain used in <a href="/wiki/Thin-layer_chromatography" title="Thin-layer chromatography">thin-layer chromatography</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masson%27s_trichrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Masson's trichrome">trichrome</a> staining in <a href="/wiki/Histochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Histochemistry">histochemistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Biological role">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_in_biology" title="Molybdenum in biology">Molybdenum in biology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mo-containing_enzymes">Mo-containing enzymes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mo-containing enzymes">edit</a>]</div> Molybdenum is an essential element in most organisms; a 2008 research paper speculated that a scarcity of molybdenum in the Earth's early oceans may have strongly influenced the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotic life</a> (which includes all plants and animals).<a href="#cite_note-Scottetal-85">[85]</a> At least 50 molybdenum-containing enzymes have been identified, mostly in bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Those enzymes include <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_oxidase" title="Aldehyde oxidase">aldehyde oxidase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfite_oxidase" title="Sulfite oxidase">sulfite oxidase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase" title="Xanthine oxidase">xanthine oxidase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-20">[20]</a> With one exception, Mo in proteins is bound by <a href="/wiki/Molybdopterin" title="Molybdopterin">molybdopterin</a> to give the molybdenum cofactor. The only known exception is <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenase" title="Nitrogenase">nitrogenase</a>, which uses the <a href="/wiki/FeMoco" title="FeMoco">FeMoco</a> cofactor, which has the formula Fe7MoS9C.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In terms of function, molybdoenzymes catalyze the oxidation and sometimes reduction of certain small molecules in the process of regulating <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_cycle" title="Sulfur cycle">sulfur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In some animals, and in humans, the oxidation of <a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">xanthine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a>, a process of <a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">purine</a> <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a>, is catalyzed by <a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase" title="Xanthine oxidase">xanthine oxidase</a>, a molybdenum-containing enzyme. The activity of xanthine oxidase is directly proportional to the amount of molybdenum in the body. An extremely high concentration of molybdenum reverses the trend and can inhibit purine catabolism and other processes. Molybdenum concentration also affects <a href="/wiki/Protein_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein synthesis">protein synthesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, and growth.<a href="#cite_note-IMOAoverview-90">[90]</a> Mo is a component in most <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenase" title="Nitrogenase">nitrogenases</a>. Among molybdoenzymes, nitrogenases are unique in lacking the molybdopterin.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Nitrogenases catalyze the production of ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {N_{2}+8\ H^{+}+8\ e^{-}+16\ ATP+16\ H_{2}O\longrightarrow 2\ NH_{3}+H_{2}+16\ ADP+16\ P_{i}} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>16</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>16</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>16</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>16</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {N_{2}+8\ H^{+}+8\ e^{-}+16\ ATP+16\ H_{2}O\longrightarrow 2\ NH_{3}+H_{2}+16\ ADP+16\ P_{i}} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3be3806a6702dba982cc3e2b247df7db10d87084" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:74.746ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {N_{2}+8\ H^{+}+8\ e^{-}+16\ ATP+16\ H_{2}O\longrightarrow 2\ NH_{3}+H_{2}+16\ ADP+16\ P_{i}} }"></dd></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/FeMoco" title="FeMoco">FeMoco</a> <a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">active site</a> is highly complex.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FeMoco_cluster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FeMoco_cluster.svg/170px-FeMoco_cluster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FeMoco_cluster.svg/255px-FeMoco_cluster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FeMoco_cluster.svg/340px-FeMoco_cluster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="3815" /></a><figcaption>Structure of the <a href="/wiki/FeMoco" title="FeMoco">FeMoco</a> active site of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenase" title="Nitrogenase">nitrogenase</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molybdenum_cofactor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeletal structure of a molybdopterin with a single molybdenum atom bound to both of the thiolate groups" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Molybdenum_cofactor.svg/250px-Molybdenum_cofactor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Molybdenum_cofactor.svg/375px-Molybdenum_cofactor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Molybdenum_cofactor.svg/500px-Molybdenum_cofactor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>The molybdenum cofactor (pictured) is composed of a molybdenum-free organic complex called <a href="/wiki/Molybdopterin" title="Molybdopterin">molybdopterin</a>, which has bound an oxidized molybdenum(VI) atom through adjacent sulfur (or occasionally selenium) atoms. Except for the ancient nitrogenases, all known Mo-using enzymes use this cofactor.</figcaption></figure> Molybdate is transported in the body as MoO42−.<a href="#cite_note-IMOAoverview-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_metabolism_and_deficiency">Human metabolism and deficiency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Human metabolism and deficiency">edit</a>]</div> Molybdenum is an essential trace <a href="/wiki/Dietary_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary element">dietary element</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Four mammalian Mo-dependent enzymes are known, all of them harboring a <a href="/wiki/Pterin" title="Pterin">pterin</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Molybdopterin" title="Molybdopterin">molybdenum cofactor</a> (Moco) in their active site: <a href="/wiki/Sulfite_oxidase" title="Sulfite oxidase">sulfite oxidase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase" title="Xanthine oxidase">xanthine oxidoreductase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_oxidase" title="Aldehyde oxidase">aldehyde oxidase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_amidoxime_reducing_component_1" title="Mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component 1">mitochondrial amidoxime reductase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> People severely deficient in molybdenum have poorly functioning sulfite oxidase and are prone to toxic reactions to sulfites in foods.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The human body contains about 0.07 mg of molybdenum per kilogram of body weight,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> with higher concentrations in the liver and kidneys and lower in the vertebrae.<a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-52">[52]</a> Molybdenum is also present within human <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">tooth enamel</a> and may help prevent its decay.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Acute toxicity has not been seen in humans, and the toxicity depends strongly on the chemical state. Studies on rats show a <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a> (LD50) as low as 180 mg/kg for some Mo compounds.<a href="#cite_note-ORNL-100">[100]</a> Although human toxicity data is unavailable, animal studies have shown that chronic ingestion of more than 10 mg/day of molybdenum can cause diarrhea, growth retardation, <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a>, low birth weight, and <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>; it can also affect the lungs, kidneys, and liver.<a href="#cite_note-Coug-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_tungstate" title="Sodium tungstate">Sodium tungstate</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Competitive_inhibition" title="Competitive inhibition">competitive inhibitor</a> of molybdenum. Dietary tungsten reduces the concentration of molybdenum in tissues.<a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-52">[52]</a> Low soil concentration of molybdenum in a geographical band from northern China to Iran results in a general dietary <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_deficiency" title="Molybdenum deficiency">molybdenum deficiency</a> and is associated with increased rates of <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">esophageal cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Compared to the United States, which has a greater supply of molybdenum in the soil, people living in those areas have about 16 times greater risk for <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">esophageal</a> <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">squamous cell carcinoma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Molybdenum deficiency has also been reported as a consequence of non-molybdenum supplemented <a href="/wiki/Total_parenteral_nutrition" class="mw-redirect" title="Total parenteral nutrition">total parenteral nutrition</a> (complete intravenous feeding) for long periods of time. It results in high blood levels of <a href="/wiki/Sulfite" title="Sulfite">sulfite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urate" class="mw-redirect" title="Urate">urate</a>, in much the same way as <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_cofactor_deficiency" title="Molybdenum cofactor deficiency">molybdenum cofactor deficiency</a>. Since pure molybdenum deficiency from this cause occurs primarily in adults, the neurological consequences are not as marked as in cases of congenital cofactor deficiency.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> A congenital <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_cofactor_deficiency" title="Molybdenum cofactor deficiency">molybdenum cofactor deficiency</a> disease, seen in infants, is an inability to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Molybdopterin" title="Molybdopterin">molybdenum cofactor</a>, the heterocyclic molecule discussed above that binds molybdenum at the active site in all known human enzymes that use molybdenum. The resulting deficiency results in high levels of <a href="/wiki/Sulfite" title="Sulfite">sulfite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urate" class="mw-redirect" title="Urate">urate</a>, and neurological damage.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excretion">Excretion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Excretion">edit</a>]</div> Most molybdenum is excreted from the human body as molybdate in the urine. Furthermore, urinary excretion of molybdenum increases as dietary molybdenum intake increases. Small amounts of molybdenum are excreted from the body in the feces by way of the bile; small amounts also can be lost in sweat and in hair.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excess_and_copper_antagonism">Excess and copper antagonism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Excess and copper antagonism">edit</a>]</div> High levels of molybdenum can interfere with the body's uptake of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, producing <a href="/wiki/Copper_deficiency" title="Copper deficiency">copper deficiency</a>. Molybdenum prevents plasma proteins from binding to copper, and it also increases the amount of copper that is excreted in <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminants</a> that consume high levels of molybdenum suffer from <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, stunted growth, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_hair_color#Aging_or_achromotrichia" title="Human hair color">achromotrichia</a> (loss of fur pigment). These symptoms can be alleviated by copper supplements, either dietary and injection.<a href="#cite_note-suttle-112">[112]</a> The effective copper deficiency can be aggravated by excess <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Copper reduction or deficiency can also be deliberately induced for therapeutic purposes by the compound <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_tetrathiomolybdate" title="Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate">ammonium tetrathiomolybdate</a>, in which the bright red anion tetrathiomolybdate is the copper-chelating agent. Tetrathiomolybdate was first used therapeutically in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Copper_toxicosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper toxicosis">copper toxicosis</a> in animals. It was then introduced as a treatment in <a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_disease" title="Wilson's disease">Wilson's disease</a>, a hereditary copper metabolism disorder in humans; it acts both by competing with copper absorption in the bowel and by increasing excretion. It has also been found to have an inhibitory effect on <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">angiogenesis</a>, potentially by inhibiting the membrane translocation process that is dependent on copper ions.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> This is a promising avenue for investigation of treatments for <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Age-related_macular_degeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Age-related macular degeneration">age-related macular degeneration</a>, and other diseases that involve a pathologic proliferation of blood vessels.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In some grazing livestock, most strongly in cattle, molybdenum excess in the soil of pasturage can produce scours (<a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>) if the pH of the soil is neutral to alkaline; see <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/teart#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:teart">teartness</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammography">Mammography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mammography">edit</a>]</div> Molybdenum targets are used in mammography because they produce X-rays in the energy range of 17-20 keV, which is optimal for imaging soft tissues like the breast.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The characteristic X-rays emitted from molybdenum provide high contrast between different types of tissues, allowing for the effective visualization of microcalcifications and other subtle abnormalities in breast tissue.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> This energy range also minimizes radiation dose while maximizing image quality, making molybdenum targets particularly suitable for breast cancer screening.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dietary_recommendations">Dietary recommendations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dietary recommendations">edit</a>]</div> In 2000, the then U.S. Institute of Medicine (now the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a>, NAM) updated its Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for molybdenum. If there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated <a href="/wiki/Adequate_Intake" class="mw-redirect" title="Adequate Intake">Adequate Intake</a> (AI) is used instead. An AI of 2 <a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">micrograms</a> (μg) of molybdenum per day was established for infants up to 6 months of age, and 3 μg/day from 7 to 12 months of age, both for males and females. For older children and adults, the following daily RDAs have been established for molybdenum: 17 μg from 1 to 3 years of age, 22 μg from 4 to 8 years, 34 μg from 9 to 13 years, 43 μg from 14 to 18 years, and 45 μg for persons 19 years old and older. All these RDAs are valid for both sexes. <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">lactating</a> females from 14 to 50 years of age have a higher daily RDA of 50 μg of molybdenum. As for safety, the NAM sets <a href="/wiki/Tolerable_upper_intake_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerable upper intake level">tolerable upper intake levels</a> (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of molybdenum, the UL is 2000 μg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Dietary Reference Intakes</a> (DRIs).<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For women and men ages 15 and older, the AI is set at 65 μg/day. Pregnant and lactating women have the same AI. For children aged 1–14 years, the AIs increase with age from 15 to 45 μg/day. The adult AIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> but on the other hand, the European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and set its UL at 600 μg/day, which is much lower than the U.S. value.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labeling">Labeling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Labeling">edit</a>]</div> For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For molybdenum labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 75 μg, but as of May 27, 2016 it was revised to 45 μg.<a href="#cite_note-FedReg-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">Reference Daily Intake</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_sources">Food sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Food sources">edit</a>]</div> Average daily intake varies between 120 and 240 μg/day, which is higher than dietary recommendations.<a href="#cite_note-Coug-101">[101]</a> Pork, lamb, and beef <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> each have approximately 1.5 parts per million of molybdenum. Other significant dietary sources include green beans, eggs, sunflower seeds, wheat flour, lentils, cucumbers, and cereal grain.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Precautions">edit</a>]</div> Molybdenum dusts and fumes, generated by mining or metalworking, can be toxic, especially if ingested (including dust trapped in the <a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">sinuses</a> and later swallowed).<a href="#cite_note-ORNL-100">[100]</a> Low levels of prolonged exposure can cause irritation to the eyes and skin. Direct inhalation or ingestion of molybdenum and its oxides should be avoided.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a> regulations specify the maximum permissible molybdenum exposure in an 8-hour day as 5 mg/m3. Chronic exposure to 60 to 600 mg/m3 can cause symptoms including fatigue, headaches and joint pains.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> At levels of 5000 mg/m3, molybdenum is <a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">immediately dangerous to life and health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_molybdenum_mines" title="List of molybdenum mines">List of molybdenum mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_mining_in_the_United_States" title="Molybdenum mining in the United States">Molybdenum mining in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/molybdenum.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Molybdenum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Molybdenum&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fmolybdenum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Mo(–4) occurs in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>Na4Mo(CO)4; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2003" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2- to [Hf(CO)6]2- and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom030105l">10.1021/om030105l</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.atitle=Metal+Carbonyl+Anions%3A%E2%80%89+from+%5BFe%28CO%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E-%3C%2Fsup%3E+to+%5BHf%28CO%29%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E-%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Beyond%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=3322-3338&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fom030105l&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Mo(0) occurs in <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_hexacarbonyl" title="Molybdenum hexacarbonyl">molybdenum hexacarbonyl</a>; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2003" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2003). "Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2- to [Hf(CO)6]2- and Beyond†". Organometallics. 22 (17): 3322–3338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fom030105l">10.1021/om030105l</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organometallics&rft.atitle=Metal+Carbonyl+Anions%3A%E2%80%89+from+%5BFe%28CO%29%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E-%3C%2Fsup%3E+to+%5BHf%28CO%29%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%5D%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E-%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Beyond%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=3322-3338&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fom030105l&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindemann,_A.Blumm,_J.2009" class="citation book cs1">Lindemann, A.; Blumm, J. (2009). Measurement of the Thermophysical Properties of Pure Molybdenum. Vol. 3. 17th <a href="/wiki/PLANSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLANSEE">Plansee</a> Seminar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Measurement+of+the+Thermophysical+Properties+of+Pure+Molybdenum&rft.pub=17th+Plansee+Seminar&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Lindemann%2C+A.&rft.au=Blumm%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide,_D._R.2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110303222309%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). 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Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 420–441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F10026">10.17226/10026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-07279-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-07279-3"><bdi>978-0-309-07279-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25057538">25057538</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44243659">44243659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Molybdenum&rft.btitle=Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Vitamin+A%2C+Vitamin+K%2C+Arsenic%2C+Boron%2C+Chromium%2C+Copper%2C+Iodine%2C+Iron%2C+Manganese%2C+Molybdenum%2C+Nickel%2C+Silicon%2C+Vanadium%2C+and+Zinc&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=420-441&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F10026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44243659%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25057538&rft.isbn=978-0-309-07279-3&rft.au=Institute+of+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F10026%2Fchapter%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828082247/https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf">"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"</a> (PDF). 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2017-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+on+Dietary+Reference+Values+for+the+EU+population+as+derived+by+the+EFSA+Panel+on+Dietetic+Products%2C+Nutrition+and+Allergies&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.efsa.europa.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2FDRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316225123/http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf">Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals</a> (PDF), European Food Safety Authority, 2006, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/efsa_rep/blobserver_assets/ndatolerableuil.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2016-03-16, retrieved 2017-09-10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolerable+Upper+Intake+Levels+For+Vitamins+And+Minerals&rft.pub=European+Food+Safety+Authority&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efsa.europa.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fefsa_rep%2Fblobserver_assets%2Fndatolerableuil.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FedReg-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FedReg_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf">"Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. FR page 33982"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808164651/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 8, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Register+May+27%2C+2016+Food+Labeling%3A+Revision+of+the+Nutrition+and+Supplement+Facts+Labels.+FR+page+33982.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FFR-2016-05-27%2Fpdf%2F2016-11867.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407073956/https://dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp">"Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)"</a>. Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/dailyvalue.jsp">the original</a> on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dietary+Supplement+Label+Database+%28DSLD%29&rft.atitle=Daily+Value+Reference+of+the+Dietary+Supplement+Label+Database+%28DSLD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsld.nlm.nih.gov%2Fdsld%2Fdailyvalue.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070323103727/http://www.rembar.com/MSDSmo.htm">"Material Safety Data Sheet – Molybdenum"</a>. The REMBAR Company, Inc. 2000-09-19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rembar.com/MSDSmo.htm">the original</a> on March 23, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Material+Safety+Data+Sheet+%E2%80%93+Molybdenum&rft.pub=The+REMBAR+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rembar.com%2FMSDSmo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708132733/http://asp.cerac.com/CatalogNet/default.aspx?p=msdsFile&msds=m000121.htm">"Material Safety Data Sheet – Molybdenum Powder"</a>. CERAC, Inc. 1994-02-23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asp.cerac.com/CatalogNet/default.aspx?p=msdsFile&msds=m000121.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2007-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Material+Safety+Data+Sheet+%E2%80%93+Molybdenum+Powder&rft.pub=CERAC%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1994-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasp.cerac.com%2FCatalogNet%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fp%3DmsdsFile%26msds%3Dm000121.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/moly-mo.html">"NIOSH Documentation for IDLHs Molybdenum"</a>. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1996-08-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807130614/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/moly-mo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2007-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NIOSH+Documentation+for+IDLHs+Molybdenum&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health&rft.date=1996-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fidlh%2Fmoly-mo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0433.html">"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Molybdenum"</a>. www.cdc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120130010/http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0433.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-20. Retrieved 2015-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=CDC+%E2%80%93+NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards+%E2%80%93+Molybdenum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0433.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="gcandida-molibdeno" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_o_CjRnWqSNgC/page/n0">Lettera di Giulio Candida al signor Vincenzo Petagna – Sulla formazione del molibdeno</a>. Naples: Giuseppe Maria Porcelli. 1785.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lettera+di+Giulio+Candida+al+signor+Vincenzo+Petagna+%E2%80%93+Sulla+formazione+del+molibdeno&rft.place=Naples&rft.pub=Giuseppe+Maria+Porcelli&rft.date=1785&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_o_CjRnWqSNgC%2Fpage%2Fn0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolybdenum" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/042.htm">Molybdenum</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mineral-exploration.com/publications.htm">Mineral & Exploration</a> – Map of World Molybdenum Producers 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=td4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA63">"Mining A Mountain" Popular Mechanics, July 1935 pp. 63–64</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imoa.info/">Site for global molybdenum info</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0433.html">CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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(navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molybdenum_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molybdenum_compounds" title="Template:Molybdenum compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molybdenum_compounds" title="Template talk:Molybdenum compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molybdenum_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molybdenum compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molybdenum_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum compounds">Molybdenum compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mo(0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_hexacarbonyl" title="Molybdenum hexacarbonyl">Mo(CO)6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimolybdenum_phosphide" title="Trimolybdenum phosphide">Mo3P</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mo(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(II)_bromide" title="Molybdenum(II) bromide">MoBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(II)_chloride" title="Molybdenum(II) chloride">MoCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(II)_iodide" title="Molybdenum(II) iodide">MoI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_disilicide" title="Molybdenum disilicide">MoSi2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mo(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(III)_bromide" title="Molybdenum(III) bromide">MoBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(III)_chloride" title="Molybdenum(III) chloride">MoCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(III)_iodide" title="Molybdenum(III) iodide">MoI3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum(III)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molybdenum(III) oxide (page does not exist)">Mo2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexa(tert-butoxy)dimolybdenum(III)" title="Hexa(tert-butoxy)dimolybdenum(III)">Mo2(OtBu)6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_monophosphide" title="Molybdenum monophosphide">MoP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mo(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(IV)_bromide" title="Molybdenum(IV) bromide">MoBr4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_tetrachloride" title="Molybdenum tetrachloride">MoCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(IV)_fluoride" title="Molybdenum(IV) fluoride">MoF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_dioxide" title="Molybdenum dioxide">MoO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_disulfide" title="Molybdenum disulfide">MoS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_diselenide" title="Molybdenum diselenide">MoSe2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_ditelluride" title="Molybdenum ditelluride">MoTe2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_diphosphide" title="Molybdenum diphosphide">MoP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_diarsenide" title="Molybdenum diarsenide">MoAs2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mo(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(V)_chloride" title="Molybdenum(V) chloride">MoCl5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(V)_fluoride" title="Molybdenum(V) fluoride">MoF5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum(V)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molybdenum(V) oxide (page does not exist)">Mo2O5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mo(VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molybdate" title="Molybdate">Molybdates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdic_acid" title="Molybdic acid">Molybdic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_trioxide" title="Molybdenum trioxide">MoO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum(VI)_chloride" title="Molybdenum(VI) chloride">MoCl6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_oxytetrafluoride" title="Molybdenum oxytetrafluoride">MoOF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_oxytetrachloride" title="Molybdenum oxytetrachloride">MoOCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_difluoride_dioxide" title="Molybdenum difluoride dioxide">MoF2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_dichloride_dioxide" title="Molybdenum dichloride dioxide">MoO2Cl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_hexafluoride" title="Molybdenum hexafluoride">MoF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_trisulfide" title="Molybdenum trisulfide">MoS3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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