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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_the_Enlightenment_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_the_Enlightenment_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Emergence of the Enlightenment Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_the_Enlightenment_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascendancy_of_the_Min_clan_and_conservatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascendancy_of_the_Min_clan_and_conservatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ascendancy of the Min clan and conservatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascendancy_of_the_Min_clan_and_conservatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_of_the_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_of_the_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Events of the coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events_of_the_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gapsin Coup</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapsin-Putsch" title="Gapsin-Putsch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gapsin-Putsch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpe_de_Estado_Gapsin" title="Golpe de Estado Gapsin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Golpe de Estado Gapsin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D9%BE%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کودتا گپسین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کودتا گپسین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%89tat_de_Gapsin" title="Coup d'État de Gapsin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coup d'État de Gapsin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%91%EC%8B%A0%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%80" title="갑신정변 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갑신정변" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudeta_Gapsin" title="Kudeta Gapsin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kudeta Gapsin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colpo_di_stato_di_Gapsin" title="Colpo di stato di Gapsin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colpo di stato di Gapsin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudeta_Gapsin" title="Kudeta Gapsin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kudeta Gapsin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%94%B3%E6%94%BF%E5%A4%89" title="甲申政変 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="甲申政変" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapsinkuppet" title="Gapsinkuppet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gapsinkuppet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucz_Gapsin" title="Pucz Gapsin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pucz Gapsin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мятеж года Капсин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мятеж года Капсин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Заколот року Капсін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Заколот року Капсін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%94%B3%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="甲申政变 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="甲申政变" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%94%B3%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="甲申政變 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="甲申政變" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1884 failed coup d'état in Korea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Gapsin Coup</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>December 4, 1884 – December 6, 1884</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Hanyang, <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a><br />(present <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Coup failed</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="466" /></span></span></span> Radical <a href="/wiki/Gaehwa_Party" title="Gaehwa Party">Gaehwa Party</a><br /><b>Supported by:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="466" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Extreme_conservatives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extreme conservatives (page does not exist)">Extreme conservatives</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EA%B5%AC%ED%8C%8C_(%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0)" class="extiw" title="ko:수구파 (조선)">ko</a>]</span>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon Government</a></li></ul> <b>Supported by:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="466" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ok-gyun" title="Kim Ok-gyun">Kim Ok-gyun</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="466" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bak_Yeonghyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bak Yeonghyo">Bak Yeonghyo</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="466" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Seo_Jae-pil" class="mw-redirect" title="Seo Jae-pil">Seo Jae-pil</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> Takezoe Shinichiro</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="466" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_Korea" title="Gojong of Korea">King Gojong</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="466" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Empress_Myeongseong" title="Empress Myeongseong">Queen Min</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Korea_%281884%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="466" /></span></span></span> Min Yeong-ik <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281862%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Gapsin Coup</td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">갑신정변, 갑신혁명</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">甲申政變, 甲申革命</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Gapsinjeongbyeon, Gapsinhyeongmyeong</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Kapsinjŏngbyŏn, Kapsinhyŏngmyŏng</i></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Gapsin Coup</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <b>Gapsin Revolution</b>, was a failed three-day <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> that occurred in <a href="/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon dynasty">Korea</a> during 1884. Korean reformers in the <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment Party">Enlightenment Party</a> sought to initiate rapid changes within the country, including eliminating social distinctions by abolishing the legal privileges of the <a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">yangban</a> class. The coup d'état attempt, with Japanese support, began on December 4, 1884, with seizure of the <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbokgung" title="Gyeongbokgung">royal palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> and the killing of several members of the pro-Chinese conservative faction. However, the coup was eventually suppressed by a Chinese garrison stationed in the country. Thwarted by the Chinese actions, some of the pro-Japanese faction leaders found exile in Japan. The event led to informal Chinese domination of Korea from 1885 to 1894. Within the Joseon court, Chinese influence grew particularly under the Resident-General <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapsin_Coup&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Imo_Incident" title="Imo Incident">Imo Incident</a> of 1882, early reform efforts in Korea suffered a major setback.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aftermath of the event also brought the Chinese into the country where they began to directly interfere in Korean internal affairs,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> undertaking several initiatives to gain significant influence over the Korean government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Korean historian stated that "the Chinese government began to turn its former <a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">tributary state</a> into a semi-colony and its policy towards Korea substantially changed to a new imperialistic one where the suzerain state demanded certain privileges in her vassal state".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuus199854_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuus199854-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 4, 1882, the Korean government signed a new set of trade regulations with the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1882" title="China–Korea Treaty of 1882">China–Korea Treaty of 1882</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that permitted Chinese merchants to trade in Korea and gave them substantial advantages over the Japanese and Westerners, the regulations also granted the Chinese unilateral extraterritoriality privileges in civil and criminal cases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuus199854_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuus199854-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it allowed Koreans reciprocally to trade in Beijing the agreement was not a treaty but was in effect issued as a regulation for a vassal,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it also reasserted Korea's dependency on China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuus199854_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuus199854-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December, two high-level offices, the Oeamun (<i>Foreign Office</i>) and the Naeamun (<i>Home Office</i>) were established. The <i>Oeamun</i> dealt with foreign affairs and trade while the <i>Naeamun</i> was responsible for military matters and internal affairs. At the recommendation of the Chinese two advisors were appointed to the foreign office: the German <a href="/wiki/Paul_Georg_von_M%C3%B6llendorff" title="Paul Georg von Möllendorff">Paul Georg von Möllendorff</a> who had served in the Chinese Maritime Customs Service and the Chinese diplomat <a href="/wiki/Ma_Jianzhong" title="Ma Jianzhong">Ma Jianzhong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012293_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012293-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new Korean military formation, the <i>Chingunyeong</i> (<i>Capital Guards Command</i>), was also created and trained along Chinese lines by <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012293_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012293-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese also supervised the creation of a Korean Maritime Customs Service in 1883 with von Möellendorff as its head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korea was again reduced to a tributary state of China with <a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_Korea" title="Gojong of Korea">King Gojong</a> unable to appoint diplomats without Chinese approval<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012293_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012293-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and troops stationed in Seoul in order to protect Chinese interests in the country. China also obtained concessions in Korea, notably the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_concession_of_Incheon" title="Chinese concession of Incheon">Chinese concession of Incheon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_the_Enlightenment_Party">Emergence of the Enlightenment Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapsin_Coup&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Emergence of the Enlightenment Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gim_Okgyun.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gim_Okgyun.png/220px-Gim_Okgyun.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gim_Okgyun.png/330px-Gim_Okgyun.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gim_Okgyun.png/440px-Gim_Okgyun.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="1581" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ok-gyun" title="Kim Ok-gyun">Kim Ok-gyun</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A small group of reformers had emerged around the <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment Party">Enlightenment Party</a> and had become frustrated at the limited scale and arbitrary pace of reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members who constituted the Enlightenment Party were youthful, well-educated Koreans and most were from the <a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">yangban</a> class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were impressed by the developments in <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Japan">Meiji Japan</a> and were eager to emulate them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its members included <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ok-gyun" title="Kim Ok-gyun">Kim Ok-gyun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pak_Yung-hio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pak Yung-hio">Park Yung-hyo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hong_Yeong-sik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hong Yeong-sik (page does not exist)">Hong Yeong-sik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seo_Gwang-beom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seo Gwang-beom (page does not exist)">Seo Gwang-beom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soh_Jaipil" class="mw-redirect" title="Soh Jaipil">Soh Jaipil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011238_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group were all relatively young; Pak Yung-hio came from a prestigious lineage related to the royal family, was 23, Hong was 29, Seo Gwang-beom was 25, and Soh Jaipil was 20, with Kim Ok-gyun being the oldest, at 33.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011238_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All had spent some time in Japan. In 1882, Pak Yung-hio had been part of a mission sent to Japan to apologize for the Imo incident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been accompanied by Kim Ok-gyun, who later come under the influence of Japanese modernizers such as <a href="/wiki/Fukuzawa_Yukichi" title="Fukuzawa Yukichi">Fukuzawa Yukichi</a> and also by Seo Gwang-beom. Kim Ok-gyun, while also studying in Japan, had cultivated friendships with influential Japanese figures and was the de facto leader of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011238_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also strongly nationalistic and desired to make their country truly independent by ending Chinese interference in Korea's internal affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012293_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012293-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascendancy_of_the_Min_clan_and_conservatives">Ascendancy of the Min clan and conservatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapsin_Coup&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ascendancy of the Min clan and conservatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Korean history, the king's in-laws enjoyed great power, and the regent <a href="/wiki/Daewongun" class="mw-redirect" title="Daewongun">Daewongun</a> acknowledged that any future sons-in-law might threaten his authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012284_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012284-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, he attempted to prevent any possible threat to his rule by selecting a new queen for his son, an orphaned girl from among the <a href="/wiki/Yeoheung_Min_clan" title="Yeoheung Min clan">Yeoheung Min clan</a>, a clan which lacked powerful political connections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012285_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012285-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Empress_Myeongseong" title="Empress Myeongseong">Queen Min</a> as his daughter-in-law and the royal consort, the Daewongun felt secure in his power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012285_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012285-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after she had become queen, Min recruited all her relatives and had them appointed to influential positions in the name of the king. The Queen also allied herself with the Daewongun's political enemies, so that by late 1873 she had mobilized enough influence to oust the Daewongun from power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012285_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012285-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1873, when the Confucian scholar <a href="/wiki/Choe_Ik-hyeon" title="Choe Ik-hyeon">Choe Ik-hyeon</a> submitted a memorial to King Gojong urging him to rule in his own right, Queen Min seized the opportunity to force her father-in-law's retirement as regent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012285_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012285-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Daewongun's departure led to Korea's abandonment of its isolationist policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012285_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012285-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the ascendancy of Queen to the throne, the Min clan had also been able to use the newly created institutions by the government as bases for political power, and with their growing monopoly of key positions they frustrated the ambitions of the Enlightenment Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011238_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Imo incident in 1882, the Min clan pursued a pro-Chinese policy. This was partly a matter of opportunism as the intervention by Chinese troops led to subsequent exile of the rival Daewongun in Tianjin and the expansion of Chinese influence in Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011238_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Sadaedang</i> was a group of conservatives, which included not only <a href="/w/index.php?title=Min_Yeong-ik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Min Yeong-ik (page does not exist)">Min Yeong-ik</a> from the Min family but also prominent political figures such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Yun-sik_(born_1835)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Yun-sik (born 1835) (page does not exist)">Kim Yun-sik</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eo_Yun-jung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eo Yun-jung (page does not exist)">Eo Yun-jung</a> that wanted to maintain power with China's help. Although the members of the <i>Sadaedang</i> supported the enlightenment policy they favored gradual changes based on the <a href="/wiki/Yangwu_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangwu movement">Chinese model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012293_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012293-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the Min clan became advocates of the <i>"dongdo seogi"</i> (<i>Adopting Western knowledge while keeping Eastern values</i>) philosophy, which had originated from the ideas of moderate Chinese reformers who had emphasized the need to maintain the perceived superior cultural values and heritage<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012289_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012289-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sino-centric world</a> while recognizing the importance of acquiring and adopting Western technology, particularly military technology, in order to preserve autonomy. Hence, rather than the major institutional reforms such as the adaptation of new values such as legal equality or introducing modern education like in Meiji Japan, the advocates of this school of thought sought piecemeal adoptions of institutions that would strengthen the state while preserving the basic social, political, and cultural order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011238_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_of_the_coup">Events of the coup</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapsin_Coup&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Events of the coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Gaehwapa</i> members had failed to secure appointments to vital offices in the government and subsequently were unable to implement their reform plans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012294-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, they were prepared to seize power by all means necessary. An opportunity presented itself to stage a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup d’état">coup d’état</a> in August 1884. As hostilities between <a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">France and China</a> erupted over <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a>, half of the Chinese troops were withdrawn from Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012294-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 4, 1884, with the help of the Japanese minister <a href="/w/index.php?title=Takezoe_Shinichiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takezoe Shinichiro (page does not exist)">Takezoe Shinichiro</a>, who promised to mobilize Japanese legation guards to provide assistance, the members of the <i>Gaehwapa</i> staged their coup under the guise of a banquet hosted by Hong Yeong-sik, director of the General Postal Administration (<i>Ujeong Chongguk</i>) to celebrate the opening of the new national post office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012294-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_Korea" title="Gojong of Korea">King Gojong</a> was expected to attend together with several foreign diplomats and high-ranking officials, most of whom were members of the pro-Chinese <i>Sadaedang</i> faction. Kim Ok-gyun and his comrades approached King Gojong, falsely stating that Chinese troops had created a disturbance and escorted him to a small palace, the Gyoengu Palace, where they placed him in the custody of Japanese legation guards. They then proceeded to kill and wound several senior officials of the <i>Sadaedang</i> faction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012294-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the coup, the Enlightenment Party members formed a new government and devised a program of reform. The radical 14-point reform proposal stated that the following conditions be met: an end to Korea's tributary relationship with China; the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">ruling-class</a> privilege and the establishment of equal rights for all; the reorganization of the government as virtually a constitutional monarchy; the revision of land tax laws; cancellation of the grain loan system; the unification of all internal fiscal administrations under the jurisdiction of the Ho-jo; the suppression of privileged merchants and the development of free commerce and trade, the creation of a modern police system including police patrols and royal guards; and severe punishment of corrupt officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012294-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However the new government failed, lasting no longer than a few days,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012294-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially as the members of <i>Gaehwapa</i> were supported by no more than 140 Japanese troops facing at least 1,500 Chinese garrisoned in Seoul<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012294-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>. Facing this threat to her power, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Min">Queen Min</a> secretly requested military intervention from the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Chinese</a>. Consequently, even before the reform measures were made public, within three days the coup was suppressed by the Chinese troops who attacked and defeated the Japanese forces and restored power to the pro-Chinese Sadaedang faction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012294-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the ensuing melee Hong Yeong-sik was killed, the Japanese legation building was burned down and forty Japanese soldiers were killed. The surviving Korean coup leaders, including Kim Ok-gyun, <a href="/wiki/Pak_Yung-hio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pak Yung-hio">Park Yung-hyo</a>, Seo Gwang-beom, and Soh Jaipil, escaped to the port of <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Chemulpo</a> under escort of the Japanese minister Takezoe. From there they boarded a Japanese ship for exile in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012294-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 October, 9 participants including Kim Ok-gyun, Seo Jae-pil, <a href="/wiki/Ryu_Hyeok-ro" title="Ryu Hyeok-ro">Ryu Hyeok-ro</a>, Byeon Su, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kyu-wan" title="Lee Kyu-wan">Lee Kyu-wan</a>, Jeong Nan-gyou, Shin Ung-hui successfully exiled to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapsin_Coup&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Imo_Incident_and_Gapsin_Coup%22_Joseon_Dynasty_book,_Jang_Do-seo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%22Imo_Incident_and_Gapsin_Coup%22_Joseon_Dynasty_book%2C_Jang_Do-seo.jpg/220px-%22Imo_Incident_and_Gapsin_Coup%22_Joseon_Dynasty_book%2C_Jang_Do-seo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%22Imo_Incident_and_Gapsin_Coup%22_Joseon_Dynasty_book%2C_Jang_Do-seo.jpg/330px-%22Imo_Incident_and_Gapsin_Coup%22_Joseon_Dynasty_book%2C_Jang_Do-seo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/%22Imo_Incident_and_Gapsin_Coup%22_Joseon_Dynasty_book%2C_Jang_Do-seo.jpg/440px-%22Imo_Incident_and_Gapsin_Coup%22_Joseon_Dynasty_book%2C_Jang_Do-seo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="1258" /></a><figcaption>The book, <i>Imo Incident and Gapsin Coup</i></figcaption></figure> <p>After the abortive coup, King Gojong voided the reform measures proposed by the coup leaders and sent an envoy to Japan protesting its involvement in the coup and demanding repatriation of the conspirators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012294-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese government instead demanded an apology and reparations for damages from the Korean government over the incident. In January 1885, with a show of force, the Japanese dispatched two battalions and seven warships to Korea,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012295_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012295-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1885" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885</a> (Treaty of Hanseong), signed on 9 January 1885 by the Korean government with the Japanese envoy, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Inoue_Kaoru" title="Inoue Kaoru">Inoue Kaoru</a>. The treaty restored <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic relations">diplomatic relations</a> between the two nations, and the Korean government agreed to pay the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Yen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yen">¥</a>100,000 for damages to their legation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012295_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012295-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and provide a site and buildings for a new legation. </p><p>Prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ito_Hirobumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ito Hirobumi">Ito Hirobumi</a>, in order to overcome Japan's disadvantageous position in Korea followed by the abortive coup, visited China to discuss the matter with his Chinese counterpart, <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhang" title="Li Hongzhang">Li Hongzhang</a>. The two parties succeeded in concluding the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tientsin" title="Convention of Tientsin">Convention of Tianjin</a> on May 31, 1885. The two parties also pledged to withdraw their troops from Korea within four months, with prior notification to the other, if troops were to be sent to Korea in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012295_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012295-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After both countries withdrew their forces, they left behind a precarious balance of power on Korean peninsula between those two nations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012295_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012295-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Yuan Shikai remained in Seoul appointed as the Chinese Resident and continued to interfere with Korean domestic politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012295_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012295-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coup significantly disrupted reform efforts that arose from the <a href="/wiki/1883_Korean_special_mission_to_the_United_States" title="1883 Korean special mission to the United States">1883 Korean special mission to the United States</a>. Some of the mission's members were part of the Gaehwa Party, and were either killed or forced into exile.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Bobingsa_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Bobingsa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapsin_Coup&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">History of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabo_Reform" title="Gabo Reform">Gabo Reform</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapsin_Coup&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Korean name for the events takes from the year in the traditional East Asian <a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">sexagenary cycle</a> system of dating, <i>"gapsin"</i> refers to the year 1884.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as the "Regulations for Maritime and Overland Trade Between Chinese and Korean Subjects" (<i>Choch’ŏng sangmin suryuk muyŏk changjŏng</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012293_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012293-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapsin_Coup&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011237-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011237_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeth2011">Seth 2011</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuus199854-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuus199854_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuus199854_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuus199854_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuus1998">Duus 1998</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012293-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012293_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012293_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012293_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012293_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012293_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012293_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2012">Kim 2012</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adventurekorea.com/guide-to-incheons-chinatown/">"Guide to Incheon's Chinatown"</a>. 3 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Incheon%27s+Chinatown&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadventurekorea.com%2Fguide-to-incheons-chinatown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGapsin+Coup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchs2017" class="citation book cs1">Fuchs, Eckhardt (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pZlBDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA97"><i>A New Modern History of East Asia</i></a>. V&R unipress GmbH. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7370-0708-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7370-0708-5"><bdi>978-3-7370-0708-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Modern+History+of+East+Asia&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=V%26R+unipress+GmbH&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-7370-0708-5&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Eckhardt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpZlBDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGapsin+Coup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011238-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011238_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011238_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011238_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011238_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011238_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011238_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeth2011">Seth 2011</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012284-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012284_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2012">Kim 2012</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012285-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012285_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012285_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012285_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012285_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012285_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2012">Kim 2012</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012289-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012289_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2012">Kim 2012</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012294-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012294_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2012">Kim 2012</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/">"갑신정변(甲申政變)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a></i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.atitle=%EA%B0%91%EC%8B%A0%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%80%28%E7%94%B2%E7%94%B3%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGapsin+Coup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2012295-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012295_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012295_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012295_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012295_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2012295_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKim2012">Kim 2012</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Bobingsa-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Bobingsa_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0023371">"보빙사 (報聘使)"</a> [Bobingsa]. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a></i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.atitle=%EB%B3%B4%EB%B9%99%EC%82%AC+%28%E5%A0%B1%E8%81%98%E4%BD%BF%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FArticle%2FE0023371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGapsin+Coup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contents.history.go.kr/front/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_038_0030_0020_0030_0020&whereStr=@where+%7B+IDX_TITLE(HASALL%7C%27%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%B3%B4%EB%B9%99%EC%82%AC%27%7C100000%7C0)+or+IDX_CONTENT(HASALL%7C%27%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%B3%B4%EB%B9%99%EC%82%AC%27%7C100%7C0)+or+IDX_ALL(HASALL%7C%27%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%B3%B4%EB%B9%99%EC%82%AC%27%7C1%7C0)+%7D">"조선보빙사의 미국파견 및 일정"</a> [Joseon Bobingsa's Dispatch to the United States and Schedule]. <i>우리역사넷</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%84%B7&rft.atitle=%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%B3%B4%EB%B9%99%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%98+%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%ED%8C%8C%EA%B2%AC+%EB%B0%8F+%EC%9D%BC%EC%A0%95&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontents.history.go.kr%2Ffront%2Fnh%2Fview.do%3FlevelId%3Dnh_038_0030_0020_0030_0020%26whereStr%3D%40where%2B%257B%2BIDX_TITLE%28HASALL%257C%2527%25EC%25A1%25B0%25EC%2584%25A0%25EB%25B3%25B4%25EB%25B9%2599%25EC%2582%25AC%2527%257C100000%257C0%29%2Bor%2BIDX_CONTENT%28HASALL%257C%2527%25EC%25A1%25B0%25EC%2584%25A0%25EB%25B3%25B4%25EB%25B9%2599%25EC%2582%25AC%2527%257C100%257C0%29%2Bor%2BIDX_ALL%28HASALL%257C%2527%25EC%25A1%25B0%25EC%2584%25A0%25EB%25B3%25B4%25EB%25B9%2599%25EC%2582%25AC%2527%257C1%257C0%29%2B%257D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGapsin+Coup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gapsin_Coup&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuus1998" class="citation book cs1">Duus, Peter (1998). <i>The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52092-090-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-52092-090-2"><bdi>0-52092-090-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abacus+and+the+Sword%3A+The+Japanese+Penetration+of+Korea&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-52092-090-2&rft.aulast=Duus&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGapsin+Coup" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeene2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Keene" title="Donald Keene">Keene, Donald</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emperorofjapanme00keen"><i>Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912</i></a></span>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12341-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12341-8"><bdi>0-231-12341-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+of+Japan%3A+Meiji+and+His+World%2C+1852%E2%80%931912&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-231-12341-8&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femperorofjapanme00keen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGapsin+Coup" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2012" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Jinwung (2012). <i>A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict</i>. New York: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00024-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00024-8"><bdi>978-0-253-00024-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea%3A+From+%22Land+of+the+Morning+Calm%22+to+States+in+Conflict&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00024-8&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jinwung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGapsin+Coup" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2005" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Djun Kil (2005). <i>The History of Korea</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Korea&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Djun+Kil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGapsin+Coup" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313332968" title="Special:BookSources/9780313332968">9780313332968</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313038532" title="Special:BookSources/9780313038532">9780313038532</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/217866287">OCLC 217866287</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleiner2001" class="citation book cs1">Kleiner, Jergen (2001). <i>Korea: A Century of Change</i>. River Edge, New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+A+Century+of+Change&rft.place=River+Edge%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=Jergen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGapsin+Coup" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9810246579" title="Special:BookSources/9810246579">9810246579</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789810246570" title="Special:BookSources/9789810246570">9789810246570</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48993770">OCLC 48993770</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth2011" class="citation book cs1">Seth, Michael J. (2011). <i>A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-742-56715-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-742-56715-3"><bdi>978-0-742-56715-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-742-56715-3&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGapsin+Coup" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Joseon" title="Template:Joseon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joseon" title="Template talk:Joseon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joseon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joseon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joseon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Korean state (1392–1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Joseon_dynasty" title="History of the Joseon dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cei_Invasion" title="Ōei Invasion">Tsushima expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a></li> <li>Manchu invasions of Korea (<a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th-century_peasant_rebellions_in_Korea" title="19th-century peasant rebellions in Korea">19th-century peasant rebellions in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1876" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876">Treaty of Ganghwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imo_Incident" title="Imo Incident">Imo Incident</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gapsin Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution" title="Donghak Peasant Revolution">Donghak Peasant Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabo_Reform" title="Gabo Reform">Gabo Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Empress_Myeongseong" title="Assassination of Empress Myeongseong">Assassination of Empress Myeongseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg/65px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg/98px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg/130px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Joseon_dynasty" title="Politics of the Joseon dynasty">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_factions_during_the_Joseon_dynasty" title="Political factions during the Joseon dynasty">Political factions during the Joseon dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literati_purges" title="Korean literati purges">Korean literati purges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Joseon" title="List of kings of Joseon">List of kings of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Joseon" title="State Council of Joseon">State Council of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Ministries_of_Joseon" title="Six Ministries of Joseon">Six Ministries of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_offices_of_Joseon" title="Three offices of Joseon">Three offices of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Defense_Council_of_Joseon" title="Border Defense Council of Joseon">Border Defense Council of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_royal_inspector" title="Secret royal inspector">Secret royal inspector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_Army" title="Joseon Army">Joseon Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_Army_(1881%E2%80%931897)" title="Joseon Army (1881–1897)">late 19th century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_Navy" title="Joseon Navy">Joseon Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Society_in_the_Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Society in the Joseon dynasty">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Styles_and_titles_in_the_Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Styles and titles in the Joseon dynasty">Styles and titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system in Korea">Caste system in Korea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seonbi" title="Seonbi">Seonbi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kisaeng" title="Kisaeng">Kisaeng</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Joseon" title="Education in Joseon">Education in Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Grand_Palaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Grand Palaces">Five Grand Palaces</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok">Hanbok</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buncheong" title="Buncheong">Buncheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_white_porcelain" title="Joseon white porcelain">Joseon white porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_tea_ceremony" title="Korean tea ceremony">Korean tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungkyunkwan" title="Sungkyunkwan">Sungkyunkwan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaekgeori" title="Chaekgeori">Chaekgeori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minhwa" title="Minhwa">Minhwa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural heritages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changdeokgung" title="Changdeokgung">Changdeokgung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongmyo_(Seoul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jongmyo (Seoul)">Jongmyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namhansanseong" title="Namhansanseong">Namhansanseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Tombs_of_the_Joseon_dynasty" title="Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty">Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty</a></li> <li>Villages of <a href="/wiki/Hahoe_Folk_Village" title="Hahoe Folk Village">Hahoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yangdong_Folk_Village" title="Yangdong Folk Village">Yangdong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veritable_Records_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty" title="Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty">Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunminjeongeum" title="Hunminjeongeum">Hunminjeongeum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilseongnok" title="Ilseongnok">Ilseongnok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanjung_ilgi" title="Nanjung ilgi">Nanjung ilgi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seungjeongwon_ilgi" title="Seungjeongwon ilgi">Seungjeongwon ilgi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uigwe" title="Uigwe">Uigwe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1883_Korean_special_mission_to_the_United_States" title="1883 Korean special mission to the United States">1883 Korean special mission to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_missions_to_China" title="Joseon missions to China">Joseon missions to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_missions_to_Japan" title="Joseon missions to Japan">Joseon missions to Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_Tongsinsa" title="Joseon Tongsinsa">Joseon Tongsinsa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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