CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html id="taxonomyScTemplate_1-0" class="comp taxonomyScTemplate html mntl-html no-js taxlevel-4" data-ab="99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,99,77" data-mm-ads-resource-version="1.2.155" data-reference-resource-version="4.19.0" data-mm-video-resource-version="1.4.10" data-mantle-resource-version="4.0.744" lang="en" data-tracking-container="true" data-resource-version="4.19.0"> <head class="loc head"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//js-sec.indexww.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//c.amazon-adsystem.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net"> <link rel="dnsprefetch" href="//www.google-analytics.com"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large, NOODP, NOYDIR" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-legal-system-4133018" /> <title>The U.S. Legal System</title> <meta name="description" content="Court interpretations and decisions define the scope of the rights conferred by the Constitution. Learn how the Supreme Court interprets the Constitution and discover thoughtful resources on topics like equal rights, gun control, and many others." itemprop="description"> <meta name="emailvertical" content="THOUGHTCO" /> <meta name="sailthru.tags" content="humanities,issues,us-government,us-legal-system" />  <meta itemprop="name" content="The U.S. Legal System" /> <meta property="article:section" content="ThoughtCo" />  <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="ThoughtCo" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-legal-system-4133018" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The U.S. Legal System" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Court interpretations and decisions define the scope of the rights conferred by the Constitution. Learn how the Supreme Court interprets the Constitution and discover thoughtful resources on topics like equal rights, gun control, and many others." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/WjSg5aGyHogR9T18eCi4vdFEwj0=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/thoughtCo_pin_img_default-58a21e1638e9b32984d5b865.png" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://www.facebook.com/thoughtcodotcom/" />  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@thoughtcocom" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="The U.S. Legal System" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Court interpretations and decisions define the scope of the rights conferred by the Constitution. Learn how the Supreme Court interprets the Constitution and discover thoughtful resources on topics like equal rights, gun control, and many others." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/WjSg5aGyHogR9T18eCi4vdFEwj0=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/thoughtCo_pin_img_default-58a21e1638e9b32984d5b865.png" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://feeds-api.dotdashmeredith.com/v1/rss/google/e5bf8ae1-a904-434a-842c-3487c2b4e7c2"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" data-glb-css="top" href="/static/4.19.0/cache/eNqVVet6pCAMfaHy-RD9uy8RIWoqJrOAs9O3Xy521A5V-0eScE444RIbHyCQbibgYLHR3jcpgm_N6wRN0KO6WdA4iDXoaqAJHRkCbogNPp6IPAXEa0CmmzBy8A0Y31iEmLAVcOYl64oco7JH-dYSlWmHHTpkjWoPnMTMFv2W4ICsupNByQKzdYRvwS97pFVU_VMx26nXIv6R6TGOLIE60hElrFpgRle2GRfvQo4BqR_C-wDc4x_yAVOSWrAmtbfSgo3wtPXLUMMx3KnPMhs_0k1Z4nG1aoxO3BTzp4XBKo_g9PDNPVmoqFExsjFPON1srdcOkTNv755wWxdX0W6eWr-1d_c3VRtL9uHgYPIbyeieupM1tXAAHbLYjX3C-pin5Qie1oGe5Yw7kRDPuAwHd6GOe027vRKiKZ5qLiK9jKd7dpVWXoVzuGSRVw75af6KmnbN75xrdCPBgB_UzHRH5xf91Wit_NaKHtOrdaJS2MZ2tXWuiTi9q_X9vkmwqTGs1u8ZqlRwnRiATezp6kqGZXfyUL5Hvdj_ncF9_bFIj5-qRK5y9uAtCHWqIrZxF2cs5ie_c2qsFF-0F8JqHi4S4CEs02ch7bxLf6IuXhtqozAwR_jN_7X0stX_D7oqFqs.min.css"></link> <style type="text/css"> </style> <script type="text/javascript" data-glb-js="top" src="/static/4.19.0/cache/eNp9klFuwyAMQC80xB0mTfudplyAGIe6ITjCplN6-pKoW9OJRgoR8B5gbKyoUwI7uaQRLfA0c8KkYqNbuKg9S_0MnBDGN_ssn1fpughdsRqcBgr_lfsoUi_POiXFLAhKnFr7svPoGwCYR0JpkKIUSdtsSOYIe54OuWYHI6VwKF0wec5WT5m1TjWMqXZMn9GNM9f7PzapLOOAGRPg6zN2tQHJw_ZrnDKXXkr_AOxLxC3739372l6h7Za183HBfXC7-N3SY2v151e3thZSlwPqmjtxA0YSbVkCxnlpkYw1moLdvQJ_yi4ZdeVqhllb2XABzYXw5yCbQaftaUWC0fzW-gbF6ipd.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.Mntl = window.Mntl || {}; window.Mntl.csrf = window.Mntl.csrf || window.Mntl.csrfInit('a3063749176818308045921f4e17233c', false);window.Mntl = window.Mntl || {}; Mntl.RTB = Mntl.RTB || {}; Mntl.RTB.setUseConsentManagement(false); Mntl.RTB.setUseLiveRamp(true); Mntl.RTB.setUseLiveIntentSignedInUser(true); Mntl.RTB.setUseGDPREnforcement(false); Mntl.RTB.setUseCommerceAndShoppingAPSTag(false); Mntl.RTB.setUseAmazonNcaHookTest(false); Mntl.RTB.setUserIdAuctionDelay(400); Mntl.RTB.setTaxonomyStampValues({"tax1":"tho_humanities","tax2":"tho_issues","tax0":"tho_root","tax3":"tho_us-government","tax4":"tho_us-legal-system"}); Mntl.RTB.setTimeoutLength([500,800]); Mntl.RTB.Plugins.amazon.amazonConfigs = {"mapTaxValues":{"tax1":"tho_humanities","tax2":"tho_issues","si_section":"tho_issues","tax0":"tho_root","tax3":"tho_us-government"},"amazonSlotName":false,"mapFBValues":{"billboard2":"287662961980198_287667961979698","billboard6":"287662961980198_287667961979698","adunitid":"mapFBID","billboard5":"287662961980198_287667961979698","billboard4":"287662961980198_287667961979698","billboard3":"287662961980198_287667961979698","leaderboard2":"287662961980198_287667635313064","billboard7":"287662961980198_287667961979698","video":"287662961980198_287667961979698","billboard":"287662961980198_287667961979698","leaderboardac":"287662961980198_287667961979698","leaderboard":"287662961980198_287668258646335","default":"287662961980198_287667961979698","leaderboardfooter2":"287662961980198_287667961979698","native":"287662961980198_287667961979698","leaderboardfooter":"287662961980198_287667635313064"},"amazonSection":"The U. S. Government"}; Mntl.RTB.Plugins.prebid.setPriceGranularity({"buckets":[{"max":"20","increment":"0.05"},{"max":"70","increment":"1"}]}); Mntl.RTB.initVideoBidders([{ type: 'amazon', id: '3222' }, { type: 'prebid', id: 'true' } ]); Mntl.RTB.initDisplayAndOutstreamBidders([{ type: "amazon", id: '3222'},{ type: "msg", id: 'true'},{ type: "prebid", id: 'true'},{ type: "liveConnect", id: 'b-01jb'}]); Mntl.RTB.Plugins.prebid.setConfig({"square-fixed\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442664,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482890,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515221","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_square-fixed_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324010","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830375","type":"display"}}],"leaderboard-fixed\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442654,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482885,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515375","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboard-fixed_728x90_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324000","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830371","type":"display"}}],"square-fixed-replies\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":3601290,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":34330401,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"6389437","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"thoughtco_square-fixed-replies_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561381983","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"1146794","type":"display"}}],"preroll":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"type":"instream","supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"type":"instream","networkId":7764}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"type":"instream","zoneId":2442674,"accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"type":"instream","placementId":25482895}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"type":"instream","adSlot":"4515226","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"type":"instream","unit":"561365587","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"type":"instream","siteId":"830386"}}],"square-flex\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442672,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482894,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515225","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_square-flex_300x600_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324012","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830381","type":"display"}}],"square-fixed-comments\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":3546588,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":34080851,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"6234514","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"thoughtco_square-fixed-comments_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324013","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"1137158","type":"display"}}],"global":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":7499,"siteId":426884,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"publisherId":"158139","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net","type":"display"}}],"leaderboardac\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442662,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482889,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515220","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboardac_728x90_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324006","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830377","type":"display"}}],"leaderboardfooter-flex\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442654,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482885,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4632121","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboardfooter-flex_970x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324008","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830371","type":"display"}}],"leaderboard-flex\/tier1":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442662,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482889,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515220","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboard-flex_970x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324003","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830377","type":"display"}}]}); Mntl.RTB.Plugins.prebid.setSrc('/cache/eNqdls1u2zAMx19oQbC9QbalRYEFK_p1l0XGZSOLAkW58Z5-TLrttIOpk2Xh_yNlUiS9rRqU4nZiaAnrdmgZLs-3ui2CA4EtgKr-edtEFvy0XQuJwuGqWY8EKAwOeUr8votKMylhdYBadzmkxcR1B6Eoyno4cq6Y9RByGHGy1Xr0mBBGvGG5LQ4qCinyHTwuVXFazwEObRwpjw7kWHbwiDKjvBAgrydHKLLPR5bojAmF-qBwLzybQ0caTJ2VdPlB-eSPTaIZ77KaCT9bQijkkZN0OLm-faTiK4H7lhahiDeJWRx1UV-DIPgP2zIdqQusaLFxFG4pGc-t9kTko4x6SDp3ZaAN00XZw0obyPpMD6oKXZhQSZjoqD00F8xdQYqvLZ-cgyUKmnDGjWC2loGyse2SwuI47_CGUW9bEM_l6x8ZU3F00qLPSslRtrGJhSIuXuwae2c3q_QLnX4awec9gY_44iNYdPjG2Zqlr0aHuj_bFKhkQ90xJnkKlH-aN7Ex9MQPzPr9urfexgmXdxbPN_5tfj1p9jSCkKvN8ek-SJjczoLiyLI8XawkYzgf7Nyun5Am6f9e_yn3Z4ztYvs3YB4exg.js'); Mntl.RTB.Plugins.prebid.setUserIdConfig({"liveIntentPublisherId":"79925"}); Mntl.RTB.AdConfigs = Mntl.RTB.AdConfigs || {}; Mntl.RTB.AdConfigs.rawConfig = {"slots":{"square-fixed-replies\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":3601290,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":34330401,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"6389437","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"thoughtco_square-fixed-replies_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561381983","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"1146794","type":"display"}}]},"leaderboard-fixed\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442654,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482885,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515375","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboard-fixed_728x90_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324000","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830371","type":"display"}}]},"square-fixed\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442664,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482890,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515221","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_square-fixed_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324010","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830375","type":"display"}}]},"leaderboard-flex\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442662,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482889,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515220","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboard-flex_970x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324003","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830377","type":"display"}}]},"preroll":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"type":"instream","supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"type":"instream","networkId":7764}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"type":"instream","zoneId":2442674,"accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"type":"instream","placementId":25482895}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"type":"instream","adSlot":"4515226","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"type":"instream","unit":"561365587","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"type":"instream","siteId":"830386"}}]},"square-flex\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442672,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482894,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515225","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_square-flex_300x600_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324012","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830381","type":"display"}}]},"leaderboardfooter-flex\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442654,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482885,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4632121","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboardfooter-flex_970x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324008","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830371","type":"display"}}]},"square-fixed-comments\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":3546588,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":34080851,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"6234514","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"thoughtco_square-fixed-comments_300x250_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324013","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"1137158","type":"display"}}]},"leaderboardac\/tier1":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"zoneId":2442662,"type":"display","accountId":7499,"siteId":426884}},{"bidder":"appnexus","params":{"placementId":25482889,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"adSlot":"4515220","type":"display","publisherId":"158139"}},{"bidder":"triplelift","params":{"inventoryCode":"ThoughtCo_leaderboardac_728x90_pbc2s","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"unit":"561324006","type":"display","delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net"}},{"bidder":"ix","params":{"siteId":"830377","type":"display"}}]}},"default":{"prebid":[{"bidder":"ttd","params":{"supplySourceId":"dotdash","publisherId":"1","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"rubicon","params":{"accountId":7499,"siteId":426884,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"criteo","params":{"networkId":7764,"type":"display"}},{"bidder":"pubmatic","params":{"publisherId":"158139","type":"display"}},{"bidder":"openx","params":{"delDomain":"meredith-d.openx.net","type":"display"}}],"prebidModules":["prebid-core.js","rtdModule.js","adpod.js","allowActivities.js","atsAnalyticsAdapter.js","consentManagement.js","fledgeForGpt.js","criteoIdSystem.js","debugging.js","dfpAdServerVideo.js","gdprEnforcement.js","iasRtdProvider.js","identityLinkIdSystem.js","liveIntentIdSystem.js","paapi.js","pairIdSystem.js","prebidServerBidAdapter.js","priceFloors.js","sharedIdSystem.js","unifiedIdSystem.js","userId.js","appnexusBidAdapter.js","criteoBidAdapter.js","ixBidAdapter.js","pubmaticBidAdapter.js","rubiconBidAdapter.js","ttdBidAdapter.js","tripleliftBidAdapter.js","openxBidAdapter.js"]},"ab":[]}; console.log('✅ Libra is loaded!'); Mntl.RTB.setLatencyBuffer(0); (function(){ const mantleDependencies = { } ; const pageTargeting = { customSeries: '' ,abtest: 'lcid1' ,tax0: 'tho' ,rid: 'n4d517b3195244d729a791d1bd3e788cf05' ,custom: '' ,sid: 'n4d517b3195244d729a791d1bd3e788cf05' } ; const baseSlotTargeting = { gtemplate: 'category' ,leaid: '156569' ,revenueGroup: '' ,docId: '4133018' ,viewtype: 'taxonomy' ,type: 'category' ,tax1: 'tho_humanities' ,tax2: 'tho_issues' ,t: '104' ,au: '156569' ,tier: 'L' ,jny: '0' ,leuid: '151378030080892' ,sbj: 'pidtho_us-legal-system' ,id: '4133018' ,aid: '' ,tax3: 'tho_us-government' ,jnyroot: '' ,tax4: 'tho_us-legal-system' } ; const adLazyOffset = {'mob-square-fixed-intro-1': 750}; pageTargeting.w = Mntl.utilities.getW(); const initialSlots = []; initialSlots.push({ config: { id: 'square-flex-1', sizes: [[300, 250],[300, 600]], type: 'square', rtb: true, timedRefresh: 0, waitForThirdParty: false }, targeting: Mntl.fnUtilities.deepExtend({}, { pos: 'atf', priority: 2 }) }); const testIds = Mntl.GPT.getTestIds(); pageTargeting.ab = testIds; pageTargeting.bts = testIds; Mntl.utilities.onLoad(function() { Mntl.utilities.loadExternalJS({ src: '//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js', async: false }); }); const options = { domain: 'www.thoughtco.com', templateName: 'taxonomy', isMobile: false, isTablet: false, isDesktop: true, dfpId: '3865', publisherProvidedId: '80c5c726-a129-41ec-9b50-9d77794d9384', singleRequest: false, useLmdFormat: true, useOxygen: true, restrictLeaderboardFlex1HeightAndOverflow: false, prebidConfigApi: false, useInfiniteRightRail: true, fiftyPercentAdRefresh: true, waitForNextFramePaint: false, revenueGroupAllowList: '', lmdSiteCode: 'hlt', pageTargeting, baseSlotTargeting, adLazyOffset, geo: { isInEurope: false, isInUsa: false }, initialSlots, auctionFloors: {"billboard2":{"id":"1552493e0f0844c9aa10ef73ad78a9e4","floor":"5"},"other":{"id":"ade0de584a2a422f99e934cd54b87d52","floor":"50"},"billboard6":{"id":"d9f82edf28e44244a1bb7117f42ac476","floor":"5"},"billboard5":{"id":"b340b93231954f2689e7025e2c0b4d18","floor":"5"},"billboard4":{"id":"7ad9ab485fa5443fa94ccc9bdca0a54c","floor":"5"},"billboard3":{"id":"f3f09dd3fe0147ca8227ab5458eebddb","floor":"5"},"billboard9":{"id":"488a3fee6fac46538f5e3ae6e51fe20e","floor":"5"},"billboard8":{"id":"f026d0eec2024513afe5b28e3319ac0f","floor":"5"},"billboardfooter2":{"id":"311073fb68e74727993cb054fe4430ac","floor":"50"},"billboard7":{"id":"8c88c6ba9f90426e800eff9dd8d0da96","floor":"5"},"leaderboardac":{"id":"1d2472433a85494c9501b140d9a1ad07","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-fixed":{"id":"449b24392f4b4c3a8285e203a64b2e6b","floor":"50"},"billboardfooter":{"id":"bd907afd733c48f185f70915ac74154a","floor":"20"},"leaderboardfooter2":{"id":"b4e76d3c1cf74c1ca3f12ec305e5d477","floor":"20"},"leaderboard-flex-1":{"id":"6330c0d82bd34adda20418fdc163d9a1","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-flex-2":{"id":"69272dabe35b4230a13938af298f75ff","floor":"5"},"square-flex-2":{"id":"c13704bf38e94252aa37db34edaddc9d","floor":"5"},"square-flex-1":{"id":"6fc33fe17f4747dfb36dfebf395636da","floor":"5"},"adhesive":{"id":"64de72640b214667bb8b9619b8b6a19d","floor":"25"},"square-fixed-4":{"id":"d52b7b6757414cb6a7d9885ff4c77b5d","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-3":{"id":"b57dc2458de54ebfac6f1f50477c6b45","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-2":{"id":"37febc1e4b1d446eab0c4fc4c075b0fd","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-fixed-1":{"id":"18efe8595dde4c02997da03ea354f7c0","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-1":{"id":"f35a56c653844a519beacc6324430144","floor":"5"},"square-fixed-8":{"id":"4854e3a5e1df46d6bfd2d35901766c07","floor":"5"},"mob-square-fixed-8":{"id":"f5dd53128a5f45f79b6c0e10ef184775","floor":"20"},"square-fixed-7":{"id":"e6ab8ef52f3d4e8b8ac868affa8e50d3","floor":"5"},"mob-square-fixed-9":{"id":"bb244a8f3dcd4ce9a6dc10f703ec49b3","floor":"50"},"square-fixed-6":{"id":"2aac544603f648878aa881568d11cc09","floor":"5"},"leaderboardfooter-flex-2":{"id":"7c365e41079a42aaa31927e67c8da8e0","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-fixed-5":{"id":"06053e86f93941bda0b0f63ff74c4a36","floor":"20"},"square-fixed-5":{"id":"51cfda109b8746e9beef6c4e88481ac7","floor":"5"},"leaderboardfooter-flex-1":{"id":"0b11b76e67e74a2ebd92efb163f4194b","floor":"5"},"leaderboard-fixed-6":{"id":"814d9f6ea0a04d429c95152f1c83c42a","floor":"20"},"billboard":{"id":"c27504ff7166457ea12d0f4358d106ed","floor":"5"},"leaderboard":{"id":"08c6a6a889904e2781ba965da042d811","floor":"80"},"inline":{"id":"3d5b9b5843474c8c828a468e59265d37","floor":"5"},"square-fixed":{"id":"bab3683523e2411e99eb6ab43b2474af","floor":"5"},"leaderboardfooter":{"id":"0f753592739c47d1b45d66d7c441209b","floor":"20"},"dynamic-inline":{"id":"1fcee3f5892e4e1f8fd090836c51ed8e","floor":"50"},"square-fixed-9":{"id":"c85a0c059c444f8da27205fb620c12e5","floor":"5"},"mob-adhesive-banner-fixed":{"id":"1ae057445ee0474780904de1986d2af8","floor":"5"},"billboard11":{"id":"ae958d6ef4c24b51844f346b2417e7d7","floor":"5"}}, utils: { generateSlotId: Ref.GPT.generateSlotId, buildGptUrl: Ref.GPT.buildGptUrl }, displayOnScroll: false, displayOnConsent: true, adsToCollapse: ['leaderboard*','square*'] }; if (Mntl.AdMetrics) { Mntl.AdMetrics.init("4133018", "n4d517b3195244d729a791d1bd3e788cf05", initialSlots.map(slot => slot.config.id), Date.now()); } else { Mntl.AdMetrics = { pushMetrics: () => {} }; } Mntl.GPT.setMantleDependencies(mantleDependencies); Mntl.GPT.init(options); }());window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; // moved from gtm.ftl so we can initialize GTM only onLoad. From https://support.google.com/tagmanager/answer/6103696?hl=en Mntl.utilities.onLoad(function() { (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;defer=true;j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;j.type="text/javascript";f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f)})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5P3SZGS'); }); window.dataLayer.push({ event: 'ab-proctor', 'abTests-proctor': { "99-0" : "useOxygen | useOxygen | use the Oxygenated ad unit format and slot names | 1" , "99-1" : "vanillaJSLazyAdRecipeSC | active | vanillaLazyAd.js enabled | 1" , "99-2" : "userIdAuctionDelay | ldd | legacy Dotdash domains | 2" , "99-3" : "useFloorSearch | active | Use Floor Search | 1" , "99-4" : "fiftyPercentAdRefresh | active | Ads refresh when 50% in view | 1" , "99-5" : "continuousScrollMobSquareFlexOffset | active | Adds offset to mob-square-fixed-1 ad on CS articles | 1" , "99-6" : "recipescDesktopAdRefresh | active | active, right rail ads timed refresh active | 1" , "99-7" : "gamVideoUsePlcmt | active | Pass plcmt | 1" , "99-8" : "liveIntentConnectedIdTest | control | LiveIntent ConnectedID is enabled | 0" , "99-9" : "prebidConfigApi | active | Ad Config API is enabled | 1" , "99-10" : "useDynamicVideoSizes | active | active | 1" , "99-11" : "rtbTracking | control | | 0" , "99-12" : "prebidVideoUsePlcmt | active | Pass plcmt | 1" , "99-13" : "useLiveIntentSignedInUser | active | active | 1" , "99-14" : "removeAdTiers | active | active | 1" , "99-15" : "useLiveRamp | active | active | 1" , "77" : "fetchPriority | control | control | 0" } }); window.dataLayer.push({ envData: { environment: { environment: "k8s-prod", application: "reference", dataCenter: "us-west-1" }, server: { version: "4.19.0", title: "reference-launcher" }, client : { browserUA: navigator.userAgent, serverUA: "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0; SLCC1; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.0.04506; .NET CLR 3.5.21022; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)", deviceType: "pc", usStateCode: "" }, mantle: "4.0.744", commerce: "" } }); (function(fnUtils, CMP) { const deferLoadTime = 5000; const readyForThirdPartyTrackingEvent = new CustomEvent('readyForThirdPartyTracking', { bubbles: true }); const readyForThirdPartyTracking = fnUtils.once(function() { window.dataLayer.push({event: 'readyForThirdPartyTracking'}); window.dispatchEvent(readyForThirdPartyTrackingEvent); }); const readyForDeferredScriptsEvent = new CustomEvent('readyForDeferredScripts', { bubbles: true }); const readyForDeferredScripts = fnUtils.once(function() { window.dataLayer.push({event: 'readyForDeferredScripts'}); window.dispatchEvent(readyForDeferredScriptsEvent); }); const hasTargetingConsentHandler = function() { const hasConsent = CMP.hasTargetingConsent(); if (hasConsent) { readyForThirdPartyTracking(); } // Trigger the readyForDeferredScripts if consent is given // or if the user has closed the banner(AlertBox) which exists for EU // or if the user optin consent is not required, which applies for non gdpr locations if (hasConsent || CMP.isAlertBoxClosed() || !CMP.isOptInConsent()) { readyForDeferredScripts(); } return hasConsent; }; const purposeOneConsentHandler = async function() { const hasPurposeOneConsent = await CMP.hasPurposeOneConsent(); if (hasPurposeOneConsent) { readyForThirdPartyTracking(); } if (hasPurposeOneConsent || CMP.isAlertBoxClosed()) { readyForDeferredScripts(); } return hasPurposeOneConsent; }; const onRequiredDomEvent = fnUtils.once(function() { if (!CMP) { readyForThirdPartyTracking(); readyForDeferredScripts(); return; } const handler = CMP.supportsTCData() ? purposeOneConsentHandler : hasTargetingConsentHandler; if (!CMP.isLoading()) { handler(); } CMP.onConsentChange(handler); }); [ ['adRendered', onRequiredDomEvent], ['beforeunload', onRequiredDomEvent], ['load', function() { setTimeout(onRequiredDomEvent, deferLoadTime); }] ].forEach(function(event) { window.addEventListener(event[0], event[1], { once: true }); }); })(Mntl.fnUtilities || {}, Mntl.CMP);window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; (function() { var isContinuousScroll = document.querySelector('.mntl-continuous-scroll'); var pageViewDataAsJSON = {"country":"HK","title":"The U.S. Legal System" || document.title || '',"contentGroup":"Other","revenueGroup":"","documentId":4133018,"templateName":"TAXONOMY","authorId":"156569","viewType":"TAXONOMY","authorNames":"Staff Author","templateId":"104","muid":"80c5c726-a129-41ec-9b50-9d77794d9384","lastEditingAuthorId":"156569","lastEditingUserId":"151378030080892","fullUrl":"https://www.thoughtco.com/us-legal-system-4133018" + location.hash,"experienceType":"single page","entryType":"direct","excludeFromComscore":false,"internalSessionId":"n4d517b3195244d729a791d1bd3e788cf05","internalRequestId":"n4d517b3195244d729a791d1bd3e788cf05","hid":"","experienceTypeName":"","recircDocIdsFooter":"","euTrafficFlag":false,"isGoogleBot":false,"mantleVersion":"4.0.744","commerceVersion":"","primaryTaxonomyIds":"4122478|4133358|4133022|4133021|4133018","primaryTaxonomyNames":"ThoughtCo|Humanities|Issues|The U. S. Government|U.S. Legal System","description":"Court interpretations and decisions define the scope of the rights conferred by the Constitution. Learn how the Supreme Court interprets the Constitution and discover thoughtful resources on topics like equal rights, gun control, and many others."}; var scrolledPageData = {}; var scrolledDocOrdinal; var scrolledPage; pageViewDataAsJSON.breakpointName = Ref.utilities.getW(); pageViewDataAsJSON.bounceExchangeId = 2473; if (isContinuousScroll) { pageViewDataAsJSON.experienceTypeName = 'continuous'; if (window.dataLayer && window.dataLayer.length) { //loop through events and collect previous scrolledDocOrdinal and scrolledPage values scrolledPageData = window.dataLayer.reduce( (acc, curr) => { if (curr.event == 'unifiedPageview') { acc.scrolledDocOrdinal = acc.scrolledDocOrdinal ? acc.scrolledDocOrdinal + 1 : 1; acc.scrolledPage = acc.scrolledPage ? acc.scrolledPage + " | " + (curr.documentId).toString() : (curr.documentId).toString(); } return acc; }, {}); } scrolledPage = scrolledPageData.scrolledPage ? scrolledPageData.scrolledPage + ' | ' + (pageViewDataAsJSON.documentId).toString() : (pageViewDataAsJSON.documentId).toString(); scrolledDocOrdinal = scrolledPageData.scrolledDocOrdinal ? scrolledPageData.scrolledDocOrdinal + 1 : 1; pageViewDataAsJSON.scrolledPage = scrolledPage; pageViewDataAsJSON.scrolledDocOrdinal = scrolledDocOrdinal; } Mntl.utilities.onLoad(function() { Mntl.PageView.init(pageViewDataAsJSON); }); })();</script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/favicon.ico"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#F4F4F4"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/static/4.19.0/icons/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="/static/4.19.0/icons/favicons/mstile-70x70.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="/static/4.19.0/icons/favicons/mstile-150x150.png"> <meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="/static/4.19.0/icons/favicons/mstile-310x310.png"> <meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="/static/4.19.0/icons/favicons/mstile-310x150.png"> <div id="ie-notification-banner_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner mntl-block"><div id="ie-notification-banner__content_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner__content mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><svg class="icon icon-alert ie-notification-banner__icon-alert" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-alert" href="#icon-alert"></use> </svg> <div id="ie-notification-banner__text-container_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner__text-container mntl-block"><span id="ie-notification-banner__text--bold_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner__text--bold mntl-text-block">Your web browser (Internet Explorer 7) is out of date. </span> <span id="ie-notification-banner__text_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner__text mntl-text-block">Update your browser for more security, speed, and the best experience on this site.</span></div> <a href="https://www.google.com/chrome" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" id="ie-notification-banner__btn-update_1-0" class="ie-notification-banner__btn-update mntl-text-link ie-notification-banner__btn" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Update Browser</span></a> <button id="ie-notification-banner__btn-close_1-0" class="comp ie-notification-banner__btn-close mntl-button ie-js-banner-dismiss ie-notification-banner__btn"> Ignore </button></div></div> <script id="schema-unified_1-0" class="comp schema-unified mntl-schema-unified" type="application/ld+json">[ { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": ["ItemList"] ,"itemListElement":[ { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 1 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/administrative-law-definition-and-examples-6822925" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 2 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/statutory-law-definition-and-examples-6504056" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 3 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/jury-nullification-definition-and-examples-6504038" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 4 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/biography-of-oliver-wendell-holmes-jr-5215828" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 5 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/originalism-definition-and-examples-5199238" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 6 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/amicus-brief-5199838" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 7 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/sedition-definition-and-examples-5115016" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 8 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/qualified-immunity-definition-and-examples-5081905" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 9 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/ingraham-v-wright-supreme-court-case-arguments-impact-4797627" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 10 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/katz-v-united-states-supreme-court-case-arguments-impact-4797888" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 11 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/oregon-v-mitchell-supreme-court-case-arguments-impact-4797900" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 12 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/abrams-v-united-states-supreme-court-case-arguments-impact-4797628" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 13 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/romer-v-evans-supreme-court-case-4783155" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 14 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/united-states-v-jones-supreme-court-case-4783275" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 15 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/browder-v-gayle-court-case-arguments-impact-4783412" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 16 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/munn-v-illinois-supreme-court-case-4783274" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 17 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/civil-law-definition-4688760" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 18 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/reynolds-v-sims-4777764" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 19 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/buckley-v-valeo-4777711" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 20 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/furman-v-georgia-4777712" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 21 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/lawrence-v-texas-4777733" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 22 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/natural-law-definition-4776056" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 23 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/baker-v-carr-4774789" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 24 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/cooper-v-aaron-4774794" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 25 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/obergefell-v-hodges-4774621" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 26 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/terry-v-ohio-4774618" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 27 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/arizona-v-hicks-4771908" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 28 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/katzenbach-v-morgan-4771906" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 29 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/new-york-times-co-v-u-s-4771900" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 30 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/near-v-minnesota-4771903" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 31 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/nebraska-press-association-v-stuart-4768500" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 32 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/florida-v-bostick-4769088" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 33 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/us-v-wong-kim-ark-4767087" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 34 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/the-warren-court-4706521" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 35 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/goldberg-v-kelly-4707724" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 36 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/georgia-v-randolph-4694501" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 37 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/missouri-v-seibert-4707734" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 38 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/massiah-v-united-states-4694502" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 39 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/escobedo-v-illinois-4691719" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 40 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/carroll-v-u-s-4691702" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 41 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/prior-restraint-definition-4688890" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 42 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/padilla-v-kentucky-4691833" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 43 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/us-v-o-brien-4691703" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 44 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-corporal-punishment-4689963" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 45 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/mistretta-v-united-states-4688611" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 46 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/rhode-island-v-innis-4688652" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 47 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/shelby-county-v-holder-4685954" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 48 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/ruth-bader-ginsburg-biography-4173010" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 49 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/united-states-v-lopez-4584312" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 50 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-double-jeopardy-4164747" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 51 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/strickland-v-washington-4768693" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 52 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/shaw-v-reno-4768502" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 53 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/tennessee-v-garner-case-arguments-impact-4177156" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 54 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/brown-v-mississippi-4177649" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 55 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/john-g-roberts-biography-3322403" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 56 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/south-dakota-v-dole-4175647" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 57 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/robert-mueller-4175811" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 58 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/brett-kavanaugh-4176839" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 59 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/payton-v-new-york-arguments-impacts-4179084" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 60 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/samuel-alito-biography-4173230" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 61 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/embezzlement-definition-cases-4174290" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 62 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/worst-supreme-court-scandals-4177469" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 63 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/john-marshall-biography-4173065" } , { "@type": "ListItem" ,"position": 64 ,"url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/rod-rosenstein-biography-4175896" } ] ,"numberOfItems": 64 ,"mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": ["CollectionPage"] ,"@id": "https://www.thoughtco.com/us-legal-system-4133018" ,"breadcrumb": { "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "item": { "@id": "https://www.thoughtco.com/humanities-4133358", "name": "Humanities" } } , { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "item": { "@id": "https://www.thoughtco.com/issues-4133022", "name": "Issues" } } , { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "item": { "@id": "https://www.thoughtco.com/us-government-4133021", "name": "The U. S. Government" } } , { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 4, "item": { "@id": "https://www.thoughtco.com/us-legal-system-4133018", "name": "U.S. Legal System" } } ] },"headline": "The U.S. Legal System" ,"datePublished": "2017-03-06T10:13:57.045-05:00" ,"dateModified": "2019-09-25T12:10:54.320-04:00" ,"description": "Court interpretations and decisions define the scope of the rights conferred by the Constitution. Learn how the Supreme Court interprets the Constitution and discover thoughtful resources on topics like equal rights, gun control, and many others." , "Specialty" : "The U.S. Legal System" ,"publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "ThoughtCo", "url": "https://www.thoughtco.com", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ruwsr0VaZ-mxBD_vXVdKmhL0sjY=/250x60/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/TC_schema_logo_250x60-59af144bd088c00010d45b5f.png", "width": 250, "height": 60 }, "brand": "ThoughtCo" , "publishingPrinciples": "https://www.thoughtco.com/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" , "sameAs" : [ "https://www.facebook.com/thoughtcodotcom", "https://www.flipboard.com/@thoughtco" ] }} } ]</script> </head><body>  <svg class="mntl-svg-resource is-hidden"> <defs> <symbol id="icon-caret-down"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 14 14"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.77819 12.3744C7.1924 12.9602 6.24266 12.9602 5.65687 12.3744L1.44243e-05 6.71751L2.12133 4.59619L6.71753 9.19239L11.3137 4.59619L13.435 6.71751L7.77819 12.3744Z" fill="#DE2229"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-alert"> <svg width="30" height="29" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M13.2522 4.38081C14.077 2.92054 16.1389 2.92054 16.9637 4.38081L26.7065 21.6302C27.5313 23.0905 26.5003 24.9158 24.8507 24.9158H5.36517C3.7156 24.9158 2.68462 23.0905 3.5094 21.6302L13.2522 4.38081Z" fill="#fff"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19.6063 2.76459L29.2795 20.1815C31.3267 23.8676 28.7677 28.4753 24.6732 28.4753H5.32681C1.23233 28.4753 -1.32671 23.8676 0.720529 20.1815L10.3937 2.76459C12.441 -0.921533 17.559 -0.921526 19.6063 2.76459ZM16.8425 4.42334C16.0236 2.94889 13.9764 2.94889 13.1575 4.42334L3.4843 21.8402C2.6654 23.3147 3.68902 25.1577 5.32681 25.1577H24.6732C26.311 25.1577 27.3346 23.3147 26.5157 21.8402L16.8425 4.42334Z" fill="#C00"/><path d="M13.8863 18.8426L12.8572 11.2V7.66641H17.1429V11.2L16.1279 18.8426H13.8863ZM13.0264 22.9992V20.1106H16.9878V22.9992H13.0264Z" fill="#222"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-menu"> <svg viewBox="0 0 21 25" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M2 21.5C2 20.6716 2.67157 20 3.5 20H17.5C18.3284 20 19 20.6716 19 21.5C19 22.3284 18.3284 23 17.5 23H3.5C2.67157 23 2 22.3284 2 21.5Z" fill="#DCD8A0"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.5 18H17.5C19.433 18 21 19.567 21 21.5C21 23.433 19.433 25 17.5 25H3.5C1.567 25 0 23.433 0 21.5C0 19.567 1.567 18 3.5 18ZM3.5 20C2.67157 20 2 20.6716 2 21.5C2 22.3284 2.67157 23 3.5 23H17.5C18.3284 23 19 22.3284 19 21.5C19 20.6716 18.3284 20 17.5 20H3.5Z" fill="#333"/><path d="M2 12.5C2 11.6716 2.67157 11 3.5 11H17.5C18.3284 11 19 11.6716 19 12.5C19 13.3284 18.3284 14 17.5 14H3.5C2.67157 14 2 13.3284 2 12.5Z" fill="#DCD8A0"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.5 9H17.5C19.433 9 21 10.567 21 12.5C21 14.433 19.433 16 17.5 16H3.5C1.567 16 0 14.433 0 12.5C0 10.567 1.567 9 3.5 9ZM3.5 11C2.67157 11 2 11.6716 2 12.5C2 13.3284 2.67157 14 3.5 14H17.5C18.3284 14 19 13.3284 19 12.5C19 11.6716 18.3284 11 17.5 11H3.5Z" fill="#333"/><path d="M2 3.5C2 2.67157 2.67157 2 3.5 2H17.5C18.3284 2 19 2.67157 19 3.5C19 4.32843 18.3284 5 17.5 5H3.5C2.67157 5 2 4.32843 2 3.5Z" fill="#DCD8A0"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.5 0H17.5C19.433 0 21 1.567 21 3.5C21 5.433 19.433 7 17.5 7H3.5C1.567 7 0 5.433 0 3.5C0 1.567 1.567 0 3.5 0ZM3.5 2C2.67157 2 2 2.67157 2 3.5C2 4.32843 2.67157 5 3.5 5H17.5C18.3284 5 19 4.32843 19 3.5C19 2.67157 18.3284 2 17.5 2H3.5Z" fill="#333"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-close"> <svg viewBox="0 0 21 21" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M2.43934 15.8744C1.85355 16.4602 1.85355 17.4099 2.43934 17.9957C3.02513 18.5815 3.97487 18.5815 4.56066 17.9957L10.2175 12.3388L15.8744 17.9957C16.4602 18.5815 17.4099 18.5815 17.9957 17.9957C18.5815 17.4099 18.5815 16.4602 17.9957 15.8744L12.3388 10.2175L17.9957 4.56066C18.5815 3.97487 18.5815 3.02513 17.9957 2.43934C17.4099 1.85355 16.4602 1.85355 15.8744 2.43934L10.2175 8.09619L4.56066 2.43934C3.97488 1.85355 3.02513 1.85355 2.43934 2.43934C1.85356 3.02513 1.85356 3.97487 2.43934 4.56066L8.0962 10.2175L2.43934 15.8744Z" fill="#DCD8A0"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M1.02513 14.4602L5.26777 10.2175L1.02513 5.97487C-0.341705 4.60804 -0.341705 2.39196 1.02513 1.02513C2.39196 -0.341708 4.60804 -0.341709 5.97488 1.02513L10.2175 5.26776L14.4602 1.02513C15.827 -0.341708 18.0431 -0.341708 19.4099 1.02513C20.7767 2.39196 20.7767 4.60804 19.4099 5.97487L15.1673 10.2175L19.4099 14.4602C20.7767 15.827 20.7767 18.0431 19.4099 19.4099C18.0431 20.7767 15.827 20.7767 14.4602 19.4099L10.2175 15.1673L5.97487 19.4099C4.60804 20.7767 2.39196 20.7767 1.02513 19.4099C-0.341709 18.0431 -0.341708 15.827 1.02513 14.4602ZM10.2175 12.3388L15.8744 17.9957C16.4602 18.5815 17.4099 18.5815 17.9957 17.9957C18.5815 17.4099 18.5815 16.4602 17.9957 15.8744L12.3388 10.2175L17.9957 4.56066C18.5815 3.97487 18.5815 3.02513 17.9957 2.43934C17.4099 1.85355 16.4602 1.85355 15.8744 2.43934L10.2175 8.09619L4.56066 2.43934C3.97488 1.85355 3.02513 1.85355 2.43934 2.43934C1.85356 3.02513 1.85356 3.97487 2.43934 4.56066L8.0962 10.2175L2.43934 15.8744C1.85355 16.4602 1.85355 17.4099 2.43934 17.9957C3.02513 18.5815 3.97487 18.5815 4.56066 17.9957L10.2175 12.3388Z" fill="#333"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-logo"> <svg version="1.1" class="logo-img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0" y="0" viewBox="-169.7 -50 913.8 182.2" xml:space="preserve"><g class="logo-thought"><path d="M506.9 63.3c-1.7.4-5 1-8.7 1-6.1 0-8.1-1-10.6-3.9-2.1-2.5-2.1-6.6-2.1-12.4V12.6H507v-21h-12.1v0h-9.3v-25.8l-24.9-.1v25.9l-12 0 0 20.9h12v32.7c0 13.2 2.4 21.2 6.9 27.7 6.8 9.8 17.2 13.4 32.1 13.4 3.8 0 9.3-.8 12.5-1.9L506.9 63.3zM-73.1-49.6v23h-35.4v111h-25.8v-111h-35.4v-23H-73.1zM-35.5 84.4h-24.9V-50h24.9v48.2c6.9-5.4 15.7-8.6 25.3-8.6 12.8 0 24.5 5.7 32.1 14.9 6.1 7.3 9.6 16.6 9.6 32.5v47.3H6.6V35.2c0-9.2-2.1-14-5.6-17.4-3.3-3.3-8.2-5.2-14-5.2-10.5 0-19.1 6.7-22.6 11.5V84.4zM88.6-10.3c28.1 0 49.4 21.6 49.4 48.4 0 26.8-21.2 48.2-49.4 48.2S39.2 64.9 39.2 38.1C39.2 11.3 60.4-10.3 88.6-10.3zM88.6 63.3c14.5 0 24.5-11.3 24.5-25.3s-9.9-25.4-24.5-25.4c-14.5 0-24.5 11.5-24.5 25.4S74 63.3 88.6 63.3zM235.1-8.4v92.8h-23.9v-7.5c-7.3 6.5-16.1 9.4-25.1 9.4-12.8 0-24.3-5.9-31.6-14.9-5.9-7.3-9.4-16.8-9.4-30.6V-8.4h24.9v50.1c0 8.4 1.7 12.6 4.6 15.9 3.8 4.2 9.2 5.7 14 5.7 10.5 0 18.2-7.1 21.6-11.5V-8.4H235.1zM340.3 79.2c0 16.6-2.9 26.6-8.4 34.4-8.4 11.7-23.3 18.6-41.1 18.6-18.2 0-35.4-8.4-44.6-19.1l15.7-16.3c5 5.4 13.6 13.4 28.9 13.4 8 0 14.7-2.5 18.9-7.5 3.8-4.2 5.7-9.9 5.7-21.8v-3.1c-7.5 5.7-15.5 8.4-24.9 8.4-13.8 0-27-6.1-35.2-15.7-7.3-8.4-11.7-19.9-11.7-32.5 0-27.4 20.3-48.4 45.5-48.4 10.5 0 19.9 3.4 27.2 9.4v-7.5h23.9V79.2zM315.4 24.1c-5.2-6.9-13.4-11.5-23-11.5-14.5 0-23.9 12.1-23.9 25.4 0 14.5 10.5 25.3 24.5 25.3 9.4 0 17.6-4.6 22.4-11.5V24.1zM378.3 84.4h-24.9V-50h24.9v48.2c6.9-5.4 15.7-8.6 25.3-8.6 12.8 0 24.5 5.7 32.1 14.9 6.1 7.3 9.6 16.6 9.6 32.5v47.3h-24.9V35.2c0-9.2-2.1-14-5.6-17.4-3.3-3.3-8.2-5.2-14-5.2-10.5 0-19.1 6.7-22.6 11.5V84.4z"/><g class="logo-co" fill="#BEAB72"><path d="M590 67c-25.8 0-45.7-19.9-45.7-45.9 0-25.4 19.1-45.9 44.6-45.9 13.2 0 24.5 5.7 32.5 13.8l16.6-17.6c-12.1-11.7-29.1-19.1-49-19.1-41.7 0-70.6 30.4-70.6 68.9s29.3 68.9 71 68.9c15 0 28.3-4 39.1-10.5-5-6.2-8.4-13.6-10-21.8C611.2 63.3 601.7 67 590 67zM742.2 67.5c-1.2-2.1-2.9-3.8-5.1-5-2.2-1.2-4.5-1.8-6.9-1.8-3.4 0-6.4 1.2-9 3.5-3 2.7-4.5 6.1-4.5 10.2 0 3.8 1.3 7 4 9.7 2.6 2.7 5.8 4 9.6 4 2.5 0 4.9-.6 7-1.8 2.1-1.2 3.8-2.9 5-5 1.2-2.1 1.8-4.4 1.8-6.9C744 71.8 743.4 69.6 742.2 67.5z"/><path d="M669.8,5.1c-24.7,0-43.3,19-43.3,42.5c0,1.2,0.1,2.4,0.2,3.6c0.7,9,4.2,17.1,9.7,23.6c7.8,9.3,19.7,15.1,33.5,15.1 c24.7,0,43.3-18.8,43.3-42.3C713.1,24.1,694.4,5.1,669.8,5.1z M670.3,70.4c-7.1,0-13.1-3-16.9-8c-3.2-3.9-5.1-9-5.1-14.7 c0-12.3,8.7-22.3,21.5-22.3c6.5,0,11.9,2.6,15.7,6.7c3.9,4,6.3,9.7,6.3,16.1C691.7,61,682.7,70.4,670.3,70.4z"/></g></g></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-search"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 29 34"><path d="M5.04807 30.5496C6.15292 31.1875 7.5657 30.8089 8.20358 29.7041L13.6111 20.338C14.249 19.2332 13.8704 17.8204 12.7656 17.1825L12.7179 17.155C11.6131 16.5171 10.2003 16.8957 9.56242 18.0005L4.15492 27.3666C3.51703 28.4714 3.89558 29.8842 5.00043 30.5221L5.04807 30.5496Z" fill="#DCD8A0" stroke="#333" stroke-width="2"/><path d="M9.88244 22.8385C5.33866 20.2151 3.78184 14.405 6.4052 9.86122C9.02855 5.31744 14.8387 3.76062 19.3824 6.38397C23.9262 9.00733 25.483 14.8174 22.8597 19.3612C20.2363 23.905 14.4262 25.4618 9.88244 22.8385Z" stroke="#333" stroke-width="2"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-facebook"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 43.8 34"><path d="M22.4,30.1V18.9h3.7l0.6-4.4h-4.3v-2.8c0-1.3,0.3-2.1,2.2-2.1h2.3V5.8c-0.4-0.1-1.8-0.2-3.4-0.2c-3.3,0-5.6,2-5.6,5.7v3.2h-3.8v4.4h3.8v11.2L22.4,30.1L22.4,30.1z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-flipboard"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="240.4 241 17.3 17.3"><path d="M252 241 246.2 241 240.4 241 240.4 246.7 240.4 252.5 240.4 258.3 246.2 258.3 246.2 252.6 251.9 252.6 251.9 246.8 257.7 246.8 257.7 241z"/><path d="M252 241 246.2 241 246.2 246.8 252 246.8 257.7 246.8 257.7 241zM246.2 246.8H252V252.60000000000002H246.2z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-instagram"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0" y="0" viewBox="0 0 43.8 34" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M21.8,8.5c2.9,0,3.2,0,4.4,0.1c1.1,0,1.6,0.2,2,0.4c0.5,0.2,0.9,0.4,1.2,0.8c0.4,0.4,0.6,0.7,0.8,1.2c0.1,0.4,0.3,1,0.4,2c0.1,1.1,0.1,1.5,0.1,4.4s0,3.2-0.1,4.4c0,1.1-0.2,1.6-0.4,2c-0.2,0.5-0.4,0.9-0.8,1.2c-0.4,0.4-0.7,0.6-1.2,0.8c-0.4,0.1-1,0.3-2,0.4c-1.1,0.1-1.5,0.1-4.4,0.1s-3.2,0-4.4-0.1c-1.1,0-1.6-0.2-2-0.4c-0.5-0.2-0.9-0.4-1.2-0.8c-0.4-0.4-0.6-0.7-0.8-1.2c-0.1-0.4-0.3-1-0.4-2c-0.1-1.1-0.1-1.5-0.1-4.4s0-3.2,0.1-4.4c0-1.1,0.2-1.6,0.4-2c0.2-0.5,0.4-0.9,0.8-1.2c0.4-0.4,0.7-0.6,1.2-0.8c0.4-0.1,1-0.3,2-0.4C18.6,8.5,18.9,8.5,21.8,8.5 M21.8,6.6c-2.9,0-3.3,0-4.5,0.1c-1.2,0.1-1.9,0.2-2.6,0.5c-0.7,0.3-1.3,0.6-1.9,1.2c-0.6,0.6-1,1.2-1.2,1.9c-0.3,0.7-0.4,1.5-0.5,2.6C11,14.1,11,14.4,11,17.4c0,2.9,0,3.3,0.1,4.5c0.1,1.2,0.2,1.9,0.5,2.6c0.3,0.7,0.6,1.3,1.2,1.9c0.6,0.6,1.2,1,1.9,1.2c0.7,0.3,1.5,0.4,2.6,0.5c1.2,0.1,1.5,0.1,4.5,0.1s3.3,0,4.5-0.1c1.2-0.1,1.9-0.2,2.6-0.5c0.7-0.3,1.3-0.6,1.9-1.2c0.6-0.6,1-1.2,1.2-1.9c0.3-0.7,0.4-1.5,0.5-2.6c0.1-1.2,0.1-1.5,0.1-4.5s0-3.3-0.1-4.5c-0.1-1.2-0.2-1.9-0.5-2.6c-0.3-0.7-0.6-1.3-1.2-1.9c-0.6-0.6-1.2-1-1.9-1.2c-0.7-0.3-1.5-0.4-2.6-0.5C25.1,6.6,24.7,6.6,21.8,6.6L21.8,6.6z"/><path d="M21.8,11.8c-3.1,0-5.5,2.5-5.5,5.5s2.5,5.5,5.5,5.5s5.5-2.5,5.5-5.5S24.9,11.8,21.8,11.8zM21.8,21c-2,0-3.6-1.6-3.6-3.6s1.6-3.6,3.6-3.6s3.6,1.6,3.6,3.6S23.8,21,21.8,21z"/><circle cx="27.6" cy="11.6" r="1.3"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-linkedin"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 41.8 41.8"><path d="M12.2 18.2h3.9v12.7h-3.9V18.2zm1.9-6.3c1.3 0 2.3 1 2.3 2.3s-1 2.3-2.3 2.3-2.3-1-2.3-2.3c0-1.3 1.1-2.3 2.3-2.3M18.6 18.2h3.8v1.7h.1c.8-1.3 2.2-2.1 3.7-2 4 0 4.7 2.6 4.7 6v7H27v-6.2c0-1.5 0-3.4-2-3.4s-2.3 1.6-2.3 3.2v6.3h-3.9l-.2-12.6z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-pinterest"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="-1217.8 0 640 480"><path d="M-888.5,96c-77.6,0-120,52.2-120,108.7c0,26.8,14.1,59.3,36.7,70.6c2.8,1.4,5.6,1.4,5.6-2.8c0-2.8,4.2-14.1,5.6-21.2c0-1.4,0-2.8-1.4-5.6c-7.1-8.5-14.1-25.4-14.1-40.9c0-39.5,29.6-79.1,81.9-79.1c43.8,0,74.8,29.6,74.8,73.4c0,49.4-24,83.3-56.5,83.3c-18.4,0-31.1-14.1-26.8-32.5c5.6-21.2,15.5-45.2,15.5-60.7c0-14.1-7.1-25.4-22.6-25.4c-18.4,0-32.5,18.4-32.5,43.8c0,15.5,5.6,26.8,5.6,26.8s-18.4,76.2-21.2,90.4c-5.6,24,1.4,62.1,1.4,66.4c0,1.4,2.8,2.8,2.8,1.4c1.4-2.8,24-35.3,29.6-57.9c2.8-8.5,11.3-42.4,11.3-42.4c5.6,11.3,22.6,21.2,40.9,21.2c55.1,0,93.2-50.8,93.2-112.9C-776.9,141.2-824.9,96-888.5,96z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-x"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M13.6468 10.4686L20.9321 2H19.2057L12.8799 9.3532L7.82741 2H2L9.6403 13.1193L2 22H3.72649L10.4068 14.2348L15.7425 22H21.57L13.6468 10.4686ZM11.2821 13.2173L10.508 12.1101L4.34857 3.29968H7.00037L11.9711 10.4099L12.7452 11.5172L19.2066 20.7594H16.5548L11.2821 13.2173Z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-privacy-options"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 30 14"><path fill="#FFF" d="M7.4 12.8h6.8l3.1-11.6H7.4C4.2 1.2 1.6 3.8 1.6 7s2.6 5.8 5.8 5.8z"/><path fill="#06f" d="M22.6 0H7.4c-3.9 0-7 3.1-7 7s3.1 7 7 7h15.2c3.9 0 7-3.1 7-7s-3.2-7-7-7zm-21 7c0-3.2 2.6-5.8 5.8-5.8h9.9l-3.1 11.6H7.4c-3.2 0-5.8-2.6-5.8-5.8z"/><path fill="#FFF" d="M24.6 4c.2.2.2.6 0 .8L22.5 7l2.2 2.2c.2.2.2.6 0 .8-.2.2-.6.2-.8 0l-2.2-2.2-2.2 2.2c-.2.2-.6.2-.8 0-.2-.2-.2-.6 0-.8L20.8 7l-2.2-2.2c-.2-.2-.2-.6 0-.8.2-.2.6-.2.8 0l2.2 2.2L23.8 4c.2-.2.6-.2.8 0z"/><path fill="#06f" d="M12.7 4.1c.2.2.3.6.1.8L8.6 9.8c-.1.1-.2.2-.3.2-.2.1-.5.1-.7-.1L5.4 7.7c-.2-.2-.2-.6 0-.8.2-.2.6-.2.8 0L8 8.6l3.8-4.5c.2-.2.6-.2.9 0z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__logo"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="5 2.8 290 69"><circle cx="39.6" cy="37.4" r="34.3" fill="#f44b34"/><path fill="#fff" d="M50.4 17.9c-1.7-1.8-4-2.6-7-2.6-9.1-.1-12.4-.1-13.2-.1L27.3 22h8.1L30 28v21h-.1l.1.1v6.7l-3.6 4h18.5L53 51V25c0-.1.1-4.3-2.6-7.1zm-5.2 19.6-7.4 7.8V41l7.4-7.8v4.3zm-7.4-15.4h3c.9 0 2.1-.1 3.1.9s1.4 2.5 1.4 4.9v3.6l-7.4 7.8-.1-17.2zm-4.9 30.1 3.3-3.6 9-9.5v13.1c0 .1-12.3.1-12.3 0z"/><path fill="#009ad9" d="m99.645 22.637 6.505-6.506 4.172 4.172-6.505 6.506zM121 44l4.2 4.2 6.5-6.5-4.2-4.2zm-3.2-31.2c1.8-1.8 4.7-1.8 6.5 0 1.9 1.9 1.7 4.8 0 6.5l-3.3 3.3 4.2 4.2 3.3-3.3c2-2 4.9-1.6 6.5 0 2 2 1.6 4.9 0 6.5l-3.3 3.3 4.2 4.2 3.3-3.3c4.2-4.2 4-10.8 0-14.8-2.8-2.8-6.1-3.1-7.6-3.1.1-1.5-.3-4.8-3.1-7.6-3.9-3.9-10.6-4.2-14.8 0l-3.3 3.3 4.2 4.2 3.2-3.4zm-7.5 20.6 4.2 4.1L121 31l-4.2-4.1-6.5 6.5z"/><path fill="#6ebd44" d="m99.6 52.4 6.6 6.5 4.1-4.2-6.5-6.5zm36.3-14.9-4.2 4.2L135 45c1.6 1.6 2 4.5 0 6.5-1.6 1.6-4.5 2.1-6.5 0l-3.3-3.3-4.2 4.2 3.3 3.3c1.7 1.7 1.9 4.6 0 6.5-1.8 1.8-4.7 1.8-6.5 0l-3.3-3.3-4.2 4.2 3.3 3.3c4.2 4.2 10.9 3.9 14.8 0 2.8-2.8 3.1-6.1 3.1-7.6 1.5 0 4.8-.3 7.6-3.1 4-4 4.2-10.6 0-14.8l-3.2-3.4zm-25.6 4.2 6.5 6.5L121 44l-6.5-6.5zm14.9-14.8L121 31l6.5 6.5 4.2-4.1-6.5-6.5z"/><path fill="#f68f1e" d="m110.332 54.607 6.506-6.506 4.172 4.172-6.506 6.505zM102.8 62.2c-1.6 1.6-4.5 2-6.5 0-1.6-1.6-2.1-4.5 0-6.5l3.3-3.3-4.2-4.2-3.3 3.3c-1.7 1.7-4.6 1.9-6.5 0-1.8-1.8-1.8-4.7 0-6.5l3.3-3.3-4.2-4.2-3.3 3.3c-4.2 4.2-3.9 10.9 0 14.8 2.8 2.8 6.1 3.1 7.6 3.1 0 1.5.3 4.8 3.1 7.6 4 4 10.6 4.2 14.8 0l3.3-3.3-4.2-4.2-3.2 3.4zm3.4-24.7L99.6 44l4.2 4.2 6.5-6.5zM95.5 26.9 89 33.4l4.1 4.1 6.5-6.5z"/><path fill="#ec174c" d="m99.6 44-6.5-6.5-4.1 4.2 6.5 6.5zm-14-14c-1.8-1.8-1.8-4.7 0-6.5 1.9-1.9 4.8-1.7 6.5 0l3.3 3.3 4.2-4.2-3.3-3.3c-2-2-1.6-4.9 0-6.5 2-2 4.9-1.6 6.5 0l3.3 3.3 4.2-4.2-3.3-3.2c-4.2-4.2-10.8-4-14.8 0-2.8 2.8-3.1 6.1-3.1 7.6-1.5-.1-4.9.3-7.6 3.1-3.9 3.9-4.2 10.6 0 14.8l3.3 3.3 4.2-4.2-3.4-3.3zm24.73-9.682 4.172-4.172 6.505 6.505-4.172 4.172zM106.2 37.5l4.1-4.1-6.5-6.5-4.2 4.1 6.6 6.5z"/><path fill="#573357" d="m106.142 16.042 4.171-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.171 4.172z"/><path fill="#be272d" d="m84.81 37.543 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.172 4.172z"/><path fill="#008e4c" d="m127.497 37.555 4.171-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.171 4.172z"/><path fill="#7a773e" d="m106.172 58.866 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.172 4.172z"/><path fill="#443639" d="m116.856 26.74 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.172 4.172z"/><path fill="#803136" d="m95.455 48.169 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.172 4.172z"/><path fill="#593438" d="m95.446 26.753 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.173-4.172 4.171z"/><path fill="#443639" d="m106.155 37.456 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.171-4.172 4.172z"/><path fill="#2a6442" d="m116.871 48.153 4.172-4.172 4.172 4.172-4.172 4.172z"/><path d="M170.4 13.5c-2.5-2.2-5.7-3.3-9.6-3.3h-7.2v23.6h7.6c3.8 0 7-1.1 9.4-3.3s3.6-5 3.6-8.5-1.3-6.3-3.8-8.5zm.1 8.5c0 2.6-.9 4.7-2.6 6.2-1.7 1.6-4.1 2.3-7 2.3h-3.8V13.4h3.8c2.9 0 5.2.8 7 2.3 1.7 1.5 2.6 3.7 2.6 6.3zm14.6-6.3c-2.5 0-4.7.9-6.4 2.7s-2.6 4-2.6 6.6.9 4.8 2.6 6.6c1.7 1.8 3.9 2.7 6.4 2.7h.1v-.1c2.5 0 4.7-.9 6.4-2.7s2.6-4 2.6-6.6c0-2.5-.9-4.8-2.6-6.6-1.8-1.7-3.9-2.6-6.5-2.6zm4.1 13.7c-.5.6-1.1 1-1.8 1.3s-1.4.3-2.2.3c-1.7 0-3-.6-4.1-1.8-1.1-1.2-1.6-2.7-1.6-4.4 0-1.7.6-3.2 1.6-4.3 1.1-1.2 2.4-1.7 4.1-1.7 1.6 0 3 .6 4 1.7 1.1 1.2 1.6 2.6 1.6 4.3 0 1.9-.5 3.4-1.6 4.6zm16.9.8c-.5.6-1.3.9-2.3.9-1.6 0-2.4-.9-2.4-2.7v-9.2h5v-3h-5v-4.4h-3.3v4.4h-2.9l.1 3h2.9v9.3c0 1.9.5 3.3 1.4 4.3s2.2 1.5 3.9 1.5c1.8 0 3.2-.5 4.2-1.5l-1.6-2.6zm38.1-11.6c-1.5-2-3.5-3-6.1-3-2.5 0-4.5.9-6.1 2.7-1.6 1.8-2.4 4-2.4 6.6 0 2.7.8 4.9 2.5 6.6 1.7 1.8 3.7 2.7 6.1 2.7 2.6 0 4.6-1 6.1-3.1v2.6h3.4V16.1h-3.4v2.5h-.1zm-1.6 2c1.1 1.2 1.6 2.6 1.6 4.3s-.5 3.2-1.6 4.4c-.5.6-1.1 1-1.8 1.3s-1.4.4-2.2.4c-1.7 0-3-.6-4.1-1.8-1.1-1.2-1.6-2.7-1.6-4.4 0-1.7.6-3.2 1.6-4.3 1.1-1.2 2.4-1.7 4.1-1.7 1.6.1 2.9.6 4 1.8zm17.9 3.6c-.9-.3-1.9-.6-3-.9-1-.3-1.9-.6-2.5-1-.7-.4-1-1-1-1.6l.1-.1c0-.7.3-1.2.9-1.6.6-.4 1.4-.6 2.3-.6 2 0 3.4.7 4.5 2l2-2c-1.3-1.8-3.5-2.7-6.6-2.7-1.9 0-3.5.5-4.7 1.4-1.2 1-1.7 2.1-1.7 3.5 0 1.2.3 2.1 1 2.9s1.5 1.3 2.6 1.7c1.1.4 2 .7 2.9 1 1 .3 1.8.7 2.4 1.1.7.5 1 1 1 1.8s-.3 1.4-.9 1.8c-.6.5-1.4.7-2.5.7-2.3 0-4.1-.8-5.3-2.3l-2 2.2c1.5 1.9 3.9 2.9 7.1 2.9 2.2 0 3.9-.5 5.1-1.5s1.8-2.3 1.8-3.8c0-1.2-.3-2.2-1-3-.6-.9-1.5-1.4-2.5-1.9zm14.9-8.6c-2.3 0-4.1.8-5.2 2.5V8.4h-3.4v25.4h3.4l.1-10.3c0-1.4.4-2.6 1.2-3.4.8-.8 1.8-1.2 3.2-1.2 1.3 0 2.4.4 3.2 1.3.8.8 1.2 2 1.2 3.4v10.3h3.4V23c0-2.3-.6-4-1.9-5.4-1.4-1.4-3.1-2-5.2-2zm-52.2 3c-1.5-2-3.5-3-6.1-3-2.5 0-4.5.9-6.1 2.7-1.6 1.8-2.4 4-2.4 6.6 0 2.7.8 4.9 2.5 6.6 1.7 1.8 3.7 2.7 6.1 2.7 2.6 0 4.6-1 6.1-3.1v2.6h3.4V8.4h-3.4v10.2h-.1zm-1.6 2c1.1 1.2 1.6 2.6 1.6 4.3s-.5 3.2-1.6 4.4c-1.1 1.2-2.4 1.8-4 1.8-1.7 0-3-.6-4.1-1.8-1.1-1.2-1.6-2.7-1.6-4.4 0-1.7.6-3.2 1.6-4.3 1.1-1.2 2.4-1.7 4.1-1.7 1.6 0 2.9.5 4 1.7zm48.8 19.9h-3.6v19.1c0 2.4.7 4.1 2.1 5.1 1.2.9 3.1 1.4 5.6 1.4h.1v-3h-.1c-1.2 0-2.1-.2-2.7-.6-.9-.6-1.4-1.7-1.4-3.3V51h4.1v-3h-4.1v-7.5zm-96.2 7c-1.4 0-2.6.3-3.7 1-1 .6-1.7 1.5-2.3 2.6-1.2-2.4-3.2-3.6-6-3.6-2.2 0-4 .9-5.2 2.6V48h-3.5v18.2h3.5l.2-10.7c0-1.5.4-2.6 1.1-3.5.7-.9 1.8-1.3 3.1-1.3s2.3.4 3.1 1.3c.8.9 1.2 2 1.2 3.5v10.6h3.4V55.5c0-1.5.4-2.6 1.2-3.5s1.8-1.3 3.2-1.3c1.3 0 2.3.4 3.1 1.3.7.9 1.1 2 1.1 3.5v10.6h3.5V55c0-2.3-.6-4.1-1.9-5.5-1.3-1.3-3-2-5.1-2zm18.9 0c-2.5 0-4.7.9-6.4 2.8-1.7 1.9-2.6 4.1-2.6 6.8s.9 5 2.7 6.8c1.8 1.8 4.1 2.8 6.8 2.8h.1v-.1c1.4 0 2.7-.3 3.9-.7 1.2-.5 2.2-1.1 3-1.9l-1.8-2.4c-1.3 1.3-3 2-5 2-1.7 0-3.1-.5-4.2-1.6-1.1-1-1.8-2.4-2-4h14.3c.1-.3.1-.7.1-1.2 0-2.5-.9-4.7-2.6-6.5-1.6-1.8-3.8-2.8-6.3-2.8zm.1 3c1.4 0 2.6.5 3.6 1.3 1 .9 1.6 2.1 1.8 3.8h-10.8c.3-1.5.9-2.7 1.8-3.7 1-.9 2.2-1.4 3.6-1.4zm22.5-2.3c-.6-.5-1.6-.8-2.8-.8-1.9 0-3.4.9-4.5 2.6v-2H205v18.2h3.5l-.1-10.5c0-1.5.3-2.7.9-3.6.6-.9 1.5-1.3 2.6-1.3.9 0 1.7.2 2.3.7h.1l1.4-3.3zm9-.7c-2.5 0-4.7.9-6.4 2.8-1.7 1.9-2.6 4.1-2.6 6.8s.9 5 2.7 6.8c1.8 1.8 4.1 2.8 6.8 2.8h.1v-.1c1.4 0 2.7-.3 3.9-.7 1.2-.5 2.2-1.1 3-1.9l-1.8-2.4c-1.3 1.3-3 2-5 2-1.7 0-3.1-.5-4.2-1.6-1.1-1-1.8-2.4-2-4h14.3c.1-.3.1-.7.1-1.2 0-2.5-.9-4.7-2.6-6.5-1.6-1.8-3.8-2.8-6.3-2.8zm.1 3c1.4 0 2.6.5 3.6 1.3 1 .9 1.6 2.1 1.8 3.8h-10.8c.3-1.5.9-2.7 1.8-3.7.9-.9 2.1-1.4 3.6-1.4zm26.1 0c-1.5-2-3.6-3.1-6.3-3.1-2.5 0-4.6.9-6.3 2.7s-2.5 4.1-2.5 6.8.9 5 2.5 6.8c1.7 1.8 3.8 2.7 6.3 2.7 2.6 0 4.7-1.1 6.3-3.2v2.7h3.5V40.5h-3.5v10zm-1.7 2c1.1 1.2 1.6 2.7 1.6 4.5 0 1.7-.6 3.3-1.6 4.5-1.1 1.2-2.4 1.8-4.2 1.8-1.7 0-3.1-.6-4.2-1.8-1.1-1.2-1.7-2.7-1.7-4.5s.6-3.3 1.7-4.5c1.1-1.2 2.5-1.8 4.2-1.8 1.8.1 3.1.7 4.2 1.8zm43.5-3c-1.3-1.4-3-2.1-5.2-2.1-2.4 0-4.2.9-5.4 2.6v-9.6h-3.5v25.7h3.5l.1-10.5c0-1.5.4-2.6 1.2-3.5.8-.9 1.8-1.3 3.2-1.3 1.4 0 2.5.4 3.3 1.3.8.9 1.2 2 1.2 3.5v10.6h3.5V55c0-2.3-.6-4.1-1.9-5.5zM259.1 48h3.5v18.2h-3.5zm0-7.5h3.4v3.4h-3.4z"/></svg> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-caret-right"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0" y="0" viewBox="0 0 100 100" xml:space="preserve"><path d="M33 99 82.1 50 33 .9z"/></svg> </symbol> </defs> </svg>   <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5P3SZGS" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <header id="header_1-0" class="comp header" role="banner" data-tracking-container="true"><a href="#skip-to-content" rel="nocaes" id="skip-link_1-0" class="skip-link mntl-text-link btn" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Skip to content</span></a> <div class="menu-button-container"> <button class="menu-button"> <span class="is-vishidden">Menu</span> <div class="menu-button-inner"> <svg class="icon icon-menu " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-menu" href="#icon-menu"></use> </svg> <svg class="icon icon-close " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div> </button> </div> <div id="logo_1-0" class="comp logo"> <a href="/" rel="home" aria-label="Visit ThoughtCo's homepage"> <span class="is-vishidden">Home</span> <svg class="icon icon-logo " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-logo" href="#icon-logo"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <nav id="header-nav_1-0" class="comp header-nav" role="navigation"> <ul class="header-nav__list"> <li class="header-nav__list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/sciences-math-4132465" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__list-item-link" > Science, Tech, Math </a> <ul class="header-nav__sublist"> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/science-4132464" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Science </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/math-4133545" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Math </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/social-sciences-4133522" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Social Sciences </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/computer-science-4133486" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Computer Science </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/animals-and-nature-4133421" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Animals & Nature </a> </li> </uL> </li> <li class="header-nav__list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/humanities-4133358" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__list-item-link" > Humanities </a> <ul class="header-nav__sublist"> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-and-culture-4133356" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > History & Culture </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/visual-arts-4132957" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Visual Arts </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/literature-4133251" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Literature </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/english-4688281" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > English </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-4133035" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Geography </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/philosophy-4133025" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Philosophy </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/issues-4133022" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Issues </a> </li> </uL> </li> <li class="header-nav__list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/languages-4133094" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__list-item-link" > Languages </a> <ul class="header-nav__sublist"> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/esl-4133095" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > English as a Second Language </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/spanish-4133085" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Spanish </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/french-4133079" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > French </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/german-4133073" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > German </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/italian-4133069" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Italian </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/japanese-4133062" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Japanese </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/mandarin-4133057" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Mandarin </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/russian-4175265" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > Russian </a> </li> </uL> </li> <li class="header-nav__list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/resources-4132590" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__list-item-link" > Resources </a> <ul class="header-nav__sublist"> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-students-parents-4132588" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > For Students & Parents </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-educators-4132509" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > For Educators </a> </li> <li class="header-nav__sublist-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-adult-learners-4132469" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__sublist-item-link" > For Adult Learners </a> </li> </uL> </li> <li class="header-nav__list-item"> <a href="/about-us-4779650" rel="nocaes" class="header-nav__list-item-link" >About Us</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div id="general-search_1-0" class="comp general-search" data-tracking-container="true"> <button class="search-icon"> <span class="is-vishidden">Search</span> <svg class="icon icon-search " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-search" href="#icon-search"></use> </svg> </button> <form class="general-search-form" role="search" action="/search" method="get"> <div class="input-group"> <span class="general-search__close">Close</span> <label for="search-input" class="is-vishidden">Search the site</label> <input type="text" name="q" id="search-input" class="general-search-input" placeholder="Search here..." type="text" required="required" value="" tabindex="-1"> <button class="btn btn-go" tabindex="-1"> <span class="is-vishidden">GO</span> <svg class="icon icon-search " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-search" href="#icon-search"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-nav-panel"> <nav id="fullscreen-nav_1-0" class="comp fullscreen-nav " role="navigation" data-tracking-container="true"> <ul class="fullscreen-nav-list"> <li class="fullscreen-nav-list-item" tabindex="0"> <div class="fullscreen-nav-title fullscreen-nav-title--science-tech-math" > <div> Science, Tech, Math </div> <svg class="icon icon-caret-down " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-down" href="#icon-caret-down"></use> </svg> </div> <ul class="fullscreen-nav-sub"> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/science-4132464" rel="nocaes" >Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/math-4133545" rel="nocaes" >Math</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/social-sciences-4133522" rel="nocaes" >Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/computer-science-4133486" rel="nocaes" >Computer Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/animals-and-nature-4133421" rel="nocaes" >Animals & Nature</a></li> </uL> </li> <li class="fullscreen-nav-list-item" tabindex="0"> <div class="fullscreen-nav-title fullscreen-nav-title--humanities" > <div> Humanities </div> <svg class="icon icon-caret-down " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-down" href="#icon-caret-down"></use> </svg> </div> <ul class="fullscreen-nav-sub"> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-and-culture-4133356" rel="nocaes" >History & Culture</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/visual-arts-4132957" rel="nocaes" >Visual Arts</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/literature-4133251" rel="nocaes" >Literature</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/english-4688281" rel="nocaes" >English</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-4133035" rel="nocaes" >Geography</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/philosophy-4133025" rel="nocaes" >Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/issues-4133022" rel="nocaes" >Issues</a></li> </uL> </li> <li class="fullscreen-nav-list-item" tabindex="0"> <div class="fullscreen-nav-title fullscreen-nav-title--languages" > <div> Languages </div> <svg class="icon icon-caret-down " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-down" href="#icon-caret-down"></use> </svg> </div> <ul class="fullscreen-nav-sub"> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/esl-4133095" rel="nocaes" >English as a Second Language</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/spanish-4133085" rel="nocaes" >Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/french-4133079" rel="nocaes" >French</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/german-4133073" rel="nocaes" >German</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/italian-4133069" rel="nocaes" >Italian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/japanese-4133062" rel="nocaes" >Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/mandarin-4133057" rel="nocaes" >Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/russian-4175265" rel="nocaes" >Russian</a></li> </uL> </li> <li class="fullscreen-nav-list-item" tabindex="0"> <div class="fullscreen-nav-title fullscreen-nav-title--resources" > <div> Resources </div> <svg class="icon icon-caret-down " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-down" href="#icon-caret-down"></use> </svg> </div> <ul class="fullscreen-nav-sub"> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-students-parents-4132588" rel="nocaes" >For Students & Parents</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-educators-4132509" rel="nocaes" >For Educators</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/for-adult-learners-4132469" rel="nocaes" >For Adult Learners</a></li> </uL> </li> <li> <ul id="contact-nav_1-0" class="comp contact-nav"> <li class="contact-nav__nav-item"><a href="/about-us-4779650" rel="nocaes" >About Us</a></li> <li class="contact-nav__nav-item"><a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-contact-us" rel="nocaes" >Contact Us</a></li> <li class="contact-nav__nav-item"><a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" >Editorial Guidelines</a></li> <li class="contact-nav__nav-item"><a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com/brands-privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" >Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> </li> </uL> </nav> </div> </header><main id="main" class="loc main" role="main"><iframe id="height-change-listener" role="none" tabindex="-1" src="about:blank" aria-hidden="true"></iframe> <div id="skip-to-content" class="jump-link"></div> <div id="hero-complex_1-0" class="comp hero-complex hero-complex--base " style> <div class="hero-complex-body"> <ul id="breadcrumbs_1-0" class="comp breadcrumbs mntl-universal-breadcrumbs mntl-block type--squirrel breadcrumbs" data-tracking-container="true"><li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/humanities-4133358" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_5-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Humanities</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_1-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_2-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/issues-4133022" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_6-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Issues</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_2-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_3-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-government-4133021" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_7-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">The U. S. Government</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_3-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_4-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-legal-system-4133018" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_8-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">U.S. Legal System</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_4-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li></ul> <h1 class="hero-complex-title">The U.S. Legal System</h1> <p class="hero-complex-desc">Court interpretations and decisions define the scope of the rights conferred by the Constitution. Learn how the Supreme Court interprets the Constitution and discover thoughtful resources on topics like equal rights, gun control, and many others.</p> </div> <div class="loc hero-complex-img"><img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/TKjrpXKnVXBF6Vj2fVjfIU39vz4=/360x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/tax2_image_issues-58a22d1468a0972917bfb54a.png" width="360" height="0" class=" universal-image__image" /> </div></div><div class="l-left-sidebar "> <div class="loc sidebar l-sidebar"> <div id="breadcrumbs-list_2-0" class="comp breadcrumbs-list is-full is-expandable " data-tracking-container="true"> <span class="breadcrumbs-list-title"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/issues-4133022" rel="nocaes" >Issues</a> </span> <ul class="breadcrumbs-list-list"> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-government-4133021" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > The U. S. Government <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> <ul class="breadcrumbs-list-submenu"> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-government-history-and-basics-4133020" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="1" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > History & Major Milestones <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-constitution-and-bill-of-rights-4133019" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="2" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > U.S. Constitution & Bill of Rights <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item is-active "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-legal-system-4133018" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="3" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link is-active" > <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon-active" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> U.S. Legal System <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-political-system-4133017" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="4" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > U.S. Political System <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-government-defense-and-security-4133015" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="5" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Defense & Security <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-government-campaigns-and-elections-4133012" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="7" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Campaigns & Elections <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item breadcrumbs-list-submenu-item is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-government-business-and-finance-4133011" rel="nocaes" data-subordinal="8" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Business & Finance <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-foreign-policy-4133010" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="2" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > U.S. Foreign Policy <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-liberal-politics-4133009" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="3" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > U.S. Liberal Politics <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-conservative-politics-4133006" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="4" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > U.S. Conservative Politics <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/womens-issues-4133002" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="5" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Women's Issues <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/civil-liberties-4132996" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="6" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Civil Liberties <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/middle-east-4132989" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="7" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > The Middle East <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/race-relations-4132982" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="8" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Race Relations <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/immigration-4132977" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="9" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Immigration <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/crime-and-punishment-4132972" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="10" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Crime & Punishment <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/canadian-government-4132959" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="12" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Canadian Government <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-government-5179107" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="13" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > Understanding Types of Government <svg class="icon icon-caret-right breadcrumbs-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/issues-4133022" rel="nocaes" class="text-btn" > <span class="text-btn__text-label">View More</span> <svg class="icon icon-caret-down text-btn-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-down" href="#icon-caret-down"></use> </svg> </a></div> </div><div class="loc content l-main"><section id="spotlight_1-0" class="comp spotlight mntl-sc-page right-rail" data-sc-sticky-offset="85" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-tracking-container="true" data-sc-content-positions="[1]"><div id="spotlight-core_1-0" class="comp spotlight-core standard-spotlight-blocks spotlight-blocks mntl-block"><div id="spotlight-block-item_1-0" class="comp spotlight-block-item mntl-block"><a id="hero-block_1-0" class="comp hero-block block block-large " data-doc-id href="https://www.thoughtco.com/administrative-law-definition-and-examples-6822925"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/VVvowjzY0MSyd18G6KC3R-9HrZA=/570x380/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-850756580-e46f0671d740448d9ed10a4159f2cd90.jpg" width="570" height="380" alt="Book with title administrative law on a table." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/VVvowjzY0MSyd18G6KC3R-9HrZA=/570x380/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-850756580-e46f0671d740448d9ed10a4159f2cd90.jpg" width="570" height="380" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Book with title administrative law on a table." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">What Is Administrative Law? Definition and Examples</span> </div> </a></div> <div id="spotlight-secondary_1-0" class="comp spotlight-secondary mntl-block"><div id="secondary-blocks_1-0" class="comp secondary-blocks mntl-block"><a id="secondary_1-0" class="comp secondary block no-image" data-doc-id href="https://www.thoughtco.com/statutory-law-definition-and-examples-6504056"> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">What Is Statutory Law? Definition and Examples</span> </div> </a></div> <div id="secondary-blocks_2-0" class="comp secondary-blocks mntl-block"><a id="secondary_2-0" class="comp secondary block no-image" data-doc-id href="https://www.thoughtco.com/jury-nullification-definition-and-examples-6504038"> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Jury Nullification: Definition and Examples</span> </div> </a></div></div></div> <div class="spotlight-billboard"> <div id="ref-billboard1-sticky_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard1-sticky mntl-block" data-parent=".spotlight"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-squareFlex1-sticky mm-ads-sc-sticky-square scads-to-load right-rail__item" data-height="650" style="height: 650px;"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_2-0" class="comp mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad mm-ads-square mm-ads-gpt-adunit gpt square "> <div id="square-flex-1" class="wrapper" ></div> </div></div></div> </div> </section> <section id="article-list_1-0" class="comp article-list" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="loc content section-body"><div id="block-list_1-0" class="comp block-list mntl-block g g-four-up"><li id="block-list-item_1-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_1-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="5215828" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/biography-of-oliver-wendell-holmes-jr-5215828" data-ordinal="1"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/9hnE_AdowepNIdENY1gCYH5wU_4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-515357096-4def3bea2bdc4354bea2b1f178fd4841.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, is shown seated at his desk" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/9hnE_AdowepNIdENY1gCYH5wU_4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-515357096-4def3bea2bdc4354bea2b1f178fd4841.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, is shown seated at his desk" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Biography of Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Supreme Court Justice</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_2-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_2-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="5199238" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/originalism-definition-and-examples-5199238" data-ordinal="2"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/v8cAgXqYdBXoJa97PfFlUj8h45c=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1191792394-e1255029e3c846e6b35874467b3c6c95.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="U.S. Supreme Court Building: Inscription "Equal Justice Under Law" and sculpture." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/v8cAgXqYdBXoJa97PfFlUj8h45c=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1191792394-e1255029e3c846e6b35874467b3c6c95.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="U.S. Supreme Court Building: Inscription "Equal Justice Under Law" and sculpture." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">What Is Originalism? Definition and Examples</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_3-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_3-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="5199838" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/amicus-brief-5199838" data-ordinal="3"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/rJAzFIwChr1HYnRfctqla4zl5_Q=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-84611044-1ead4392ccd54923947e56f7e3f360db.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="A judge’s gavel rests on top of a desk in the courtroom of the newly opened Black Police Precinct and Courthouse Museum February 3, 2009 in Miami, Florida." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/rJAzFIwChr1HYnRfctqla4zl5_Q=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-84611044-1ead4392ccd54923947e56f7e3f360db.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="A judge’s gavel rests on top of a desk in the courtroom of the newly opened Black Police Precinct and Courthouse Museum February 3, 2009 in Miami, Florida." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">What Is an Amicus Brief?</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_4-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_4-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="5115016" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/sedition-definition-and-examples-5115016" data-ordinal="4"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/w9ymXkZpNlYhJ1bbyAfDBOAJbkI=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-515302490-a6f76cbb77cd4c8c808f12d62b47bbcf.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Black and white photo of a man speaking on a stage with a flag draped behind him" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/w9ymXkZpNlYhJ1bbyAfDBOAJbkI=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-515302490-a6f76cbb77cd4c8c808f12d62b47bbcf.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Black and white photo of a man speaking on a stage with a flag draped behind him" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">What Is Sedition? Definition and Examples</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_5-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_5-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="5081905" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/qualified-immunity-definition-and-examples-5081905" data-ordinal="5"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/zQ5cP4KqBEKDzBB9X4t2-gbu694=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/news---george-floyd-protest---bayside-queens-1263282304-67e759ed26a643ecb1236ceb0f4de78f.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="George Floyd Protest - Bayside Queens" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/zQ5cP4KqBEKDzBB9X4t2-gbu694=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/news---george-floyd-protest---bayside-queens-1263282304-67e759ed26a643ecb1236ceb0f4de78f.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="George Floyd Protest - Bayside Queens" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">What Is Qualified Immunity? Definition and Examples</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_6-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_6-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4797627" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/ingraham-v-wright-supreme-court-case-arguments-impact-4797627" data-ordinal="6"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/yYWkEs-Vdy0yLO_x1whATnXPK4A=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-515993692-cca1ee5d91be4ff0b6201637fee2f8fa.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="A comic depicts a teacher threatening a student with physical punishment" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/yYWkEs-Vdy0yLO_x1whATnXPK4A=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-515993692-cca1ee5d91be4ff0b6201637fee2f8fa.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="A comic depicts a teacher threatening a student with physical punishment" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Ingraham v. Wright: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_7-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_7-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4797888" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/katz-v-united-states-supreme-court-case-arguments-impact-4797888" data-ordinal="7"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/QBmA_nBML5lIcqNVzGXobrmJOUY=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-899774142-4e755a4daf9b4ee29f73c367ed8da943.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Traditional American phone booth" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/QBmA_nBML5lIcqNVzGXobrmJOUY=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-899774142-4e755a4daf9b4ee29f73c367ed8da943.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Traditional American phone booth" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Katz v. United States: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_8-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_8-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4797900" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/oregon-v-mitchell-supreme-court-case-arguments-impact-4797900" data-ordinal="8"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Lp5I3gCEDjpMclkykL56mAyljHE=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-142021131-87bf7f3c0ff340f9806012dcee8b7101.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Voters at a polling station" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Lp5I3gCEDjpMclkykL56mAyljHE=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-142021131-87bf7f3c0ff340f9806012dcee8b7101.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Voters at a polling station" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Oregon v. Mitchell: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_9-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_9-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4797628" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/abrams-v-united-states-supreme-court-case-arguments-impact-4797628" data-ordinal="9"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/cjdAF52xkRAXTfwDAp5tIkbm_14=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-514902118-19e6068c51fb44a88d4948d33d577a93.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Antiwar protesters in 1916" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/cjdAF52xkRAXTfwDAp5tIkbm_14=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-514902118-19e6068c51fb44a88d4948d33d577a93.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Antiwar protesters in 1916" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Abrams v. United States: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_10-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_10-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4783155" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/romer-v-evans-supreme-court-case-4783155" data-ordinal="10"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/tTw96FMZpSR8eZY6gLtpwovIdwY=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1174492605-b306e3d08df94df39f27fb86d276cd30.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Demonstrators rally for LGBT rights" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/tTw96FMZpSR8eZY6gLtpwovIdwY=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1174492605-b306e3d08df94df39f27fb86d276cd30.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Demonstrators rally for LGBT rights" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Romer v. Evans: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_11-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_11-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4783275" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/united-states-v-jones-supreme-court-case-4783275" data-ordinal="11"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/l8R7BXfpp-rFb6saWkI12VYlUpo=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-157281566-0de073ea4f97490da893669120414be7.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="A police car in a side mirror" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/l8R7BXfpp-rFb6saWkI12VYlUpo=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-157281566-0de073ea4f97490da893669120414be7.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="A police car in a side mirror" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">United States v. Jones: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_12-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_12-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4783412" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/browder-v-gayle-court-case-arguments-impact-4783412" data-ordinal="12"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/OYFh3GfjZ--Ujin6KrGcLpMrRmg=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-50667988-f3eb8c043a5e4ad78fea8989832a7cff.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="African Americans board an integrated bus following the successful end of a 381-day bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/OYFh3GfjZ--Ujin6KrGcLpMrRmg=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-50667988-f3eb8c043a5e4ad78fea8989832a7cff.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="African Americans board an integrated bus following the successful end of a 381-day bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Browder v. Gayle: Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_13-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_13-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4783274" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/munn-v-illinois-supreme-court-case-4783274" data-ordinal="13"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/e5xTZC6_rgxlLXWzjxbs3vEZGfs=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-90018566-ff5e6874c07843688117188eb94bf824.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="A ship unloading cargo at a grain elevator" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/e5xTZC6_rgxlLXWzjxbs3vEZGfs=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-90018566-ff5e6874c07843688117188eb94bf824.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="A ship unloading cargo at a grain elevator" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Munn v. Illinois: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_14-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_14-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4688760" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/civil-law-definition-4688760" data-ordinal="14"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/c2Ju-QpALPqvkocIvDx_qopbuAI=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-139393976-5bf3406fb9d14708b67d7d4768ad87b0.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/c2Ju-QpALPqvkocIvDx_qopbuAI=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-139393976-5bf3406fb9d14708b67d7d4768ad87b0.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">What Is Civil Law? Definition and Examples</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_15-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_15-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4777764" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/reynolds-v-sims-4777764" data-ordinal="15"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/mi4MbxVTH2cnWhSTxe3iYHVVomQ=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-165759444-94e4eb6ca5344760ac236d7a8a5486a0-987aeaf3c31d46eeb35cdf62cfe41edc.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Cartoon characters on see saw" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/mi4MbxVTH2cnWhSTxe3iYHVVomQ=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-165759444-94e4eb6ca5344760ac236d7a8a5486a0-987aeaf3c31d46eeb35cdf62cfe41edc.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Cartoon characters on see saw" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Reynolds v. Sims: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_16-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_16-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4777711" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/buckley-v-valeo-4777711" data-ordinal="16"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/7cq36BSu_yA6ATkuCa9v1zQSq24=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1140589713-ee0e93b29da042f69d42d6f2b65bdbdd.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt=""I voted" stickers on top of a pile of U.S. currency" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/7cq36BSu_yA6ATkuCa9v1zQSq24=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1140589713-ee0e93b29da042f69d42d6f2b65bdbdd.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt=""I voted" stickers on top of a pile of U.S. currency" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Buckley v. Valeo: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_17-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_17-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4777712" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/furman-v-georgia-4777712" data-ordinal="17"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/WNuAxEl8V2uLH9szAVCalW4t2JY=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-631905134-ae8acc8716be47c7aa34c47924eb4e32.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="protestors gather on the steps of the Supreme Court" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/WNuAxEl8V2uLH9szAVCalW4t2JY=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-631905134-ae8acc8716be47c7aa34c47924eb4e32.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="protestors gather on the steps of the Supreme Court" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Furman v. Georgia: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_18-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_18-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4777733" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/lawrence-v-texas-4777733" data-ordinal="18"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/BXShrTwAc0rUJZctVKg8PC7xm3k=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-129066596-da50a0124b7b48bd8ed15d4f996a3b92.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="a couple touches hands in front of a rainbow flag" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/BXShrTwAc0rUJZctVKg8PC7xm3k=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-129066596-da50a0124b7b48bd8ed15d4f996a3b92.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="a couple touches hands in front of a rainbow flag" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Lawrence v. Texas: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_19-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_19-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4776056" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/natural-law-definition-4776056" data-ordinal="19"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/BI09AlJl2q3Xhj4edeb-sjprToM=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-117706269-47c77a697479491ca3680eebcd74dcb6.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Declaration of Independence" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/BI09AlJl2q3Xhj4edeb-sjprToM=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-117706269-47c77a697479491ca3680eebcd74dcb6.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Declaration of Independence" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Natural Law: Definition and Application</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_20-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_20-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4774789" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/baker-v-carr-4774789" data-ordinal="20"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/BkdqwtyX7jdOOmsEmAg-xMe0GXA=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-157482108-2a7d491e159c4173bb2338745fc9d365.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="A closeup of a map showing Tennessee" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/BkdqwtyX7jdOOmsEmAg-xMe0GXA=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-157482108-2a7d491e159c4173bb2338745fc9d365.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="A closeup of a map showing Tennessee" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Baker v. Carr: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_21-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_21-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4774794" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/cooper-v-aaron-4774794" data-ordinal="21"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/gh8LheEd75vUcyhVsTUEKsKQ7Bc=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Little_Rock_integration_protest-60292304952a4d1baf54a67a041e1ad1.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Protesters opposed integration on the steps of the state capitol" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/gh8LheEd75vUcyhVsTUEKsKQ7Bc=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Little_Rock_integration_protest-60292304952a4d1baf54a67a041e1ad1.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Protesters opposed integration on the steps of the state capitol" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Cooper v. Aaron: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_22-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_22-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4774621" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/obergefell-v-hodges-4774621" data-ordinal="22"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/qNvl663wOcNMBIzRnWSAcRQHYM8=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-572197481-95bed96ae1a048788beea3514725f305.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="a flag waves in front of the Supreme Court" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/qNvl663wOcNMBIzRnWSAcRQHYM8=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-572197481-95bed96ae1a048788beea3514725f305.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="a flag waves in front of the Supreme Court" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Obergefell v. Hodges: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impacts</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_23-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_23-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4774618" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/terry-v-ohio-4774618" data-ordinal="23"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/24WC1Duxc-teaSzSBVxKmUqybcA=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-876374880-4e13d50214cd4e20b4b14b6dbf1e776c.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="police cars at night" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/24WC1Duxc-teaSzSBVxKmUqybcA=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-876374880-4e13d50214cd4e20b4b14b6dbf1e776c.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="police cars at night" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Terry v. Ohio: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_24-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_24-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4771908" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/arizona-v-hicks-4771908" data-ordinal="24"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/h6zawf-v1JZ32XMc14zMPmbTwao=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-468899733-3798240d2a9e4f8aadf84a4ad9468f3c.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Evidence of a crime" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/h6zawf-v1JZ32XMc14zMPmbTwao=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-468899733-3798240d2a9e4f8aadf84a4ad9468f3c.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Evidence of a crime" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Arizona v. Hicks: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_25-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_25-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4771906" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/katzenbach-v-morgan-4771906" data-ordinal="25"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/J5QvrhNdbansUSnPJvmVMKNMrN8=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1134182440-94a454040a004f839bec3f354d7339c8.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Exterior of United States Supreme Court building." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/J5QvrhNdbansUSnPJvmVMKNMrN8=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1134182440-94a454040a004f839bec3f354d7339c8.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Exterior of United States Supreme Court building." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Katzenbach v. Morgan: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_26-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_26-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4771900" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/new-york-times-co-v-u-s-4771900" data-ordinal="26"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/dA-hl2qHBxLfIN_VKUtgWW8W0ck=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-515048182-cdb81d3ff19a4dfb93e87daf4bb08fa0.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Daniel Ellsberg testifying before Congress" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/dA-hl2qHBxLfIN_VKUtgWW8W0ck=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-515048182-cdb81d3ff19a4dfb93e87daf4bb08fa0.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Daniel Ellsberg testifying before Congress" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">New York Times Co. v. US: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_27-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_27-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4771903" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/near-v-minnesota-4771903" data-ordinal="27"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/KTNNnJUVhkPMCqbbBqHr9zLybb0=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1131097569-9e77644b6b854b6dbebefbb4085c8339.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Newspaper wrapped in chains" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/KTNNnJUVhkPMCqbbBqHr9zLybb0=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1131097569-9e77644b6b854b6dbebefbb4085c8339.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Newspaper wrapped in chains" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Near v. Minnesota: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_28-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_28-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4768500" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/nebraska-press-association-v-stuart-4768500" data-ordinal="28"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/r4Dk_clH7MxeCBbrZF01B8xPRig=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-102487862-aa472300f9f64d13bc3985ec2c268d41.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Cameras in front of a court house in anticipation of a nomination hearing." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/r4Dk_clH7MxeCBbrZF01B8xPRig=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-102487862-aa472300f9f64d13bc3985ec2c268d41.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Cameras in front of a court house in anticipation of a nomination hearing." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart, Supreme Court Case</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_29-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_29-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4769088" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/florida-v-bostick-4769088" data-ordinal="29"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4xqlJZBR8ieXFB-ny91V3MIC4BY=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1010166396-04cff9fdc52640af81bacdecc68a7703.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="luggage stacked in a bus compartment" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4xqlJZBR8ieXFB-ny91V3MIC4BY=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1010166396-04cff9fdc52640af81bacdecc68a7703.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="luggage stacked in a bus compartment" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Florida v. Bostick: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_30-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_30-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4767087" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-v-wong-kim-ark-4767087" data-ordinal="30"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <video autoplay loop playsinline muted class="mntl-gif__video universal-image__image" width="219" height="146" aria-label="Sworn Statement of Witnesses verifying Departure Statement of Wong Kim Ark" data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/nIwRyYrYrFyyr6cD2loReIkDbwM=/219x146/filters:gifv(webm)/Sworn_Statement_of_Witnesses_verifying_Departure_Statement_of_Wong_Kim_Ark-de36ada662af4a50bcc39eff98596797.gif" > </video> <noscript> <video autoplay loop playsinline muted class="mntl-gif__video mntl-gif__video--fallback universal-image__image " width="219" height="146" aria-label="Sworn Statement of Witnesses verifying Departure Statement of Wong Kim Ark" src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/hKxZ38VkjyvvuEpp6xGWxCN_4As=/300x0/filters:gifv(webm)/Sworn_Statement_of_Witnesses_verifying_Departure_Statement_of_Wong_Kim_Ark-de36ada662af4a50bcc39eff98596797.gif" > </video> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">US v. Wong Kim Ark: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_31-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_31-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4706521" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-warren-court-4706521" data-ordinal="31"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/UdcfJwngtxHVNBBWTA4JowIPo7o=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-525184977-882d8a26c7804ea796371e51d7e365fd.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="1962 Supreme Court Portrait" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/UdcfJwngtxHVNBBWTA4JowIPo7o=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-525184977-882d8a26c7804ea796371e51d7e365fd.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="1962 Supreme Court Portrait" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">The Warren Court: Its Impact and Importance</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_32-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_32-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4707724" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/goldberg-v-kelly-4707724" data-ordinal="32"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/0AhOO8maSB_gzqN00gl03yGkjeE=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-700814639-057e96d325ae419384eec1d9e298fe5e.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="A view from the Supreme Court" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/0AhOO8maSB_gzqN00gl03yGkjeE=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-700814639-057e96d325ae419384eec1d9e298fe5e.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="A view from the Supreme Court" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Goldberg v. Kelly: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_33-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_33-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4694501" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/georgia-v-randolph-4694501" data-ordinal="33"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ZUY8vsjt2mqUJ4vkfXH9pzVVolg=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-103580705-bf6dc1b53cdd4f18ba8f1206bd840b9c.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="A police officer arrests a man in front of a door to a house." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ZUY8vsjt2mqUJ4vkfXH9pzVVolg=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-103580705-bf6dc1b53cdd4f18ba8f1206bd840b9c.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="A police officer arrests a man in front of a door to a house." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Georgia v. Randolph: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_34-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_34-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4707734" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/missouri-v-seibert-4707734" data-ordinal="34"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/6MyFp40VJIRSx3E_0pydKajckKo=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-532852504-1d6e3e05f29142c382a8dfd0335f89dd.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="A sign on a door reads "Interview Room"." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/6MyFp40VJIRSx3E_0pydKajckKo=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-532852504-1d6e3e05f29142c382a8dfd0335f89dd.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="A sign on a door reads "Interview Room"." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Missouri v. Seibert: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_35-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_35-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4694502" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/massiah-v-united-states-4694502" data-ordinal="35"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/LRzcniqMuD0jvb3pFOmTi_YyXhY=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1135727801-d06bf61f869b4dee94feb8139a368aa9.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="An attorney speaks with a client" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/LRzcniqMuD0jvb3pFOmTi_YyXhY=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1135727801-d06bf61f869b4dee94feb8139a368aa9.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="An attorney speaks with a client" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Massiah v. United States: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_36-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_36-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4691719" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/escobedo-v-illinois-4691719" data-ordinal="36"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1bbwbvMGYfyECwBX1MCjwa5eu8k=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1027041056-85def5b96d8e4cdd9c177ca362a2c688.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Man with handcuffs in interrogation" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1bbwbvMGYfyECwBX1MCjwa5eu8k=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1027041056-85def5b96d8e4cdd9c177ca362a2c688.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Man with handcuffs in interrogation" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Escobedo v. Illinois: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_37-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_37-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4691702" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/carroll-v-u-s-4691702" data-ordinal="37"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/y-yhu74GVL8xrqZfUcvKlUWKLk8=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-514697672-a983078891874a6e8c2c5750ad00d501.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Cargo of Rumrunner Boat Confiscated by Coast Guard" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/y-yhu74GVL8xrqZfUcvKlUWKLk8=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-514697672-a983078891874a6e8c2c5750ad00d501.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Cargo of Rumrunner Boat Confiscated by Coast Guard" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Carroll v. U.S.: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_38-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_38-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4688890" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/prior-restraint-definition-4688890" data-ordinal="38"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/rXsAP20po3zCsGD7n7bdE02ou48=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-519876534-bb393280bd2e4c0c994ed9751d4b0a43.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="The New York Daily News on a printing press." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/rXsAP20po3zCsGD7n7bdE02ou48=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-519876534-bb393280bd2e4c0c994ed9751d4b0a43.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="The New York Daily News on a printing press." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">What Is Prior Restraint? Definition and Examples</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_39-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_39-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4691833" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/padilla-v-kentucky-4691833" data-ordinal="39"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/_NvDIWNNoGVFV4318i7EXYVUqT8=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/supreme-court-west-entrance-564091971-crop-595477603df78cdc29d6e89e.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="classical facade of stone with steps, sculptures, columns, and a pediment with sculpture" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/_NvDIWNNoGVFV4318i7EXYVUqT8=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/supreme-court-west-entrance-564091971-crop-595477603df78cdc29d6e89e.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="classical facade of stone with steps, sculptures, columns, and a pediment with sculpture" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Padilla v. Kentucky: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_40-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_40-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4691703" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-v-o-brien-4691703" data-ordinal="40"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/HPR-pgxezDkEK-zganz3WRraQ3I=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-514682300-1f121c9c0e8d4788af673ed1798304e1.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="David A. Reed, 19, of Voluntown, Connecticut, David P. O'Brien, 19, of Boston, David Benson, 18, of Morgantown, Virginia and John A. Phillips, 22, of Boston as they burn their draft cards at a Vietnam War protest in Boston" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/HPR-pgxezDkEK-zganz3WRraQ3I=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-514682300-1f121c9c0e8d4788af673ed1798304e1.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="David A. Reed, 19, of Voluntown, Connecticut, David P. O'Brien, 19, of Boston, David Benson, 18, of Morgantown, Virginia and John A. Phillips, 22, of Boston as they burn their draft cards at a Vietnam War protest in Boston" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">U.S. v. O'Brien: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_41-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_41-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4689963" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-corporal-punishment-4689963" data-ordinal="41"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/fAj7uldDZ6Ji75ykI4wBRd9TpEI=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-687023068-f7b05b8f615d4fc4b7bdbd09656cb87c.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Corporal punishment in Indonesia" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/fAj7uldDZ6Ji75ykI4wBRd9TpEI=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-687023068-f7b05b8f615d4fc4b7bdbd09656cb87c.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Corporal punishment in Indonesia" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">What Is Corporal Punishment? Is It Still Allowed?</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_42-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_42-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4688611" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/mistretta-v-united-states-4688611" data-ordinal="42"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/LF7fxz1rryHYjl7I-DY6jlToZCE=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-946312880-db4a199ca08f4995870559bd42609351.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Scales of justice" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/LF7fxz1rryHYjl7I-DY6jlToZCE=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-946312880-db4a199ca08f4995870559bd42609351.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Scales of justice" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Mistretta v. United States: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_43-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_43-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4688652" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/rhode-island-v-innis-4688652" data-ordinal="43"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4LOXvKczjvoq4veplVEV3Q1kc4A=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1143727150-d2752ec3bf674f87b60c53fa56d1d852.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="A detective questions a suspect" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4LOXvKczjvoq4veplVEV3Q1kc4A=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1143727150-d2752ec3bf674f87b60c53fa56d1d852.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="A detective questions a suspect" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Rhode Island v. Innis: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_44-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_44-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4685954" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/shelby-county-v-holder-4685954" data-ordinal="44"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/OAzqLzruaYpSTjMJirTdMhWSYIc=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1047626268-d94c48bb972e4988918a5c49fab5379f.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Voting stickers" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/OAzqLzruaYpSTjMJirTdMhWSYIc=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1047626268-d94c48bb972e4988918a5c49fab5379f.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Voting stickers" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Shelby County v. Holder: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_45-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_45-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4173010" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/ruth-bader-ginsburg-biography-4173010" data-ordinal="45"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1poV0kLIkP4cubTt2gBd-P0PCD4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/rbg-5b5e2fd446e0fb0050818c7e.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg speaking at a Women's History Month reception in the U.S. capitol building" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1poV0kLIkP4cubTt2gBd-P0PCD4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/rbg-5b5e2fd446e0fb0050818c7e.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg speaking at a Women's History Month reception in the U.S. capitol building" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Biography of Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Supreme Court Justice</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_46-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_46-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4584312" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/united-states-v-lopez-4584312" data-ordinal="46"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1XyWOnzbZPCUSQ5Ek3JNsB8WqGw=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/gunfree-5c43368546e0fb0001f630be.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Weapons Free Zone sign at school field" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1XyWOnzbZPCUSQ5Ek3JNsB8WqGw=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/gunfree-5c43368546e0fb0001f630be.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Weapons Free Zone sign at school field" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">United States v. Lopez: The Case and Its Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_47-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_47-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4164747" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-double-jeopardy-4164747" data-ordinal="47"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/YIe3dYdtqC63r42ffspkCcxVB-4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ojtrial-5af199f904d1cf0037180cfb.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="View of courtroom during OJ Simpson trial" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/YIe3dYdtqC63r42ffspkCcxVB-4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/ojtrial-5af199f904d1cf0037180cfb.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="View of courtroom during OJ Simpson trial" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">What Is Double Jeopardy? Legal Definition and Examples</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_48-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_48-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4768693" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/strickland-v-washington-4768693" data-ordinal="48"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/0udxS9nSLOc0Q3_u05AgwLZuY8A=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-6222018181-a1ee364bc4b34f73b7583010ce2822cd.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="A man holds a briefcase" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/0udxS9nSLOc0Q3_u05AgwLZuY8A=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-6222018181-a1ee364bc4b34f73b7583010ce2822cd.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="A man holds a briefcase" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Strickland v. Washington: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_49-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_49-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4768502" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/shaw-v-reno-4768502" data-ordinal="49"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/meaas5MR-WnfTIzZst5WaXrS_HM=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/United_States_Congressional_Districts_in_North_Carolina_1993__19981-70a41f5e00b242f1a1d1e3aac7e1cc15.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="A map of congressional district in North Carolina from 1993 to 1998" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/meaas5MR-WnfTIzZst5WaXrS_HM=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/United_States_Congressional_Districts_in_North_Carolina_1993__19981-70a41f5e00b242f1a1d1e3aac7e1cc15.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="A map of congressional district in North Carolina from 1993 to 1998" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Shaw v. Reno: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_50-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_50-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4177156" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/tennessee-v-garner-case-arguments-impact-4177156" data-ordinal="50"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/mhekyO3BAV-E-pUwTkGcvVgYPk4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-923207130-5bcb9ffbc9e77c002d51f75f.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Armed police officers walking away" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/mhekyO3BAV-E-pUwTkGcvVgYPk4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-923207130-5bcb9ffbc9e77c002d51f75f.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Armed police officers walking away" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Tennessee v. Garner: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_51-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_51-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4177649" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/brown-v-mississippi-4177649" data-ordinal="51"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/vNkxWRLmFYpmmrJUqD2nOBLMEPg=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-513067575-5bd4e98bc9e77c0051bc92da.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Scales of justice in a courtroom." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/vNkxWRLmFYpmmrJUqD2nOBLMEPg=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-513067575-5bd4e98bc9e77c0051bc92da.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Scales of justice in a courtroom." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Brown v. Mississippi: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_52-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_52-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="3322403" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/john-g-roberts-biography-3322403" data-ordinal="52"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/sheVC6aPx7BNalMzEr5tOXG69DQ=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/president-bush-nominates-supreme-court-justice-53261259-5c6de562c9e77c00018ccb05.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/sheVC6aPx7BNalMzEr5tOXG69DQ=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/president-bush-nominates-supreme-court-justice-53261259-5c6de562c9e77c00018ccb05.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Biography of John G. Roberts, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_53-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_53-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4175647" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/south-dakota-v-dole-4175647" data-ordinal="53"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/jgAkXLOc-TlXCDHtSjE6hfvJjnU=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-142546378-5ba9287bc9e77c00500495cc.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Salesclerk carrying beer" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/jgAkXLOc-TlXCDHtSjE6hfvJjnU=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-142546378-5ba9287bc9e77c00500495cc.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Salesclerk carrying beer" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">South Dakota v. Dole: The Case and Its Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_54-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_54-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4175811" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/robert-mueller-4175811" data-ordinal="54"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Zwf8yVY3dmGAQdfWcyyQfcbRw7c=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-81708297-5ba7c457c9e77c0050bd4d02.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Robert S. Mueller III" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Zwf8yVY3dmGAQdfWcyyQfcbRw7c=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-81708297-5ba7c457c9e77c0050bd4d02.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Robert S. Mueller III" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Who Is Robert Mueller?</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_55-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_55-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4176839" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/brett-kavanaugh-4176839" data-ordinal="55"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ntvHb6hBrwmhS8k43MAgWOQwv1I=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1047771496-5bbd0b0746e0fb00266ce922.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="U.S. Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh (C) takes the podium as his wife Ashley (2nd R), daughters Liza (4th R) and Margaret (3rd R), and President Donald Trump (R) look on during a ceremonial swearing in" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ntvHb6hBrwmhS8k43MAgWOQwv1I=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-1047771496-5bbd0b0746e0fb00266ce922.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="U.S. Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh (C) takes the podium as his wife Ashley (2nd R), daughters Liza (4th R) and Margaret (3rd R), and President Donald Trump (R) look on during a ceremonial swearing in" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Biography of Brett Kavanaugh, Supreme Court Justice</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_56-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_56-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4179084" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/payton-v-new-york-arguments-impacts-4179084" data-ordinal="56"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/y-XBlbO0o1uel3SPOY0brd4y140=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-532590243-5bfeb84046e0fb005130028e.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Police officer getting out of cruiser" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/y-XBlbO0o1uel3SPOY0brd4y140=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-532590243-5bfeb84046e0fb005130028e.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Police officer getting out of cruiser" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Payton v. New York: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_57-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_57-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4173230" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/samuel-alito-biography-4173230" data-ordinal="57"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/2SLebhAO_-8maefRGFNSybH3-4c=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/samuel_alito-5b610a6746e0fb0050fa3e36.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Justice Samuel Alito" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/2SLebhAO_-8maefRGFNSybH3-4c=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/samuel_alito-5b610a6746e0fb0050fa3e36.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Justice Samuel Alito" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Biography of Samuel Alito</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_58-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_58-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4174290" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/embezzlement-definition-cases-4174290" data-ordinal="58"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/5pToqFl8a5DTwc7jYYi0grO-0G8=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-52226791-5b84a4b8c9e77c002c3b1b1c.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Hundred dollar bills" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/5pToqFl8a5DTwc7jYYi0grO-0G8=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-52226791-5b84a4b8c9e77c002c3b1b1c.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Hundred dollar bills" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">What is Embezzlement? Definition and Famous Cases</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_59-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_59-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4177469" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/worst-supreme-court-scandals-4177469" data-ordinal="59"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/SEK7s3rF-KvaNCjNy_TJkX2X324=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/lawyer-anita-hill-before-testifying-at-senate-judiciary-hearing-515331438-5c102f44c9e77c000150096a.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Lawyer Anita Hill Before Testifying at Senate Judiciary Hearing" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/SEK7s3rF-KvaNCjNy_TJkX2X324=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/lawyer-anita-hill-before-testifying-at-senate-judiciary-hearing-515331438-5c102f44c9e77c000150096a.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Lawyer Anita Hill Before Testifying at Senate Judiciary Hearing" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Top 5 Supreme Court Scandals</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_60-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_60-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4173065" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/john-marshall-biography-4173065" data-ordinal="60"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Kr1FgBPCRXG_IacWNqCkRRGEXoA=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/John-Marshall-2673-3x2gty-56a4892e5f9b58b7d0d77011.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Engraved portrait of Chief Justice John Marshall" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Kr1FgBPCRXG_IacWNqCkRRGEXoA=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/John-Marshall-2673-3x2gty-56a4892e5f9b58b7d0d77011.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Engraved portrait of Chief Justice John Marshall" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Biography of John Marshall, Influential Supreme Court Justice</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_61-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_61-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4175896" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/rod-rosenstein-biography-4175896" data-ordinal="61"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/2Aq75q3iKI3yQzzWxtLz5N-U7vQ=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-945966566-5ba945ac46e0fb0025fccf76.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Rod Rosenstein" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/2Aq75q3iKI3yQzzWxtLz5N-U7vQ=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-945966566-5ba945ac46e0fb0025fccf76.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Rod Rosenstein" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="U.S. Legal System"></div> <span class="block-title">Biography of Rod Rosenstein, Deputy U.S. Attorney General</span> </div> </a></li></div> </div></section> <section id="taxonomy-list_1-0" class="comp taxonomy-list" data-tracking-container="true"> <span class="section-title">More In: Issues</span> <ul> <li class="taxonomy-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-government-4133021" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="1" class="taxonomy-list-link" > The U. S. Government <svg class="icon icon-caret-right taxonomy-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="taxonomy-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-foreign-policy-4133010" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="2" class="taxonomy-list-link" > U.S. Foreign Policy <svg class="icon icon-caret-right taxonomy-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="taxonomy-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-liberal-politics-4133009" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="3" class="taxonomy-list-link" > U.S. Liberal Politics <svg class="icon icon-caret-right taxonomy-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="taxonomy-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/us-conservative-politics-4133006" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="4" class="taxonomy-list-link" > U.S. Conservative Politics <svg class="icon icon-caret-right taxonomy-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="taxonomy-list-item is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/womens-issues-4133002" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="5" class="taxonomy-list-link" > Women's Issues <svg class="icon icon-caret-right taxonomy-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="taxonomy-list-item is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/civil-liberties-4132996" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="6" class="taxonomy-list-link" > Civil Liberties <svg class="icon icon-caret-right taxonomy-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="taxonomy-list-item is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/middle-east-4132989" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="7" class="taxonomy-list-link" > The Middle East <svg class="icon icon-caret-right taxonomy-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="taxonomy-list-item is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/race-relations-4132982" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="8" class="taxonomy-list-link" > Race Relations <svg class="icon icon-caret-right taxonomy-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="taxonomy-list-item is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/immigration-4132977" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="9" class="taxonomy-list-link" > Immigration <svg class="icon icon-caret-right taxonomy-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="taxonomy-list-item is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/crime-and-punishment-4132972" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="10" class="taxonomy-list-link" > Crime & Punishment <svg class="icon icon-caret-right taxonomy-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="taxonomy-list-item is-collapsed"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/canadian-government-4132959" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="12" class="taxonomy-list-link" > Canadian Government <svg class="icon icon-caret-right taxonomy-list-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="loc postContent "><a id="text-button_1-0" class="comp text-button text-btn" href="#"> View more <svg class="icon icon-caret-down text-btn-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-down" href="#icon-caret-down"></use> </svg> </a> </div> </section> </div></div> <div id="leaderboard2-deferred-footer_1-0" class="comp leaderboard2-deferred-footer mm-ads-leaderboardfooter-flex-2-lazy mm-ads-flexible-leaderboard-lazy mm-ads-flexible-leaderboard mm-ads-flexible-ad mm-ads-gpt-adunit js-lazy-ad has-right-label leaderboard gpt leaderboard dynamic"> <div id="leaderboardfooter-flex-2" class="wrapper" data-type="leaderboard" data-pos="atf" data-priority="1" data-sizes="[[728, 90], [970, 250], "fluid"]" data-rtb="true" data-wait-for-third-party="false" data-targeting="{}"></div> </div> </main><footer id="footer_1-0" class="comp footer mntl-footer" role="contentinfo" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="mntl-footer__inner"> <div class="mntl-footer__primary"> <div class="mntl-footer__logo"> <a href="/" rel="home nocaes" id="mntl-logo_1-0" aria-label="Visit the homepage" > <div class="is-screenreader-only">ThoughtCo</div> <svg class="icon icon-logo " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-logo" href="#icon-logo"></use> </svg></a> </div> <div class="mntl-footer__social"> <div id="mntl-footer-social_1-0" class="comp mntl-footer-social reference-social-nav mntl-social-nav" data-tracking-container="true"> <h2 class="social-nav__title">Follow Us</h2> <ul class="social-nav__list"> <li class="social-nav__item social-nav__item--facebook"> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/thoughtcodotcom" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" class="social-nav__link social-nav__link--facebook" aria-label="Visit ThoughtCo's Facebook" > <svg class="icon icon-facebook social-nav__icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-facebook" href="#icon-facebook"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="social-nav__item social-nav__item--flipboard"> <a href="https://flipboard.com/@thoughtco?utm_source=thoughtco&utm_medium=follow&utm_campaign=tools" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" class="social-nav__link social-nav__link--flipboard" aria-label="Visit ThoughtCo's Flipboard" > <svg class="icon icon-flipboard social-nav__icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-flipboard" href="#icon-flipboard"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mntl-footer__secondary"> <nav id="mntl-footer-nav_1-0" class="comp mntl-footer-nav mntl-block" aria-label="Footer"><ul id="mntl-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-block mntl-footer-nav__list"><li id="mntl-footer-nav__list-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-footer-nav__list-item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/sciences-math-4132465" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_1-0" class="mntl-text-link type--squirrel-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Science, Tech, Math</span></a></li> <li id="mntl-footer-nav__list-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-footer-nav__list-item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/humanities-4133358" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_2-0" class="mntl-text-link type--squirrel-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Humanities</span></a></li> <li id="mntl-footer-nav__list-item_3-0" class="comp mntl-footer-nav__list-item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/languages-4133094" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_3-0" class="mntl-text-link type--squirrel-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Languages</span></a></li> <li id="mntl-footer-nav__list-item_4-0" class="comp mntl-footer-nav__list-item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/resources-4132590" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_4-0" class="mntl-text-link type--squirrel-link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Resources</span></a></li></ul></nav><ul id="mntl-footer-links_1-0" class="comp mntl-footer-links footer-links"> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="/about-us-4779650" rel="nocaes" data-type="ourStory" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > About Us </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com/advertising" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" data-type="advertise" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Advertise </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com/careers" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" data-type="careersAtDotDashMeredith" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Careers </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com/brands-privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" data-type="privacyPolicy" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Privacy Policy </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" data-type="editorialGuidelines" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Editorial Guidelines </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-contact-us" rel="nocaes" data-type="contact" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Contact </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item "> <a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com/brands-termsofservice" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" data-type="termsOfService" data-ordinal="1" class="mntl-footer-links__link type--rabbit-link" data-component="footerLinks" data-source="footerLinks" > Terms of Service </a> </li> <li class="mntl-footer-links__item mntl-truste-badge-wrapper"> <div class="loc truste-badge"><div id="mntl-universal-truste-badge_1-0" class="comp mntl-universal-truste-badge mntl-block"><a href="//privacy.truste.com/privacy-seal/validation?rid=e166d0ee-e663-4ad0-9384-f5bd78093a89" target="_blank" rel="noopener nocaes" id="mntl-universal-truste-badge_1-0-link" class="mntl-truste-badge-link" data-tracking-container="true" > <img class="mntl-truste-badge-image lazyload" alt="Access TRUSTe's Enterprise Privacy Certification program" data-src="//privacy-policy.truste.com/privacy-seal/seal?rid=e166d0ee-e663-4ad0-9384-f5bd78093a89" width="100" height="32" /> </a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="loc footer-bottom"><div id="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav_1-0" class="comp mntl-dotdash-universal-nav mntl-carbon-dotdash-universal-nav" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__content"> <svg class="icon mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__logo " > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__logo" href="#mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__logo"></use> </svg> <div class="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__wrapper"> <div class="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__text"> ThoughtCo is part of the <a href="https://www.dotdashmeredith.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow nocaes" class="mntl-dotdash-universal-nav__text--link" >Dotdash Meredith</a> publishing family. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></footer><svg class="is-hidden"> <defs> <symbol id="mntl-sc-block-starrating-icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 20 20"> <path d="M0,0v20h20V0H0z M14.2,12.2l1.1,6.3l-5.4-3.2l-5.1,3.2l1-6.3L1.4,8l5.9-0.8l2.6-5.8l2.7,5.8L18.5,8L14.2,12.2z"/> </svg> </symbol> </defs> </svg><script type="text/javascript" data-glb-js="bottom" src="/static/4.19.0/cache/eNqNk21uwyAMhi80xCH2d5cwxBAvDqzg9GOnn0OqrktbNCkK2HneFwOOrQJC3s6QhNFeIyZX7ac-hwXL5c3-hfTDIsQkhNW4hVjMiWQ0L-lZJ-YIiZjBVF8y857yef7KCZNUS0mwJGA7YMCy6tuk4NARTSB43t4dCkLQuhUyTGkyBU-FZFtDqRmLx1dMxxXPW8H0vWna0T0kfw3ysDA2iOH7YqC3rxMNEXVMWSiQVyon4yClrWrCa_APixEpjvI-Qor4QVVw9XiWvHndmUTOTq9kRBiaah2ecSGXWenVBthUhOLHXfhMluBIsW3OhoVZewQxGc3uwpt2Pbz1elhr7vXSDLG1YKTQwQYCzvE6tOvaw7sfo2owXRzJ47Xe2dbDAqUtX73h7CezZXoaB7UpAuOZHKO2xw9G2WUE.min.js" async defer="true"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> Mntl.utilities.scriptsOnLoad(document.querySelectorAll('script[data-glb-js="bottom"]'), function() { var Mntl = window.Mntl || {}; window.Mntl.affiliateLinkRewriter.setMappings( { DOC_ID: '4133018' ,SITE: 'thoughtco' ,REQUEST_ID: 'n4d517b3195244d729a791d1bd3e788cf05' } );window.Mntl.externalizeLinks.addPlugin(window.Mntl.affiliateLinkRewriter); window.Mntl.externalizeLinks.addPlugin(window.Mntl.amazonAffiliateTagger); window.Mntl.externalizeLinks.init();}); </script></body> </html>