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<span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Yangban_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Yangban_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of Yangban families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Yangban_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="يانغبان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يانغبان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yangban" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yangban" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یانگبان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یانگبان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yangban" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EB%B0%98" title="양반 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양반" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yangban" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yangban" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9F" title="יאנגבאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יאנגבאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangban" title="Jangban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jangban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yangban" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yangban" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A1%E7%8F%AD" title="両班 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="両班" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yangban" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yangban" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Янбан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Янбан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Јангбан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јангбан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yangban" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yangban" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C6%B0%E1%BB%A1ng_ban" title="Lưỡng ban – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lưỡng ban" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E7%8F%AD" title="兩班 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="兩班" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q696994#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical Korean aristocratic caste</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yangban%22">"Yangban"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yangban%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yangban%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yangban%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yangban%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yangban%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><b>Yangban</b></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangban98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Yangban98.jpg/220px-Yangban98.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Yangban98.jpg/330px-Yangban98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Yangban98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Korean official during his stay in China, taken in 1863.</div></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">양반</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">兩班</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">yangban</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">yangban</i></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:left; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <caption style="font-size:115%; background:#b0c4de;">Joseon class system </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Class</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th> <th>Status </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yangban</a></i></td> <td>양반</td> <td>兩班</td> <td>noble class </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Jungin" title="Jungin">Jungin</a></i></td> <td>중인</td> <td>中人</td> <td>intermediate class </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sangmin" title="Sangmin">Sangmin</a></i></td> <td>상민</td> <td>常民</td> <td>common people </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Cheonmin" title="Cheonmin">Cheonmin</a></i></td> <td>천민</td> <td>賤民</td> <td>lowborn people (<i><a href="/wiki/Nobi" title="Nobi">nobi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Baekjeong" title="Baekjeong">baekjeong</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mudang" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudang">mudang</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gisaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisaeng">gisaeng</a></i>, etc.) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;" colspan="4"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joseon_caste_system" title="Template:Joseon caste system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joseon_caste_system" title="Template talk:Joseon caste system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>yangban</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">양반</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">兩班</span></span>) were part of the traditional ruling class or <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> of dynastic Korea during the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> period. The <i>yangban</i> were mainly composed of highly educated civil officials and military officers—landed or unlanded <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocrats</a> who individually exemplified the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucian</a> form of a "<a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">scholarly official</a>". They were largely government administrators and bureaucrats who oversaw medieval and early modern Korea's traditional agrarian bureaucracy until the end of the dynasty in 1897. In a broader sense, an office holder's family and descendants, as well as country families who claimed such descent, were socially accepted as <i>yangban</i>. </p><p>In contemporary Korean language, the term <i>yangban</i> can be used either as a compliment or insult.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangban&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Yangban</i> literally means "two branches" of administration: <i>munban</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">문반</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">文班</span></span>) which comprises civil administrators and <i>muban</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">무반</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">武班</span></span>) which comprises martial office holders. The term yangban first appeared sometime during late <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> but gained wider usage during the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, from the sixteenth century onward <i>yangban</i> increasingly came to denote local wealthy families who were mostly believed to be the descendants of once high-ranking officials. As more of the population aspired to become <i>yangban</i> and gradually succeeded in doing so in the late Joseon period by purchasing the <i>yangban</i> status, the privileges and splendor the term had inspired slowly vanished. It even gained a diminutive connotation. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangban.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/Yangban.jpg/180px-Yangban.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/87/Yangban.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>A group of <i>yangban</i> women attending a family ritual. Late 18th century.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangban&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike noble titles in the European and Japanese aristocracies, which were conferred on a hereditary basis, the bureaucratic position of <i>yangban</i> was granted by law to <i>yangban</i> who meritoriously passed state-sponsored civil service exams called <i><a href="/wiki/Gwageo" title="Gwageo">gwageo</a></i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">과거</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">科擧</span></span>). This exam was modeled on the imperial examinations first started during the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> dynasty of Korea. Upon passing these exams—which tested knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> <a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">classics</a> and history with poetry—several times, <i>yangban</i> was usually assigned to a government post. It was superficially decided that a <i>yangban</i> family that did not produce a government official for more than three generations could lose its status and become commoners. This superficial rule was never actually applied, but was a motivation rule for <i>yangban</i> to study harder. In theory, a member of any social class except <a href="/wiki/Nobi" title="Nobi">nobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baekjeong" title="Baekjeong">baekjeong</a> (Korean untouchables), and children of <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubines</a> could take the government exams and become a <i>yangban</i>. In reality, only the upper classes—i.e., the children of <i>yangban</i>—possessed the financial resources and the wherewithal to pass the exams, for which years of studying were required. These barriers and financial constraints effectively excluded most non-<i>yangban</i> families and the lower classes from competing for <i>yangban</i> status, just like <a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">scholar-officials</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Gangneung-Seongyojang-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Korea-Gangneung-Seongyojang-01.jpg/300px-Korea-Gangneung-Seongyojang-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Korea-Gangneung-Seongyojang-01.jpg/450px-Korea-Gangneung-Seongyojang-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Korea-Gangneung-Seongyojang-01.jpg/600px-Korea-Gangneung-Seongyojang-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>Seongyojang (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">강릉 선교장</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Gangneung" title="Gangneung">Gangneung</a>, built in the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Yangban</i> status on a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Korea" title="Provinces of Korea">provincial</a> level was <i>de facto</i> hereditary. In the early Joseon Dynasty, if no one from a noble family had held a government position for four generations, they were deprived of that position.  However, the government, which was short of budget due to the wars of the 16th century and the disasters caused by the Little Ice Age, issued a tool called Gongmyeongcheop, a means of purchasing and selling government positions, and the existing caste system collapsed.  As a result, genealogy, rather than official position, became a means of proving one's status as a nobleman, and the status of Yangban changed to a hereditary form. It was customary to include all descendants of the office holders in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyangan (page does not exist)">hyangan</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">향안</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">鄕案</span></span>), a document that listed the names and lineages of local <i>yangban</i> families. The <i>hyangan</i> was maintained on blood basis, and one could be cut off from it if members of the family married social inferiors, such as tradesmen. Although the <i>hyangan</i> was not legally supported by government acts or statutes, the families listed in it were socially respected as <i>yangban</i>. Their householders had the customary right to participate in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyangso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyangso (page does not exist)">hyangso</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">향소</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">鄕所</span></span>), a local council from which they could exercise influence on local politics and administration.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By reserving and demanding socio-political power through local instruments such as <i>hyangan</i> and <i>hyangso</i>, <i>yangban</i> automatically passed down their status to posterity in local magnate families, with or without holding central offices. These provincial families of gentility were often termed <i>jaejisajok</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">재지사족</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">在地士族</span></span>), which means "the country families". while legally, <i>yangban</i> meant high-ranking officials, in reality it included almost all descendants of the former and increasingly lost its legal exactitude. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18thcentur_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/18thcentur_man.jpg/170px-18thcentur_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/18thcentur_man.jpg/255px-18thcentur_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/18thcentur_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>A leisure class: a <i>yangban</i> takes a break while hunting. <br /><a href="/wiki/Sin_Yun-bok" title="Sin Yun-bok">Hyewon</a>, early 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout Joseon history, the monarchy and the <i>yangban</i> existed on the slave labor of the lower classes, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Sangmin" title="Sangmin">sangmin</a>, whose bondage to the land as indentured servants enabled the upper classes to enjoy a perpetual life of leisure—i.e., the life of "scholarly" gentlemen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These practices effectively ended in 1894 during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gwangmu_Reform" title="Gwangmu Reform">Gwangmu Reform</a>. </p><p>In today's Korea, the <i>yangban</i> legacy of patronage based on common educational experiences, teachers, family backgrounds, and hometowns continues in some forms, officially and unofficially. In South Korea, the practice exists among the upper class and power elite, where patronage among the conglomerates tends to predictably follow blood, school, and hometown ties. In North Korea, a <i>de facto</i> <i>yangban</i> class exists that is based mostly on military and party alliances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangban&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Yangban</i> were the Joseon period equivalent of the former <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> nobles who had been educated in Buddhist and Confucian studies. With the succession of the Yi generals in the Joseon dynasty, prior feuds and factions were quelled through a decisive attempt to instill administrative organization throughout Korea and create a new class of agrarian bureaucrats. The individual <i>yangban</i> included members of this new class of bureaucrats and former <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> nobility. While ostensibly open to all, the "civil service exams" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">과거</span></span>) catered to the lifestyle and habits of the <i>yangban</i>, which created a semi-hereditary meritocracy, as <i>yangban</i> families overwhelmingly possessed the minimum education, uninterrupted study time and immense financial resources to pass such exams. The yangban, like the <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">Mandarins</a> before them, dominated the Royal Court and military of pre-Modern Korea and often were exempt from laws including those relating to taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koreans_oldest_pic_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Koreans_oldest_pic_3.jpg/200px-Koreans_oldest_pic_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Koreans_oldest_pic_3.jpg/300px-Koreans_oldest_pic_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Koreans_oldest_pic_3.jpg/400px-Koreans_oldest_pic_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>One of the earliest photographs depicting <i>yangban</i>, taken in 1863.</figcaption></figure> <p>There were at most 100 positions open with thousands of candidates taking the exams. Competition that was originally supposed to bring out the best in each candidate gave way to the importance of familial relationships. Because the Joseon Court was constantly divided among the Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western faction members (the eccentric geographical naming derived from the location of each leader's house in Seoul which were divided into subsections), a divided system resulted where corruption was very difficult. With each faction constantly probing for an excuse to kill off the other, if one faction was proven to be corrupt then the other factions would immediately jump on the chance to purge them. The attempt to receive or give bribes on a massive scale was suicide. It wasn't until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sunjo_of_Joseon" title="Sunjo of Joseon">King Sunjo</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Andong_Kim_clan" title="Andong Kim clan">Kim clan of Andong</a> in cooperation with few other blood related grandee clans obtained full control over the court — after purging their rival factions and other rival clans in their own political faction the Joseon bureaucracy degenerated into corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this level the exceptionally powerful families could be more properly referred to as <i>sedoga</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">세도가</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">勢道家</span></span>) instead of mere <i>yangban</i>, which by then came to include shades of classes other than the grandees. </p><p>From the sixteenth century and increasingly during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, high-ranking offices were monopolized by a few grandee families based in Seoul or the Han River Valley, therefore blocking any chance of gaining high-ranking posts by many provincial families of pedigree. However, provincial magnates began to refer themselves as <i>yangban</i> whether they held government offices or not. As more families claimed to be <i>yangban</i> and exercised provincial influences through local institutions, such as local council, pedigree acknowledgment and Confucius school (<i><a href="/wiki/Seowon" title="Seowon">seowon</a></i>), the term lost its original meaning and became a sort of social status that had a confusing legal standing. Its economic and cultural domain was clear, though. A landlord who studied classics at <i>seowon</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">서원</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">書院</span></span>) could be easily looked upon as <i>yangban</i> by the local populace. People could now purchase <i>yangban</i> status by paying to procure lower government posts or <i><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_book" title="Genealogy book">jokbo</a></i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">족보</span></span>), the noble pedigree. </p><p>Nearly all <i>yangban</i> of upper-high ranking grandee to lower-ranking provincial landlord status suddenly lost their ancient political, social and economic power during the twentieth century. The legality of <i>yangban</i> was abolished in 1894. Subsequently, their political and administrative role was replaced by Japanese colonial government and its administrators, although some <i>yangban</i> maintained their wealth and power by cooperating with the Japanese. However, the erosion of an idea of complete and exclusive power was irreversible. During the period of Japanese colonial rule, the privileged yangban class, comprising largely those who did not actively resist Japan because of the pro-Japanese policies, gained advantages.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They ventured into various industries such as printing, textiles, rubber, clothing, and brewing. Accumulating wealth, they expanded their ventures into sectors requiring technological expertise, including machinery, chemicals, automobiles, and shipbuilding. These individuals were less affected by Japanese policies such as land surveys and the Southern Expansion Policy, and sometimes even benefited from them, allowing them to accumulate wealth more than other social strata. However, they did not receive the same treatment as the Japanese aristocracy under Japanese rule. There were limitations as both social classes and businesses remained dependent on Japan, and the profits flowed back to the Japanese upper class. Unlike popular narratives in Korean minjung scholarship, after the Korean War on June 25, the influence of the Yangban class and discrimination against the common people persisted.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern-day Korea, the <i>yangban</i> as a social class with legal status and landed wealth no longer exists either in the north or the south. Nevertheless, those who are well-connected in Korean society are sometimes said to have "<i>yangban</i>" connections. Though these claims may have some merit, such references are not usually intended to suggest any real <i>yangban</i> lineage or ancestry. Today, the <i>yangban</i> have been replaced by the Korean ruling class, i.e., an elite class of business and government elites, who dominate the country through their wealth, power and influence channeled through their familial and social networks. (This applies to North and South Korea, though the North's elite class is largely military-based.) The word is also used, at least in South Korea, as a common reference (sometimes with distinctly negative connotations, reflecting the negative impression the class system and its abuses left on Koreans as a whole) to an older, sometimes cantankerous/stubborn man. Over the course of many years, Yangban has waned compared to previous eras; however, akin to nobles in other regions, they still maintain a formidable presence thanks to the remnants of their superiority and vestiges of privilege, standing significantly above the common populace.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fashion">Fashion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangban&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yangban" title="Special:EditPage/Yangban">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yangban%22">"Yangban"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yangban%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yangban%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yangban%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yangban%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yangban%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the Joseon Dynasty, men's clothing varied in form depending on their social status, occupation, and circumstances. Generally, men wore <i>jeogori</i> (jackets), <i>baji</i> (pants), and <i>po</i> (outer garments) as basic attire. Commoners and lower-class individuals typically wore simple garments made of plain-colored cotton or hemp, while the upper class, such as the Yangban, utilized luxurious materials and colors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attire of the Yangban class featured intricate details, materials, and accompanying accessories which reflected the wearer's societal status. Each attire differed based on their jobs and titles, their attire was also a reflection of the respect to be given to them and their family lineage. The Hanbok of Yangban is beyond the general hanbok style and is known as <i>po</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">포</span></span>). <i>Po</i> has multiple variations but the most popular is known as <i>dopo</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">도포</span></span>), a long gown with an additional section that covers the lower back and features a slit that gives wavy design. Layering was also a feature of Yangban Hanbok based on the weather or season and was often colorful.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their hair was tied into an up-top bun and the temple was daunted with a band known as 망건 (<i>mang-geon</i>), which had a stone known as 풍잠 (<i>pung-jam</i>) in the middle that covered the bun to symbolize uniformity. The top bun was in egg shape and used a hairpin known as 빈녀 (<i>binyeo</i>) to maintain its structure. The tightness with which 망건 (<i>mang-geon</i>) is tied was associated with the level of fashion a Yangban was knowledgeable in. 망건 Mang-geon is tied to a button-like stone on the either sides near the ears known as 관자 (<i>kwan–ja</i>). These <i>kwan–ja</i> played the role of assessing a Yangban's rank based on the material and size of it. For example, a big golden <i>kwan–ja</i> meant the person belonged to higher class.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another feature are the accessories. Earrings were worn by Yangban from the early Joseon dynasty and by people of all ages up until the 14th Joseon King, San-Jo, banned wearing earrings due to the discrimination by other countries during war. Similar to the modern day watch, an accessory of Yangban that was always seen in their hands was a hand fan known as 부채 (<i>bu-chae</i>), of which many different types and designs symbolized rank and various other elements of social hierarchy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hats were also a huge part of Yangban fashion. Hats known as 갓 (<i>gat</i>), shaped in a round and big cylindrical top that covered their hair, featured a brooch on the top known as 정자 (<i>jung-ja</i>). The hat also featured some fashionable elements such as string with beads and elements depended on the wearer's personal preference and hierarchical rank. In the royal family, the number of strings on a hat adorned by the king or prince determined their ranks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shoes worn by Yangban were of two kinds low-ankle shoes known as 혜 (<i>hye</i>) and high-cut shoes known as 화 (<i>hwa</i>). These two were strictly worn by the elite class. Footwear was also divided based on the material. For example, Commoners wore wooden clogs or straw shoes daily whereas Yangban and royal families wore leather shoes known as 갓신 (<i>gatsin</i>) with beautiful patterns and colors.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While exploring the fashion of the Yangban class during the Joseon Dynasty, it reveals that their attire was more than just a question of personal preference, but a reflection of complex society systems and beliefs profoundly rooted in Confucian ideas. </p><p>As highlighted by Lee Youngjae, the portrayal of Hanbok in Shin Yun-Bok's paintings offers invaluable insights into the attire of the ruling-class during this period. These garments, detailed in vivid colors and luxurious fabrics, symbolized not only the wearer's social standing but also adherence to Confucian ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yi et al. (2007) further emphasizes the significance of traditional Korean outfit, demonstrating how apparel acted as a visible depiction of one's social status, with minor distinctions designating rank and connection. </p><p>The colorful garments were exclusive to the Yangban class. From an economic standpoint, red was a highly luxurious item during the Joseon Dynasty. To dye a single set of deep red clothing required the cultivation of madder plants (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">홍람</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">紅藍</span></span>), and it took as much farmland to grow these plants as would yield enough grain to feed a family of four for a month. Furthermore, fabric dyed in a rich red hue costs more than four times the value of white cloth. Consequently, commoners dared not even contemplate using deep red colors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Yangban_families">List of Yangban families</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangban&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of Yangban families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongju_Kim_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeongju Kim clan">Gyeongju Kim clan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EC%A3%BC_%EA%B9%80%EC%94%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:경주 김씨">ko</a>]</span> (or "Gim"): ruling clan of <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a>, descendants of King Alji</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinju_Kang_clan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jinju Kang clan (page does not exist)">Jinju Kang clan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EC%A3%BC_%EA%B0%95%EC%94%A8_(%EA%B0%95%EC%9D%B4%EC%8B%9D)" class="extiw" title="ko:진주 강씨 (강이식)">ko</a>]</span> ("Gang"): old<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> military clan of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean peninsula">Korean peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinju_Ha_clan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jinju Ha clan (page does not exist)">Jinju Ha clan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EC%A3%BC_%ED%95%98%EC%94%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:진주 하씨">ko</a>]</span>: Yangban clan of Goryeo and Joseon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeonju_Yi_clan" title="Jeonju Yi clan">Jeonju Yi clan</a> ("Lee"): ruling clan of <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonju_Won_clan" title="Wonju Won clan">Wonju Won clan</a>: Yangban clan of Joseon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andong_Kim_clan" title="Andong Kim clan">Andong Kim clan</a> ("Gim"): Yangban clan of Joseon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munhwa_Ryu_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Munhwa Ryu clan">Munhwa Ryu clan</a> ("Yu"): Yangban clan of Joseon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungyang_Jo_clan" title="Pungyang Jo clan">Pungyang Jo clan</a> ("Cho"): Yangban clan of Joseon</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daegu_Seo_clan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daegu Seo clan (page does not exist)">Daegu Seo clan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EA%B5%AC_%EC%84%9C%EC%94%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:대구 서씨">ko</a>]</span>: Yangban clan of Joseon</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bannam_Bak_clan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bannam Bak clan (page does not exist)">Bannam Bak clan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%82%A8_%EB%B0%95%EC%94%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:반남 박씨">ko</a>]</span>: Yangban clan of Joseon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_(Korean_surname)#Deoksu_clan" title="Lee (Korean surname)">Deoksu Yi clan</a> ("Lee")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonan_Yi_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeonan Yi clan">Yeonan Yi clan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EC%95%88_%EC%9D%B4%EC%94%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:연안 이씨">ko</a>]</span>: Yangban clan of Joseon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongju_Han_clan" title="Cheongju Han clan">Cheongju Han clan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongsong_Shim_clan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheongsong Shim clan (page does not exist)">Cheongsong Shim clan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EC%86%A1_%EC%8B%AC%EC%94%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:청송 심씨">ko</a>]</span>: Yangban clan of Joseon</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheongpung_Kim_clan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheongpung Kim clan (page does not exist)">Cheongpung Kim clan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%ED%92%8D_%EA%B9%80%EC%94%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:청풍 김씨">ko</a>]</span>: Yangban clan of Joseon</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dongreh_Jeong_clan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dongreh Jeong clan (page does not exist)">Dongreh Jeong clan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%9E%98_%EC%A0%95%EC%94%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:동래 정씨">ko</a>]</span>: Yangban clan of Joseon</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeonil_Jeong_clan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeonil Jeong clan (page does not exist)">Yeonil Jeong clan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EC%9D%BC_%EC%A0%95%EC%94%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:연일 정씨">ko</a>]</span> ("Chung"): noble clan of Silla, <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a>, and Joseon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miryang_Bak_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Miryang Bak clan">Miryang Bak clan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%80%EC%96%91_%EB%B0%95%EC%94%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:밀양 박씨">ko</a>]</span> ("Park"): ruling clan of Silla, descendants of <a href="/wiki/Bak_Hyeokgeose" class="mw-redirect" title="Bak Hyeokgeose">Bak Hyeokgeose</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolseong_Seok_clan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolseong Seok clan (page does not exist)">Wolseong Seok clan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%94%EC%84%B1_%EC%84%9D%EC%94%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:월성 석씨">ko</a>]</span> (or "Gyeongju Seok clan"; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">경주 석씨</span></span>): ruling clan of early Silla</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euiryeong_Nam_clan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euiryeong Nam clan (page does not exist)">Euiryeong Nam clan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%EB%A0%B9_%EB%82%A8%EC%94%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:의령 남씨">ko</a>]</span>: Yangban clan of Joseon</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Changnyeong_Seong_clan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Changnyeong Seong clan (page does not exist)">Changnyeong Seong clan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%BD%EB%85%95_%EC%84%B1%EC%94%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:창녕 성씨">ko</a>]</span>: Yangban clan of Joseon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_(Korean_surname)#Gyeongju_clan" title="Lee (Korean surname)">Gyeongju Yi clan</a> ("Lee")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeoheung_Min_clan" title="Yeoheung Min clan">Yeoheung Min clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonju_Byeon_clan" title="Wonju Byeon clan">Wonju Byeon clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namyang_Hong_clan" title="Namyang Hong clan">Namyang Hong clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naju_Na_clan" title="Naju Na clan">Naju Na clan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andong_Gwon_clan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andong Gwon clan (page does not exist)">Andong Gwon clan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EB%8F%99_%EA%B6%8C%EC%94%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:안동 권씨">ko</a>]</span>: Yangban clan of Joseon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunjin_Song_clan" title="Eunjin Song clan">Eunjin Song clan</a>: Yangban clan of Joseon</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papyeong_Yun_clan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papyeong Yun clan (page does not exist)">Papyeong Yun clan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%ED%8F%89_%EC%9C%A4%EC%94%A8" class="extiw" title="ko:파평 윤씨">ko</a>]</span>: Yangban clan of Joseon</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangban&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yangban" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yangban">yangban</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheonmin" title="Cheonmin">Cheonmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seonbi" title="Seonbi">Seonbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">History of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangban&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/entry/koko/d2e452a371cb4ae4aab1a00e9780ba60"><bdi lang="ko">양반</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Naver_Dictionary" title="Naver Dictionary">Naver Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maeil+Business+Newspaper&rft.atitle=%EA%B4%80%EC%A7%81%EC%97%90+%EB%AA%BB%EB%82%98%EA%B0%84+%EC%96%91%EB%B0%98%EB%93%A4+%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%B8%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%98+%EA%B8%B8%EC%9D%84+%ED%83%9D%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mk.co.kr%2Fnews%2Fculture%2F5994593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYangban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/men-s-fashion-in-the-joseon-dynasty/owUhPSTXfq0qIg">"Men's Fashion in the Joseon Dynasty"</a>. <i>Google Arts & Culture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Arts+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Men%27s+Fashion+in+the+Joseon+Dynasty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartsandculture.google.com%2Fstory%2Fmen-s-fashion-in-the-joseon-dynasty%2FowUhPSTXfq0qIg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYangban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sasg.tistory.com/entry/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80-%EC%98%B7"><bdi lang="ko">조선시대 양반 옷차림, 조선시대 남자 옷, 신분에 따른 옷차림 총 정리</bdi></a>. <i>역사와 철학</i>. 2023-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%99%80+%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99&rft.atitle=%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80+%EC%96%91%EB%B0%98+%EC%98%B7%EC%B0%A8%EB%A6%BC%2C+%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80+%EB%82%A8%EC%9E%90+%EC%98%B7%2C+%EC%8B%A0%EB%B6%84%EC%97%90+%EB%94%B0%EB%A5%B8+%EC%98%B7%EC%B0%A8%EB%A6%BC+%EC%B4%9D+%EC%A0%95%EB%A6%AC&rft.date=2023-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsasg.tistory.com%2Fentry%2F%25EC%25A1%25B0%25EC%2584%25A0%25EC%258B%259C%25EB%258C%2580-%25EC%2598%25B7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYangban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Youngjae (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=8f9b5bb6d435f7da86624f0aa30d17820de18ffc">"The Research of Costume on Shin, Yun-Bok's Painting in Late Chosun Dynasty"</a>. <i>Journal of Fashion Business</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 52–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Fashion+Business&rft.atitle=The+Research+of+Costume+on+Shin%2C+Yun-Bok%27s+Painting+in+Late+Chosun+Dynasty.&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=52-63&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Youngjae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fdocument%3Frepid%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf%26doi%3D8f9b5bb6d435f7da86624f0aa30d17820de18ffc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYangban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edunet.net/nedu/contsvc/viewWkstContPost.do?contents_id=fs_a0000-2015-0702-0000-000000000039&head_div=s2015w">"신분에 따라 다른 의복"</a> [Difference of Clothes(by Social standing)]. <i>www.edunet.net</i>. <a href="/wiki/Korea_Education_and_Research_Information_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea Education and Research Information Service">Korea Education and Research Information Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.edunet.net&rft.atitle=%EC%8B%A0%EB%B6%84%EC%97%90+%EB%94%B0%EB%9D%BC+%EB%8B%A4%EB%A5%B8+%EC%9D%98%EB%B3%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edunet.net%2Fnedu%2Fcontsvc%2FviewWkstContPost.do%3Fcontents_id%3Dfs_a0000-2015-0702-0000-000000000039%26head_div%3Ds2015w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYangban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honoraryreporters.korea.net/board/detail.do?articlecate=1&board_no=12163&tpln=1">"Honorary Reporters"</a>. <i>honoraryreporters.korea.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=honoraryreporters.korea.net&rft.atitle=Honorary+Reporters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhonoraryreporters.korea.net%2Fboard%2Fdetail.do%3Farticlecate%3D1%26board_no%3D12163%26tpln%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYangban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/culture/2024/04/317_179918.html">"Traditional shoes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a></i>. 2015-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Traditional+shoes&rft.date=2015-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fculture%2F2024%2F04%2F317_179918.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYangban" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joseon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joseon" title="Template:Joseon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joseon" title="Template talk:Joseon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joseon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joseon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joseon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Korean state (1392–1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Joseon_dynasty" title="History of the Joseon dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cei_Invasion" title="Ōei Invasion">Tsushima expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a></li> <li>Manchu invasions of Korea (<a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th-century_peasant_rebellions_in_Korea" title="19th-century peasant rebellions in Korea">19th-century peasant rebellions in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1876" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876">Treaty of Ganghwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imo_Incident" title="Imo Incident">Imo Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gapsin_Coup" title="Gapsin Coup">Gapsin Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution" title="Donghak Peasant Revolution">Donghak Peasant Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabo_Reform" title="Gabo Reform">Gabo Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Empress_Myeongseong" title="Assassination of Empress Myeongseong">Assassination of Empress Myeongseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg/65px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg/98px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg/130px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Joseon_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Joseon_dynasty" title="Politics of the Joseon dynasty">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_factions_during_the_Joseon_dynasty" title="Political factions during the Joseon dynasty">Political factions during the Joseon dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literati_purges" title="Korean literati purges">Korean literati purges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Joseon" title="List of kings of Joseon">List of kings of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Joseon" title="State Council of Joseon">State Council of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Ministries_of_Joseon" title="Six Ministries of Joseon">Six Ministries of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_offices_of_Joseon" title="Three offices of Joseon">Three offices of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Defense_Council_of_Joseon" title="Border Defense Council of Joseon">Border Defense Council of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_royal_inspector" title="Secret royal inspector">Secret royal inspector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_Army" title="Joseon Army">Joseon Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_Army_(1881%E2%80%931897)" title="Joseon Army (1881–1897)">late 19th century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_Navy" title="Joseon Navy">Joseon Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Society_in_the_Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Society in the Joseon dynasty">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Styles_and_titles_in_the_Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Styles and titles in the Joseon dynasty">Styles and titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system in Korea">Caste system in Korea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seonbi" title="Seonbi">Seonbi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kisaeng" title="Kisaeng">Kisaeng</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Joseon" title="Education in Joseon">Education in Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Grand_Palaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Grand Palaces">Five Grand Palaces</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok">Hanbok</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buncheong" title="Buncheong">Buncheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_white_porcelain" title="Joseon white porcelain">Joseon white porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_tea_ceremony" title="Korean tea ceremony">Korean tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungkyunkwan" title="Sungkyunkwan">Sungkyunkwan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaekgeori" title="Chaekgeori">Chaekgeori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minhwa" title="Minhwa">Minhwa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural heritages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changdeokgung" title="Changdeokgung">Changdeokgung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongmyo_(Seoul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jongmyo (Seoul)">Jongmyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namhansanseong" title="Namhansanseong">Namhansanseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Tombs_of_the_Joseon_dynasty" title="Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty">Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty</a></li> <li>Villages of <a href="/wiki/Hahoe_Folk_Village" title="Hahoe Folk Village">Hahoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yangdong_Folk_Village" title="Yangdong Folk Village">Yangdong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veritable_Records_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty" title="Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty">Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunminjeongeum" title="Hunminjeongeum">Hunminjeongeum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilseongnok" title="Ilseongnok">Ilseongnok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanjung_ilgi" title="Nanjung ilgi">Nanjung ilgi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seungjeongwon_ilgi" title="Seungjeongwon ilgi">Seungjeongwon ilgi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uigwe" title="Uigwe">Uigwe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1883_Korean_special_mission_to_the_United_States" title="1883 Korean special mission to the United States">1883 Korean special mission to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_missions_to_China" title="Joseon missions to China">Joseon missions to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_missions_to_Japan" title="Joseon missions to Japan">Joseon missions to Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseon_Tongsinsa" title="Joseon Tongsinsa">Joseon Tongsinsa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" 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