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interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="America First Committee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="کمیته اول آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمیته اول آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_America_First" title="Comité America First – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comité America First" data-language-autonym="Français" 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Committee – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="America First Committee" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="美国优先委员会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国优先委员会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q463128#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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searchaux" style="display:none">American isolationist group prior to World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For similar terms, see <a href="/wiki/America_First_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="America First (disambiguation)">America First</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">America First Committee</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:America_First_Committee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/America_First_Committee.jpg/100px-America_First_Committee.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/America_First_Committee.jpg/150px-America_First_Committee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/America_First_Committee.jpg/200px-America_First_Committee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">AFC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">September 4, 1940<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1940-09-04</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/R._Douglas_Stuart_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="R. Douglas Stuart Jr.">Robert D. Stuart Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded at</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">December 11, 1941<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1941-12-11</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-partisan">Non-partisan</a> <a href="/wiki/Pressure_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure group">pressure group</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1941)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">800,000–850,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Robert E. Wood</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Spokesperson</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Regnery" title="William H. Regnery">William H. Regnery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Robert E. Wood</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Lindbergh" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles A. Lindbergh">Charles A. Lindbergh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._McCormick" title="Robert R. McCormick">Robert R. McCormick</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Sarles_Benedict" title="Ruth Sarles Benedict">Ruth Sarles Benedict</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data">450 chapters</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revenue <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(1940)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">$370,000</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican"><i>South Park</i> Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>America First Committee</b> (<b>AFC</b>) was an American <a href="/wiki/Isolationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Isolationist">isolationist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pressure_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure group">pressure group</a> against the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>' entry into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deconde_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deconde-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cole-1974-115_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-1974-115-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Launched in September 1940, it surpassed 800,000 members in 450 chapters at its peak.<sup id="cite_ref-Wayne_S._Cole_1953_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wayne_S._Cole_1953-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AFC principally supported <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a> for its own sake, and its varied coalition included <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>, farmers, industrialists, <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">communists</a>, anti-communists, students, and journalists – however, it was controversial for the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitic</a> and pro-<a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> views of some of its most prominent speakers, leaders, and members.<sup id="cite_ref-atl-af-2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atl-af-2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lat-af-2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-af-2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dunn-66_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-66-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dunn-57_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AFC was dissolved on December 11, 1941, four days after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> brought the United States into the war. </p><p>The AFC argued that no foreign power could successfully attack a strongly defended United States, that a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> defeat by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> would not imperil American national security, and that giving military aid to Britain would risk dragging the United States into the war. The group fervently opposed measures for the British advanced by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">destroyers-for-bases deal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease#Lend-Lease_proposal" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease bill</a>, but failed in its efforts to block them. </p><p>The AFC was founded by <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a> student <a href="/wiki/R._Douglas_Stuart_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="R. Douglas Stuart Jr.">R. Douglas Stuart Jr.</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Princeton" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton">Princeton</a> graduate who was heir to the <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Oats_Company" title="Quaker Oats Company">Quaker Oats Company</a> fortune, and headed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Robert E. Wood</a>, a retired U.S. Army general who was chairman of <a href="/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck_and_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Sears, Roebuck and Co.">Sears, Roebuck and Co.</a> Its highest-profile early member was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, the automotive pioneer and notorious anti-Semite, who resigned in controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dunn-66_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-66-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Halfway through the committee's 15-month existence, aviator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> joined it and became the most prominent speaker at its rallies. Lindbergh's presence resulted in increased criticism that America First embraced overt anti-Semitism and fascist sympathies. Historian Susan Dunn has concluded that, "Though most of its members were probably patriotic, well-meaning, and honest in their efforts, the AFC would never be able to purge itself of the taint of anti-Semitism."<sup id="cite_ref-dunn-66_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-66-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_origins">Background and origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=America_First_Committee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkeley,_California._University_of_California_Student_Peace_Strike_-_NARA_-_532103_(cropped).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Berkeley%2C_California._University_of_California_Student_Peace_Strike_-_NARA_-_532103_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-290px-Berkeley%2C_California._University_of_California_Student_Peace_Strike_-_NARA_-_532103_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Berkeley%2C_California._University_of_California_Student_Peace_Strike_-_NARA_-_532103_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-435px-Berkeley%2C_California._University_of_California_Student_Peace_Strike_-_NARA_-_532103_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Berkeley%2C_California._University_of_California_Student_Peace_Strike_-_NARA_-_532103_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-580px-Berkeley%2C_California._University_of_California_Student_Peace_Strike_-_NARA_-_532103_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2755" data-file-height="2891" /></a><figcaption>Students at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California</a> (Berkeley) participate in a one-day peace strike opposing U.S. entrance into World War II, April 19, 1940</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism#Non-interventionism_before_entering_World_War_II" title="United States non-interventionism">American isolationism of the late 1930s</a> had many adherents, and as historian Susan Dunn has written, "isolationists and anti-interventionists came in all stripes and colors—ideological, economic, ethnic, geographical. Making up this eclectic coalition were farmers, union leaders, wealthy industrialists, college students, newspaper publishers, wealthy patricians, and newly arrived immigrants. There were a potpourri of affiliations and beliefs: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservativism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservativism in the United States">conservatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">radicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifists</a>, and simple <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">F.D.R.-haters</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-dunn-57_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-57-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most famous incidents occurred in February <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a> with a <a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a> organization's <a href="/wiki/1939_Nazi_rally_at_Madison_Square_Garden" title="1939 Nazi rally at Madison Square Garden">Nazi-sympathizing rally</a>, held at the famous sports arena <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, which attracted thousands. </p><p>Much of the impetus for this isolationism came from college students, with <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> being a particularly strong outpost of such sentiments.<sup id="cite_ref-dunn-65_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-65-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The America First Committee was established on September 4, 1940, by <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a> student <a href="/wiki/R._Douglas_Stuart,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="R. Douglas Stuart, Jr.">R. Douglas Stuart, Jr.</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/R._Douglas_Stuart" title="R. Douglas Stuart">R. Douglas Stuart</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Oats_Company" title="Quaker Oats Company">Quaker Oats</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-cole-1974-115_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-1974-115-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stuart had been part of an earlier anti-interventionist student organization at Yale Law School,<sup id="cite_ref-cole-1974-115_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-1974-115-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one that began in Spring 1940 and included future president <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, future U.S. Supreme Court justice <a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a>, and future diplomat <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Locke" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Locke">Eugene Locke</a> as signatories to an initial organizing letter.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Yale students who became involved were future <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a> director <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy presidential administration</a> (and brother-in-law),<sup id="cite_ref-KauffmanSarles2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KauffmanSarles2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kingman_Brewster_Jr." title="Kingman Brewster Jr.">Kingman Brewster Jr.</a>, who would later become <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Yale_University" title="List of presidents of Yale University">president</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stuart dropped out of Yale to focus on the anti-intervention cause, and during Summer 1940, he and Brewster found support for the cause among politicians in Washington and party conventions, and among corporate figures in Stuart's home area of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dunn-65_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-65-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 5, the committee was publicly launched in a national radio broadcast by retired General <a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a>, who had headed the <a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a> (N.R.A.) during the early <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> programs combating the bad economic conditions for a while before President Roosevelt discharged him in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-dunn-66_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-66-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_membership">Organization and membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=America_First_Committee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization and membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>America First chose retired Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Robert E. Wood</a>, the 61-year-old chairman of <a href="/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck_and_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Sears, Roebuck and Co.">Sears, Roebuck and Co.</a>, to preside over the committee.<sup id="cite_ref-deconde_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deconde-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood remained in his post until the AFC was disbanded in the days after <a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan</a>'s attack on Pearl Harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organizationally, America First had an executive committee of about seven people, which took the lead in forming America First policies.<sup id="cite_ref-cole-1974-116_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-1974-116-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its initial members included Wood, Stuart, and several businessmen from the Midwest.<sup id="cite_ref-cole-1974-116_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-1974-116-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also a larger national committee, which was composed of prominent individuals who supported America First's aims.<sup id="cite_ref-cole-1974-116_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-1974-116-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of the organization's existence, some fifty people were part of the national committee.<sup id="cite_ref-cole-1974-116_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-1974-116-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, there were local chapters organized in cities and towns of various size wherever a sizeable anti-interventionist feeling existed.<sup id="cite_ref-cole-1974-117_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-1974-117-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of chapters permitted a more decentralized fundraising structure, with the chapters typically relying more on small contributions than the national entity.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Serious organization and recruitment efforts took place from Chicago, the national headquarters of the committee, not long after the AFC's September 1940 establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included the taking out of full-page advertisements in leading newspapers in various cities and paying for radio broadcasts.<sup id="cite_ref-cole-1974-117_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-1974-117-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fundraising drives produced about $370,000 from some 25,000 contributors. Nearly half came from a few millionaires such as <a href="/wiki/William_H._Regnery" title="William H. Regnery">William H. Regnery</a>, H. Smith Richardson of the <a href="/wiki/Vicks#History" title="Vicks">Vick Chemical Company</a>, General Robert E. Wood of Sears-Roebuck, publisher <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Medill_Patterson" title="Joseph Medill Patterson">Joseph M. Patterson</a> (New York <i>Daily News</i>) and his cousin, publisher <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._McCormick" title="Robert R. McCormick">Robert R. McCormick</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other funding came from executives of <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Ward" title="Montgomery Ward">Montgomery Ward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormel_Foods" title="Hormel Foods">Hormel Foods</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Steel_Company" title="Inland Steel Company">Inland Steel Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lafeber_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafeber-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:America_First_Rally_flyer_April_4_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/America_First_Rally_flyer_April_4_1941.jpg/220px-America_First_Rally_flyer_April_4_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/America_First_Rally_flyer_April_4_1941.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Flyer for an America First Committee rally in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a> in early April 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>At its peak, America First claimed 800,000–850,000 members in 450 chapters, making the AFC one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war organizations</a> in the history of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two-thirds of members were located within a 300-mile radius of Chicago,<sup id="cite_ref-Wayne_S._Cole_1953_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wayne_S._Cole_1953-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 135,000 members in 60 chapters throughout Illinois, its strongest state.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were almost no AFC chapters in the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a>, where traditions of involvement in the military and ancestral ties to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>) were both strong.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The AFC was never able to draw sufficient funding to conducting its own public opinion polling. The New York chapter received slightly more than $190,000, most of it coming from its 47,000 contributors. As the AFC never had a national membership form or national dues, and local chapters were quite autonomous, historians point out that the organization's leaders had no idea how many "members" it had.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The America First Committee attracted the sympathies of political figures, including: Democratic senators <a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a> of Montana and <a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">David I. Walsh</a> of Massachusetts, and Republican senators <a href="/wiki/Gerald_P._Nye" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald P. Nye">Gerald P. Nye</a> of North Dakota and <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Shipstead" title="Henrik Shipstead">Henrik Shipstead</a> of Minnesota. <a href="/wiki/Philip_La_Follette" title="Philip La Follette">Philip La Follette</a>, former Governor of Wisconsin and a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Progressive_Party" title="Wisconsin Progressive Party">Wisconsin Progressive Party</a>, was another prominent member.<sup id="cite_ref-dunn-65_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-65-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, support from politicians was strongest in the Midwest.<sup id="cite_ref-lafeber_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafeber-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wheeler and Nye were especially active as speakers at America First rallies.<sup id="cite_ref-cole-1974-117_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-1974-117-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other celebrities supporting America First were actress <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a> and architect <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-starr_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starr-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his resignation as <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">ambassador to the Court of St. James's</a> in late 1940, the increasingly isolationist, anti-British, and defeatist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> was offered the chance to head the America First Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the national committee included: advertising executive <a href="/wiki/Chester_Bowles" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Bowles">Chester Bowles</a>, diplomat <a href="/wiki/William_Richards_Castle_Jr." title="William Richards Castle Jr.">William Richards Castle Jr.</a>, journalist <a href="/wiki/John_T._Flynn" title="John T. Flynn">John T. Flynn</a>, writer and socialite <a href="/wiki/Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth" title="Alice Roosevelt Longworth">Alice Roosevelt Longworth</a>, military officer and politician <a href="/wiki/Hanford_MacNider" title="Hanford MacNider">Hanford MacNider</a>, novelist <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Norris" title="Kathleen Norris">Kathleen Norris</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> administrator <a href="/wiki/George_Peek" title="George Peek">George Peek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> flying ace and later aviation executive <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Rickenbacker" title="Eddie Rickenbacker">Eddie Rickenbacker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cole-1974-116_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-1974-116-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aforementioned Gerald Ford was one of the first members of the AFC when a chapter formed at Yale University<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (however he resigned from the AFC shortly afterward, lest he endanger his position as an assistant coach for <a href="/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_football" title="Yale Bulldogs football">Yale Bulldogs football</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-dunn-338n52_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-338n52-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potter Stewart also served on the original committee of the AFC.<sup id="cite_ref-rosie_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosie-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another future president, and son of the former and recently resigned American ambassador to Britain (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph P. Kennedy">Joseph P. Kennedy</a>), <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> contributed $100 with an attached note, "What you are doing is vital."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=America_First_Committee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the war began in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s invasion of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>) in September 1939, most Americans, including politicians, demanded neutrality regarding Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most Americans supported strong measures against Japan, Europe was the focus of the America First Committee. The public mood was changing, however, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">fall of France</a> in the spring of 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, while a majority of the public favored sending material assistance to Great Britain in its fight against Nazi Germany, a majority also wanted the United States to stay out of direct participation in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-deconde_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deconde-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were various uncoordinated isolationist groups active during 1939–40, but the public disclosure by President Roosevelt of the <a href="/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">destroyers-for-bases deal</a> led to the announcement the following day, September 4, 1940, of the America First Committee, which would become the strongest such group.<sup id="cite_ref-deconde_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deconde-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its announcement, the AFC advocated four basic principles: </p> <ul><li>The United States must build an impregnable defense for America.</li> <li>No foreign power, nor group of powers, can successfully attack a <i>prepared</i> America.</li> <li>American democracy can be preserved only by keeping out of the European war.</li> <li>"Aid short of war" weakens national defense at home and threatens to involve America in war abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-cole-1974-117_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-1974-117-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr_Seuss_and_the_wolf_chewed_up_the_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dr_Seuss_and_the_wolf_chewed_up_the_children.jpg/220px-Dr_Seuss_and_the_wolf_chewed_up_the_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dr_Seuss_and_the_wolf_chewed_up_the_children.jpg/330px-Dr_Seuss_and_the_wolf_chewed_up_the_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dr_Seuss_and_the_wolf_chewed_up_the_children.jpg/440px-Dr_Seuss_and_the_wolf_chewed_up_the_children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Dr. Seuss</a> editorial cartoon from early October 1941 criticizing America First</figcaption></figure><p>The America First Committee launched a petition aimed at enforcing the <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_1930s#Neutrality_Act_of_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality Acts of 1930s">1939 Neutrality Act</a> and forcing President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to keep his pledge to keep America out of the war. The committee profoundly distrusted Roosevelt,<sup id="cite_ref-atl-af-2017_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atl-af-2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and argued that he was lying to the American people. </p><p>On January 11, 1941, the day after Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease#Lend-Lease_proposal" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease bill</a> was submitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, Wood promised AFC opposition "with all the vigor it can exert."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> America First staunchly opposed <a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_convoys_during_World_War_II_by_region" title="List of Allied convoys during World War II by region">the convoying of ships involving the U.S. Navy</a>, believing that any exchange of fire with German forces would likely pull the United States into the war.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also opposed the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> and the placing of economic pressure on Japan. </p><p>Consequently, America First objected to any material assistance to Britain, such as in destroyers-for-bases, that might drag the United States into the war and remained firm in its belief that Nazi Germany posed no military threat to the United States itself.<sup id="cite_ref-deconde_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deconde-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The America First Committee was not a pacifist organization, however, and it based its beliefs around the aim that the United States would embody preparedness with a modern, mechanized army and a navy that would be strong in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-dunn-65_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-65-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principal pressure group opposing America First was the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Defend_America_by_Aiding_the_Allies" title="Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies">Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies</a>, which argued that a German defeat of Britain would in fact endanger American security, and which argued that aiding the British would reduce, not increase, the likelihood of the United States being pulled into the war.<sup id="cite_ref-cfr-lindsay_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfr-lindsay-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lend-Lease bill was debated fiercely in Congress for two months, and the America First Committee devoted its strength towards defeating it, but with the addition of a few amendments it was passed with solid margins in both houses of Congress and signed into law in March 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-deconde_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deconde-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, America First failed in all its efforts to prevent Roosevelt's increasingly close relationship with Britain and failed in its efforts to legislatively block Roosevelt's actions.<sup id="cite_ref-cfr-lindsay_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfr-lindsay-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antisemitism,_Lindbergh,_and_other_extremists"><span id="Antisemitism.2C_Lindbergh.2C_and_other_extremists"></span>Antisemitism, Lindbergh, and other extremists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=America_First_Committee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antisemitism, Lindbergh, and other extremists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Seeking to brand itself as a mainstream organization, America First struggled with the problem of anti-Semitism of some of its leaders and many of its members", according to the historian Dunn.<sup id="cite_ref-dunn-66_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-66-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group had some Jewish members at the outset: Sears heir and philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Lessing_J._Rosenwald" title="Lessing J. Rosenwald">Lessing J. Rosenwald</a> was on the national committee; former California congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Florence_Prag_Kahn" title="Florence Prag Kahn">Florence Prag Kahn</a> was a member; and the first publicity director for the New York chapter was Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-dunn-66_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-66-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the automotive pioneer and infamous anti-Semite <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> had joined the national committee at the same time as Rosenwald, which soon led to Rosenwald resigning.<sup id="cite_ref-cole-1953-132-133_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-1953-132-133-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, America First removed Ford from the national committee and also removed from it <a href="/wiki/Avery_Brundage" title="Avery Brundage">Avery Brundage</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics#Controversies" title="1936 Summer Olympics">actions at the 1936 Berlin Olympics</a> were associated with anti-Semitism.<sup id="cite_ref-dunn-66_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-66-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts by America First to recruit other Jewish people to the national committee found no takers.<sup id="cite_ref-cole-1953-132-133_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-1953-132-133-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Dunn writes, "the problem of anti-Semitism remained; some chapter leaders spewed anti-Semitic accusations, while others invited anti-Semitic speakers to address their members."<sup id="cite_ref-dunn-66_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-66-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> America First tried to keep some distance between itself and the popular radio priest and fascist sympathizer <a href="/wiki/Father_Coughlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Coughlin">Father Coughlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The world-famous American aviator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> was admired in Germany and was allowed to see the buildup of the German air force, the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>, in 1937. He was impressed by its strength and secretly reported his findings to the General Staff of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, warning them that the U.S. had fallen behind and that it must urgently build up its aviation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lindbergh, who had feuded with the Roosevelt administration for years,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> delivered his first radio speech on September 15, 1939, through all three major radio networks.<sup id="cite_ref-olson_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voicing his belief that people of Northern and Western European descent were the safeguards of civilization against Asia (which included the Soviet Union),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his speech argued that instead of fighting, all of Europe and the United States should "defend the white race against foreign invasion".<sup id="cite_ref-olson_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the first half of America First's 15 months of existence, the group and Lindbergh kept at arm's length from each other, as Stuart was leery of being too closely associated with some of the extreme views of Lindbergh's circle, while for his part the aviator preferred to act independently.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood, however, wanted to bring Lindbergh on, and on April 10, 1941, it was agreed that Lindbergh would join the national committee, with the aviator's first rally appearance taking place on April 17 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Arena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago Arena (page does not exist)">Chicago Arena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once he did join,<sup id="cite_ref-starr_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starr-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lindbergh became America First's most prominent speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-deconde_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deconde-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His involvement significantly increased rally attendance and organization membership, but it also greatly increased the level of criticism that America First faced from interventionists and from the Roosevelt administration.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 20, 1941, Lindbergh spoke to 30,000 people in Los Angeles and billed it as a "Peace and Preparedness Mass Meeting". Lindbergh criticized the movements that he perceived were leading America into the war and proclaimed that the U.S. was in a position that made it virtually impregnable. He also claimed that the interventionists and the British who called for "the defense of England" really meant "the defeat of Germany."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amrally.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Amrally.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption>Charles Lindbergh speaking at an America First Committee rally in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a>, in early October 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>A speech that Lindbergh delivered to a rally in <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, Iowa</a>, on September 11, 1941, may have significantly raised tensions. He identified the forces pulling America into the war as the British, the Roosevelt administration, and <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jews</a>. While he expressed sympathy for the plight of the Jews in Germany, he argued that America's entry into the war would serve them little better: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is not difficult to understand why Jewish people desire the overthrow of Nazi Germany. The persecution they suffered in Germany would be sufficient to make bitter enemies of any race. No person with a sense of the dignity of mankind can condone the persecution the Jewish race suffered in Germany. But no person of honesty and vision can look on their pro-war policy here today without seeing the dangers involved in such a policy, both for us and for them. Instead of agitating for war the Jewish groups in this country should be opposing it in every possible way, for they will be among the first to feel its consequences. Tolerance is a virtue that depends upon peace and strength. History shows that it cannot survive war and devastation. A few farsighted Jewish people realize this and stand opposed to intervention. But the majority still do not. Their greatest danger to this country lies in their large ownership and influence in our motion pictures, our press, our radio, and our government.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Many condemned the speech as <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a>. Journalist <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Thompson" title="Dorothy Thompson">Dorothy Thompson</a> wrote for the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a></i> an opinion that many shared: "I am absolutely certain that Lindbergh is pro-Nazi."<sup id="cite_ref-atl-af-2017_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atl-af-2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republican presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> criticized the speech as "the most un-American talk made in my time by any person of national reputation."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, Lindbergh's remarks hurt the cause of the isolationists.<sup id="cite_ref-lafeber_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafeber-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the period after Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union had signed the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop non-aggression pact</a>, most American Communists were opposed to the United States entering World War II, and they tried to infiltrate or take over America First.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (June 2022)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After June 1941, when <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the invasion of the Soviet Union, they reversed positions and denounced the AFC as a Nazi <a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">front</a>, a group infiltrated by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> agents.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nazis also tried to use the committee. The aviator and orator <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_(aviator)" title="Laura Ingalls (aviator)">Laura Ingalls</a>' pro-Nazi rhetoric and straight-armed Nazi salutes on her America First speaking tour worried the group's leadership, but they allowed her to continue because of praise from local chapters where she had spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Ingalls was arrested in December 1941 and put on trial for being an unregistered Nazi agent, the prosecution revealed that her handler, German diplomat Ulrich Freiherr von Gienanth, had encouraged her to participate in AFC activities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to Ingalls, who was convicted, another America First speaker would be convicted for failing to register as a Japanese agent.<sup id="cite_ref-dunn-237_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-237-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various historians have described attempts to keep Nazi and fascist sympathizers out of its chapters as not always successful.<sup id="cite_ref-dunn-237_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-237-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Alexander_DeConde" title="Alexander DeConde">Alexander DeConde</a> wrote, "Most of the America First supporters were middlewestern Republicans who distrusted the President for various reasons, but it was not a purely sectional organization or partisan political movement. Thousands of sincere Americans of varied background and from both political parties joined and contributed to it. It also attracted support from a number of fringe hate organizations, from anti-Semites, and from Nazi sympathizers. This minority support tarnished its reputation."<sup id="cite_ref-deconde_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deconde-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Author <a href="/wiki/Max_Wallace" title="Max Wallace">Max Wallace</a> argues that by the summer of 1941, "extremist elements had successfully hijacked the movement".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_Pearl_Harbor">After Pearl Harbor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=America_First_Committee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After Pearl Harbor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> on December 7, AFC canceled a rally with Lindbergh at <a href="/wiki/Boston_Garden" title="Boston Garden">Boston Garden</a> "in view of recent critical developments,"<sup id="cite_ref-nyt19411209_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt19411209-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the organization's leaders announced their support of the war effort. Lindbergh gave this rationale:<sup id="cite_ref-nytafc19411209_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytafc19411209-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We have been stepping closer to war for many months. Now it has come and we must meet it as united Americans regardless of our attitude in the past toward the policy our government has followed. Whether or not that policy has been wise, our country has been attacked by force of arms and by force of arms we must retaliate. Our own defenses and our own military position have already been neglected too long. We must now turn every effort to building the greatest and most efficient Army, Navy and Air Force in the world. When American soldiers go to war it must be with the best equipment that modern skill can design and that modern industry can build.</p></blockquote> <p>With the formal declaration of war against Japan, the organization chose to disband. On December 11, the committee leaders met and voted for dissolution,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-afc-end_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-afc-end-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same day upon which <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a> declared war on the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. In a statement released to the press, the AFC wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Our principles were right. Had they been followed, war could have been avoided. No good purpose can now be served by considering what might have been, had our objectives been attained. We are at war. Today, though there may be many important subsidiary considerations, the primary objective is not difficult to state. It can be completely defined in one word: Victory.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Once war was declared, the national leaders of the America First Committee supported the United States war effort, with many serving in some capacity. Similarly, many of the leaders of local chapters volunteered for service in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. armed forces</a>; a few continued to involve themselves in anti-war actions.<sup id="cite_ref-cole-1953-196_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-1953-196-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=America_First_Committee&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1983, after his time as president of Yale had concluded, Brewster said he was glad that he and the other isolationists had failed. He also acknowledged that, consciously or not, there was anti-Semitism among the elites at Yale during that period.<sup id="cite_ref-dunn-338n52_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dunn-338n52-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asked in a 2000 interview whether the leading members of the America First Committee had ever staged a reunion after the war, founder Stuart said, "No, we did not. We may be a little sensitive to the fact that the world still thinks we're the bad guys."<sup id="cite_ref-rosie_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosie-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paleoconservative commentator <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> has praised America First and used its name as a slogan. "The achievements of that organization are monumental," wrote Buchanan in 2004. "By keeping America out of World War II until Hitler attacked Stalin in June 1941, Soviet Russia, not America, bore the brunt of the fighting, bleeding and dying to defeat Nazi Germany."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Wayne S. Cole concludes that while the America First Committee did not actually defeat any Roosevelt administration proposal in Congress, it made the margins of several such actions smaller than they would have been otherwise; and that throughout 1941, Roosevelt was constrained in his actions in support of Britain due to isolationist pressures in public opinion that America First did the most to mobilize.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The re-use of the <a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">"America First" phrase</a> by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 2016">2016 United States presidential election</a> led to a look back at the America First Committee through the filter of contemporary events. This included views on the level of extremism found in the 1940–41 movement as well as analysis of whether the new <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> was isolationist in the same sense.<sup id="cite_ref-atl-af-2017_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atl-af-2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lat-af-2017_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-af-2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=America_First_Committee&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Party_(1943)" title="America First Party (1943)">America First Party (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations" title="List of anti-war organizations">List of anti-war organizations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=America_First_Committee&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-deconde-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deconde_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deconde_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deconde_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deconde_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deconde_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deconde_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deconde_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deconde_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeConde1971" class="citation book cs1">DeConde, Alexander (1971). <i>A History of American Foreign Policy</i> (Second ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 590–591, 593.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+American+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=590-591%2C+593&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=DeConde&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cole-1974-115-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cole-1974-115_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cole-1974-115_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cole-1974-115_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1974, p 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wayne_S._Cole_1953-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wayne_S._Cole_1953_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wayne_S._Cole_1953_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1953, p 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atl-af-2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atl-af-2017_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atl-af-2017_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atl-af-2017_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atl-af-2017_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalamur2017" class="citation news cs1">Calamur, Krishnadev (2017-01-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/01/trump-america-first/514037/">"A Short History of 'America First'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=A+Short+History+of+%27America+First%27&rft.date=2017-01-21&rft.aulast=Calamur&rft.aufirst=Krishnadev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2017%2F01%2Ftrump-america-first%2F514037%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lat-af-2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lat-af-2017_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lat-af-2017_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2017" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Brian (20 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-america-first-20170120-story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'America First,' a phrase with a loaded anti-Semitic and isolationist history"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=%27America+First%2C%27+a+phrase+with+a+loaded+anti-Semitic+and+isolationist+history&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fla-na-pol-trump-america-first-20170120-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dunn-66-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-66_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-66_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-66_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-66_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-66_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-66_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-66_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-66_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn p 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dunn-57-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-57_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-57_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn p 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaime2014" class="citation book cs1">Baime, A. J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/859298844"><i>The arsenal of democracy : FDR, Detroit, and an epic quest to Arm an America at war</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-71928-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-71928-3"><bdi>978-0-547-71928-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859298844">859298844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+arsenal+of+democracy+%3A+FDR%2C+Detroit%2C+and+an+epic+quest+to+Arm+an+America+at+war&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F859298844&rft.isbn=978-0-547-71928-3&rft.aulast=Baime&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F859298844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dunn-65-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-65_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-65_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-65_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-65_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn p 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schneider, p 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KauffmanSarles2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KauffmanSarles2003_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKauffman2003" class="citation book cs1">Kauffman, Bill, ed. (2003). <i>A story of America First: the men and women who opposed U. S. intervention in World War II</i>. New York: Praeger. p. xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97512-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97512-6"><bdi>0-275-97512-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+story+of+America+First%3A+the+men+and+women+who+opposed+U.+S.+intervention+in+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xvii&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-275-97512-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1974, pp 76, 108, 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolly2020" class="citation web cs1">Solly, Meilan (16 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-history-behind-plot-against-america-180974365/">"The True History Behind 'The Plot Against America'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+True+History+Behind+%27The+Plot+Against+America%27&rft.date=2020-03-16&rft.aulast=Solly&rft.aufirst=Meilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Ftrue-history-behind-plot-against-america-180974365%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cole-1974-116-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cole-1974-116_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cole-1974-116_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cole-1974-116_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cole-1974-116_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cole-1974-116_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1974, p 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cole-1974-117-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cole-1974-117_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cole-1974-117_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cole-1974-117_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cole-1974-117_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1974, p 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1974, pp 116–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1974, pp 115–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1953. p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lafeber-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lafeber_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lafeber_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lafeber_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFeber1989" class="citation book cs1">LaFeber, Walter (1989). <i>The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad since 1750</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. p. 374.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Age%3A+United+States+Foreign+Policy+at+Home+and+Abroad+since+1750&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=374&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=LaFeber&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill Kauffman, <i>Ain't My America: The Long, Noble History of Antiwar Conservatism and Middle-American Anti-Imperialism</i> (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2008), pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schneider p 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn pp 57, 335n4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1953, 25-33; Schneider 201-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-starr-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-starr_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-starr_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Starr2003" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Starr (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PKL4DQ4XLtUC&pg=PA6"><i>Embattled Dreams: California in War and Peace, 1940-1950</i></a>. Oxford UP. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195168976" title="Special:BookSources/9780195168976"><bdi>9780195168976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embattled+Dreams%3A+California+in+War+and+Peace%2C+1940-1950&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780195168976&rft.au=Kevin+Starr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPKL4DQ4XLtUC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn pp 268–271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougherty2016" class="citation web cs1">Dougherty, Michael Brendan (2 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theweek.com/articles/621645/defense-america-first">"In defense of America First"</a>. <i>The Week</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=In+defense+of+America+First&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Michael+Brendan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Farticles%2F621645%2Fdefense-america-first&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dunn-338n52-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-338n52_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-338n52_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn p 338n52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosie-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rosie_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rosie_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosie2017" class="citation news cs1">Rosie, George (5 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/05/america-first-was-not-a-pro-nazi-organisation">"America First was not a pro-Nazi organisation – Letters"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=America+First+was+not+a+pro-Nazi+organisation+%E2%80%93+Letters&rft.date=2017-03-05&rft.aulast=Rosie&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fmar%2F05%2Famerica-first-was-not-a-pro-nazi-organisation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span> Author a Scottish journalist.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2015" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Thomas (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904459783"><i>When lions roar : the Churchills and the Kennedys</i></a> (First paperback ed.). New York. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-95680-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-95680-4"><bdi>978-0-307-95680-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/904459783">904459783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+lions+roar+%3A+the+Churchills+and+the+Kennedys&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=303&rft.edition=First+paperback&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F904459783&rft.isbn=978-0-307-95680-4&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F904459783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeroy_N._Rieselbach1966" class="citation book cs1">Leroy N. Rieselbach (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jUR3AAAAMAAJ"><i>The Roots of Isolationism: congressional voting and presidential leadership in foreign policy</i></a>. Bobbs-Merrill. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780672607707" title="Special:BookSources/9780672607707"><bdi>9780672607707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Isolationism%3A+congressional+voting+and+presidential+leadership+in+foreign+policy&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9780672607707&rft.au=Leroy+N.+Rieselbach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjUR3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Gilbert_RyanLeonard_C._Schlup2006" class="citation book cs1">James Gilbert Ryan; Leonard C. Schlup (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-t3Hx4ASLKUC&pg=PA415"><i>Historical Dictionary of the 1940s</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765621078" title="Special:BookSources/9780765621078"><bdi>9780765621078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+1940s&rft.pages=415&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780765621078&rft.au=James+Gilbert+Ryan&rft.au=Leonard+C.+Schlup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-t3Hx4ASLKUC%26pg%3DPA415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1953 p 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1974, pp 117–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfr-lindsay-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cfr-lindsay_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cfr-lindsay_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2012" class="citation web cs1">Lindsay, James M. (September 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/blog/history-lessons-america-first-committee-forms">"History Lessons: The America First Committee Forms"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+Lessons%3A+The+America+First+Committee+Forms&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fblog%2Fhistory-lessons-america-first-committee-forms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cole-1953-132-133-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cole-1953-132-133_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cole-1953-132-133_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1953, pp 132–133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1953, pp 134–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Duffy2010" class="citation book cs1">James Duffy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rAiVCRELHsQC&pg=PA76"><i>Lindbergh vs. Roosevelt: The Rivalry That Divided America</i></a>. Regnery. pp. 76–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781596981676" title="Special:BookSources/9781596981676"><bdi>9781596981676</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lindbergh+vs.+Roosevelt%3A+The+Rivalry+That+Divided+America&rft.pages=76-77&rft.pub=Regnery&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781596981676&rft.au=James+Duffy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrAiVCRELHsQC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1974, pp 124–130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olson-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olson_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olson_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2013" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Lynne (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797334548"><i>Those angry days : Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America's fight over World War II, 1939-1941</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Random House. pp. 69–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6974-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6974-3"><bdi>978-1-4000-6974-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/797334548">797334548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Those+angry+days+%3A+Roosevelt%2C+Lindbergh%2C+and+America%27s+fight+over+World+War+II%2C+1939-1941&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=69-72&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F797334548&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6974-3&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F797334548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1974, pp 78–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1974, pp 118–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1974, pp 119–121, 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1974, pp 122–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Pizzitola2002" class="citation book cs1">Louis Pizzitola (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KW7ago9Wo3MC&pg=PA401"><i>Hearst Over Hollywood: Power, Passion, and Propaganda in the Movies</i></a>. Columbia UP. p. 401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231116466" title="Special:BookSources/9780231116466"><bdi>9780231116466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearst+Over+Hollywood%3A+Power%2C+Passion%2C+and+Propaganda+in+the+Movies&rft.pages=401&rft.pub=Columbia+UP&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780231116466&rft.au=Louis+Pizzitola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKW7ago9Wo3MC%26pg%3DPA401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1974, p 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1953, p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelig_Adler1957" class="citation book cs1">Selig Adler (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G2UqAAAAYAAJ"><i>The isolationist impulse: its twentieth-century reaction</i></a>. Greenwood Press. pp. 269–70, 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837178226" title="Special:BookSources/9780837178226"><bdi>9780837178226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+isolationist+impulse%3A+its+twentieth-century+reaction&rft.pages=269-70%2C+274&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=9780837178226&rft.au=Selig+Adler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG2UqAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Kahn" title="Albert E. Kahn">Kahn, A. E.</a>, and M. Sayers. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shunpiking.com/books/GC/">The Great Conspiracy: The Secret War Against Soviet Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412211409/http://www.shunpiking.com/books/GC/">Archived</a> 2009-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. 1st ed. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Little, Brown and Co.">Little, Brown and Co.</a>, 1946, chap. XXIII (American Anti-Comintern), part 5: Lone Eagle, pp. 365-378. Kahn, A.E., and M. Sayers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/3580839?title=The%20Plot%20against%20the%20Peace%3a%20A%20Warning%20to%20the%20Nation!"><i>The Plot against the Peace: A Warning to the Nation!</i></a>. 1st ed. New York: <a href="/wiki/Dial_Press" title="Dial Press">Dial Press</a>, 1945, chap. X (In the Name of Peace), pp. 187-209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeansonne1996" class="citation book cs1">Jeansonne, Glen (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33043098"><i>Women of the far right : the mothers' movement and World War II</i></a>. Mazal Holocaust Collection. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-39587-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-39587-1"><bdi>0-226-39587-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33043098">33043098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+far+right+%3A+the+mothers%27+movement+and+World+War+II&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Ill.&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33043098&rft.isbn=0-226-39587-1&rft.aulast=Jeansonne&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F33043098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Times</i>, December 18, 1941, "Laura Ingalls Held as Reich Agent: Flier Says She Was Anti-Nazi Spy".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dunn-237-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-237_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunn-237_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn, p 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2003" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Max (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51454223"><i>The American axis : Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and the rise of the Third Reich</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 279–281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-29022-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-29022-5"><bdi>0-312-29022-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51454223">51454223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+axis+%3A+Henry+Ford%2C+Charles+Lindbergh%2C+and+the+rise+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=279-281&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51454223&rft.isbn=0-312-29022-5&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F51454223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt19411209-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt19411209_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/12/09/105168767.html?smid=tw-nytarchives&smtyp=cur&pageNumber=40">"No America First Rally"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Associated Press. 1941-12-09. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=No+America+First+Rally&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1941-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1941%2F12%2F09%2F105168767.html%3Fsmid%3Dtw-nytarchives%26smtyp%3Dcur%26pageNumber%3D40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytafc19411209-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytafc19411209_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/12/09/105168813.html?smid=tw-nytarchives&smtyp=cur&pageNumber=44">"Isolationist Groups Back Roosevelt"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1941-12-09. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Isolationist+Groups+Back+Roosevelt&rft.pages=44&rft.date=1941-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1941%2F12%2F09%2F105168813.html%3Fsmid%3Dtw-nytarchives%26smtyp%3Dcur%26pageNumber%3D44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-afc-end-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-afc-end_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/12/12/119450149.html?pageNumber=22">"America First Acts to End Organization"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. December 12, 1941. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=America+First+Acts+to+End+Organization&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1941-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1941%2F12%2F12%2F119450149.html%3FpageNumber%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1953, pp 194–195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hFxFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3259%2C4276685">"America First Group to Quit"</a>. <i>The Telegraph-Herald</i>. Dubuque, Iowa. United Press International. 1941-12-12. p. 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph-Herald&rft.atitle=America+First+Group+to+Quit&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1941-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DhFxFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3259%252C4276685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cole-1953-196-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cole-1953-196_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1953, p 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2004" class="citation news cs1">Buchanan, Pat (October 13, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080203051758/http://www.theamericancause.org/patamericafirst.htm">"The Resurrection of 'America First!'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. The American Cause. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamericancause.org/patamericafirst.htm">the original</a> on 2008-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Resurrection+of+%27America+First%21%27&rft.date=2004-10-13&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamericancause.org%2Fpatamericafirst.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole 1953, pp 196–199</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=America_First_Committee&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._Scott_Berg" title="A. Scott Berg">Berg, A. Scott</a> (1999) <i><a href="/wiki/Lindbergh_(book)" title="Lindbergh (book)">Lindbergh</a></i> pp .84–432</li> <li>Cole, Wayne S. (1974) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlesalindberg00wayn/page/115/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle against American Intervention in World War II</i></a></li> <li>Cole, Wayne S. (1953) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americafirsttheb000771mbp#page/n32/mode/1up"><i>America First: The Battle against Intervention, 1940-41</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Drew_Doenecke" title="Justus Drew Doenecke">Doenecke, Justus D.</a> ed. (1990) <i>In Danger Undaunted: The Anti-Interventionist Movement of 1940–1941 as revealed in the Papers of the America First Committee</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Drew_Doenecke" title="Justus Drew Doenecke">Doenecke, Justus D.</a> (2000) <i>Storm on the Horizon: The Challenge to American Intervention, 1939-1941</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Drew_Doenecke" title="Justus Drew Doenecke">Doenecke, Justus D.</a> (Summer/Fall 1982) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/6_3/6_3_1.pdf">"American Isolationism, 1939-1941"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Libertarian Studies">Journal of Libertarian Studies</a></i> 6(3), pp. 201–216</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Drew_Doenecke" title="Justus Drew Doenecke">Doenecke, Justus D.</a> (Summer 1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/8_2/8_2_10.pdf">"Anti-Interventionism of Herbert Hoover"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Libertarian Studies">Journal of Libertarian Studies</a></i> 8(2), pp. 311–340.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2013" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Susan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1940fdrwillkieli0000dunn/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler—The Election amid the Storm</i></a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19513-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19513-2"><bdi>978-0-300-19513-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1940%3A+FDR%2C+Willkie%2C+Lindbergh%2C+Hitler%E2%80%94The+Election+amid+the+Storm&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19513-2&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1940fdrwillkieli0000dunn%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gleason, S. Everett and Langer, William L. (1953) <i>The Undeclared War, 1940-1941</i> <ul><li>semi-official government history</li></ul></li> <li>Goodman, David (2007) "Loving and Hating Britain: Rereading the Isolationist Debate in the USA" in Darian-Smith, Kate; Grimshaw, Patricia; and Macintyre, Stuart eds. <i>Britishness Abroad: Transnational Movements and Imperial Cultures,</i> Carlton: Melbourne University Press. pp187–204. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85392-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85392-6">978-0-522-85392-6</a></li> <li>Gordon, David (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraryautomation.com/nymas/americafirst.html"><i>America First: the Anti-War Movement, Charles Lindbergh and the Second World War, 1940-1941</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302065250/http://libraryautomation.com/nymas/americafirst.html">Archived</a> 2007-03-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <ul><li>presentation to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Military_Affairs_Symposium" title="New York Military Affairs Symposium">New York Military Affairs Symposium</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jonas, Manfred (1966) <i>Isolationism in America, 1935-1941</i></li> <li>Kauffman, Bill (1995) <i>America First!: Its History, Culture, and Politics</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-956-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87975-956-9">0-87975-956-9</a></li> <li>Parmet, Herbert S. and Hechy, Marie B. (1968) <i>Never Again: A President Runs for a Third Term</i></li> <li>Schneider, James C. (1989) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105486029"><i>Should America Go to War? The Debate over Foreign Policy in Chicago, 1939-1941</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=America_First_Committee&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerica_First_Committee1990" class="citation book cs1">America First Committee (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bhnf0fxI260C&pg=PA448"><i>In Danger Undaunted: The Anti-Interventionist Movement of 1940-1941 As Revealed in the Papers of the America First Committee</i></a>. Hoover Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817988418" title="Special:BookSources/9780817988418"><bdi>9780817988418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Danger+Undaunted%3A+The+Anti-Interventionist+Movement+of+1940-1941+As+Revealed+in+the+Papers+of+the+America+First+Committee&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780817988418&rft.au=America+First+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBhnf0fxI260C%26pg%3DPA448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Drew_Doenecke" title="Justus Drew Doenecke">Doenecke, Justus D.</a> ed. <i>In Danger Undaunted: The Anti-Interventionist Movement of 1940–1941 as Revealed in the Papers of the America First Committee</i> (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Danger-Undaunted-Anti-Interventionist-Committee-Documentaries/dp/0817988424/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=America_First_Committee&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Drew_Doenecke" title="Justus Drew Doenecke">Doenecke, Justus D.</a> (Spring 1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/7_1/7_1_10.pdf">"Literature of Isolationism, 1972–1983: A Bibliographic Guide"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Libertarian Studies">Journal of Libertarian Studies</a></i> 7(1), pp. 157–184</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Drew_Doenecke" title="Justus Drew Doenecke">Doenecke, Justus D.</a> (Winter 1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mises.org/journals/jls/8_1/8_1_10.pdf">"Explaining the Antiwar Movement, 1939–1941: The Next Assignment"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Libertarian Studies">Journal of Libertarian Studies</a></i> 8(1), pp. 139–162.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan,_Michael_J.2000" class="citation book cs1">Hogan, Michael J., ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcKEwnVi_IYC&pg=PA258"><i>Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521664134" title="Special:BookSources/9780521664134"><bdi>9780521664134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+to+Power%3A+The+Historiography+of+American+Foreign+Relations+to+1941&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521664134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrcKEwnVi_IYC%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerica+First+Committee" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=America_First_Committee&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf9s20075g/">America First Committee Records, 1940-1942</a> at the Hoover Institution Archives</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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