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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Franks_G-Suit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franks_G-Suit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Franks G-Suit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franks_G-Suit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cotton_Aerodynamic_Anti-G_Flying_Suit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cotton_Aerodynamic_Anti-G_Flying_Suit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cotton Aerodynamic Anti-G Flying Suit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cotton_Aerodynamic_Anti-G_Flying_Suit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-'Berger'_Gradient_Pressure_Suit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'Berger'_Gradient_Pressure_Suit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>'Berger' Gradient Pressure Suit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'Berger'_Gradient_Pressure_Suit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prone_pilot_position_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prone_pilot_position_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prone pilot position aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prone_pilot_position_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_aviation_and_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_aviation_and_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Military aviation and space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_aviation_and_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_Bull_Air_Race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_Bull_Air_Race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Red Bull Air Race</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_Bull_Air_Race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B0%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="بذلة جي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بذلة جي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestit_antigravetat" title="Vestit antigravetat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vestit antigravetat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-g-Anzug" title="Anti-g-Anzug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anti-g-Anzug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traje_antigravedad" title="Traje antigravedad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Traje antigravedad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B6%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="لباس ضدشتاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لباس ضدشتاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinaison_anti-g" title="Combinaison anti-g – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Combinaison anti-g" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-%EC%8A%88%ED%8A%B8" title="G-슈트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="G-슈트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-G_odijelo" title="Anti-G odijelo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anti-G odijelo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuta_anti-G" title="Tuta anti-G – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tuta anti-G" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%92%27%D7%99" title="חליפת ג'י – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חליפת ג'י" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%90G%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84" title="耐Gスーツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="耐Gスーツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skafander_przeciwprzeci%C4%85%C5%BCeniowy" title="Skafander przeciwprzeciążeniowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skafander przeciwprzeciążeniowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traje_anti-G" title="Traje anti-G – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Traje anti-G" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Противоперегрузочный костюм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Противоперегрузочный костюм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Антигравитационо одело – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антигравитационо одело" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-dr%C3%A4kt" title="G-dräkt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="G-dräkt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-suit" title="G-suit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="G-suit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Протиперевантажувальний костюм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протиперевантажувальний костюм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%B9" title="جی سوٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جی سوٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E8%8D%B7%E6%9C%8D" title="抗荷服 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="抗荷服" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Flight suit which controls blood-flow during high acceleration</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-G_Suit_MSF830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Anti-G_Suit_MSF830.jpg/220px-Anti-G_Suit_MSF830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Anti-G_Suit_MSF830.jpg/330px-Anti-G_Suit_MSF830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Anti-G_Suit_MSF830.jpg/440px-Anti-G_Suit_MSF830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="3574" /></a><figcaption>MSF830 Anti-g Suit trousers and cummerbund fitted over a flying suit</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>g-suit</b>, or <b>anti-<i>g</i> suit</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Flight_suit" title="Flight suit">flight suit</a> worn by <a href="/wiki/Aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator">aviators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a> who are subject to high levels of <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a> force (<a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g</a>). It is designed to prevent a <a href="/wiki/G-LOC" title="G-LOC">black-out and g-LOC</a> (g-induced loss of consciousness) caused by the blood pooling in the lower part of the body when under acceleration, thus depriving the brain of blood.<sup id="cite_ref-Balldin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balldin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black-out and g-LOC have caused a number of fatal aircraft accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-suit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If blood is allowed to pool in the lower areas of the body, the brain will be deprived of blood. This lack of blood flow to the brain first causes a <a href="/wiki/Greyout_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greyout (medical)">greyout</a> (a dimming of the vision also called brownout), followed by <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_vision" title="Tunnel vision">tunnel vision</a> and ultimately complete loss of vision 'blackout' followed by g-induced Loss Of Consciousness or 'g-LOC'. The danger of g-LOC to aircraft pilots is magnified because on relaxation of g-force there is a period of disorientation before full sensation is re-gained. A g-suit does not so much increase the g-threshold, but makes it possible to sustain high g longer without excessive physical fatigue. The resting g-tolerance of a typical person is anywhere from 3–5 g depending on the person. A g-suit will typically add 1 g of tolerance to that limit. Pilots still need to practice the 'g-straining maneuver' that consists of tensing the abdominal muscles in order to tighten blood vessels so as to reduce blood pooling in the lower body. High g is not comfortable, even with a g-suit. In older <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a>, 6 g was considered a high level, but with modern fighters 9 g or more can be sustained structurally<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> making the pilot the critical factor in maintaining high maneuverability in close <a href="/wiki/Dogfight" title="Dogfight">aerial combat</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-suit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A g-suit is a special garment and generally takes the form of tightly fitting <a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">trousers</a>, which fit either under or over (depending on the design) the <a href="/wiki/Flight_suit" title="Flight suit">flight suit</a> worn by the aviator or astronaut. The trousers are fitted with inflatable bladders which, when pressurized through a g-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">valve</a> in the aircraft or spacecraft, press firmly on the abdomen and legs, thus restricting the draining of blood away from the brain during periods of high acceleration. In addition, in some modern very high-g aircraft, the Anti-g suit effect is augmented by a small amount of pressure applied to the lungs (<a href="/wiki/Continuous_positive_airway_pressure" title="Continuous positive airway pressure">positive pressure</a> breathing), which also enhances resistance to high G. The effects of anti-g suits and positive pressure breathing are straightforward to replicate in a simulator, although only continuous g can be produced artificially in devices such as <a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">centrifuges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various designs of g-suit have been developed. They first used water-filled bladders around the lower body and legs. Later designs used air under pressure to inflate the bladders. These g-suits were lighter than the liquid-filled versions and are still in extensive use. However, the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> company <a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_Support_Systems_AG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Life Support Systems AG (page does not exist)">Life Support Systems AG</a> and the German <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoflug" class="extiw" title="de:Autoflug">Autoflug</a> collaborated to design the new Libelle suit for use with the <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a> aircraft, which reverts to liquid as the medium and improves on performance. The Libelle suit is under consideration for adoption by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-suit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as 1917, there were documented cases of pilots' <a href="/wiki/G-LOC" title="G-LOC">loss of consciousness due to g</a> (G-LOC) that were referred to as "fainting in the air".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid3281645_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3281645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The recognition that the tight turns required of <a href="/wiki/RAF_High_Speed_Flight" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF High Speed Flight">RAF High Speed Flight</a> pilots taking part in 1920s <a href="/wiki/Schneider_Trophy" title="Schneider Trophy">Schneider Trophy</a> races causing blackouts meant a restriction to 4G to limit them to "grey out" with only partial loss of vision.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1931 a professor of physiology, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Cotton" title="Frank Cotton">Frank Cotton</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a> described a new way of determining the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a> of the human body. This made it possible to describe the displacement of mass within the body under acceleration.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cotton had recognised the need for an anti-gravity suit during the 1940 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>. It was estimated that 30% of pilot deaths were due to accidents, including black-out. <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfires</a>, in particular, were capable of rapid turns that generated high g-forces, causing black-out when diving to fire or avoid enemy fire.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the development of higher speed monoplane fighters in the late 1930s, acceleration forces during combat became more severe.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3281645_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3281645-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1940 some aircraft had foot-rests above the rudder pedals so that the pilot's feet and legs could be raised during combat in an attempt to minimize the negative effects of high speed turns. Large rudder deflections were often not necessary during such manoeuvres, but being able to cut inside the opponent's turning radius was.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Franks_G-Suit">Franks G-Suit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-suit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Franks G-Suit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_R._Franks" title="Wilbur R. Franks">Wilbur R. Franks</a> had suggested water-filled system in 1938 and in the absence of government funding he built a prototype - sized on himself - with private funding but his work was limited by availability of a suitable aircraft. In 1940 the UK provided a Supermarine Spitfire to aid his research.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first g-suits<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were developed by a team led by Franks at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Banting_and_Best_Department_of_Medical_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Banting and Best Department of Medical Research">Banting and Best Medical Institute</a> in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-fly.historicwings.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fly.historicwings.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suits were manufactured by the <a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Rubber" title="Dunlop Rubber">Dunlop</a> company and first used operationally in 1942 by pilots of <a href="/wiki/807_Naval_Air_Squadron" title="807 Naval Air Squadron">807 Squadron</a> <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a> (FAA) flying <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Seafire" title="Supermarine Seafire">Supermarine Seafires</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> invasion of North Africa. These devices used water-filled bladders around the legs; two <a href="/wiki/Mark_(designation)" title="Mark (designation)">Marks</a> (versions) were developed: </p> <ul><li>Franks Mark I suits were used by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_(plane)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane (plane)">Hawker Hurricane</a> and Supermarine Spitfire pilots;</li> <li>Franks Mark II suits were used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> pilots.</li></ul> <p>Adoption of the suit by the RAF was limited, as there was concern about pilots exceeding the stress limits of their aircraft and the possibility of revealing its existence to the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cotton_Aerodynamic_Anti-G_Flying_Suit">Cotton Aerodynamic Anti-G Flying Suit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-suit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cotton Aerodynamic Anti-G Flying Suit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professor <a href="/wiki/Frank_Cotton" title="Frank Cotton">Frank Cotton</a> of Sydney University, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, designed the first successful gas-operated anti-G suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research commenced late in 1940, and a suit was designed with rubber sacs covered externally by inextensible material. The sacs automatically inflated when G forces increased during flying. The suit was developed at the Sydney Medical School. Cotton constructed the first human centrifuge in the Anderson Stuart Building at Sydney University under tight wartime security. The volunteers, young airmen, were strapped by their legs to the centrifuge and subjected to high g-force and monitored until black-out occurred. All lost consciousness. On February 19, 1942, the day of the major Japanese <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">bombing of Darwin</a>, Cotton's suit was approved by the Allied war chiefs. The Americans soon issued orders for manufacture of a suit based on Cotton's design.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cotton suit was later flight-tested in a Hurricane, <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk_variants" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk variants">Kittyhawks</a>, and Spitfires and provided about 2G protection. It was examined by RAF Physiological Laboratory and the Royal Air Force ran competitive trials of the Cotton Anti-G suit with the Frank G-Suit that was already adopted in 1944. The Franks suit was self-contained, production contracts prepared and there was insufficient capacity to develop both simultaneously so the RAF was not able to take it on but recommended the RAAF did.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal Air Force concluded that: "There is no doubt the Cotton Suit gives the best protection." The Cotton suit's use of gas-inflatable bladders is still used in the modern anti-G suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="'Berger'_Gradient_Pressure_Suit"><span id=".27Berger.27_Gradient_Pressure_Suit"></span>'Berger' Gradient Pressure Suit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-suit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 'Berger' Gradient Pressure Suit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologist">physiologists</a> Drs. <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wood" title="Earl Wood">Earl H. Wood</a>, Edward Baldes, Charles Code and <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Lambert" title="Edward H. Lambert">Edward H. Lambert</a>, working in a top-secret research lab at the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>, helped to define the specific physiologic effects causing blackout and unconsciousness during high G forces. Based upon their new understanding of the physiologic effects of high G-forces, they developed a more practical G-suit derived from the work of Cotton and Franks. This suit used inflation like the Cotton suit. While Professor Cotton's design was intriguing, he was more focused on the center of gravity than on blood flow. This latter point was the key to making a practical anti-g suit that could be worn in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-fly.historicwings.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fly.historicwings.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suit was worn by US pilots towards the end of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vimeo.com_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vimeo.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The researchers were part of a team assembled at the Mayo Clinic investigating the effects of high-performance flight on military pilots, by studying the physiological effects of flight and how to mitigate them. They used a large <a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">centrifuge</a> to whirl riders and observe their blood pressures at the head and heart levels with special instruments. To prevent drops in blood pressure, the team designed an air bladder suit that inflated the pilot's calves, thighs, and abdomen.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A primary contribution, allowing for the shift from pulsatile water-filled bladders to non-pulsatile air-filled bladders, made by the Mayo investigators was to show that maintenance of arterial pressure rather than <a href="/wiki/Venous_return" title="Venous return">venous return</a> was required to maintain perfusion of the eyes and brain.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prototypes of the GPS suits were known as the "arterial Occlusion Suit" (AOS) or the Clark-Wood suit, named after Wood and Dave Clark (head of the Dave Clark company who fabricated the early suits for the team at Mayo)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their efforts finally culminated with the release of the first US military design in late 1943: the GPS (Gradient Pressure Suit) type fighter pilot's G-1 anti-g-suit.<sup id="cite_ref-USAAF_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAAF-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The team subsequently worked on developing further, more advanced models in 1944 and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-USAAF_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAAF-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although uncomfortable and distracting to use, later research showed that military fighter pilots who wore g-suits survived and defeated their opponents in greater numbers than those who didn't.<sup id="cite_ref-vimeo.com_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vimeo.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern g-Suits meet the United States Air Force Standard CSU-13B/P and United States Navy Standard CSU 15 A/P. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-suit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prone_pilot_position_aircraft">Prone pilot position aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-suit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prone pilot position aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prone_pilot" title="Prone pilot">Prone pilot</a></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the German <a href="/wiki/Henschel_Hs_132" title="Henschel Hs 132">Henschel Hs 132</a> (never flew) and the US <a href="/wiki/Northrop_XP-79" title="Northrop XP-79">Northrop XP-79</a> (crashed on first powered flight) jets both had <a href="/wiki/Prone_position#Pilots_and_the_prone_position" title="Prone position">prone positions</a> to minimize blood pooling in the legs.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1945 the British experimented with prone flying positions in <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor_F8_%22Prone_Pilot%22" title="Gloster Meteor F8 "Prone Pilot"">a highly modified Gloster Meteor F8</a> jet fighter and the <a href="/wiki/Reid_and_Sigrist_R.S.3" class="mw-redirect" title="Reid and Sigrist R.S.3">Reid and Sigrist R.S.3</a> "Bobsleigh" a piston engined trainer. However, other difficulties associated with prone piloting and the development of practical g-suits for normal seating positions terminated these experiments. </p><p>A similar concept, the <a href="/wiki/Supine_cockpit" title="Supine cockpit">supine cockpit</a> exists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_aviation_and_space">Military aviation and space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-suit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Military aviation and space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air-based g-suits were very common in NATO aircraft of all nations from the 1950s onwards and are still in common use today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Later jets such as the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet" title="Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet">Boeing F/A-18 Super Hornet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Rafale" title="Dassault Rafale">Dassault Rafale</a> can sustain high g loads for longer periods, and are therefore more physically demanding. By using a modern g-suit in combination with <a href="/wiki/High-g_training" title="High-g training">anti-g strain</a> techniques, a trained pilot is now expected to endure accelerations of up to nine g without blacking out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Astronauts" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronauts">Astronauts</a> wear g-suits similar to aviators but face different challenges due to the effects of <a href="/wiki/Microgravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Microgravity">microgravity</a>. Aviator g-suits apply uniform pressure to the lower legs to minimize the effects of high acceleration but research from the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> implies there might be a benefit in having a suit for <a href="/wiki/Astronauts" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronauts">astronauts</a> that uses a "milking action" to increase blood flow to the upper body.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_Bull_Air_Race">Red Bull Air Race</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-suit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Red Bull Air Race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pilots in <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Air_Race_World_Championship" title="Red Bull Air Race World Championship">Red Bull Air Race World Championship</a> have worn a g-suit called g-Race Suit since the 2009 season. The g-race suit is a liquid (water) filled, autonomous and aircraft independent working full-body g-protection system. It is tailor-made for each pilot and can be fine adjusted via lacings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The g-race suit contains four so-called "fluid muscles" which are sealed, liquid-filled tubes. Each fluid muscle extends from the shoulder to the ankle. Two fluid muscles – each filled with approximately 1 litre of fluid for a total of around 4 litres (1.1 US gal) per g-race suit – are routed vertically on the front side of the g-race suit and two are routed vertically on the rear side of the g-race suit. The suit weighs on average 6.5 kilograms (14 lb) in total, and its fabric is made out of a special mix of <a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a>. The counter pressure effect occurs instantaneously without any time delay versus an up to two second delay before reaching full system protection in standard pneumatic, inflatable g-suits. The race pilot utilizes the g-race suit interactively by muscle straining and breathing techniques to achieve an improved <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">cardiac output</a> and thus improved G-protection.<sup id="cite_ref-g-race_suit_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-race_suit-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-suit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aviation_articles" title="Index of aviation articles">Index of aviation articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-G_training" class="mw-redirect" title="High-G training">High-G training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">Acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Air combat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-suit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Balldin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balldin_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBalldin,_Ulf_I2002" class="citation book cs1">Balldin, Ulf I (2002). "33". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111214536/http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/published_volumes/harshEnv2/harshEnv2.html"><i>Acceleration effects on fighter pilots. In: Medical conditions of Harsh Environments</i></a>. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: Borden Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bordeninstitute.army.mil/published_volumes/harshEnv2/harshEnv2.html">the original</a> on 2009-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=33&rft.btitle=Acceleration+effects+on+fighter+pilots.+In%3A+Medical+conditions+of+Harsh+Environments&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Borden+Institute&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Balldin%2C+Ulf+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bordeninstitute.army.mil%2Fpublished_volumes%2FharshEnv2%2FharshEnv2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG-suit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amos, Smith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militarytimes.com/news/2008/01/navy_blueangel_080114/">"Report: Blue Angels pilot became disoriented"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203184142/http://www.militarytimes.com/news/2008/01/navy_blueangel_080114/">Archived</a> 2009-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Military_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Times">Military Times</a></i>, January 16, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116210049/http://www.456fis.org/G-SUITS.htm">"The G-Suit"</a>. <i>www.456fis.org</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redbullairrace.com/cs/Satellite/en_air/Article/New-Anti-G-Race-Suit-021238613644607?CategoryName=Red+Bull+Air+Race&p=1238611393596">the original</a> on 2011-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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