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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Paper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microelectronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microelectronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Microelectronics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microelectronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Film types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laminators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laminators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Laminators</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Laminators-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Laminators subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Laminators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pouch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pouch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pouch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pouch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heated_roll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heated_roll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Heated roll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heated_roll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_roll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_roll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cold roll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_roll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachering" title="Kachering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kachering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaschierung_(Fertigungstechnik)" title="Kaschierung (Fertigungstechnik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaschierung (Fertigungstechnik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="لایه‌سازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لایه‌سازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelliculage" title="Pelliculage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pelliculage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%AF%B8%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="라미네이션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라미네이션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="विपाटन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विपाटन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="למינציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="למינציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamin%C3%A1l%C3%A1s" title="Laminálás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Laminálás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamineren" title="Lamineren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lamineren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84" title="جوختول – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جوختول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaszerowanie" title="Kaszerowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaszerowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamina%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Laminação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laminação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Каширование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каширование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminointi" title="Laminointi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laminointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="நெகிழி ஒட்டுத்தகடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெகிழி ஒட்டுத்தகடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ورق سازی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ورق سازی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E8%86%A0" title="過膠 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="過膠" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%A4%E5%A3%93" title="層壓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="層壓" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Technique of fusing layers of material</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lamination_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lamination (disambiguation)">Lamination (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lamination%22">"Lamination"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lamination%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lamination%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lamination%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lamination%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lamination%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Knitting_needle.ogv/220px--Knitting_needle.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="220" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="Knitting_needle.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Knitting_needle.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Knitting_needle.ogv/Knitting_needle.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Knitting_needle.ogv/Knitting_needle.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Knitting_needle.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1008" data-height="1008" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Knitting_needle.ogv/Knitting_needle.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="144" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Knitting_needle.ogv/Knitting_needle.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Knitting_needle.ogv/Knitting_needle.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Knitting_needle.ogv/Knitting_needle.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Simulated flight (using image stack created by <a href="/wiki/Industrial_CT_scanning" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial CT scanning">μCT</a> scanning) through the length of a knitting needle that consists of laminated wooden layers: the layers can be differentiated by the change of direction of the wood's vessels</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autoglas_gesplittert_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Autoglas_gesplittert_01.jpg/220px-Autoglas_gesplittert_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Autoglas_gesplittert_01.jpg/330px-Autoglas_gesplittert_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Autoglas_gesplittert_01.jpg/440px-Autoglas_gesplittert_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3765" data-file-height="2824" /></a><figcaption>Shattered windshield lamination keeps shards in place</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laminaat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Laminaat.jpg/220px-Laminaat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Laminaat.jpg/330px-Laminaat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Laminaat.jpg/440px-Laminaat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Laminate flooring</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerospace_Product-Flexible_Thin-Film_Solar_PV-United_Solar_Ovonic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aerospace_Product-Flexible_Thin-Film_Solar_PV-United_Solar_Ovonic.jpg/220px-Aerospace_Product-Flexible_Thin-Film_Solar_PV-United_Solar_Ovonic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aerospace_Product-Flexible_Thin-Film_Solar_PV-United_Solar_Ovonic.jpg/330px-Aerospace_Product-Flexible_Thin-Film_Solar_PV-United_Solar_Ovonic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Aerospace_Product-Flexible_Thin-Film_Solar_PV-United_Solar_Ovonic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>A flexible <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell" title="Thin-film solar cell">thin-film solar cell</a> for aerospace use (2007)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lamination</b> is the technique/process of manufacturing a <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">material</a> in multiple layers, so that the <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite material</a> achieves improved <a href="/wiki/Strength_of_materials" title="Strength of materials">strength</a>, stability, <a href="/wiki/Sound_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound insulation">sound insulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_appearance" title="Visual appearance">appearance</a>, or other properties from the use of the differing materials, such as plastic. A <b>laminate</b> is a layered object or material assembled using <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">heat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Adhesives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhesives">adhesives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various coating machines, <a href="/wiki/Machine_press" title="Machine press">machine presses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">calendering</a> equipment are used. </p><p>In particular, laminating <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> in plastic makes it sturdy, waterproof, and erasable. </p><p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials">Materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamination&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are different lamination processes, depending primarily on the type or types of materials to be laminated. The materials used in laminates can be identical or different, depending on the object to be laminated, the process and the desired properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textile">Textile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamination&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Textile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Laminated_fabric" title="Laminated fabric">Laminated fabric</a> are widely used in different fields of human activity, including medical and military.<sup id="cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-59124-756-X-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 148">: 148 </span></sup> Woven fabrics (organic and inorganic based) are usually laminated by different chemical polymers to give them useful properties like chemical resistance, dust, grease, <a href="/wiki/Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">photoluminescence</a> (glowing and other light-effects e.g. in <a href="/wiki/High-visibility_clothing" title="High-visibility clothing">high-visibility clothing</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tear_resistance" title="Tear resistance">tear strength</a>, stiffness, thickness, and being wind proof .<sup id="cite_ref-Fung-2002_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fung-2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-59124-756-X-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 2, 16, 18">: 2, 16, 18 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coated_fabrics" title="Coated fabrics">Coated fabrics</a> may be considered as a subtype of laminated fabrics.<sup id="cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-59124-756-X-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven fabrics</a> (e.g. fiberglass) are also often laminated. According to a 2002 source, the nonwovens fabric industry was the biggest single consumer of different polymer binding resins.<sup id="cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-59124-756-X-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </p><p>Materials used in production of coated and laminated fabrics are generally subjected to heat treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-59124-756-X-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 32">: 32 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">Thermoplastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">thermosetting</a> plastics (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> polymers) are equally used in laminating and coating textile industry.<sup id="cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-59124-756-X-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 32">: 32 </span></sup> In 2002 primary materials used included <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">polyvinyl acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_resin" title="Acrylic resin">acrylics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC), <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethanes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-59124-756-X-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 33">: 33 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Copolymer" title="Copolymer">Copolymers</a> and terpolymers were also in use.<sup id="cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-59124-756-X-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 33">: 33 </span></sup> </p><p>Thin-films of plastics were in wide use as well. Materials varied from <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kapton" title="Kapton">kapton</a> depending on application. In automotive industry for example the PVC/<a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene</a> (ABS) mixtures were often applied for interiors by laminating onto a <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane_foam" title="Polyurethane foam">polyurethane foam</a> to give a soft-touch properties.<sup id="cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-59124-756-X-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 42">: 42 </span></sup> Specialty films were used in protective clothing, .e.g. <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">polytetrafluoroethylene</a> (PTFE), <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a> etc.<sup id="cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1-59124-756-X-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 42">: 42 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glass">Glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamination&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Laminated_glass" title="Laminated glass">Laminated glass</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Plastic film</a> can be used to laminate either side of a sheet of <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>. Vehicle <a href="/wiki/Windshield" title="Windshield">windshields</a> are commonly made as <a href="/wiki/Sandwich-structured_composite" title="Sandwich-structured composite">composites</a> created by laminating a tough plastic film between two layers of glass. This is to prevent shards of glass detaching from the windshield in case it breaks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood">Wood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamination&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a> is a common example of a laminate using the same material in each layer combined with an adhesive. Glued and laminated dimensional timber is used in the construction industry to make beams (<a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">glued laminated timber</a>, or <i>Glulam</i>), in sizes larger and stronger than those that can be obtained from single pieces of wood. Another reason to laminate wooden strips into beams is quality control, as with this method each and every strip can be inspected before it becomes part of a highly stressed component. </p><p>Examples of laminate materials include <a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">melamine</a> adhesive countertop surfacing and <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Decorative_laminate" title="Decorative laminate">Decorative laminates</a> and some modern <a href="/wiki/Millwork_(building_material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millwork (building material)">millwork</a> components are produced with decorative papers with a layer of overlay on top of the decorative paper, set before pressing them with thermoprocessing into high-pressure decorative laminates (HPDL).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new type of HPDL is produced using real <a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">wood veneer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Multilaminar_veneer" title="Multilaminar veneer">multilaminar veneer</a> as top surface.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> High-pressure laminates consists of laminates "molded and cured at pressures not lower than 1,000 lb per sq in.(70 kg per cm<sup>2</sup>) and more commonly in the range of 1,200 to 2,000 lb per sq in. (84 to 140 kg per cm<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, low pressure laminate is defined as "a plastic laminate molded and cured at pressures in general of 400 pounds per square inch (approximately 27 atmospheres or 2.8 × 106 pascals).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paper">Paper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamination&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Paper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smithsonian_Folklife_Festival_2011_-_PARTICIPANT_HOSPITALITY.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Smithsonian_Folklife_Festival_2011_-_PARTICIPANT_HOSPITALITY.JPG/220px-Smithsonian_Folklife_Festival_2011_-_PARTICIPANT_HOSPITALITY.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Smithsonian_Folklife_Festival_2011_-_PARTICIPANT_HOSPITALITY.JPG/330px-Smithsonian_Folklife_Festival_2011_-_PARTICIPANT_HOSPITALITY.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Smithsonian_Folklife_Festival_2011_-_PARTICIPANT_HOSPITALITY.JPG/440px-Smithsonian_Folklife_Festival_2011_-_PARTICIPANT_HOSPITALITY.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2905" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>A paper sign that has been laminated so it could be used outdoors</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a> boxes are examples of laminated structures, where an inner core provides rigidity and strength, and the outer layers provide a smooth surface. A starch-based adhesive is usually used. </p><p>Laminating paper products, such as <a href="/wiki/Photographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographs">photographs</a>, can prevent them from becoming creased, faded, water damaged, wrinkled, stained, smudged, abraded, or marked by grease or fingerprints. <a href="/wiki/Photo_identification" title="Photo identification">Photo identification</a> cards and <a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">credit cards</a> are almost always laminated with plastic film. Boxes and other containers may be laminated using heat seal layers, extrusion coatings, pressure sensitive adhesives, <a href="/wiki/UV_coating" title="UV coating">UV coating</a>, etc. </p><p>Lamination is also used in sculpture using wood or resin. An example of an artist who used lamination in his work is the American <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Shaman" title="Floyd Shaman">Floyd Shaman</a>. </p><p>Laminates can be used to add properties to a surface, usually printed paper, that would not have them otherwise, such as with the use of lamination paper. Sheets of <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">vinyl</a> impregnated with <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">ferro-magnetic</a> material can allow portable printed images to bond to magnets, such as for a custom bulletin board or a visual presentation. Specially surfaced plastic sheets can be laminated over a printed image to allow them to be safely written upon, such as with <a href="/wiki/Dry_erase" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry erase">dry erase</a> markers or chalk. Multiple translucent printed images may be laminated in layers to achieve certain visual effects or to hold <a href="/wiki/Hologram" class="mw-redirect" title="Hologram">holographic</a> images. Printing businesses that do commercial lamination keep a variety of laminates on hand, as the process for bonding different types is generally similar when working with thin materials. </p><p>Paper is normally laminated on <a href="/wiki/Particleboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Particleboard">particle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">fiberboards</a> giving a good-looking and resistant surface for use as <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a>, decoration <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">panels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flooring" title="Flooring">flooring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PST_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PST-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paper laminations are also used in <a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">packaging</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Juicebox_(container)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juicebox (container)">juiceboxes</a> are fabricated from <a href="/wiki/Liquid_packaging_board" title="Liquid packaging board">liquid packaging board</a> which is usually six layers of paper, polyethylene, and aluminum foil. Paper is used in the lamination to shape the product and give the juicebox an extra source of strength. </p><p>The base is most often <a href="/wiki/Particleboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Particleboard">particle</a>- or <a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">fiberboards</a>, then some layers of absorbent <a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">kraft paper</a>. The last layers are a <i>decor paper</i> covered with an <i>overlay</i>. The lamination papers are covered with an inert <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a>, often <a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">melamine</a>, which is cured to form a hard <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite</a> with the structure of paper. The laminates may also have a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lining#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:lining">lining</a> on the back side of <i>laminating kraft</i> to compensate for the tension created by the top side lamination. Cheaper particle boards may have only a lining of laminating kraft to give surface washability and resistance to wear. </p><p>The <i>decor paper</i> can also be processed under heat and low/high pressure to create a melamine laminated sheet, that has several applications. The absorbent kraft paper is a normal <a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">kraft paper</a> with controlled <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)" title="Absorption (chemistry)">absorbency</a>, which means a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a>. It is made of clean low <a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">kappa</a> hardwood kraft with good <a href="/wiki/Uniformity_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniformity (chemistry)">uniformity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">grammage</a> is 80 - 120 g/m<sup>2</sup> and normally 2-4 plies are used.<sup id="cite_ref-PST_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PST-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decor paper is the most critical of the lamination papers as it gives the visual appearance of the laminate. The impregnation <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> have about the same <a href="/wiki/Refraction_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Refraction index">refraction index</a> which means that the cellulose fibers of the <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> appear as a shade and only the <a href="/wiki/Dyestuff" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyestuff">dyestuffs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> are visible. Due to this the decor paper demands extreme cleanness and is produced only on small <a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">paper machines</a> with <a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">grammage</a> 50 - 150 g/m<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-PST_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PST-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overlay paper have <a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">grammage</a> of 18 – 50 m<sup>2</sup> and is made of pure <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, thus it must be made of well delignified <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">pulp</a>. It becomes transparent after impregnation letting the appearance of the decor paper come through. The laminating kraft have a <a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">grammage</a> of 70 - 150 g/m<sup>2</sup> and is a smooth dense <a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">kraft paper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PST_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PST-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated paper</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal">Metal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamination&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Metal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electrical equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motors</a> usually use an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_steel" title="Electrical steel">electrical steel laminate coatings</a> to form the core of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_coil" title="Electromagnetic coil">coils</a> used to produce <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a>. The thin lamination reduces the power loss due to <a href="/wiki/Eddy_current" title="Eddy current">eddy currents</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fiber_metal_laminate" title="Fiber metal laminate">Fiber metal laminate</a> is an example of thin metal laminated by, a glass fiber-reinforced and epoxy-glued sheets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microelectronics">Microelectronics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamination&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Microelectronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lamination is widely used in production of electronic components such as PV solar cells.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_types">Film types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamination&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Film types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laminate <a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">plastic film</a> is generally categorized into these five categories: </p> <ul><li>Standard thermal laminating films</li> <li>Low-temperature thermal laminating films</li> <li>Heat set (or heat-assisted) laminating films</li> <li>Pressure-sensitive films</li> <li>Liquid laminate</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laminators">Laminators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamination&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Laminators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laminator.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Laminator.JPG/220px-Laminator.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Laminator.JPG/330px-Laminator.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Laminator.JPG/440px-Laminator.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A pouch laminator with two laminate pouches, ready to be laminated; inset, a laminated card</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>laminator</b> is a device which laminates pieces or rolls of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">card stock</a>, common in offices, schools, and homes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pouch">Pouch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamination&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pouch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A pouch laminator uses a plastic pouch that is usually sealed on one edge. The inside of the lamination pouch is coated with a heat-activated film that adheres to the product being laminated as it runs through the laminator. The substrate side of the board contains a heat-activated <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesive</a> that bonds the print to the substrate. This can be any of a number of board products or another sheet of laminate. The pouch containing the print, laminate, and substrate is passed through a set of heated rollers under pressure, ensuring that all adhesive layers bond to one another. </p><p>Pouch laminators are designed for moderate use in the office or home. For continuous, large-volume lamination projects, a <a href="/wiki/Heated_roll_laminators" class="mw-redirect" title="Heated roll laminators">roll laminator</a> performs more efficiently. </p><p>Pouches can be bought with different thicknesses in micrometres. Standard home or office machines normally use 80–250 micrometre pouches, depending on the quality of the machine. The thicker the pouch, the higher the cost. Pouches can also measured in mil, which equals one thousandth of an inch. The most common pouch thicknesses are 3, 5, 7 and 10 mil (76, 127, 178 and 254 μm). </p><p>Certain pouches such as butterfly pouches can be used with a pouch laminator to form <a href="/wiki/ID_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="ID cards">ID cards</a>. Butterfly pouches are available with magnetic stripes embedded. </p><p>Many pouch laminators require the use of a carrier. A carrier holds the pouch as it is run through the laminator. This helps prevent the hot glue, some of which leaks from the sides of the pouches during the process, from gumming up the rollers. The carrier prevents the rollers from getting sticky, which helps to prevent the lamination pouch from wrapping around the rollers inside the laminator. </p><p>Many newer laminators claim that they can be used without a carrier. However the use of carriers will extend the laminator's life.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heated_roll">Heated roll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamination&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Heated roll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Heated_Roll_Lamination_Machine.webm/220px--Heated_Roll_Lamination_Machine.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="92" data-mwtitle="Heated_Roll_Lamination_Machine.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Heated_Roll_Lamination_Machine.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Heated_Roll_Lamination_Machine.webm/Heated_Roll_Lamination_Machine.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Heated_Roll_Lamination_Machine.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Heated_Roll_Lamination_Machine.webm/Heated_Roll_Lamination_Machine.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Heated_Roll_Lamination_Machine.webm/Heated_Roll_Lamination_Machine.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Heated_Roll_Lamination_Machine.webm/Heated_Roll_Lamination_Machine.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Heated_Roll_Lamination_Machine.webm/Heated_Roll_Lamination_Machine.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Woman laminating signs and small cards using heated roll lamination machine</figcaption></figure> <p>A heated roll laminator uses heated rollers to melt <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">glue</a> extruded onto <a href="/wiki/Laminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminate">lamination</a> film. This film is in turn applied to a <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(printing)" title="Substrate (printing)">substrate</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">card</a> using pressure rollers. The primary purpose of laminating with such a machine is to embellish or protect <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printed</a> documents or images. Heated roll laminators can vary in size from handheld or desktop <a href="/wiki/Pouch_laminator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pouch laminator">pouch laminators</a> to industrial sized machines. Such industrial laminators are primarily used for high quantity/quality output by printers or print finishers. </p><p>Such laminators are used to apply varying thicknesses of lamination film onto substrates such as <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric">fabrics</a>. The main advantage of the use of heated roll laminators is speed. Heated laminators use heated rollers or heated shoes to melt the glue which is applied to lamination film. The process of heating the glue prior to applying the film to a substrate allows for a faster application of the film. The laminates and adhesives used are generally cheaper to manufacture than cold roll laminates, often as much as half the cost depending on the comparison made. As the materials are non-adhesive until exposed to heat, they are much easier to handle. The glue is solid at room temperature, so lamination of this type is less likely to shift or warp after its application than pressure activated laminates, which rely on a highly viscous, adhesive fluid. </p><p>Roll laminators typically use two rolls to complete the lamination process, with one roll being on top and the other roll on the bottom. These rolls slide onto metal bars, known as mandrels, which are then placed in the machine and feed through it. In the United States, the most common core size found on lamination film is one inch (25- to 27-inch-wide film). Larger format laminators use a larger core, often 2<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> to 3 inches in diameter. Film is usually available in 1.5, 3, 5, 7, and 10 mil thicknesses. The higher the number, the thicker the film. A mil is one thousandth of an inch (.001").<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Printers or print finishers often use industrial heated roll laminators to laminate such things as <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a> <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">covers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazine</a> covers, <a href="/wiki/Poster" title="Poster">posters</a>, cards and <a href="/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard">postcards</a>, in-shop displays as well as other applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_roll">Cold roll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamination&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cold roll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cold roll laminators use a <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> film which is coated with an <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(material_appearance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloss (material appearance)">glossy</a> backing which does not adhere to the glue. When the glossy backing is removed, the adhesive is exposed, which then sticks directly onto the item which needs to be laminated. This method, apart from having the obvious benefit of not requiring expensive equipment, is also suitable for those items which would be damaged by <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>. Cold laminators range from simple two roller, hand-crank machines up to large and complex motor-driven machines with high precision rollers, adjustable roller pressure, and other advanced features. </p><p>Cold lamination increased in popularity with the rise of wide-format <a href="/wiki/Inkjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkjet">inkjet</a> printers, which often used inks and papers incompatible with hot lamination. A large percentage of cold laminate for use in the print industry is PVC, although a wide range of other materials are available. Cold laminating processes are also used outside of the print industry, for example, coating sheet glass or <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> with protective films. </p><p>Cold roll laminators are also used for laying down adhesive films in the sign-making industry, for example mounting a large print onto a board. A practiced operator can apply a large adhesive sheet in a fraction of the time it takes to do so by hand. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamination&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_bow" title="Laminated bow">Laminated bow</a> – Type of archery bow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminator" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminator">Laminator</a> – Technique of fusing layers of material<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converting" class="mw-redirect" title="Converting">Converting</a> – Specialist in combining raw materials to create new products<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladding_(metalworking)" title="Cladding (metalworking)">Cladding (metalworking)</a> – bonding together of dissimilar metals<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_laminates" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite laminates">Composite laminates</a> – Assembly of layers of fibrous composite materials<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">Composite material</a> – Material made from a combination of two or more unlike substances</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-fibre_reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-fibre reinforced plastic">Carbon-fibre reinforced plastic</a> – Light, strong and rigid composite material<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass-reinforced plastic">Glass-reinforced plastic</a> – Type of plastic reinforced by glass fibre<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delamination" title="Delamination">Delamination</a> – Mode of failure for which a material fractures into layers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_(composites)" title="Void (composites)">Void (composites)</a> – Empty space in mixed materials</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamination&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarter" class="citation web cs1">Carter, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5211792">"Method of laminating multiple layers"</a>. Google Patents. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624092628/http://www.google.com/patents/US5211792">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Method+of+laminating+multiple+layers&rft.pub=Google+Patents&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS5211792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1-59124-756-X-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1-59124-756-X_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFung2002" class="citation book cs1">Fung, Walter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57250766"><i>Coated and laminated textiles</i></a>. Textile Institute. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59124-756-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59124-756-X"><bdi>1-59124-756-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57250766">57250766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coated+and+laminated+textiles&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57250766&rft.isbn=1-59124-756-X&rft.aulast=Fung&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F57250766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fung-2002-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fung-2002_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFung2002" class="citation book cs1">Fung, W. (9 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9781855735767/coated-and-laminated-textiles"><i>Coated and Laminated Textiles | ScienceDirect</i></a>. Woodhead. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781855735767" title="Special:BookSources/9781855735767"><bdi>9781855735767</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coated+and+Laminated+Textiles+%7C+ScienceDirect&rft.pub=Woodhead&rft.date=2002-05-09&rft.isbn=9781855735767&rft.aulast=Fung&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fbook%2F9781855735767%2Fcoated-and-laminated-textiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinHarbisonBeachCole2012" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Alan; Harbison, Sam; Beach, Karen; Cole, Peter (2012-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RjmKuHpTC6EC&q=Examples+of+laminate+materials+include+melamine+surfacing+and+plywood&pg=PA99"><i>An Introduction to Radiation Protection 6E</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Post-Formed+Plastic+Laminate%3F&rft.pub=Delorie+Countertops+and+Doors&rft.date=2015-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeloriectd.com%2Fpost-formed-plastic-laminate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PST-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PST_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PST_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PST_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PST_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulapuro2000" class="citation book cs1">Paulapuro, Hannu (2000). "5". <i>Paper and Board grades</i>. Papermaking Science and Technology. Vol. 18. Finland: Fapet Oy. pp. 108–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/952-5216-18-7" title="Special:BookSources/952-5216-18-7"><bdi>952-5216-18-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5&rft.btitle=Paper+and+Board+grades&rft.place=Finland&rft.series=Papermaking+Science+and+Technology&rft.pages=108-111&rft.pub=Fapet+Oy&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=952-5216-18-7&rft.aulast=Paulapuro&rft.aufirst=Hannu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteimChabrecekSondereggerKindle-Hasse2015" class="citation journal cs1">Steim, R.; Chabrecek, P.; Sonderegger, U.; Kindle-Hasse, B.; Siefert, W.; Kroyer, T.; Reinecke, P.; Lanz, T.; Geiger, T.; Hany, R.; Nüesch, F. (2015-05-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.4919940">"Laminated fabric as top electrode for organic photovoltaics"</a>. <i>Applied Physics Letters</i>. <b>106</b> (19): 193301. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApPhL.106s3301S">2015ApPhL.106s3301S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.4919940">10.1063/1.4919940</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-6951">0003-6951</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119779721">119779721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+Letters&rft.atitle=Laminated+fabric+as+top+electrode+for+organic+photovoltaics&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=193301&rft.date=2015-05-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.4919940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119779721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-6951&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ApPhL.106s3301S&rft.aulast=Steim&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Chabrecek%2C+P.&rft.au=Sonderegger%2C+U.&rft.au=Kindle-Hasse%2C+B.&rft.au=Siefert%2C+W.&rft.au=Kroyer%2C+T.&rft.au=Reinecke%2C+P.&rft.au=Lanz%2C+T.&rft.au=Geiger%2C+T.&rft.au=Hany%2C+R.&rft.au=N%C3%BCesch%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1063%252F1.4919940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abcoffice.com/how-to-use-a-pouch-laminator.htm">"How To Use A Pouch Laminator"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Use+A+Pouch+Laminator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abcoffice.com%2Fhow-to-use-a-pouch-laminator.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.officezone.com/laminator-resources.htm">"Lamination Resources Guide"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lamination+Resources+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.officezone.com%2Flaminator-resources.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALamination" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamination&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bindingoutlet.uk/blog/choosing-the-right-type-of-laminating-pouch/">Choosing the Right Type of Laminating Pouch</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper" title="History of paper">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missal_of_Silos" title="Missal of Silos">Missal of Silos</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Originators" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a> (Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damjing" title="Damjing">Damjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Koops" title="Matthias Koops">Matthias Koops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" title="Friedrich Gottlob Keller">Friedrich Gottlob Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fenerty" title="Charles Fenerty">Charles Fenerty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Carter" title="Thomas Francis Carter">Thomas Francis Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dard_Hunter" title="Dard Hunter">Dard Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien Tsuen-hsuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">Acid-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-laid_paper" title="Air-laid paper">Air-laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_waterproofing#Roofing_felt" title="Bituminous waterproofing">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_paper" title="Bond paper">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_board" title="Bristol board">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">Cardstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_paper" title="Cartridge paper">Cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_paper" title="Construction paper">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_paper" title="Contact paper">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_fine_paper#Copy_paper" title="Special fine paper">Copy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonless_copy_paper" title="Carbonless copy paper">Carbonless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correction_paper" title="Correction paper">Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">Cotton (rag)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_paper" title="Crêpe paper">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_board" title="Display board">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3_paper" title="Dó paper">Dó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_y%C5%8Dshi" title="Genkō yōshi">Genkō yōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassine" title="Glassine">Glassine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greaseproof_paper" title="Greaseproof paper">Greaseproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_paper" title="India paper">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_paper" title="Inkjet paper">Inkjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingres_paper" title="Ingres paper">Ingres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_paper" title="Korean paper">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butcher_paper" title="Butcher paper">Butcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laid_paper" title="Laid paper">Laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokta_paper" title="Lokta paper">Lokta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_paper" title="Manila paper">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onionskin" title="Onionskin">Onionskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami_paper" title="Origami paper">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment_paper" title="Parchment paper">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">Photographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_rosin_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rosin paper">Red rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_paper" title="Rice paper">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Scritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_paper" title="Seed paper">Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_paper" title="Stone paper">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_paper" title="Tar paper">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_paper" title="Thermal paper">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_paper" title="Transfer paper">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree-free_paper" title="Tree-free paper">Tree-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washi" title="Washi">Washi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasli" title="Wasli">Wasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterproof_paper" title="Waterproof paper">Waterproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax paper">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-free_paper" title="Wood-free paper">Wood-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wove_paper" title="Wove paper">Wove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_and_writing_paper" title="Printing and writing paper">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuan_paper" title="Xuan paper">Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">China clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_chemicals" title="Paper chemicals">Paper chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Wood pulp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paper#Types,_thickness_and_weight" title="Paper">Specifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_density" title="Paper density">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">Grammage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry_of_paper" title="Surface chemistry of paper">Surface chemistry of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_paper_quantity" title="Units of paper quantity">Units of paper quantity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">Wet strength</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacture<br />and process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">Bleaching of wood pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_refiner" title="Conical refiner">Conical refiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinking" title="Deinking">Deinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_chlorine_free" title="Elemental chlorine free">Elemental chlorine free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking#Manual_papermaking" title="Papermaking">Handmade paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollander_beater" title="Hollander beater">Hollander beater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">Kraft process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organosolv" title="Organosolv">Organosolv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">Paper machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">Soda pulping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">Sulfite process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Canada" title="Pulp and paper industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Europe" title="Pulp and paper industry in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Pulp and paper industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Japan" title="Pulp and paper industry in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Pulp and paper industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">Paper mill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paper_mills" title="List of paper mills">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lined_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lined paper">Lined paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_clothing" title="Paper clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watercolor_paper" title="Watercolor paper">Watercolor paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverage_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage carton">Beverage cartons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paper" title="Category:Paper">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paper" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paper">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plastics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plastics" title="Template:Plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plastics" title="Template talk:Plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plastics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-linked_polyethylene" title="Cross-linked polyethylene">Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene-vinyl_acetate" title="Ethylene-vinyl acetate">Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(ethyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(ethyl methacrylate)">Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyacrylic_acid" title="Polyacrylic acid">Polyacrylic acid (PAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Polyamide (PA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutylene" title="Polybutylene">Polybutylene (PB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutylene_terephthalate" title="Polybutylene terephthalate">Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonate (PC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEEK" class="mw-redirect" title="PEEK">Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester (PEs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene (PE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyimide" title="Polyimide">Polyimide (PI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">Polylactic acid (PLA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyoxymethylene" title="Polyoxymethylene">Polyoxymethylene (POM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphenyl_ether" title="Polyphenyl ether">Polyphenyl ether (PPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(p-phenylene_oxide)" title="Poly(p-phenylene oxide)">Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene (PP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">Polystyrene (PS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfone" title="Polysulfone">Polysulfone (PES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">Polyurethane (PU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinylidene_chloride" title="Polyvinylidene chloride">Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene_maleic_anhydride" title="Styrene maleic anhydride">Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene-acrylonitrile_resin" title="Styrene-acrylonitrile resin">Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritan_copolyester" title="Tritan copolyester">Tritan copolyester</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_household_items.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/126px-Plastic_household_items.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/189px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/252px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_objects.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/126px-Plastic_objects.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/189px-Plastic_objects.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/252px-Plastic_objects.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="1769" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">Thermoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">Thermosetting polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">Fibre-reinforced plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymeric_foam" title="Polymeric foam">Polymeric foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Additives" title="Plastic">Polymer additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_colorant" title="Plastic colorant">Colorants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_stabilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer stabilizers">Polymer stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_additives" title="Biodegradable additives">Biodegradable additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(materials)" title="Filler (materials)">Filler (materials)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plastics <br />processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_molding" title="Compression molding">Compression molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_molding" title="Transfer molding">Transfer molding</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass_molding" title="Fiberglass molding">Fiberglass molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pultrusion" title="Pultrusion">Pultrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filament_winding" title="Filament winding">Filament winding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_bonding" title="Solvent bonding">Solvent bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_molding" title="Rotational molding">Rotational molding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">Plastics industry</a> segments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">Commodity plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastics_in_the_construction_industry" title="Plastics in the construction industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">Engineering plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurdle_(bead)" title="Nurdle (bead)">Nurdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plastics_applications" title="Category:Plastics applications">Category:Plastics applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticulture" title="Plasticulture">Plasticulture</a> (Agriculture)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific goods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monobloc_(chair)" title="Monobloc (chair)">Chairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Packaging film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_cutlery" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic cutlery">Cutlery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shopping_bag" title="Plastic shopping bag">Shopping bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food containers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment <br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template talk:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyhalogenated_compound" title="Polyhalogenated compound">polyhalogenated compounds</a> (PHCs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate" title="Diisobutyl phthalate">DIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate" title="Dibutyl phthalate">DBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_butyl_phthalate" title="Benzyl butyl phthalate">BBP</a> (BBzP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisoheptyl_phthalate" title="Diisoheptyl phthalate">DIHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">DEHP</a> (DOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate" title="Diisodecyl phthalate">DIDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate" title="Diisononyl phthalate">DINP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous plasticizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">DEHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_adipate" title="Dioctyl adipate">DOA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> (BPA, in <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">PBDEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorinated_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorinated compounds">PFCs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Toxicity" title="Plastic">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" 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href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">California Proposition 65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">European REACH regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinhou" title="Kashinhou">Japan Toxic Substances Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Garbage patch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" 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