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<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Predatory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predatory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Invertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wasps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wasps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Wasps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wasps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_ants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_ants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Fire ants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_ants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Spiders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_Lacewings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_Lacewings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Green Lacewings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_Lacewings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Vertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sharks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sharks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Sharks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sharks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teleost_fishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teleost_fishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Teleost fishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teleost_fishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphibians_and_reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibians_and_reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Amphibians and reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphibians_and_reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chickens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chickens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>Chickens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chickens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ducks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ducks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.5</span> <span>Ducks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ducks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rabbits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabbits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.6</span> <span>Rabbits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabbits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.7</span> <span>Humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Induction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Induction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Induction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Induction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="موت ظاهري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موت ظاهري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schreckstarre" title="Schreckstarre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schreckstarre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanatosis" title="Tanatosis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tanatosis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanatosi" title="Tanatosi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tanatosi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مرده‌نمایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرده‌نمایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanatose" title="Thanatose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thanatose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanatose" title="Tanatose – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tanatose" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BD%EC%9D%80_%EC%B2%99" title="죽은 척 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="죽은 척" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AE_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Կեղծ մահ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կեղծ մահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanatosi" title="Tanatosi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tanatosi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%96%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%AA" title="התחזות למת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התחזות למת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA_%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Өтірік өлу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өтірік өлу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstijving" title="Verstijving – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verstijving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%93%AC%E6%AD%BB" title="擬死 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="擬死" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanatoza" title="Tanatoza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tanatoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanatose" title="Tanatose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tanatose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Танатоз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Танатоз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonic_immobility" title="Tonic immobility – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tonic immobility" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Танатоза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Танатоза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valekuolema" title="Valekuolema – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valekuolema" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonisk_immobilitet" title="Tonisk immobilitet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tonisk immobilitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Танатоз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Танатоз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3_ch%E1%BA%BFt" title="Giả chết – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giả chết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%90%E6%AD%BB" title="詐死 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="詐死" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%85%E6%AD%BB" title="装死 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="装死" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Behavior in which animals take on the appearance of being dead</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Playing possum" redirects here. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Playing_Possum" title="Playing Possum">Playing Possum</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opossum2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Opossum2.jpg/300px-Opossum2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Opossum2.jpg/450px-Opossum2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Opossum2.jpg/600px-Opossum2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Virginia opossum</a> (<i>Didelphis virginiana</i>) playing dead</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grass_Snake_(Natrix_natrix_helvetica)_playing_dead_(14178349634).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Grass_Snake_%28Natrix_natrix_helvetica%29_playing_dead_%2814178349634%29.jpg/300px-Grass_Snake_%28Natrix_natrix_helvetica%29_playing_dead_%2814178349634%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Grass_Snake_%28Natrix_natrix_helvetica%29_playing_dead_%2814178349634%29.jpg/450px-Grass_Snake_%28Natrix_natrix_helvetica%29_playing_dead_%2814178349634%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Grass_Snake_%28Natrix_natrix_helvetica%29_playing_dead_%2814178349634%29.jpg/600px-Grass_Snake_%28Natrix_natrix_helvetica%29_playing_dead_%2814178349634%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Barred_grass_snake" title="Barred grass snake">barred grass snake</a> (<i>Natrix helvetica</i>) playing dead</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Apparent death</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a behavior in which animals take on the appearance of being <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">dead</a>. It is an immobile state most often triggered by a predatory attack and can be found in a wide range of animals from insects and crustaceans to mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apparent death is separate from the <a href="/wiki/Freezing_behavior" title="Freezing behavior">freezing behavior</a> seen in some animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apparent death is a form of animal deception considered to be an anti-predator strategy, but it can also be used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">aggressive mimicry</a>. When induced by humans, the state is sometimes colloquially known as <b>animal hypnosis</b>. The earliest written record of "animal hypnosis" dates back to the year 1646 in a report by <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a>, in which he subdued chickens.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilman_et_al.,_19502_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilman_et_al.,_19502-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhyllomedusaBurmeisteri_(6).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/PhyllomedusaBurmeisteri_%286%29.JPG/250px-PhyllomedusaBurmeisteri_%286%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/PhyllomedusaBurmeisteri_%286%29.JPG/375px-PhyllomedusaBurmeisteri_%286%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/PhyllomedusaBurmeisteri_%286%29.JPG/500px-PhyllomedusaBurmeisteri_%286%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="899" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Burmeister%27s_leaf_frog" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmeister's leaf frog">Burmeister's leaf frog</a> playing dead</div></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ApusApusKlausRoggel02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ApusApusKlausRoggel02.jpg/250px-ApusApusKlausRoggel02.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ApusApusKlausRoggel02.jpg/375px-ApusApusKlausRoggel02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ApusApusKlausRoggel02.jpg/500px-ApusApusKlausRoggel02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Young <a href="/wiki/Common_swift" title="Common swift">common swift</a></div></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iridomyrmex_purpureus_attacking_Rhytidoponera_metallica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Iridomyrmex_purpureus_attacking_Rhytidoponera_metallica.jpg/250px-Iridomyrmex_purpureus_attacking_Rhytidoponera_metallica.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Iridomyrmex_purpureus_attacking_Rhytidoponera_metallica.jpg/375px-Iridomyrmex_purpureus_attacking_Rhytidoponera_metallica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Iridomyrmex_purpureus_attacking_Rhytidoponera_metallica.jpg/500px-Iridomyrmex_purpureus_attacking_Rhytidoponera_metallica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Black_house_ant" class="mw-redirect" title="Black house ant">Black house ants</a> attacking a <a href="/wiki/Green-head_ant" title="Green-head ant">green-head ant</a> which has gone into tonic immobility</div></div></div></div></div><p><span class="anchor" id="Tonic_immobility"></span> </p><p><b>Tonic immobility</b> (also known as the act of feigning death, or exhibiting thanatosis) is a behaviour in which some animals become apparently temporarily <a href="/wiki/Paralysed" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralysed">paralysed</a> and unresponsive to external stimuli. Tonic immobility is most generally considered to be an anti-predator behavior because it occurs most often in response to an extreme threat such as being captured by a (perceived) predator. Some animals use it to attract prey or facilitate reproduction. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> exhibiting the behaviour, some scientists relate it to mating, arguing that biting by the male immobilizes the female and thus facilitates mating.<sup id="cite_ref-Henningsen_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henningsen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite appearances, some animals remain conscious throughout tonic immobility.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_1986_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_1986-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence for this includes the occasional responsive movement, scanning of the environment and animals in tonic immobility often taking advantage of escape opportunities. Tonic immobility is preferred in the literature because it has neutral connotations compared to 'thanatosis' which has a strong association with death.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Difference_from_freezing">Difference from freezing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Difference from freezing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tonic immobility is different from <a href="/wiki/Freezing_behavior" title="Freezing behavior">freezing behavior</a> in animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A deer in headlights and an opossum "playing dead" are common examples of an animal freezing and playing dead, respectively. Freezing occurs early during a predator-prey interaction when the prey detects and identifies the threat, but the predator has not yet seen the prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because freezing occurs before detection and is used to better camouflage the prey and prevent the predator from attacking, it is considered a primary defense mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tonic immobility occurs after the predator has detected and or made contact with the prey, and is likely used to prevent <i>further</i> attack by the predator or consumption of the prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because tonic immobility occurs later in the predator attack sequence, it is considered a secondary defense mechanism and is therefore distinct from freezing.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although freezing animals become rigid, they often stay upright and do not change their posture while frozen whereas during tonic immobility, animals often become rigid and change their posture.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freezing behavior and tonic immobility are similar in that both may induce <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a> (slowing of the heart rate), but the freezing response may instead be accompanied by rapid or increased breathing rate, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure and inhibition of digestion, depending on whether the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasympathetic">parasympathetic</a> nervous system is engaged.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, along with bradycardia, vertebrates in tonic immobility often reduce their breathing rate or protrude their tongue, further distinguishing this behavior from the freezing response.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defensive">Defensive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Defensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For defensive purposes, thanatosis hinges on the pursuer's becoming unresponsive to its victim, as most predators only catch live prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Pasteur_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pasteur-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In beetles, artificial selection experiments have shown that there is heritable variation for length of death-feigning. Those selected for longer death-feigning durations are at a selective advantage to those at shorter durations when a predator is introduced,<sup id="cite_ref-beetle_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beetle-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which suggests that thanatosis is indeed adaptive. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hognose" title="Hognose">hog-nosed snake</a>, a threatened individual rolls onto its back and appears to be dead when threatened by a predator, while a foul-smelling, volatile fluid oozes from its body. Predators, such as <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, then lose interest in the snake, which both looks and smells dead. One reason for their loss of interest is that rotten-smelling animals are instinctively avoided as a precaution against infectious disease, so the snake's adaptions exploit that reaction. Newly hatched young also instinctively show this behaviour when <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> try to eat them.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mammals, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Virginia opossum</a> (commonly known simply as possums) is perhaps the best known example of defensive thanatosis. "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/play_possum" class="extiw" title="wikt:play possum">Playing possum</a>" is an idiomatic phrase which means "pretending to be dead".<sup id="cite_ref-dict_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It comes from a characteristic of the Virginia opossum, which is famous for reacting with a death-like posture when threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wwa_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwa-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">instinct</a> does not always pay off in the modern world; for example, opossums scavenging <a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">roadkill</a> may react with the death-like posture to the threat posed by oncoming traffic, and subsequently end up as roadkill themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-ma_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ma-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Playing possum" can also mean simply pretending to be injured, <a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">unconscious</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Asleep">asleep</a>, or otherwise vulnerable, often to lure an opponent into a vulnerable position.<sup id="cite_ref-dict_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The usual advice for humans attempting to survive an attack by a <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> is to lie face down, cover the face with one's hands/arms/elbows, and 'play dead'.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thanatosis has also been observed in many invertebrates such as the wasp <i><a href="/wiki/Nasonia_vitripennis" title="Nasonia vitripennis">Nasonia vitripennis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the cricket, <i><a href="/wiki/Gryllus_bimaculatus" title="Gryllus bimaculatus">Gryllus bimaculatus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproductive">Reproductive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reproductive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the spider species <i><a href="/wiki/Pisaura_mirabilis" title="Pisaura mirabilis">Pisaura mirabilis</a></i>, male spiders often stage elaborate rituals of <a href="/wiki/Nuptial_gift_(animal_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuptial gift (animal behavior)">gift-giving</a> and thanatosis to avoid getting eaten by female spiders during mating. Studies have shown higher chances of success in mating with females for males who exhibit death-feigning more frequently than for males who do it less.<sup id="cite_ref-spider_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spider-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predatory">Predatory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Predatory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adult_male_livingstonii.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Adult_male_livingstonii.png/220px-Adult_male_livingstonii.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Adult_male_livingstonii.png/330px-Adult_male_livingstonii.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Adult_male_livingstonii.png 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="182" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cichlid" title="Cichlid">Cichlids</a> of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Nimbochromis" title="Nimbochromis">Nimbochromis</a></i> use thanatosis as a form of <a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">aggressive mimicry</a>, playing dead to attract prey</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Nimbochromis" title="Nimbochromis">Nimbochromis</a></i> (sleeper cichlids), <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Malawi</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, are large predatory fish for whom thanatosis is a form of aggressive mimicry. This fish will lie down on its side on the bottom sediments and assume a blotchy coloration. Scavengers, attracted to what seems like a dead fish, will approach the predator to investigate. <i>N. livingstoni</i> then abandons the thanatosis, righting itself again and quickly eating any scavenger unfortunate enough to come too close.<sup id="cite_ref-fish_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar strategy has also been observed in the African cichlid <i><a href="/wiki/Lamprologus_lemairii" title="Lamprologus lemairii">Lamprologus lemairii</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the Central American yellowjacket cichlid <i><a href="/wiki/Parachromis_friedrichsthalii" title="Parachromis friedrichsthalii">Parachromis friedrichsthalii</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latrodectus_geometricus_female_in_thanatosis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Latrodectus_geometricus_female_in_thanatosis.JPG/220px-Latrodectus_geometricus_female_in_thanatosis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Latrodectus_geometricus_female_in_thanatosis.JPG/330px-Latrodectus_geometricus_female_in_thanatosis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Latrodectus_geometricus_female_in_thanatosis.JPG/440px-Latrodectus_geometricus_female_in_thanatosis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1743" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Brown_widow_spider" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown widow spider">Brown widow spider</a> resorting to thanatosis after being shaken from her web</figcaption></figure> <p>Within the invertebrates, tonic immobility is widespread throughout phylum Arthropoda and has been demonstrated to occur in beetles, moths, mantids, cicadas, crickets, spiders, wasps, bees, and ants.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spider_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spider-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wasps">Wasps</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wasps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tonic immobility has been observed in several species of parasitoid wasp and is considered to be an antipredator behavior in these insects.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In wasps, tonic immobility can be induced by tapping their antennae, tapping the abdomen repeatedly, or squeezing their abdomen.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study in 2020 found that the frequency and duration of tonic immobility was affected by the sex of the wasp and the temperature of the environment, but not the color of the background the wasp was on.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These results were consistent with a study in 2006 that found no effect of background color on tonic immobility in a different wasp species, <i><a href="/wiki/Nasonia_vitripennis" title="Nasonia vitripennis">Nasonia vitripennis</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:10_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fire_ants">Fire ants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fire ants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Fire_ant" title="Fire ant">fire ant</a> colonies, tonic immobility is used by young workers to avoid conflict with competing ants.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fire ant species <i>Solenopsis invicta</i>, the tendency to exhibit thanatosis decreases with age, with older ants choosing to fight with any workers from neighboring colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By using tonic immobility to evade conflict, the researchers found that the young ants were four times more likely to survive an attack compared to their older counterparts, despite being more vulnerable due to their softer exoskeletons.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spiders">Spiders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spiders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the nuptial gift-giving spider, thanatosis is incorporated into their mating display.<sup id="cite_ref-spider_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spider-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study in 2008 demonstrated that male <i><a href="/wiki/Pisaura_mirabilis" title="Pisaura mirabilis">Pisaura mirabilis</a></i> spiders who displayed thanatosis were more likely to copulate with females and copulated longer.<sup id="cite_ref-spider_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spider-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Green_Lacewings">Green Lacewings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Green Lacewings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Larvae of <i><a href="/wiki/Chrysoperla_plorabunda" title="Chrysoperla plorabunda">Chrysoperla plorabunda</a></i> engage in tonic immobility when they come into close proximity with a predator.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usage of tonic immobility as an antipredator strategy has been shown to vary with energy availability and within-population genetic variation, with lacewings under energetic stress being more likely to engage in tonic immobility.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertebrates">Vertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tonic immobility has been observed in a large number of vertebrate taxa, including sharks, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sharks">Sharks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sharks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sharks can be induced into tonic immobility by inverting them and restraining them by hand, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Dogfish_sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogfish sharks">dogfish sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemon_shark" title="Lemon shark">lemon sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitetip_reef_shark" title="Whitetip reef shark">whitetip reef sharks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henningsen_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henningsen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Tiger_shark" title="Tiger shark">tiger sharks</a> (measuring 3–4 metres in length), tonic immobility can be induced by humans placing their hands lightly on the sides of the animal's snout in the area surrounding the eyes. During tonic immobility in sharks, the dorsal fins straighten, and both breathing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (May 2020)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Apparent_death#Sharks_breathing" title="Talk:Apparent death">discuss</a></i>]</sup> and muscle contractions become more steady and relaxed. This state persists for an average of 15 minutes before recovery and the resumption of active behaviour. Scientists have exploited this response to study shark behaviour; chemical <a href="/wiki/Shark_repellent" title="Shark repellent">shark repellent</a> has been studied to test its effectiveness and to more accurately estimate dose sizes, concentrations and time to recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tonic immobility can also be used as a form of mild anesthesia during experimental manipulations of sharks.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientists also believe that tonic immobility can be a stressful experience for sharks. By measuring blood chemistry samples when the shark is immobile, it has been suggested that tonic immobility can actually put stress on the shark, and reduce breathing efficiency. Others think sharks have a series of compensatory mechanisms that work to increase respiration rates and lower stress.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been observed that orcas can exploit sharks' tonic immobility to prey on large sharks. Some orcas ram sharks from the side to stun them, then flip the sharks to induce tonic immobility and keep them in such state for sustained time. For some sharks, this prevents water from flowing through their gills and the result can be fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teleost_fishes">Teleost fishes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Teleost fishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Goldfish" title="Goldfish">Goldfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scardinius" title="Scardinius">rudd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tench" title="Tench">tench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_bullhead" title="Brown bullhead">brown bullhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Medaka">medaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paradise_fish" title="Paradise fish">paradise fish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Topminnow" class="mw-redirect" title="Topminnow">topminnow</a> have been reported to go limp when they are restrained on their backs.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oscar_(fish)" title="Oscar (fish)">Oscars</a> seem to go into shock when they are stressed (when their aquarium is being cleaned, for example): they lie on their side, stop moving their fins, start to breathe more slowly and deeply, and lose colour.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar behavior has been reported for <a href="/wiki/Convict_tang" class="mw-redirect" title="Convict tang">convict tangs</a> in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heterodon_platirhinos_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Heterodon_platirhinos_2.jpg/220px-Heterodon_platirhinos_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Heterodon_platirhinos_2.jpg/330px-Heterodon_platirhinos_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Heterodon_platirhinos_2.jpg/440px-Heterodon_platirhinos_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Eastern_hog-nosed_snake" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern hog-nosed snake">eastern hog-nosed snake</a> playing dead and regurgitating a toad</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amphibians_and_reptiles">Amphibians and reptiles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Amphibians and reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tonic immobility can be found in several families of anurans (frogs and toads).<sup id="cite_ref-:7_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In anurans, tonic immobility is demonstrated most often with open eyes and the limbs sprawled and easy to move, but some species keep their eyes closed.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species also protrude their tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tonic immobility has also been observed in several species of lizards and snakes.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common example of tonic immobility in the latter is the North American hog-nose snake, but it has also been observed in grass snakes.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tonic immobility can be reliably induced in <a href="/wiki/Iguana" title="Iguana">iguanas</a> by a combination of inversion, restraint and moderate pressure. During tonic immobility, there are obvious changes in respiration including a decline in respiration rate, the rhythm becomes sporadic, and the magnitude irregular. The prolonged period of tonic immobility does not seem to be consistent with the fear hypothesis, but could be the result of a period of cortical depression due to increased brain stem activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Prestrude_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prestrude-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tonic immobility can also be induced in the <a href="/wiki/Carolina_anole" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina anole">Carolina anole</a>. The characteristics of this tonic immobility vary as a function of the duration and condition of captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Hennig_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennig-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tonic immobility is also observed in sea turtles.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chickens">Chickens</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chickens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chicken_hypnotism" title="Chicken hypnotism">chicken hypnotism</a></div> <p>Tonic immobility can be induced in chickens, but the behavior is more colloquially referred to as hypnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tonic immobility can be induced in chickens through several means, including by gently restraining them on their side, stomach, or back for a short period of time, or by using chalk to draw a line on the ground away from the chicken's beak while restraining them with their head down.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chickens have been used in several studies to elucidate the genetic basis of tonic immobility. While early studies focused on determining whether tonic immobility was influenced by genetics, a study in 2019 identified five genes that potentially control tonic immobility in white leghorn chickens and red junglefowl.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ducks">Ducks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ducks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tonic immobility has been observed in several species of ducks as an effective anti-predatory response. A study by Sargeant and Eberhardt (1975) determined that ducks who feigned death had a better chance at surviving a fox attack than those who resisted and struggled.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being immobile the ducks remained conscious and were aware of opportunities for escape. Although the researchers concluded that tonic immobility was an effective anti-predator response, they conceded that it would not be useful against predators that kill or fatally injure prey immediately after capture.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rabbits">Rabbits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rabbits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tonic immobility occurs in both domestic and wild species of rabbit and can be induced by placing and restraining the animal for a short period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in other prey animals, tonic immobility is considered to be an antipredator behavior in rabbits.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies on tonic immobility in rabbits focus on the <a href="/wiki/European_rabbit" title="European rabbit">European rabbit</a> <i>Oryctolagus cuniculus,</i> but other species of rabbit have been studied. </p><p>A laboratory experiment by Ewell, Cullen, and Woodruff (1981) provided support to the hypothesis that European rabbits use tonic immobility as an anti-predator response.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewell81_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewell81-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study found that how quickly the rabbits "righted" themselves (i.e. how quickly they came out of tonic immobility) depended on how far a predator was away from the rabbit, and how close the rabbit was to their home cage.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewell81_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewell81-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabbits that were closer to their home cage righted themselves more quickly than those that were farther from their home cage. Conversely, when predators were closer to the rabbits, they took longer to right themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewell81_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewell81-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These results were consistent with those found in studies on chickens, lizards, and blue crabs at the time, and provided support that rabbits use tonic immobility as an antipredator response.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewell81_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewell81-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more recent study on European rabbits monitored their heart rate during tonic immobility and found several physiological changes to the cardiovascular system during this state, including a decrease in heart rate.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Humans">Humans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tonic immobility has been hypothesized to occur in humans undergoing intense trauma,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including sexual assault.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also an increasing body of evidence that points to a positive contribution of tonic immobility in human functioning. Thus, defensive immobilization is hypothesized to have played a crucial role in the evolution of human parent-child attachment,<sup id="cite_ref-Porges_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porges-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sustained attention and suggestibility,<sup id="cite_ref-Hoskovec,_J.,_&_Svorad,_D._1969_pp._180-182_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoskovec,_J.,_&_Svorad,_D._1969_pp._180-182-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cortez,_C._M.,_&_Silva,_D._2013_pp._285-296_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortez,_C._M.,_&_Silva,_D._2013_pp._285-296-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> REM sleep<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and theory of mind.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Induction">Induction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Induction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tonic immobility is considered to be a fear-potentiated response induced by physical restraint and characterised by reduced responsiveness to external stimulation. It has been used as a measure in the assessment of animal welfare, particularly hens, since 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Gallup_et_al.,_1970_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallup_et_al.,_1970-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gallup,_1979_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallup,_1979-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones_and_Faure,_1981_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_and_Faure,_1981-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rationale for the tonic immobility test is that the experimenter simulates a predator, thereby eliciting the anti-predator response. The precept is that the prey animal 'pretends' to be dead to be able to escape when/if the predator relaxes its concentration. Death-feigning birds often take advantage of escape opportunities; tonic immobility in quail reduces the probability of the birds being predated by cats.<sup id="cite_ref-Forkman_et_al.,_2007_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forkman_et_al.,_2007-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To induce tonic immobility, the animal is gently restrained on its side or back for a period of time, e.g. 15 seconds. This is done either on a firm, flat surface or sometimes in a purpose-built V- or U-shaped restraining cradle. In rodents, the response is sometimes induced by additionally pinching or attaching a clamp to the skin at the nape of the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-Zamudio_et_al.,_2009_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamudio_et_al.,_2009-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists record behaviours such as the number of inductions (15-second restraining periods) required for the animal to remain still, the latency to the first major movements (often cycling motions of the legs), latency to first head or eye movements and the duration of immobility, sometimes called the 'righting time'. </p><p>Tonic immobility has been used to show that hens in cages are more fearful than those in pens,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_and_Faure,_1981_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_and_Faure,_1981-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hens on the top tier of tiered battery cages are more fearful than those on the lower levels,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones,_1987_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones,_1987-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hens carried by hand are more fearful than hens carried on a mechanical conveyor,<sup id="cite_ref-Scott_and_Moran,_1993_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott_and_Moran,_1993-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hens undergoing longer transportation times are more fearful than those undergoing transport of a shorter duration.<sup id="cite_ref-Cashman_et_al.,_1989_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cashman_et_al.,_1989-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tonic immobility as a scientific tool has also been used with <a href="/wiki/Mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Mice">mice</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bazovkina_et_al.,_2011_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazovkina_et_al.,_2011-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gerbils" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerbils">gerbils</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Griebel_et_al.,_2005_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griebel_et_al.,_2005-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea pigs">guinea pigs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Donatti_and_Leite-Panissi,_2011_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donatti_and_Leite-Panissi,_2011-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Zamudio_et_al.,_2009_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamudio_et_al.,_2009-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a><sup id="cite_ref-Verwer_et_al.,_2009_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verwer_et_al.,_2009-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigs">pigs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hessing_et_al.,_1994_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hessing_et_al.,_1994-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">Aggressive mimicry</a> – Deceptive mimicry of a harmless species by a predator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">Anti-predator adaptation</a> – Defensive feature of prey for selective advantage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autohaemorrhaging" title="Autohaemorrhaging">Autohaemorrhaging</a> – Action of animals deliberately ejecting blood from their bodies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_hypnotism" title="Chicken hypnotism">Chicken hypnotism</a> – Hypnosis of chickens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die-in" title="Die-in">Die-in</a> – Form of protest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faked_death" title="Faked death">Faked death</a> – Leaving false evidence of one's own death</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">Fight-or-flight response</a> – Physiological reaction to a perceived threat or harmful event</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_behavior" title="Freezing behavior">Freezing behavior</a> – Reaction to specific stumuli</li> <li><a href="/wiki/REM_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="REM sleep">REM sleep</a> – Phase of sleep characterized by random and rapid eye movements<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncope_(medicine)" title="Syncope (medicine)">Syncope (medicine)</a> – Transient loss of consciousness and postural tone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a> – Neurotoxin<span style="display:none" class="category-spaceless-annotation">Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces</span> which inhibits the flow of sodium into cells causing paralysis of muscles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a> – Ancient Greek personification of death</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout_tickling" title="Trout tickling">Trout tickling</a> – Method of fishing by hand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasovagal_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasovagal response">Vasovagal response</a> – Brief loss of consciousness due to a neurologically induced drop in blood pressure<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alternative names include <b>playing dead</b>, <b>feigning death</b>, <b>playing possum</b>, <b>thanatosis</b>, <b>animal hypnosis</b>, <b>immobilization catatonia</b>, or <b>tonic immobility</b>, the latter of which is preferred in the scientific literature on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apparent_death&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Humphreys18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys18_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHumphreysRuxton2018" class="citation journal cs1">Humphreys, Rosalind K.; Ruxton, Graeme D. 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href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergent evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_examples_of_convergent_evolution" title="List of examples of convergent evolution">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergent evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predator_satiation" title="Predator satiation">Predator satiation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">Signalling theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">Anti-predator adaptation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alarm_signal" title="Alarm signal">Alarm signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">Aposematism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimatic_behaviour" title="Deimatic behaviour">Deimatic behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distraction_display" title="Distraction display">Distraction display</a></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">Crypsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unkenreflex" title="Unkenreflex">Unkenreflex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethology159" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethology" title="Template:Ethology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethology" title="Template talk:Ethology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethology159" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexual behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_science" title="Animal welfare science">Animal welfare science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bee_learning_and_communication" title="Bee learning and communication">Bee learning and communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_ecology" title="Behavioral ecology">Behavioural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_endocrinology" title="Behavioral endocrinology">Behavioral endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioural genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">Breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ethology" title="Cognitive ethology">Cognitive ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_behaviour_in_animals" title="Comfort behaviour in animals">Comfort behaviour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_grooming" title="Personal grooming">Grooming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethogram" title="Ethogram">Ethogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours" title="List of feeding behaviours">Feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hover_(behaviour)" title="Hover (behaviour)">Hover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ethology" title="Human ethology">Human ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">Instinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethology" title="Neuroethology">Neuroethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_ethology" title="Philosophical ethology">Philosophical ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy_(non-human)" title="Stereotypy (non-human)">Stereotypy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structures_built_by_animals" title="Structures built by animals">Structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">Hive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeycomb_structure" title="Honeycomb structure">Honeycomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nest" title="Nest">Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesting_instinct" title="Nesting instinct">Instinct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_use_by_non-humans" title="Tool use by non-humans">Tool use by non-humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoosemiotics" title="Zoosemiotics">Zoosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bateson" title="Patrick Bateson">Patrick Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Broom" title="Donald Broom">Donald Broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Calhoun" title="John B. Calhoun">John B. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Dawkins" title="Marian Dawkins">Marian Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iren%C3%A4us_Eibl-Eibesfeldt" title="Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt">Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Fossey" title="Dian Fossey">Dian Fossey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heini_Hediger" title="Heini Hediger">Heini Hediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morris" title="Desmond Morris">Desmond Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sebeok" title="Thomas Sebeok">Thomas Sebeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Homan_Thorpe" title="William Homan Thorpe">William Homan Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wolfgang Wickler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solly_Zuckerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Solly Zuckerman">Solly Zuckerman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_Animal_Behaviour" title="Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour">Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Applied_Ethology" title="International Society for Applied Ethology">International Society for Applied Ethology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Behaviour_(journal)" title="Animal Behaviour (journal)">Animal Behaviour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Cognition" title="Animal Cognition">Animal Cognition</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_(journal)" title="Animal Welfare (journal)">Animal Welfare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Ecology_(journal)" title="Behavioral Ecology (journal)">Behavioral Ecology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behaviour_(journal)" title="Behaviour (journal)">Behaviour</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethology" title="Category:Ethology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death315" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death" title="Template:Death"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death" title="Template talk:Death"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cell_death14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_necrosis" title="Temporal lobe necrosis">Temporal lobe necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activation-induced_cell_death" title="Activation-induced cell death">AICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoikis" title="Anoikis">Anoikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">Autophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic apoptosis">Intrinsic apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthanatos" title="Parthanatos">Parthanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">Phenoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoapoptosis" title="Pseudoapoptosis">Pseudoapoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoschizis" title="Autoschizis">Autoschizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">Eschar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenic_cell_death" title="Immunogenic cell death">Immunogenic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cell_death" title="Ischemic cell death">Ischemic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">DOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Death-related_lists" title="Category:Death-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate" title="Risk adjusted mortality rate">RAMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">Resomation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other aspects</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reincarnation_research" title="Template:Reincarnation research">Reincarnation research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death <i>in absentia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death tech (page does not exist)">Death tech</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Tech" class="extiw" title="pt:Death Tech">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratinomy" title="Biostratinomy">Biostratinomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_burial_money" title="Chinese burial money">Chinese burial money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_for_the_dead" title="Coins for the dead">Coins for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanabot (page does not exist)">Thanabot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_bot" class="extiw" title="ca:Grief bot">ca</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Death" title="Category:Death">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_death" title="Outline of death">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Signalling_in_biology65" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Signalling_theory" title="Template:Signalling theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Signalling_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Signalling theory (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Signalling_theory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Signalling theory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Signalling_in_biology65" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">Signalling in biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-mimicry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_in_biology" title="Advertising in biology">Advertising in biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agonistic_behaviour" title="Agonistic behaviour">Agonistic behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alarm_signal" title="Alarm signal">Alarm signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">Aposematism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unkenreflex" title="Unkenreflex">Unkenreflex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_(zoology)" title="Display (zoology)">Display</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtship_display" title="Courtship display">Courtship display</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimatic_behaviour" title="Deimatic behaviour">Deimatic behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distraction_display" title="Distraction display">Distraction display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handicap_principle" title="Handicap principle">Handicap principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing_(animal_behavior)#Mobbing_calls" title="Mobbing (animal behavior)">Mobbing calls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotting" title="Stotting">Stotting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mimicry217" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mimicry" title="Template:Mimicry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mimicry" title="Template talk:Mimicry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mimicry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mimicry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mimicry217" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mimicry#Classification" title="Mimicry">In animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">Aggressive/Wicklerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant_mimicry" title="Ant mimicry">Ant/Myrmecomorphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distraction_display" title="Distraction display">Aristotelian/Distraction display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automimicry" title="Automimicry">Automimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locomotor_mimicry" title="Locomotor mimicry">Locomotor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brood_parasitism" title="Brood parasitism">Brood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_mimicry" title="Chemical mimicry">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emsleyan_mimicry" title="Emsleyan mimicry">Emsleyan/Mertensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">Eyespot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_mimicry" title="Sexual mimicry">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry_in_vertebrates" title="Mimicry in vertebrates">In vertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasmannian_mimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasmannian mimicry">Wasmannian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batesplate_ArM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Batesian mimicry in butterflies"><img alt="Batesian mimicry in butterflies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Batesplate_ArM.jpg/70px-Batesplate_ArM.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Batesplate_ArM.jpg/105px-Batesplate_ArM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Batesplate_ArM.jpg/140px-Batesplate_ArM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mimicry_in_plants" title="Mimicry in plants">In plants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry_in_plants#Bakerian" title="Mimicry in plants">Bakerian</a></li> <li><a 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