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id="toc-2007_leadership_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_tickets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_tickets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Presidential tickets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_tickets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California_gubernatorial_candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_gubernatorial_candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>California gubernatorial candidates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_gubernatorial_candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chair/Vice-Chair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chair/Vice-Chair"> <div 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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Independent_Americ%C3%A0" title="Partit Independent Americà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Independent Americà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="American Independent Party" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Independiente_Americano" title="Partido Independiente Americano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Independiente Americano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Sendependa_Partio" title="Amerika Sendependa Partio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amerika Sendependa Partio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_ind%C3%A9pendant_am%C3%A9ricain" title="Parti indépendant américain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti indépendant américain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD%EB%8B%B9" title="미국 독립당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 독립당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Indipendente_Americano" title="Partito Indipendente Americano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Indipendente Americano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המפלגה העצמאית האמריקאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה העצמאית האמריקאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="American Independent Party" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%9A" title="アメリカ独立党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ独立党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="American Independent Party" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameryka%C5%84ska_Partia_Niezale%C5%BCnych" title="Amerykańska Partia Niezależnych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amerykańska Partia Niezależnych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Independente_Americano" title="Partido Independente Americano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Independente Americano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Американская независимая партия (США) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американская независимая партия (США)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="American Independent Party" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="American Independent Party" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="American Independent Party" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikan_Ba%C4%9F%C4%B1ms%C4%B1z_Partisi" title="Amerikan Bağımsız Partisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerikan Bağımsız Partisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Американська незалежна партія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Американська незалежна партія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="امریکن انڈیپینڈینٹ پارٹی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امریکن انڈیپینڈینٹ پارٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E9%BB%A8" title="美國獨立黨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美國獨立黨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Independent_voter" title="Independent voter">Independent voter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent politician</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_American_Independent" title="The American Independent">The American Independent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_America" title="Independence Party of America">Independence Party of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_of_Oregon" title="Independent Party of Oregon">Independent Party of Oregon</a>, or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Independence_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Independence Party">United States Independence Party</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #800080; border-bottom:2px solid #800080; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">American Independent Party</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Independent_Party_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/American_Independent_Party_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Victor Marani (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Officers_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Officers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Vice Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">James Mallamace<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Shearer" title="Bill Shearer">Bill Shearer</a><br />Eileen Knowland Shearer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">July 8, 1967<span class="noprint">; 57 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1967-07-08</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">PO Box 1479.<br /><a href="/wiki/Freedom,_California" title="Freedom, California">Freedom, California</a> <a href="/wiki/Zip_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Zip code">95019</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-MyersIndepenents_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyersIndepenents-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a><br /><b>Formerly, now factions:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Economic_populism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic populism">Economic populism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretic politics</a><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npr.org_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">National affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;">American Independent Party<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">"No North, No South, No East, No West - One Great Nation, Heaven Blessed!"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/California_State_Senate" title="California State Senate">State Senate</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 40</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #800080; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/California_State_Assembly" title="California State Assembly">State House</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 80</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #800080; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Independent_Party_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/American_Independent_Party_flag.jpg/180px-American_Independent_Party_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/American_Independent_Party_flag.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aipca.vote">aipca<wbr />.vote</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #800080;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_California" title="Politics of California">Politics of California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in California">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_California" title="Elections in California">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva 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0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_H._Lanier" title="Lyle H. Lanier">Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington (Booker)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_LaHaye" title="Beverly LaHaye">LaHaye (Beverly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye (Tim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican"><i>South Park</i> Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1969-AIP-party-card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/1969-AIP-party-card.jpg/300px-1969-AIP-party-card.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/1969-AIP-party-card.jpg/450px-1969-AIP-party-card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/1969-AIP-party-card.jpg/600px-1969-AIP-party-card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Wallace's 1969 AIP party card, showing annual dues of $3.00 for the organization</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>American Independent Party</b> (<b>AIP</b>) is an American <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> that was established in 1967. The American Independent Party is best known for its <a href="/wiki/Nomination" title="Nomination">nomination</a> of Democratic then-former <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Alabama">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, who carried five states in the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 presidential election</a> running against <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a>, hard-line <a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communist">anti-Communist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">pro-"law and order"</a> platform, appealing to <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working-class</a> white voters. Wallace was best known for his staunch <a href="/wiki/Segregationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregationism">segregationist</a> stances. In 1976, the party split into the modern American Independent Party and the <a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a>. From 1992 until 2008, the party was the California affiliate of the national <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a>. Its exit from the Constitution Party led to a leadership dispute during the 2008 election. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Independent_Party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wallace_campaign_and_early_history">Wallace campaign and early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Independent_Party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wallace campaign and early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign">George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_History_of_the_American_Independent_and_American_Parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral History of the American Independent and American Parties">Electoral History of the American Independent Party</a></div> <p>In 1967, the AIP was founded by Bill Shearer and his wife, Eileen Knowland Shearer. It nominated George C. Wallace (Democrat) as its presidential candidate and retired <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> General <a href="/wiki/Curtis_E._LeMay" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtis E. LeMay">Curtis E. LeMay</a> (Republican) as the vice-presidential candidate. Wallace ran on every state ballot in the election, though he did not represent the American Independent Party in all fifty states: in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, for instance, he was listed on the ballot as the nominee of the "George Wallace Party." The Wallace/LeMay ticket received 13.5 percent of the popular vote and 46 electoral votes from the states of <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>. No third-party candidate has won more than one electoral vote since the 1968 election.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969, representatives from forty states established the <a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a> as the successor to the American Independent Party. In some places, such as Connecticut, the American Party was constituted as the American Conservative Party. (The modern American Conservative Party, founded in 2008, is unrelated to the Wallace-era party.) In March 1969, the party ran a candidate in a <a href="/wiki/Special_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Special election">special election</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 8th congressional district">Tennessee's 8th congressional district</a> in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, where Wallace had done well the previous November, to replace Congressman <a href="/wiki/Fats_Everett" title="Fats Everett">Robert "Fats" Everett</a>, who had died in office. Their candidate, William J. Davis, out-polled Republican <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Dunavant" title="Leonard Dunavant">Leonard Dunavant</a>, with 16,375 votes to Dunavant's 15,773; but the race was carried by moderate <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Ed_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="Ed Jones (Tennessee politician)">Ed Jones</a>, with 33,028 votes (47% of the vote). </p><p>The party flag, adopted on August 30, 1970, depicts an <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagle</a> holding a group of arrows in its left talons, over a <a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">compass rose</a>, with a banner which reads "The American Independent Party" at the eagle's base. </p><p>The American Party had gained <a href="/wiki/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">ballot access</a> in Tennessee in 1970 as the result of George Wallace's strong (second-place) showing in the state in 1968, easily crossing the 5 percent threshold required, and held a <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary election</a> which nominated a slate of candidates including businessman Douglas Heinsohn for governor. However, neither Heinsohn nor any other candidate running on the American Party line achieved the 5 percent threshold in the 1970 Tennessee election, and it likewise failed to do so in 1972, meaning that the party lost its newfound ballot access, which as of 2021 it has never regained.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972, the American Party nominated <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Congressman <a href="/wiki/John_G._Schmitz" title="John G. Schmitz">John G. Schmitz</a> of California for president and Tennessee author <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Anderson_(author)" title="Thomas J. Anderson (author)">Thomas Jefferson Anderson</a>, both members of the <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a>, for vice president, winning the party over 1.1 million votes, the highest vote share the party has ever achieved since Wallace's run.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, Hall Lyons, a <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum industry</a> executive and former Republican, ran as the AP nominee <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Louisiana" title="1972 United States Senate election in Louisiana">in Louisiana for the United States Senate</a> but finished last in a four-way race dominated by the Democratic nominee, <a href="/wiki/J._Bennett_Johnston,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Bennett Johnston, Jr.">J. Bennett Johnston, Jr.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_1976_split">After the 1976 split</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Independent_Party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After the 1976 split"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1976, the American Independent Party split into the more moderate <a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a>, which included more northern conservatives and Schmitz supporters, and the American Independent Party, which focused on the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>. Both parties have nominated candidates for the presidency and other offices. Neither the American Party nor the American Independent Party has had national success, and the American Party has not achieved ballot status in any state since 1996. </p><p>In the early 1980s, Bill Shearer led the American Independent Party into the <a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist Party</a>. From 1992 to 2008, the American Independent Party was the California affiliate of the national <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a>, formerly the U.S. Taxpayers Party, whose founders included the late <a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Howard Phillips</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007_leadership_dispute">2007 leadership dispute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Independent_Party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2007 leadership dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A split in the American Independent Party occurred during the <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential campaign</a>, with one faction recognizing Jim King as chairman of the AIP with the other recognizing Ed Noonan as chairman. Noonan's faction claims the old AIP main website while the King organization claims the AIP's <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blog</a>. King's group met in Los Angeles on June 28–29, elected King to state chair.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ed Noonan's faction, which included 8 of the 17 AIP officers, held a convention in Sacramento on July 5, 2008. Issues in the split were U.S. foreign policy and the influence of Constitution Party founder Howard Phillips on the state party.<sup id="cite_ref-horserace08.freedomblogging.com_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horserace08.freedomblogging.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King group elected to stay in the Constitution Party and supported its presidential candidate, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a>. It was not listed as the "Qualified Political Party" by the California Secretary of State and Baldwin's name was not printed on the state's ballots.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King's group sued for ballot access<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their case was dismissed without prejudice.<sup id="cite_ref-winger-kw_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winger-kw-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Noonan group voted to pull out of the Constitution Party and join a new party called America's Party, put together by <a href="/wiki/Perennial_candidate" title="Perennial candidate">perennial candidate</a> and former <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassador</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> as a vehicle for his own presidential campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-horserace08.freedomblogging.com_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horserace08.freedomblogging.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Noonan was on record with the California Secretary of State as (outgoing) party chairman, Keyes was added to the state ballots as the AIP candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group elected Markham Robinson as its new chair at the convention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_tickets">Presidential tickets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Independent_Party&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Presidential tickets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Presidential<br />nominee<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Home state </th> <th>Previous positions </th> <th>Vice presidential<br />nominee </th> <th>Home state </th> <th>Previous positions </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>Ref. </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_C_Wallace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/George_C_Wallace.jpg/70px-George_C_Wallace.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/George_C_Wallace.jpg/105px-George_C_Wallace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/George_C_Wallace.jpg/140px-George_C_Wallace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="2018" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_presidential_campaign,_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="George Wallace presidential campaign, 1968">campaign</a>) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Alabama">Governor of Alabama</a><br />(1963–1967)</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Curtis_LeMay_(USAF).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Curtis_LeMay_%28USAF%29.jpg/70px-Curtis_LeMay_%28USAF%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Curtis_LeMay_%28USAF%29.jpg/105px-Curtis_LeMay_%28USAF%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Curtis_LeMay_%28USAF%29.jpg/140px-Curtis_LeMay_%28USAF%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1694" data-file-height="1935" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff of the Air Force</a> (1961–1965)<br /><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force">Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force</a> (1957–1961)<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders-in-chief_of_the_Strategic_Air_Command" title="List of commanders-in-chief of the Strategic Air Command">Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Air Command</a> (1948–1957)</span> </td> <td>9,906,473 (13.5%)<br />46 EV </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_G._Schmitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/John_G._Schmitz.jpg/70px-John_G._Schmitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/John_G._Schmitz.jpg/105px-John_G._Schmitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/John_G._Schmitz.jpg/140px-John_G._Schmitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="506" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/John_G._Schmitz" title="John G. Schmitz">John G. Schmitz</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/California%27s_35th_congressional_district" title="California's 35th congressional district">California's 35th district</a><br />(1970–1973)</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_J._Anderson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Thomas_J._Anderson.jpg/70px-Thomas_J._Anderson.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Thomas_J._Anderson.jpg/105px-Thomas_J._Anderson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Thomas_J._Anderson.jpg/140px-Thomas_J._Anderson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="353" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Anderson_(author)" title="Thomas J. Anderson (author)">Thomas J. Anderson</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Magazine publisher</span> </td> <td>1,099,482 (1.4%)<br />0 EV </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lester_Maddox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Lester_Maddox.jpg/70px-Lester_Maddox.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Lester_Maddox.jpg/105px-Lester_Maddox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Lester_Maddox.jpg/140px-Lester_Maddox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="3390" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Lester_Maddox" title="Lester Maddox">Lester Maddox</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281956%E2%80%932001%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281956%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281956%E2%80%932001%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281956%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281956%E2%80%932001%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia_%281956%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Georgia" title="Governor of Georgia">Governor of Georgia</a> (1967–1971)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Georgia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Georgia">Lieutenant Governor of Georgia</a> (1971–1975)</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Dyke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/William_Dyke.jpg/70px-William_Dyke.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/William_Dyke.jpg/105px-William_Dyke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/William_Dyke.jpg/140px-William_Dyke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="418" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/William_Dyke" title="William Dyke">William Dyke</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Madison,_Wisconsin" title="List of mayors of Madison, Wisconsin">Mayor of Madison</a> (1969–1973)<br />Candidate for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Wisconsin" title="Governor of Wisconsin">Governor of Wisconsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election,_1974" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin gubernatorial election, 1974">1974</a>)</span> </td> <td>170,531 (0.2%)<br />0 EV </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Rarick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/John_Rarick.jpg/70px-John_Rarick.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/John_Rarick.jpg/105px-John_Rarick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/John_Rarick.jpg/140px-John_Rarick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1977" data-file-height="2518" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/John_Rarick" title="John Rarick">John Rarick</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from <a href="/wiki/Louisiana%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Louisiana's 6th congressional district">Louisiana's 6th district</a><br />(1967–1975)</span> </td> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eileen_Shearer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eileen Shearer (page does not exist)">Eileen Shearer</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Co-founder of the American Independent Party</span> </td> <td>41,268 (<0.1%)<br />0 EV </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_E._Richards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Robert_E._Richards.jpg/70px-Robert_E._Richards.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Robert_E._Richards.jpg/105px-Robert_E._Richards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Robert_E._Richards.jpg/140px-Robert_E._Richards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="666" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Bob_Richards" title="Bob Richards">Bob Richards</a></b><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist</a>)</small> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Retired Olympic athlete (<a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a>; <a href="/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics" title="1952 Summer Olympics">1952</a>; <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956</a>)</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maureen_K_Salaman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Maureen_K_Salaman.jpg/70px-Maureen_K_Salaman.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Maureen_K_Salaman.jpg/105px-Maureen_K_Salaman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Maureen_K_Salaman.jpg/140px-Maureen_K_Salaman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="610" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Kennedy_Salaman" title="Maureen Kennedy Salaman">Maureen K. Salaman</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Writer, nutritionist</span> </td> <td>66,336 (0.1%)<br />0 EV </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_C._Griffin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James C. Griffin (page does not exist)">James C. Griffin</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from California (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_California,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in California, 1980">1980</a>)<br />Nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> (<a href="/wiki/California_gubernatorial_election,_1982" class="mw-redirect" title="California gubernatorial election, 1982">1982</a>)<br />Nominee for <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_California" title="Lieutenant Governor of California">Lieutenant Governor of California</a> (1986)</span> </td> <td><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Morsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Morsa (page does not exist)">Charles Morsa</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>27,818 (<0.1%)<br />0 EV </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG/70px-Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG/105px-Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG/140px-Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="464" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Howard Phillips</a></b><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/U.S._Taxpayers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Taxpayers' Party">U.S. Taxpayers'</a>)</small> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Chairman of <a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">The Conservative Caucus</a><br />Candidate for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from Massachusetts (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts,_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1978">1978</a>)</span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Albion_W._Knight_Jr." title="Albion W. Knight Jr.">Albion W. Knight</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Presiding Bishop of the <a href="/wiki/United_Episcopal_Church_of_North_America" title="United Episcopal Church of North America">United Episcopal Church of North America</a><br />(1989–1992)</span> </td> <td>43,369 (<0.1%)<br />0 EV </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG/70px-Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG/105px-Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG/140px-Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="464" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Howard Phillips</a></b><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/U.S._Taxpayers%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Taxpayers' Party">U.S. Taxpayers'</a>)</small> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Chairman of <a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">The Conservative Caucus</a><br />Candidate for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from Massachusetts (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts,_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1978">1978</a>) <br />Nominee for President of the United States (1992)</span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Titus" title="Herbert Titus">Herbert Titus</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Lawyer, writer</span> </td> <td>184,656 (0.2%)<br />0 EV </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG/70px-Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG/105px-Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG/140px-Howard_Phillips_-v2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="464" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Howard Phillips</a></b><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a>)</small> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Chairman of <a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">The Conservative Caucus</a><br />Candidate for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from Massachusetts (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts,_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1978">1978</a>)<br />Nominee for President of the United States (1992; 1996)</span> </td> <td><b>Curtis Frazier</b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/23px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/35px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/46px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Candidate for United States Senator from Missouri (<a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="1998 United States Senate election in Missouri">1998</a>)</span> </td> <td>98,020 (0.1%)<br />0 EV </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_Peroutka" title="Michael Peroutka">Michael Peroutka</a></b><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a>)</small> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Lawyer<br />Founder of the Institute on the Constitution</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CBaldwin08_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CBaldwin08_%28cropped%29.jpg/70px-CBaldwin08_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CBaldwin08_%28cropped%29.jpg/105px-CBaldwin08_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/CBaldwin08_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-CBaldwin08_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="253" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Pastor, radio host</span> </td> <td>143,630 (0.1%)<br />0 EV </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Keyes_speech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Alan_Keyes_speech.jpg/70px-Alan_Keyes_speech.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Alan_Keyes_speech.jpg/105px-Alan_Keyes_speech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Alan_Keyes_speech.jpg/140px-Alan_Keyes_speech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="780" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Alan Keyes 2008 presidential campaign">campaign</a>) <p><small>(America's Independent)</small> </p> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_International_Organization_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs">Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs</a><br />(1985–1987)<br />Candidate for United States Senator from Maryland (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland,_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Maryland, 1988">1988</a>; <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland,_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Maryland, 1992">1992</a>)<br />Candidate for President of the United States (1996; 2000)<br />Candidate for United States Senator from Illinois (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Illinois,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Illinois, 2004">2004</a>)</span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Drake" title="Wiley Drake">Wiley Drake</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Minister, radio host</span> </td> <td>47,694 (<0.1%)<br />0 EV </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a> </td> <td><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hoefling" title="Tom Hoefling">Tom Hoefling</a></b><br /><small>(America's)</small> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="477" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Activist</span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ornelas" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Ornelas">Robert Ornelas</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Activist</span> </td> <td>40,641 (<0.1%)<br />0 EV </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Donald Trump"><img alt="Trump smiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/70px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/105px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/140px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2850" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a>) <p><small>(<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>)</small> </p> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Businessman<br />Chairman of <a href="/wiki/The_Trump_Organization" title="The Trump Organization">The Trump Organization</a> (1971–2017)</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mike_Pence_official_Vice_Presidential_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mike_Pence_official_Vice_Presidential_portrait.jpg/70px-Mike_Pence_official_Vice_Presidential_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mike_Pence_official_Vice_Presidential_portrait.jpg/105px-Mike_Pence_official_Vice_Presidential_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mike_Pence_official_Vice_Presidential_portrait.jpg/140px-Mike_Pence_official_Vice_Presidential_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2593" data-file-height="3241" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a></b> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana<br />(2001–2013)<br /><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Governor of Indiana</a> (2013–2017)</span> </td> <td>62,984,825 (46.1%)<br />304 EV </td> <td>According to CNN, "Trump did not seek the nomination of the American Independent Party and did not have to take any formal steps to accept it. According to Sam Mahood, the press secretary for California Secretary of State Alex Padilla (D), California law permits one party to nominate the presidential candidate of another party and to have that choice reflected on the ballot. California election code does not require a presidential candidate who is already on the ballot to consent to receiving the nomination of a another qualified political party."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roque_De_La_Fuente_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Roque_De_La_Fuente_%28cropped%29.jpg/69px-Roque_De_La_Fuente_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Roque_De_La_Fuente_%28cropped%29.jpg/103px-Roque_De_La_Fuente_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Roque_De_La_Fuente_%28cropped%29.jpg/137px-Roque_De_La_Fuente_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="3083" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">Rocky De La Fuente</a></b><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(United_States)" title="Alliance Party (United States)">Alliance</a>; <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a>)</small> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Businessman and <a href="/wiki/Perennial_candidate" title="Perennial candidate">perennial candidate</a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanye_West_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival-2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kanye_West_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/70px-Kanye_West_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival-2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kanye_West_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/105px-Kanye_West_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival-2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kanye_West_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Kanye_West_at_the_2009_Tribeca_Film_Festival-2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1561" data-file-height="2010" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a></b> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Kanye_West_2020_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanye West 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a>)<br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>; Birthday)</small> </p> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/22px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/33px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/43px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Rapper, producer and fashion designer; <br />2020 <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West_2020_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanye West 2020 presidential campaign">presidential candidate</a></span> </td> <td>60,160 (0.34%)<br />0 EV </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_F._Kennedy,_Jr._by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Jr._by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/68px-Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Jr._by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Jr._by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/103px-Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Jr._by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Jr._by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/137px-Robert_F._Kennedy%2C_Jr._by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="2780" /></a></span><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr._2024_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr. 2024 presidential campaign">Independent campaign</a>) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/23px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/35px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/46px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Environmental lawyer</span> </td> <td><br /><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Shanahan" title="Nicole Shanahan">Nicole Shanahan</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Attorney</span> </td> <td>681,450 (0.46%)<br />0 EV </td> <td>Suspended his campaign and endorsed Trump.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Following the split within the American Independent Party into factions led by Jim King and Ed Noonan, the Noonan faction has maintained control over the party's operations and ballot access in California. The party did not nominate <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a>, the 2008 Constitution Party presidential candidate, nor <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode" title="Virgil Goode">Virgil Goode</a>, the 2012 nominee, and both candidates were unable to secure independent positions on the California presidential ballot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California_gubernatorial_candidates">California gubernatorial candidates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Independent_Party&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: California gubernatorial candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Electoral results of American Independent Party candidates in California gubernatorial elections </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Candidate </th> <th scope="col"># Votes </th> <th scope="col">% Votes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/1970_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 California gubernatorial election">1970</a> </th> <td>Bill Shearer </td> <td>65,847 </td> <td>1.01 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/1974_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 California gubernatorial election">1974</a> </th> <td>Edmon V. Kaiser </td> <td>83,869 </td> <td>1.34 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/1978_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 California gubernatorial election">1978</a> </th> <td>Theresa F. Dietrich </td> <td>67,103 </td> <td>0.97 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/1982_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 California gubernatorial election">1982</a> </th> <td>James C. Griffin </td> <td>56,249 </td> <td>0.71 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/1986_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 California gubernatorial election">1986</a> </th> <td>Gary V. Miller </td> <td>50,547 </td> <td>0.68 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/1990_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 California gubernatorial election">1990</a> </th> <td>Jerome McCready </td> <td>139,661 </td> <td>1.81 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/1994_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 California gubernatorial election">1994</a> </th> <td>Jerome McCready </td> <td>133,888 </td> <td>1.55 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/1998_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 California gubernatorial election">1998</a> </th> <td>Nathan Johnson </td> <td>37,964 </td> <td>0.45 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/2002_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 California gubernatorial election">2002</a> </th> <td>Reinhold Gulke </td> <td>128,035 </td> <td>1.71 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/2003_California_recall_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 California recall election">2003</a> </th> <td>Charles Pineda, Jr. </td> <td>1,104 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/2003_California_recall_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 California recall election">2003</a> </th> <td>Diane Beall Templin </td> <td>1,067 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/2006_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 California gubernatorial election">2006</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Noonan" title="Edward C. Noonan">Edward C. Noonan</a> </td> <td>61,901 </td> <td>0.71 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/2010_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 California gubernatorial election">2010</a> </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelene_Nightingale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chelene Nightingale (page does not exist)">Chelene Nightingale</a> </td> <td>166,312 </td> <td>1.65 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/2014_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 California gubernatorial election">2014</a> </th> <td>No Candidate<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/2018_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 California gubernatorial election">2018</a> </th> <td>No Candidate<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/2021_California_gubernatorial_recall_election" title="2021 California gubernatorial recall election">2021</a> </th> <td>No Candidate<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chair/Vice-Chair"><span id="Chair.2FVice-Chair"></span>Chair/Vice-Chair</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Independent_Party&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chair/Vice-Chair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bill Shearer: 1967–1999</li> <li>Nathan Johnson: 1999–2002</li> <li>Jim King:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> 2002–2004</li> <li>Nancy Spirkoff: 2004–2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Noonan" title="Edward C. Noonan">Edward C. Noonan</a>/Mark Seidenberg: 2006–2008</li> <li><i>Disputed</i>: Jim King and Markham Robinson claim chairmanship: 2008–2024</li> <li>Victor Marani/James Mallamace: 2024–current<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="California_membership_issues">California membership issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Independent_Party&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: California membership issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, approximately 3% of California's 17.2 million voters were <a href="/wiki/Voter_registration_in_the_United_States#Party_affiliation" title="Voter registration in the United States">registered</a> with the American Independent Party (AIP), ranking it as the third-largest political party in the state by registration, following the <a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">Democratic</a> (43%) and <a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">Republican</a> (28%) parties and those who registered as "no party preference" (24%).<sup id="cite_ref-MyersMai-DudWelsh_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyersMai-DudWelsh-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, it has long been proposed by political analysts that the party, which has received very few votes in recent California elections, maintains its state ballot status because people join the American Independent Party mistakenly believing that they are registering as <a href="/wiki/Independent_(voter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (voter)">"independent" voters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-npr.org_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-independent_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2016 <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> investigation suggested that a significant number of voters registered with the AIP may have done so under the misconception that they were registering as independent, unaffiliated voters, which is officially designated as "no party preference" in California. A poll of voters registered with the AIP indicated that a majority may not have intended to register with the party. The investigation highlighted potential confusion caused by the party's name.<sup id="cite_ref-MyersIndepenents_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyersIndepenents-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MyersMai-DudWelsh_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyersMai-DudWelsh-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2016 poll conducted of California voters registered with the AIP showed that 73% identify themselves as "no affiliation" and 3% identify themselves as "undecided."<sup id="cite_ref-MyersMai-DudWelsh_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyersMai-DudWelsh-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon learning the AIP platform, 50% of registered AIP voters wanted to leave the AIP.<sup id="cite_ref-MyersMai-DudWelsh_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyersMai-DudWelsh-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>Times</i> review of voting records revealed a wide array of Californians have fallen victim to this error, including celebrities such as <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Ray_Leonard" title="Sugar Ray Leonard">Sugar Ray Leonard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demi_Moore" title="Demi Moore">Demi Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Stone" title="Emma Stone">Emma Stone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaley_Cuoco" title="Kaley Cuoco">Kaley Cuoco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MyersMai-DudWelsh_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyersMai-DudWelsh-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in 2008, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Siebel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennifer Siebel">Jennifer Siebel</a>, then-fiancée of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>'s former Democratic mayor <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a>, attempted to change her party affiliation from Republican to unaffiliated, but "checked the American Independent box thinking that was what independent voters were supposed to do."<sup id="cite_ref-indep_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indep-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This confusion results in accidentally registered AIP members being unable to vote in presidential <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary elections</a> and, in prior years, in all partisan primary elections other than those of the AIP.<sup id="cite_ref-npr.org_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr.org-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MyersMai-DudWelsh_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyersMai-DudWelsh-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of California registrars of voters had expressed concern over the confusion that the party's name causes.<sup id="cite_ref-MyersMai-DudWelsh_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyersMai-DudWelsh-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim Alexander, president of the nonpartisan California Voter Foundation, said that the California voter form was "confusing and somewhat misleading."<sup id="cite_ref-MyersIndepenents_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyersIndepenents-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since the advent of the "top-two" blanket primary in California in 2012, all voters may participate in non-presidential primary elections where nominations for public office are to be made. Presidential nominations and elections of members of party county central committees are still restricted to voters registered in the party where such contests are held, but a party may choose to allow voters with No Party Preference to vote in their presidential primary.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, voters are able to re-register to the party of their choosing on election day via election day registration, mitigating the issue further.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Independent_Party&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Officers-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Officers_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aipca.vote/">"The American Independent Party - The Fastest Growing Political Party In California"</a>. <i>www.aipca.vote</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aipca.vote&rft.atitle=The+American+Independent+Party+-+The+Fastest+Growing+Political+Party+In+California&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aipca.vote%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Independent+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aipca.vote/_theme/assets/files/statements/AIP-Resolution-USSS-Protection.pdf">"Resolution to Demand the U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security Allow Nationwide U.S. Secret Service Protection for Robert F. Kennedy Jr. And Nicole Shanahan as the Official Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates Representing the American Independent Party in the 2024 General Election"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+to+Demand+the+U.S.+Secretary+of+Homeland+Security+Allow+Nationwide+U.S.+Secret+Service+Protection+for+Robert+F.+Kennedy+Jr.+And+Nicole+Shanahan+as+the+Official+Presidential+and+Vice+Presidential+Candidates+Representing+the+American+Independent+Party+in+the+2024+General+Election&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aipca.vote%2F_theme%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fstatements%2FAIP-Resolution-USSS-Protection.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Independent+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MyersIndepenents-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MyersIndepenents_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyersIndepenents_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyersIndepenents_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Myers, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-american-independent-party-california-voter-registration-card-20160419-story.html">Would-be independents joining the American Independent Party could blame California's voter registration card</a>, <i>Los Angeles Times</i> (April 19, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Aho, <i>Far-Right Fantasy: A Sociology of American Religion and Politics</i> (Routledge, 2015), p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_April2008" class="citation book cs1">George April (2008). <i>Willis Carto and the American Far Right</i>. University Press of Florida. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813031989" title="Special:BookSources/9780813031989"><bdi>9780813031989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Willis+Carto+and+the+American+Far+Right&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780813031989&rft.au=George+April&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Independent+Party" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Willis Carto</a></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Durham2000" class="citation book cs1">Martin Durham (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianrightfa00durh"><i>The Christian Right, the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Right%2C+the+Far+Right+and+the+Boundaries+of+American+Conservatism&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Martin+Durham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristianrightfa00durh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Independent+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr.org-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr.org_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2016/04/18/474725586/many-american-independent-party-voters-in-california-are-mis-registered">"Many American Independent Party voters in California are mis-registered"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. April 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Many+American+Independent+Party+voters+in+California+are+mis-registered&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2016%2F04%2F18%2F474725586%2Fmany-american-independent-party-voters-in-california-are-mis-registered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Independent+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224224339/http://aipca.org/history.html">"History of the American Independent Party"</a>. American Independent Party. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aipca.org/history.html">the original</a> on 2018-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+American+Independent+Party&rft.pub=American+Independent+Party&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faipca.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Independent+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chrostopher D. Rodkey, "Third Parties" in <i>Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices</i> (eds. Roger Chapman & James Ciment: 2d ed: Routledge, 2015), p. 665.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">""Conservative third parties since the New Deal" in <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History</i> (Vol. 1) (eds. April Kazin, Rebecca Edwards & Adam Rothman: Princeton University Press, 2010), p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Blue_Book" title="Tennessee Blue Book">Tennessee Blue Book</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Secretary_of_State" title="Tennessee Secretary of State">Tennessee Secretary of State</a>, 1971, 1973 "Elections"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeip2019" class="citation web cs1">Leip, Dave (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1972&f=1&off=0&elect=0">"1972 Presidential General Election Results"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1972+Presidential+General+Election+Results&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Leip&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fnational.php%3Fyear%3D1972%26f%3D1%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Independent+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quirk, Cody. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thirdpartywatch.com/2008/06/30/aip-holds-its-state-convention-endorses-chuck-baldwin-and-reaffirms-cp-affiliation/">AIP holds its State Convention, endorses Chuck Baldwin and reaffirms CP affiliation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080717031801/http://thirdpartywatch.com/2008/06/30/aip-holds-its-state-convention-endorses-chuck-baldwin-and-reaffirms-cp-affiliation/">Archived</a> 2008-07-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Third Party Watch</i>, June 30, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horserace08.freedomblogging.com-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-horserace08.freedomblogging.com_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horserace08.freedomblogging.com_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bock, Alan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://horserace08.freedomblogging.com/category/third-party-candidates-and-possibilities/">American-Independent split</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003140652/http://horserace08.freedomblogging.com/category/third-party-candidates-and-possibilities/">Archived</a> October 3, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Orange_County_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange County Register">Orange County Register</a> Horserace '08</i>. Wednesday, July 2, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080717001002/http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/elections_f.htm">"California Secretary of State - Elections & Voter Information - Qualified Political Parties"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/elections_f.htm">the original</a> on July 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+Secretary+of+State+-+Elections+%26+Voter+Information+-+Qualified+Political+Parties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.ca.gov%2Felections%2Felections_f.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Independent+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quirk, Cody. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thirdpartywatch.com/2008/07/22/statement-from-jim-king-aip-chairman/">Statement from Jim King, AIP Chairman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821172144/http://thirdpartywatch.com/2008/07/22/statement-from-jim-king-aip-chairman/">Archived</a> 2008-08-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Third Party Watch</i>, July 22, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-winger-kw-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-winger-kw_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winger, Richard. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ballot-access.org/2008/08/26/keyes-wins-california-lawsuit-on-procedural-issues/">Keyes Wins California Lawsuit on Procedural Issue</a>", <i>Ballot Access News</i>, August 26, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garris, Eric. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thirdpartywatch.com/2008/07/22/3589/">California Ballot: Alan Keyes Replaces Chuck Baldwin on American Independent Party Ticket</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>", <i>Third Party Watch</i>, July 22, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">And political party if different from the AIP.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace and LeMay carried five states, receiving 45 electoral votes, plus one from a North Carolina <a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">faithless elector</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sobran" title="Joseph Sobran">Joseph Sobran</a> was the original vice presidential nominee, but he withdrew from the ticket and was replaced by Frazier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMejia_Davis2016" class="citation web cs1">Mejia Davis, Edward (2 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/02/politics/trump-american-independent-party-california/index.html">"Trump is the nominee of George Wallace's American Independent Party in California"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Trump+is+the+nominee+of+George+Wallace%27s+American+Independent+Party+in+California&rft.date=2016-11-02&rft.aulast=Mejia+Davis&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2016%2F11%2F02%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-american-independent-party-california%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Independent+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinger2020" class="citation web cs1">Winger, Richard (August 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ballot-access.org/2020/08/15/american-independent-party-nominates-rocky-de-la-fuente-for-president-and-kanye-west-for-vice-president/">"American Independent Party Nominates Rocky De La Fuente for President and Kanye West for Vice-President"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ballot_Access_News" title="Ballot Access News">Ballot Access News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200815214422/http://ballot-access.org/2020/08/15/american-independent-party-nominates-rocky-de-la-fuente-for-president-and-kanye-west-for-vice-president/">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ballot+Access+News&rft.atitle=American+Independent+Party+Nominates+Rocky+De+La+Fuente+for+President+and+Kanye+West+for+Vice-President&rft.date=2020-08-15&rft.aulast=Winger&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fballot-access.org%2F2020%2F08%2F15%2Famerican-independent-party-nominates-rocky-de-la-fuente-for-president-and-kanye-west-for-vice-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Independent+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathur-Ashton2024" class="citation web cs1">Mathur-Ashton, Aneeta (August 23, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2024-08-23/rfk-jr-drops-out-and-endorses-trump-leaving-politicos-confused-and-supporters-upset">"RFK Jr. Drops Out and Endorses Trump, Leaving Politicos Confused and Supporters Upset"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RFK+Jr.+Drops+Out+and+Endorses+Trump%2C+Leaving+Politicos+Confused+and+Supporters+Upset&rft.date=2024-08-23&rft.aulast=Mathur-Ashton&rft.aufirst=Aneeta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnational-news%2Farticles%2F2024-08-23%2Frfk-jr-drops-out-and-endorses-trump-leaving-politicos-confused-and-supporters-upset&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Independent+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aipca.vote/_theme/assets/files/statements/AIP-Resolution-CHP-Protection.pdf">"Resolution to Request Governor Gavin Newsom Provide California Highway Patrol Protection in the State of California for Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and Nicole Shanahan as the Official Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates Representing the American Independent Party in the 2024 General Election"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.aipca.vote</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aipca.vote&rft.atitle=Resolution+to+Request+Governor+Gavin+Newsom+Provide+California+Highway+Patrol+Protection+in+the+State+of+California+for+Robert+F.+Kennedy+Jr.+and+Nicole+Shanahan+as+the+Official+Presidential+and+Vice+Presidential+Candidates+Representing+the+American+Independent+Party+in+the+2024+General+Election&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aipca.vote%2F_theme%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fstatements%2FAIP-Resolution-CHP-Protection.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Independent+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MyersMai-DudWelsh-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MyersMai-DudWelsh_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyersMai-DudWelsh_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyersMai-DudWelsh_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyersMai-DudWelsh_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyersMai-DudWelsh_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyersMai-DudWelsh_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MyersMai-DudWelsh_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Myers, Christine Mai-Duc & Ben Welsh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.latimes.com/american-independent-party-california-voters/">Are you an independent voter? You aren't if you checked this box</a>, <i>Los Angeles Times</i> (April 17, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-independent_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Voting at the Political Fault Line: California's Experiment With the Blanket Primary</i> (eds. Bruce E. Cain & Elisabeth R. Gerber, University of California Press, 2002), p. 219. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22834-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22834-0">0-520-22834-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indep-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indep_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_Matier_and_Andrew_Ross2008" class="citation web cs1">Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross (April 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/04/22/BAG510A1VD.DTL">"Newsom's girlfriend stumbles into wrong party"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Newsom%27s+girlfriend+stumbles+into+wrong+party&rft.date=2008-04-22&rft.au=Phillip+Matier+and+Andrew+Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F04%2F22%2FBAG510A1VD.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Independent+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/political-parties/no-party-preference/">"No Party Preference Information"</a>. California Secretary of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+Party+Preference+Information&rft.pub=California+Secretary+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.ca.gov%2Felections%2Fpolitical-parties%2Fno-party-preference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Independent+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/5515db2b38a26db42b09c5d64451b31e">"California's primary vote count could take longer than ever"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i>. 2020-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=California%27s+primary+vote+count+could+take+longer+than+ever&rft.date=2020-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F5515db2b38a26db42b09c5d64451b31e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Independent+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Independent_Party&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nominated Republican <a href="/wiki/Tim_Donnelly_(politician)" title="Tim Donnelly (politician)">Tim Donnelly</a> for the top two primary for governor, not affiliated with the party</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nominated Republican <a href="/wiki/John_H._Cox" title="John H. Cox">John Cox</a> for governor, not affiliated with the party</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nominated Republican <a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Larry Elder</a> for governor, not affiliated with the party</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Independent_Party&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aipca.org/">American Independent Party of California</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105121610/http://www.joincalifornia.com/party/American%20Independent">American Independent Party at JoinCalifornia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="California_political_parties" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:California_political_parties" title="Template:California political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:California_political_parties" title="Template talk:California political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:California_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:California political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="California_political_parties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> political parties</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major parties (ballot-qualified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">Republican</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California"><img alt="California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/80px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/120px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/160px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor parties (ballot-qualified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_California" title="Green Party of California">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_of_California" title="Libertarian Party of California">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor parties (not ballot-qualified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_National_Party" title="California National Party">California National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pirate_Party" title="United States Pirate Party">Pirate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_California" title="Political party strength in California">Political party strength in California</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Wallace" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_Wallace" title="Template:George Wallace"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_Wallace" title="Template talk:George Wallace"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_Wallace" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George Wallace"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Wallace" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lurleen_Wallace" title="Lurleen Wallace">Lurleen Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_Jr." title="George Wallace Jr.">George Wallace Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Wallace" title="Cornelia Wallace">Cornelia Wallace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_Wallace" title="Electoral history of George Wallace">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1962_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 Alabama gubernatorial election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 Alabama gubernatorial election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 Alabama gubernatorial election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Alabama gubernatorial election">1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1964 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_1968_presidential_campaign" title="George Wallace 1968 presidential campaign">1968 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1972 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1976 presidential campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">1963 Inaugural Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Auditorium" title="Foster Auditorium">Foster Auditorium</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crisis:_Behind_a_Presidential_Commitment" title="Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment">Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment</a></i> (1963 documentary)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bremer" title="Arthur Bremer">Arthur Bremer</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Assassin%27s_Diary" title="An Assassin's Diary">An Assassin's Diary</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_(film)" title="George Wallace (film)">George Wallace</a></i> (1997 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_Tunnel" title="George Wallace Tunnel">George Wallace Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_right-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_right-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical right-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_right-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical right-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_right-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical right-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_right-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Historical right-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential tickets<br />that won at least<br />one percent of the<br />national popular vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew Jackson Donelson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">National Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Palmer_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Palmer (politician)">John M. Palmer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Simon_Bolivar_Buckner" title="Simon Bolivar Buckner">Simon Bolivar Buckner</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lemke" title="William Lemke">William Lemke</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._O%27Brien" title="Thomas C. O'Brien">Thomas C. O'Brien</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States' Rights Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright" title="Fielding L. Wright">Fielding L. Wright</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>/<a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Schmitz" title="John G. Schmitz">John G. Schmitz</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Anderson_(author)" title="Thomas J. Anderson (author)">Thomas J. Anderson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Maddox" title="Lester Maddox">Lester Maddox</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Dyke" title="William Dyke">William Dyke</a> (<a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rarick" title="John Rarick">John Rarick</a>/Eileen Shearer (<a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Richards" title="Bob Richards">Bob Richards</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maureen_Salaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Maureen Salaman">Maureen Salaman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a>/<a href="/wiki/Floyd_Parker" class="mw-redirect" title="Floyd Parker">Floyd Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Gritz" title="Bo Gritz">Bo Gritz</a>/Cyril Minnett (<a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable<br />right-wing parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Straight-Out_Democratic_Party" title="Straight-Out Democratic Party">Straight-Out Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Regulars" title="Texas Regulars">Texas Regulars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">Unpledged electors</a> movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of conservatism in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_and_local_political_parties_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_state_and_local_political_parties" title="Template:United States state and local political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_state_and_local_political_parties" title="Template talk:United States state and local political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_state_and_local_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States state and local political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_and_local_political_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">State and local political parties in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div>State and local political parties without a federal or national parent body</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">State parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Independence_Party" title="Alaskan Independence Party">Alaskan Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Alaska" title="Green Party of Alaska">Green Party of Alaska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_National_Party" title="California National Party">California National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_Party_of_Florida" title="Ecology Party of Florida">Ecology Party of Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_of_Florida" title="Independent Party of Florida">Independent Party of Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_of_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Law Party of Michigan">Natural Law Party of Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_New_York" title="Independence Party of New York">Independence Party of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Right_to_Life_Party" title="New York State Right to Life Party">New York State Right to Life Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_Is_Too_Damn_High_Party" title="Rent Is Too Damn High Party">Rent Is Too Damn High Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Party_(New_Jersey)" title="Moderate Party (New Jersey)">Moderate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Conservative_Party" title="New Jersey Conservative Party">New Jersey Conservative Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_of_Oregon" title="Independent Party of Oregon">Independent Party of Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Progressive_Party" title="Oregon Progressive Party">Oregon Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_of_Oregon" title="Constitution Party of Oregon">Constitution Party of Oregon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Rhode_Island" title="Green Party of Rhode Island">Green Party of Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_Party_of_Rhode_Island" title="Moderate Party of Rhode Island">Moderate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_Party_of_Rhode_Island" title="Party Party of Rhode Island">Party Party of Rhode Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Citizens_Party" title="United Citizens Party">United Citizens Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Progressive_Party" title="Vermont Progressive Party">Vermont Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vermont_Republic" title="Second Vermont Republic">Second Vermont Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approval_Voting_Party" title="Approval Voting Party">Approval Voting Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">Colorado</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_of_Delaware" title="Independent Party of Delaware">Independent Party of Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Green_Party" title="Georgia Green Party">Georgia Green Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_%CA%BB%C4%80ina_Party" title="Aloha ʻĀina Party">Aloha ʻĀina Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hawaii)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Party" title="Kentucky Party">Kentucky Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots%E2%80%93Legalize_Cannabis_Party" title="Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party">Grassroots–Legalize Cannabis Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Minnesota)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Party" title="Southern Party">Southern Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dixie)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Utah_Party" title="United Utah Party">United Utah Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Greens_of_Virginia" title="Independent Greens of Virginia">Independent Greens of Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/70px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/105px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Local parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Committee" title="Charter Committee">Charter Committee</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Cincinnati, Ohio)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dane County, Madison, Wisconsin)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Progressive_Alliance" title="Richmond Progressive Alliance">Richmond Progressive Alliance</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Richmond, Virginia)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Territorial parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Uni%C3%B3n_Soberanista" title="Movimiento Unión Soberanista">Movimiento Unión Soberanista <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sovereign Union Movement)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Victoria_Ciudadana" title="Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana">Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana <span style="font-size:85%;">(Citizen's Victory Movement)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Progressive_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)">New Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Popular Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proyecto_Dignidad" title="Proyecto Dignidad">Proyecto Dignidad <span style="font-size:85%;">(Project Dignity)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Independence_Party" title="Puerto Rican Independence Party">Puerto Rican Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party">Puerto Rican Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_for_Puerto_Rico_Party" title="Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party">Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Citizens_Movement" title="Independent Citizens Movement">Independent Citizens Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Template:United States political parties">National political parties in the United 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