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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1280"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1280</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1280-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1281" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1281"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1281</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1281-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.1</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.3</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.1</span> <span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1282" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1282"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1282</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1282-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.2</span> <span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.3</span> <span>Nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.4</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1283" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1283"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1283</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1283-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Isles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Isles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.2</span> <span>British Isles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Isles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.4</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_arts,_culture_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_arts,_culture_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2.1</span> <span>The arts, culture and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_arts,_culture_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2.2</span> <span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1284" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1284"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1284</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1284-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.2</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1.3</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.1</span> <span>Art and Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_and_Towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_Towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.2</span> <span>Cities and Towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_Towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.4</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2.5</span> <span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1285" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1285"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1285</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1285-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.2</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_Culture_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_Culture_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2.1</span> <span>Art and Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_Culture_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2.2</span> <span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1286" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1286"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>1286</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1286-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_&_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_&_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.2</span> <span>England & Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_&_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.4</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_Culture_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_Culture_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2.1</span> <span>Art and Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_Culture_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1287" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1287"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>1287</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1287-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.2</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.3</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.4</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_Culture_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_Culture_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2.1</span> <span>Art and Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_Culture_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2.2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1288" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1288"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>1288</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1288-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_&_Scotland_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_&_Scotland_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.2</span> <span>England & Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_&_Scotland_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_Culture_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_Culture_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.1</span> <span>Art and Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_Culture_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.2</span> <span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.4</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1289" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1289"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>1289</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1289-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.2</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2.2</span> <span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Significant people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1280s</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1280" title="عقد 1280 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1280" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1280" title="Anyos 1280 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1280" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_del_1280" title="Década del 1280 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década del 1280" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-an" title="1280-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1280-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95" title="১২৮০-এর দশক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১২৮০-এর দশক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1280 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1280 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-%D1%8F" title="1280-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1280-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-%D1%8F" title="1280-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1280-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-e" title="1280-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1280-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1280" title="Bloavezhioù 1280 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1280" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1280" title="Dècada del 1280 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1280" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1280-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1280-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280au" title="1280au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1280au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280%27erne" title="1280'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1280'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1280" title="عوام 1280 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1280" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280er" title="1280er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1280er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280._aastad" title="1280. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1280. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1280" title="An 1280 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1280" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1280 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1280 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1280" title="Años 1280 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1280" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-aj_jaroj" title="1280-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1280-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280ko_hamarkada" title="1280ko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1280ko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B8%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۲۸۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۲۸۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-%C3%A1rini" title="1280-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1280-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1280" title="Années 1280 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1280" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280id%C3%AD" title="1280idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1280idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280an" title="1280an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1280an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1280" title="Década de 1280 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1280" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1280年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1280年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1280년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1280년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-an" title="1280-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1280-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1281-1290" title="1281-1290 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1281-1290" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1280" title="Anni 1280 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1280" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-80_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-13" title="שנות ה-80 של המאה ה-13 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-80 של המאה ה-13" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-an" title="1280-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1280-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1280-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1280-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1280" title="Miaka ya 1280 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1280" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1280-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1280-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_am%C5%BEiaus_9-as_de%C5%A1imtmetis" title="XIII amžiaus 9-as dešimtmetis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XIII amžiaus 9-as dešimtmetis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1280" title="Anni 1280 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1280" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-as_%C3%A9vek" title="1280-as évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1280-as évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1280-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1280-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १२८० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १२८० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1280-იანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1280-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1280" title="عقد 1280 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1280" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-an" title="1280-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1280-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1280 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1280 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-1289" title="1280-1289 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1280-1289" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1280年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1280年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-%C3%A5rene" title="1280-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1280-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1280" title="Annaées 1280 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1280" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280_%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="1280 ийла – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1280 ийла" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-lar" title="1280-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1280-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1280" title="Década de 1280 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1280" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1280" title="Anii 1280 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1280" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280_watakuna" title="1280 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1280 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1280-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1280-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-%D1%81" title="1280-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1280-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280s" title="1280s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1280s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1280" title="Vitet 1280 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1280" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280ini" title="1280ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1280ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280s" title="1280s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1280s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/80._roky_13._storo%C4%8Dia" title="80. roky 13. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="80. roky 13. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280." title="1280. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1280." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-%D0%B5" title="1280-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1280-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-e" title="1280-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1280-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-an" title="1280-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1280-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-luku" title="1280-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1280-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-talet" title="1280-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1280-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1280-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1280-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1280" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1280 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1280" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1280_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1280 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1280 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1280ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1280ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1280-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1280-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1280ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1280ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1280" title="Thập niên 1280 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1280" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1280" title="Anêyes 1280 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1280" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280_nga_dekada" title="1280 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1280 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1280年代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1280年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1280年代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1280年代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1280年代 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1280年代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83352#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1260s" title="1260s">1260s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1270s" title="1270s">1270s</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1280s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1290s" title="1290s">1290s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1300s_(decade)" title="1300s (decade)">1300s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1280" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1280">1280</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1281" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1281">1281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1282" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1282">1282</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1283" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1283">1283</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1284" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1284">1284</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1285" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1285">1285</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1286" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1286">1286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1287" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1287">1287</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1288" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1288">1288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1289" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1289">1289</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1280s_births" title="Category:1280s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1280s_deaths" title="Category:1280s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1280s_by_country" title="Category:1280s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1280s_establishments" title="Category:1280s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1280s_disestablishments" title="Category:1280s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decadebox" title="Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decadebox" title="Template talk:Decadebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1280s</b> is the decade starting January 1, 1280 and ending December 31, 1289. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1280">1280</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1280" title="1280">1280</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1280&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1280&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">June 23</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mocl%C3%ADn_(1280)" title="Battle of Moclín (1280)">Battle of Moclín</a> – Troops of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a> defeat those of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus III of Sweden">Magnus III of Sweden</a> founds a <a href="/wiki/Swedish_nobility" title="Swedish nobility">Swedish nobility</a> by enacting a law accepting a contribution of a <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> member in lieu of ordinary tax payments.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_III_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria</a> flees from <a href="/wiki/Tarnovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Asen_dynasty" title="Asen dynasty">Asen dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> attempts to secede from the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Al_Mansur_Qalawun" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Mansur Qalawun">Al Mansur Qalawun</a> defeats the rebels and keeps Syria within the Egyptian sultanate.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> is conquered by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_III_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas III of Savoy">Thomas III of Savoy</a>, becoming the capital of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Construction on the northern section of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal of China">Grand Canal of China</a> is begun.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The final expansion of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> is completed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The second of two main surveys of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Rolls" title="Hundred Rolls">Hundred Rolls</a>, an English <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> seen as a follow-up to the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> (completed in <a href="/wiki/1086" title="1086">1086</a>), is finished; it began in <a href="/wiki/1279" title="1279">1279</a>.</li> <li>Approximate date <ul><li>The ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a> from eastern <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> become the first human settlers of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Wolf minimum of <a href="/wiki/Solar_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar variation">solar activity</a> begins.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1281">1281</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1281" title="1281">1281</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1281&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Byzantine_Empire"> Byzantine Empire</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Berat_(1280%E2%80%931281)" title="Siege of Berat (1280–1281)">Siege of Berat</a>: A Byzantine relief force under <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tarchaneiotes" title="Michael Tarchaneiotes">Michael Tarchaneiotes</a> arrives at the strategically important citadel of <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a>. Tarchaneiotes avoids a confrontation with the Angevines and relies on ambushes and raids instead. He manages to capture the Angevin commander, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Sully" title="Hugh of Sully">Hugh of Sully</a>, a few of Sully's guards escape and reach their camp – where they report his capture. Panic spreads among the Angevin troops at this news and they begin to flee towards <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Avlon</a>. The Byzantines take advantage of their disordered flight and attacks, joined by the troops in the besieged citadel. Tarchaneiotes takes an enormous booty, a small remnant of the Angevin army manages to cross the <a href="/wiki/Vjosa" title="Vjosa">Vjosa River</a> and reach the safety of <a href="/wiki/Kanin%C3%AB" title="Kaninë">Kanina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII</a> (<b>Palaiologos</b>) is excommunicated by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a> without any warning or provocation. Martin authorizes <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, to make a <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusade</a> against Michael, who has re-established his rule in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Charles prepares an expedition in Sicily and assembles a fleet of 100 ships, and 300 more in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, and the Greek territories, which carry some 8,000 cavalrymen.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>June – Castilian forces led King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a> (<b>the Wise</b>) and accompanied by his sons, the Infantes <a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Ledesma" title="Peter of Castile, Lord of Ledesma">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Valencia_de_Campos" title="John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos">John</a>, invade the lowlands of <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Granada" title="Muhammad II of Granada">Muhammad II</a> sends a Moorish army, supported by many archers and cavalry, to repel them. Alfonso defeats the Moors in a battle near Granada's walls on <a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a>, but after the failure of the negotiations that follow, he leaves Granada.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Orvieto" title="Treaty of Orvieto">Treaty of Orvieto</a>: Charles I, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Dandolo" title="Giovanni Dandolo">Giovanni Dandolo</a>, doge of <a href="/wiki/Republic_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic Venice">Venice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Latin_Emperor" title="Philip I, Latin Emperor">Philip I</a>, Latin emperor, make an agreement to recover the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>. The treaty is signed in the <a href="/wiki/Orvieto_and_the_popes" title="Orvieto and the popes">Papal Palace</a>, which Martin IV has moved to <a href="/wiki/Orvieto" title="Orvieto">Orvieto</a> after <a href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a> is placed under an <a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">interdict</a> for imprisoning two cardinals.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Middle_East"> Middle East</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>September – Two Mongol armies (some 50,000 men) advance into <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. One, is commanded by <a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa Khan</a> – who attacks the Mamluk fortresses along the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> frontier. The second one, led by his brother <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Tem%C3%BCr_(Ilkhanate)" title="Möngke Temür (Ilkhanate)">Möngke Temür</a> makes contact with <a href="/wiki/Leo_II,_King_of_Armenia" title="Leo II, King of Armenia">Leo III</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician Armenia</a>, and then marches down through <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Aintab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a> valley. Where he is joined by knights of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitaller Order</a> and some French mercenaries. Meanwhile, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> assembles his Mamluk forces at <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_29" title="October 29">October 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Homs" title="Second Battle of Homs">Battle of Homs</a>: In a pitched battle, Mamluk forces (some 30,000 men) led by Qalawun destroy the Mongol center, Möngke Temür is wounded and flees. He orders a retreat, followed by a disorganized army. The Armenian-Georgian auxiliaries under Leo III fight their way back northwards. The Mongol army recrosses the Euphrates without losses, the river remains the frontier between the Mongols and the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, becomes <i><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bey</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6%C4%9F%C3%BCt" title="Söğüt">Söğüt</a> tribe in central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> after the death of his father, <a href="/wiki/Ertu%C4%9Frul" title="Ertuğrul">Ertuğrul Ghazi</a>. Osman's accession to power is not peaceful, as he has to fight his relatives before he gets hold of the clan's leadership. One of Osman's major rivals is his uncle <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCndar_Bey" title="Dündar Bey">Dündar Bey</a>, who rebels against him.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C5%8Dan" title="Battle of Kōan">Battle of Kōan</a> (or <b>Second Battle of Hakata Bay</b>): A second Mongol <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">invasion of Japan</a> is foiled, as a large <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a> – famously called a <i><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze_(typhoon)" title="Kamikaze (typhoon)">kamikaze</a></i>, or <b>divine wind</b> – destroys much of the combined Mongol and Chinese fleet and forces, numbering over 140,000 men and 4,000 ships. Later, <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> begins to gather forces to prepare for a third invasion attempt, but is distracted by events in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kublai Khan orders the burning of sacred <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> texts, resulting in the reduction in number of volumes of the <i><a href="/wiki/Daozang" title="Daozang">Daozang</a></i> (Taoist Canon) from 4,565 to 1,120.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mon_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon (ethnic group)">Mon</a> Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Hariphunchai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hariphunchai">Hariphunchai</a> falls, as its capital <a href="/wiki/Lamphun" title="Lamphun">Lamphun</a> (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>) is captured by King <a href="/wiki/Mangrai" title="Mangrai">Mangrai</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanna">Lannathai</a> Kingdom.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Markets"> Markets</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guy,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Guy, Count of Flanders">Guy of Dampierre</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, licenses the first Lombard merchants to open a changing business in his realm.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1281&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> – Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Simon de Brion</a> succeeds <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a>, as <b>Martin IV</b>, and becomes the 189th pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1282">1282</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1282" title="1282">1282</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1282&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1282&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_2"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1282&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_2"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1282&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>March – Welsh forces under Prince <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Gruffydd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dafydd ap Gruffydd">Dafydd ap Gruffydd</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a>, attack and take control of <a href="/wiki/Hawarden_Castle_(medieval)" title="Hawarden Castle (medieval)">Hawarden Castle</a>. The garrison is massacred and Constable <a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Clifford_(died_c._1285)" title="Roger de Clifford (died c. 1285)">Roger de Clifford</a> is taken prisoner. Llywelyn who has sworn fealty to King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> (<b>Longshanks</b>), joins Dafydd in his revolt against the English. Their actions lead to the final English conquest of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, by Edward.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">March 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a>: A group of Sicilian conspirators begins an uprising against the rule of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Sicily">Charles I</a>; over the next six weeks, thousands of French are killed. The rebellion forces Charles to abandon the planned crusade against the Byzantines, while still en route to the target city of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and allows King <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III</a> (<b>the Great</b>) to take over rule of the island from Charles (which in turn leads to Peter's <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forl%C3%AC" title="Battle of Forlì">Battle of Forlì</a>: A French expeditionary army under <a href="/wiki/Jean_d%27Eppe" title="Jean d'Eppe">Jean d'Eppe</a> launches an assault on <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a> and breaches the outer wall. While they plunder the suburbs, <a href="/wiki/Guido_I_da_Montefeltro" title="Guido I da Montefeltro">Guido I da Montefeltro</a> sends a small force out the gate on the opposite side of the city. In an ambush, <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelph and Ghibelline</a> forces defeat the main army of d'Eppe, who is forced to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Faenza" title="Faenza">Faenza</a>. He requests Martin IV for more reinforcements, but this is refused.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Summer – An Aragonese expeditionary army under Peter III lands in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Collo" title="Collo">Collo</a>, in proclaimed support of a rebellion of the governor of <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>, Ibn Wazir. The revolt is suppressed by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_Ibrahim_I" title="Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I">Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid Sultanate</a>. Peter, wary of the situation in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, sails off and fails to take advantage of the state of rebellion in North Africa. Ibrahim stabilizes his power and styles himself <i><a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a></i> of the sultanate.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>June – The 24-year-old Prince <a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho</a>, heir to the throne of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>, assembles a coalition of nobles and starts a massive rebellion against his father, King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a> (<b>the Wise</b>). He dispatches his brothers into the realm to claim strategically important cities and castles. Only the cities of <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a> remain loyal to Alfonso, who becomes isolated politically and abandoned by most of his family.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_17" title="June 17">June 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Llandeilo_Fawr" title="Battle of Llandeilo Fawr">Battle of Llandeilo Fawr</a>: English forces led by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_7th_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester">Gilbert de Clare</a> are ambushed and defeated by Welsh troops at <a href="/wiki/Llandeilo" title="Llandeilo">Llandeilo</a>. English expansion into southern Wales is halted.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal" title="Denis of Portugal">Denis I</a> (<b>the Poet King</b>) marries the 11-year-old <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Portugal" title="Elizabeth of Portugal">Elizabeth of Aragon</a>, daughter of Peter III (<b>the Great</b>), in <a href="/wiki/Trancoso,_Portugal" title="Trancoso, Portugal">Trancoso</a>. Elizabeth received the towns of <a href="/wiki/%C3%93bidos,_Portugal" title="Óbidos, Portugal">Óbidos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abrantes" title="Abrantes">Abrantes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Porto_de_M%C3%B3s" title="Porto de Mós">Porto de Mós</a> as part of her dowry. Denis, known for his poetry, writes several poems and books himself, with topics of administration and <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>. During his reign, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> becomes one of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>'s centers of art and culture.</li> <li>July – Alfonso X (<b>the Wise</b>) allies himself with <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_ibn_Abd_al-Haqq" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq">Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid Sultanate</a>, who crosses the straits, and establishes a camp at <a href="/wiki/Zahara_de_la_Sierra" title="Zahara de la Sierra">Zahara de la Sierra</a>, in southern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Alfonso offers the Castilian royal crown of his father and grandfathers as a pledge of re-payment of a loan. Out of pity, Abu Yusuf gives him 100,000 gold dinars.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>August – Castilian forces under Sancho lay siege to Badajoz, who eventually retreat as the combined armies of Alfonso X (<b>the Wise</b>) relieve the city. Shortly after, Alfonso marches to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> and demands the key of the city. This is refused by <a href="/wiki/Diego_L%C3%B3pez_V_de_Haro" title="Diego López V de Haro">Diego López V de Haro</a>, speaking on behalf of the magnates. Meanwhile, the Marinids plunder the <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir" title="Guadalquivir">Guadalquivir</a> valley.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">August 30</a> – Peter III (<b>the Great</b>) traveling with his fleet on a military expedition against <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, ends up in the Sicilian town of <a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>, after he was asked by the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> to help in the fight against Charles I.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – Peter III (<b>the Great</b>) is proclaimed "King of Sicily". Charles is forced to flee across the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>, only to be content with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> (ruling a part of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> with Martin IV).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>September or October – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_H%C3%B3d" title="Battle of Lake Hód">Battle of Lake Hód</a>: Hungarian forces led by King <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus IV of Hungary">Ladislaus IV</a> successfully repel and defeat an invading Cuman army. Ladislaus receives the title "the Cuman" for his heroic victory.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>November – Castilian forces under Alfonso X (<b>the Wise</b>) reconquer Córdoba. Pope Martin IV issues a papal bull, forcing Sancho and his nobles to proclaim their allegiance to Alfonso ending the rebellion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moel-y-don" title="Battle of Moel-y-don">Battle of Moel-y-don</a>: English forces led by <a href="/wiki/Luke_de_Tany" title="Luke de Tany">Luke de Tany</a> are ambushed and defeated by Welsh troops, while crossing over a floating bridge to the island of <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">December 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orewin_Bridge" title="Battle of Orewin Bridge">Battle of Orewin Bridge</a>: English forces (some 6,000 men) under Edward I (<b>Longshanks</b>) defeat a Welsh army near <a href="/wiki/Cilmeri" title="Cilmeri">Cilmeri</a>. <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a> is killed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a> invests his sons, <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany">Albert I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf II, Duke of Austria">Rudolf II</a>, as co-rulers of the duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Styria</a>, and lays the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> in these territories.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dutch forces led by <a href="/wiki/Floris_V,_Count_of_Holland" title="Floris V, Count of Holland">Floris V</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, attack and defeat the <a href="/wiki/West_Frisia" title="West Frisia">West Frisians</a> at the battle of <a href="/wiki/Vronen" title="Vronen">Vronen</a>. He succeeds in retrieving the body of his father, <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Holland" title="William II of Holland">William II</a>, some 26 years dead.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Dragutin" title="Stefan Dragutin">Stefan Dragutin</a> breaks his leg while hunting and becomes ill. He abdicates the throne in favor of his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Milutin" title="Stefan Milutin">Stefan Milutin</a>, who becomes ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Serbia</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1321" title="1321">1321</a>).</li> <li>Peter III (<b>the Great</b>) obtains the support of <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid</a> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a> preparing for the incoming <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_Crusade" title="Aragonese Crusade">Aragonese Crusade</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip the Fair</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JMC1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMC1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Moscow" title="Daniel of Moscow">Daniel of Moscow</a>, youngest son of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a>, is mentioned during this year as an independent Prince of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Duchy will be a vassal state of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> until 1471, later evolving into the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_2"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1282&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Education"> Education</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1282&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hertford_College,_Oxford" title="Hertford College, Oxford">Hertford College</a> is founded, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Markets_2"> Markets</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1282&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The form for the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Pyx" title="Trial of the Pyx">Trial of the Pyx</a>, during which it is confirmed that newly <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">minted</a> coins conform to required standards, is established.</li> <li>The first evidence is discovered of the existence of consolidated public debt in <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, confirming the expansion of use of <a href="/wiki/Annuities" class="mw-redirect" title="Annuities">annuities</a>, to fund government expenditure to the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Nature"> Nature</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1282&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The most recent <i>eruption</i> of <a href="/wiki/Larderello" title="Larderello">Larderello</a>, observed, at <a href="/wiki/Boracifero_Lake" title="Boracifero Lake">Boracifero crater lake</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Technology"> Technology</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1282&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The technology of <a href="/wiki/Watermark" title="Watermark">watermarks</a> is introduced by paper manufacturers of <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, Italy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_2"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1282&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Canterbury" title="Diocese of Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, orders all the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to close, and forbids Jewish doctors from practicing on non-Jews.</li> <li>Construction of <a href="/wiki/Albi_Cathedral" title="Albi Cathedral">Albi Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> begins.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1283">1283</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1283" title="1283">1283</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1283&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1283&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_3"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1283&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_3"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1283&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rheinfelden" title="Treaty of Rheinfelden">Treaty of Rheinfelden</a>: The 11-year-old <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf II, Duke of Austria">Rudolf II</a> is forced to relinquish his claim on the Duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Styria</a> to his elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany">Albert I</a>. According to the terms of the agreement, concluded at the <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Imperial City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rheinfelden_(Aargau)" title="Rheinfelden (Aargau)">Rheinfelden</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>), Rudolf receives some territories in <a href="/wiki/Further_Austria" title="Further Austria">Further Austria</a> in return.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_29" title="June 29">June 29</a> – Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_ibn_Abd_al-Haqq" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq">Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq</a> sets out for a punitive expedition and marches from <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Abeda" title="Úbeda">Úbeda</a>, and then northwards through difficult terrain. On the third day after crossing <i>al-burt</i>, the Marinid forces attack <a href="/wiki/Montiel" title="Montiel">Montiel</a> (a fortress belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Santiago" title="Order of Santiago">Order of Santiago</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Almedina" title="Almedina">Almedina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_8" title="July 8">July 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malta" title="Battle of Malta">Battle of Malta</a>: An Aragonese fleet (some 20 galleys) under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Lauria" title="Roger of Lauria">Roger of Lauria</a> attacks and defeats the Angevin ships in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Harbour" title="Grand Harbour">Grand Harbour</a>, sent to help put down a rebellion on <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>. Lauria lands his troops at the harbour and after two days raises his banner on the fortified city of <a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a> ("Old City").</li> <li>The first regulated <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Courts" title="Catalan Courts">Catalan Courts</a> are reunited by King <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III</a>, for the whole <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a>. It became one of the first medieval parliaments that bans the royal power to create legislation unilaterally.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III of France</a> ("the Bold") outlaws Jews from residence in the small villages and rural localities of <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a>, causing a mass migration.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of earthquakes in Georgia (country)">earthquake</a> destroys two thirds of the cave city of <a href="/wiki/Vardzia" title="Vardzia">Vardzia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="British_Isles"> British Isles</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1283&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: British Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – Most of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, including <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St. Patrick's Cathedral</a>, is burned in a fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Fires_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fires-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> ("Longshanks") captures <a href="/wiki/Dolwyddelan_Castle" title="Dolwyddelan Castle">Dolwyddelan Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a> from the Welsh.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – The last independent Welsh stronghold, <a href="/wiki/Castell_y_Bere" title="Castell y Bere">Castell y Bere</a>, is surrendered by <a href="/wiki/Cynfrig_ap_Madog" title="Cynfrig ap Madog">Cynfrig ap Madog</a> to the English.<sup id="cite_ref-CBH_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBH-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">parliament of England</a> summoned by Edward I to assemble at <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_Abbey" title="Shrewsbury Abbey">Shrewsbury Abbey</a> to decide the fate of the Welsh prince <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Gruffydd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dafydd ap Gruffydd">Dafydd ap Gruffydd</a> (captured on June 22) is the first to include commoners.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_3" title="October 3">October 3</a> – The last ruler of an independent Wales, <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Gruffydd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dafydd ap Gruffydd">Dafydd ap Gruffydd</a> (David), <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>, is executed in <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first prominent person in history to be <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">hanged, drawn and quartered</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> for the newly created crime of <a href="/wiki/High_treason_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High treason in the United Kingdom">high treason</a> (against Edward I of England).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castles_and_Town_Walls_of_King_Edward_in_Gwynedd" title="Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd">Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd</a>: Construction of <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a> in Wales by Edward I of England begins as a system of defenses against possible future Welsh uprisings.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1283&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>June – <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> ("the Victorious"), Mamluk ruler of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a>, signs a peace treaty for 10 years with the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader States</a> at <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>. It guarantees the Crusaders the possession of the territory from the <a href="/wiki/Ladder_of_Tyre" title="Ladder of Tyre">Ladder of Tyre</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A8lerin" title="Château Pèlerin">Atlit</a>. But <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> are excluded. The right of free <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> is permitted for the Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa"> Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1283&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_Ibrahim_I" title="Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I">Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid Sultanate</a>, is overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> rebellion, led by Abd al-Aziz I.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_2"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1283&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_13" title="February 13">February 13</a>–<a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Th%E1%BB%8B_N%E1%BA%A1i_Bay" title="Battle of Thị Nại Bay">Battle of Thị Nại Bay</a>: A Mongol-led <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> expeditionary force (some 5,000 men) lands on the beach, near <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>'s capital <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_(Champa)" title="Vijaya (Champa)">Vijaya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Despite being outnumbered, the Yuan invaders break the Cham defensive line and force King <a href="/wiki/Indravarman_V" title="Indravarman V">Indravarman V</a> to retreat to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)" title="Central Highlands (Vietnam)">Western Highlands</a>, where he wages a successful guerrilla campaign against the occupying Yuan forces.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">Mongol invasion of Burma</a>: Mongol forces besiege the fortress at Ngasaunggyan on <a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a>. The Burmese garrison withstands the siege for two months, but finally falls to the invaders on <a href="/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">December 3</a>. The defeat breaks the morale of the Burmese defenses. Kaungsin, the next fortress in line, falls just six days later.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mongol forces invade the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>). King <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VIII" title="Jayavarman VIII">Jayavarman VIII</a> decides to pay <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> rather than fight the invasion, buying peace and preserving the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a>, creates the <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai alphabet</a> during his reign (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_3"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1283&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="The_arts,_culture_and_literature"><span id="The_arts.2C_culture_and_literature"></span> The arts, culture and literature</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1283&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: The arts, culture and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Libro_de_los_juegos" title="Libro de los juegos">Libro de los juegos</a></i>, an early <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> treatise on board games (including <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">dice</a>, and a version of <a href="/wiki/Backgammon" title="Backgammon">backgammon</a>), is commissioned by King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X of Castile</a> ("the Wise") (approximate date).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a>, Spanish theologian, writes <i><a href="/wiki/Blanquerna" title="Blanquerna">Blanquerna</a></i>, the first major work of literature written in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Novel#Antecedents_of_the_European_Novel" title="Novel">the first European novel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Markets_3"> Markets</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1283&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The German city of <a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a> starts making efforts to redeem its already issued <a href="/wiki/Annuities" class="mw-redirect" title="Annuities">annuities</a>, a sure indication of financial difficulty, and maybe an early sign of the 13th century crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1284">1284</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1284" title="1284">1284</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1284&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1284&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_4"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1284&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_4"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1284&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_Crusade" title="Aragonese Crusade">Aragonese Crusade</a>: The first French armies under King <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III</a> (<b>the Bold</b>) and his 14-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Valois" title="Charles, Count of Valois">Charles of Valois</a> enter <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a>. They include 16,000 cavalry, 17,000 crossbowmen, and 100,000 infantry, along with 100 ships in south French ports. Though they have the support of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Majorca" title="James II of Majorca">James II</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>, the local populace rises against them. <a href="/wiki/Elne" title="Elne">Elne</a> is valiantly defended by Aragonese troops, but the French occupy the city, and burn the cathedral, while the population is massacred.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a> (<b>the Wise</b>) falls ill and dies after a 32-year reign at <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. He is succeeded by his 25-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a> (<b>the Brave</b>) who becomes ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a>. Meanwhile, his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_de_la_Cerda" title="Alfonso de la Cerda">Alfonso de la Cerda</a>, challenges his right to the Castilian throne. Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a> excommunicates Sancho, he placed an interdict on his kingdom and refuses to acknowledge the marriage to his cousin, Queen <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_Molina" title="María de Molina">María de Molina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Naples" title="Battle of the Gulf of Naples">Battle of the Gulf of Naples</a>: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 30 galleys) led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Lauria" title="Roger of Lauria">Roger of Lauria</a> surrounds and defeats the Neapolitan ships in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Naples" title="Gulf of Naples">Gulf of Naples</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles II</a> (<b>the Lame</b>) is captured during the battle, disorganized, the remnants of the Neapolitan fleet (between 15 and 18 galleys) flees back to <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_5" title="August 5">August 5</a>–<a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meloria_(1284)" title="Battle of Meloria (1284)">Battle of Meloria</a>: A Genoese fleet (some 90 galleys) led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Oberto_Doria" title="Oberto Doria">Oberto D'Oria</a> defeats the Pisan ships in the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a>. This marks the decline of the maritime power of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a> imposes a <a href="/wiki/Trade_embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade embargo">trade embargo</a> on <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a>, due to the latter pillaging a German ship. The embargo cuts off vital supplies of grain, flour, vegetables and beer, causing a general <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> in Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The events giving rise to the story of the <a href="/wiki/Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin" title="Pied Piper of Hamelin">Pied Piper of Hamelin</a> take place in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1284&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> (<b>Longshanks</b>) brings <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> under direct rule after the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Welsh Wars</a> (1277–1283). He appoints sheriffs and bailiffs for the northern territories while the southern areas are left under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lord">Marcher Lords</a>. English law is introduced in criminal cases, though the Welsh are allowed to maintain their customary laws in some cases of property disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Edward I (<b>Longshanks</b>) arranges a <a href="/wiki/Round_Table_(tournament)" title="Round Table (tournament)">Round Table</a> event and tournament at <a href="/wiki/Nefyn" title="Nefyn">Nefyn</a> in Wales. He promises the Welsh that he will provide them with a <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa_2"> Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1284&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hafsid forces under <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_bin_Yahya" title="Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya">Abu Hafs Umar I</a> (half-brother of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_Ibrahim_I" title="Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I">Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I</a>) reconquer <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> and reinstall the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid Dynasty</a> as the dominating power in <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>. This ends the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> rebellion (see <a href="/wiki/1283" title="1283">1283</a>) started last year.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III</a> (<b>the Great</b>) takes advantage of the weakness of the Hafsid Dynasty and raids the island of <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>. Aragonese forces massacre the population and occupy the island.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_4"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1284&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Art_and_Culture"> Art and Culture</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1284&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Art and Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Construction of <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_Cathedral" title="Beauvais Cathedral">Beauvais Cathedral</a> is interrupted by a partial collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a>; the event unnerves French masons working in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> style.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Meun" title="Jean de Meun">Jean de Meun</a>, French poet and writer, translates <a href="/wiki/Vegetius" title="Vegetius">Vegetius</a>' <a href="/wiki/4th_century" title="4th century">4th century</a> military treatise <i><a href="/wiki/De_Re_Militari" class="mw-redirect" title="De Re Militari">De Re Militari</a></i> from Latin into French.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Cities_and_Towns"> Cities and Towns</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1284&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Cities and Towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping" title="Jönköping">Jönköping</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> is granted <a href="/wiki/Town_privileges" title="Town privileges">town privileges</a> by King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus III of Sweden">Magnus III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Education_2"> Education</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1284&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">Peterhouse</a>, oldest <a href="/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="Colleges of the University of Cambridge">collegiate foundation of the University of Cambridge</a> in England, is established by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Balsham" title="Hugh de Balsham">Hugh de Balsham</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Health"> Health</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1284&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Al-Mansuri <i><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">bimaristan</a></i> (hospital) is completed in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Markets_4"> Markets</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1284&action=edit&section=T-10" title="Edit section: Markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> begins coining the <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducat</a>, a gold coin that is to become the standard of European coinage, for the following 600 years.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1285">1285</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1285" title="1285">1285</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1285&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_5"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_5"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_Crusade" title="Aragonese Crusade">Aragonese Crusade</a>: French forces led by King <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III</a> (<b>the Bold</b>) entrench before <a href="/wiki/Girona" title="Girona">Girona</a>, in an attempt to besiege the city. Despite strong resistance, the city is eventually taken on <a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a>. Philip's son, the 15-year-old <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Valois" title="Charles, Count of Valois">Charles of Valois</a>, is crowned as king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> (under the vassalage of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>) but without an actual crown. Shortly after, the French camp is racked by an epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and Philip is forced to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>April – Marinid forces under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_ibn_Abd_al-Haqq" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq">Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq</a> cross the straits from <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Alcácer Seguir</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tarifa" title="Tarifa">Tarifa</a>. From there they advance to <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez de la Frontera</a>, where they besiege the city. Marinids detachments are dispatched to devastate a broad area from <a href="/wiki/Medina-Sidonia" title="Medina-Sidonia">Medina-Sidonia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Carmona,_Spain" title="Carmona, Spain">Carmona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vejer_de_la_Frontera" title="Vejer de la Frontera">Vejer de la Frontera</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cija" title="Écija">Écija</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, cutting down trees, orchards, and vineyards, destroying villages, and killing or capturing many inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May – King <a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a> (<b>the Brave</b>) assembles his army at Seville and sends the Castilian fleet (some 100 ships) led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_I_Zaccaria" title="Benedetto I Zaccaria">Benedetto I Zaccaria</a> to blockade the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir" title="Guadalquivir">Guadalquivir River</a>. Meanwhile, a Marinid detachment of 1,000 cavalry moves against Seville, routing the Castilians send out to oppose them. Turning eastward against Carmona and <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Guada%C3%ADra" title="Alcalá de Guadaíra">Alcalá de Guadaíra</a>, the Marinids burn the suburbs, harvest and ruin orchards.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_22" title="May 22">May 22</a> – Marinid forces under Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq prolong their siege at Jerez de la Frontera. He sends his son <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf_an-Nasr" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr">Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr</a> with 5,000 regulars, 2,000 cavalry, some 13,000 infantry and 2,000 archers to raid Seville and its environs on <a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a>. During June and early July, the Marinids assault daily Jerez while raiding parties pillage the countryside at Carmona, <a href="/wiki/Niebla,_Spain" title="Niebla, Spain">Niebla</a>, Écija, Seville and <a href="/wiki/Sanl%C3%BAcar_de_Barrameda" title="Sanlúcar de Barrameda">Sanlúcar de Barrameda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>August – Castilian forces led by Sancho IV (<b>the Brave</b>) march against the Marinids at Jerez de la Frontera. Meanwhile, Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq with his army of 18,000 cavalry and faced with dwindling supplies, decides to lift the siege after five months, on <a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a>. He withdraws his army to the safety of <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a> and opens negotiations with Sancho while the Castilian fleet arrives at <a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="El Puerto de Santa Maria">El Puerto de Santa Maria</a> (or "The port of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Saint Mary</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Les_Formigues" title="Battle of Les Formigues">Battle of Les Formigues</a>: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 40 galleys) under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Lauria" title="Roger of Lauria">Roger of Lauria</a> defeats French and Genoese ships near the <a href="/wiki/Formigues_Islands" title="Formigues Islands">Formigues Islands</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Johan_Esteve_de_Bezers" title="Johan Esteve de Bezers">Johan Esteve de Bezers</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a>, all prisoners but one have their eyes gouged out, and that one is left with one eye to guide the others. After the battle, Roger captures about 15 to 20 French galleys, and others are sunk or burnt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Col_de_Panissars" title="Battle of the Col de Panissars">Battle of the Col de Panissars</a>: Aragonese forces under King <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III</a> (<b>the Great</b>) ambush and defeat a French expeditionary army while it was retreating over the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>. The French troops are massacred by the Aragonese vanguard at the Panissar Pass, but spared the royal family. Philip III (<b>the Bold</b>) arrives with his fatigued remnants in <a href="/wiki/Perpignan" title="Perpignan">Perpignan</a>, where he dies of dysentery on <a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2" title="November 2">November 2</a> – Peter III (<b>the Great</b>) dies after a 9-year reign at <a href="/wiki/Vilafranca_del_Pened%C3%A8s" title="Vilafranca del Penedès">Vilafranca del Penedès</a>. He is succeeded by his 20-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso III of Aragon">Alfonso III</a> (<b>the Liberal</b>), who becomes king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>. Peter's other son <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II</a> (<b>the Just</b>), is crowned ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>. His third son, the 13-year-old <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick</a>, becomes co-ruler and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Winter – The Mongol <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talabuga" title="Talabuga">Talabuga</a> attacks <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> for the second time. They successfully subdue <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and sack territory north of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England_2"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1285" title="Statute of Westminster 1285">Second Statute of Westminster</a> is accepted in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">parliament</a>, reforming various laws; it includes the clause <i><a href="/wiki/De_donis_conditionalibus" title="De donis conditionalibus">de donis conditionalibus</a></i>, considered one of the fundamental institutes of medieval law.</li> <li>The writ <i><a href="/wiki/Circumspecte_Agatis" title="Circumspecte Agatis">Circumspecte Agatis</a></i>, issued by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> (<b>Longshanks</b>), defines the jurisdictions of church and state, thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_2"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – Mamluk forces under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> (<b>the Victorious</b>) appear with specially built war engines before the Crusader fortress of <a href="/wiki/Margat" title="Margat">Margat</a> and begin a siege. For a month, the Mamluks can make no progress and the assaults on the stronghold are repelled. Qalawun then invites a delegation of <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> to come and see the damage his engineers have done to the 'impregnable' fortifications. They understood they have no real choice and are forced to surrender on <a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a>. The Hospitallers are allowed to retire with all their possessions, on horseback and fully armed. The rest of the garrison is promised a safe-conduct to <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(West_Syriac_diocese)" title="Tarsus (West Syriac diocese)">Tortosa</a> – while Qalawun establishes a Mamluk garrison which he uses as a basis for further campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_3"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Battle of Chương Dương">Battle of Chương Dương</a>: Joint forces of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> defeat the Mongol-led Yuan fleet on the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Asia)" title="Red River (Asia)">Red River</a>. Most of the Yuan warships are burned during the battle, and the Mongol army retreats to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in late June. The Vietnamese royal court returns to the capital in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Thang Long</a> following a six-month conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_5"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Art_and_Culture_2"> Art and Culture</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Art and Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The English romantic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Havelok_the_Dane" title="Havelok the Dane">The Lay of Havelok the Dane</a></i> is written (approximate date).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Markets_5"> Markets</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The first record is made of an emission of <a href="/wiki/Life_annuity" title="Life annuity">life annuities</a>, by the city of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>. It is the first instance of issue of public debt in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a>, and it confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt over north-western <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (see <a href="/wiki/1228" title="1228">1228</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/County_of_Champagne" title="County of Champagne">County of Champagne</a> is integrated into the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/France_during_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="France during the Middle Ages">France</a>; the region loses its haven characteristics for foreign merchants, and the <a href="/wiki/Fairs_of_Champagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairs of Champagne">Fairs of Troyes</a> quickly dwindle into economic insignificance.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_3"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1285&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Jakub_%C5%9Awinka" title="Jakub Świnka">Jakub Świnka</a> organizes a synod in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca" title="Łęczyca">Łęczyca</a>. During the meeting, he orders all priests who are subject to his bishopric to deliver their sermons in Polish rather than German. This further unifies the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and fosters a national identity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a> dies after a 4-year <a href="/wiki/Pontificate" title="Pontificate">pontificate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>. He is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a>, who becomes the 190th pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Blachernae_(1285)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Blachernae (1285)">Council of Blachernae</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> repudiates the Union with the Catholic Church, declared in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mor_Bar_Sauma_Monastery" title="Mor Bar Sauma Monastery">Mor Bar Sauma Monastery</a>, one of the most important monasteries of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a>, is destroyed. Though a monastic community remains, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East">patriarchal seat</a> is moved to <a href="/wiki/Sis_(ancient_city)" title="Sis (ancient city)">Sis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1286">1286</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1286" title="1286">1286</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1286&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1286&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_6"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1286&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_6"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1286&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – The 17-year-old <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a> (<b>the Fair</b>) is crowned king of <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> at <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>. He settles the Aragonese conflict (see <a href="/wiki/1285" title="1285">1285</a>), and intensifies his predecessors' efforts to reform and rationalize the administration of the realm. Philip persists in reforms, which strengthen the monarchy's position in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gabelle" title="Gabelle">gabelle</a> – a tax on <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> in the form of a <a href="/wiki/State_monopoly" title="State monopoly">state monopoly</a> – will become immensely unpopular and grossly unequal, but persist until <a href="/wiki/1790" title="1790">1790</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_ibn_Abd_al-Haqq" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq">Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq</a> dies after a 28-year reign at <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a>. He is succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf_an-Nasr" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr">Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr</a>, who becomes ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Sultanate">Marinid Sultanate</a>. Abu Yaqub makes a peace agreement with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Granada" title="Muhammad II of Granada">Muhammad II</a>, Nasrid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a>, ceding all the towns previously occupied (except Algeciras and <a href="/wiki/Tarifa" title="Tarifa">Tarifa</a>). After confirming the peace with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> on <a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a>, he leaves 3,000 men in the Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a> resettle in <a href="/wiki/Sambia_Peninsula" title="Sambia Peninsula">Samland</a> and start an uprising against Teutonic rule (supported by the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_R%C3%BCgen" title="Principality of Rügen">Principality of Rügen</a>). The Prussians are defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Knights</a> and forced to submit.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Donkey" title="War of the Donkey">War of the Donkey</a> is fought between the rival noble families of the <a href="/wiki/Ghisi" title="Ghisi">Ghisi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marco_II_Sanudo" title="Marco II Sanudo">Sanudo</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Archipelago" title="Duchy of the Archipelago">Duchy of the Archipelago</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelph</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a> allows exiled <a href="/wiki/Ghibelline" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghibelline">Ghibelline</a> rebels back into the city.<sup id="cite_ref-biografico_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biografico-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England_&_Scotland"><span id="England_.26_Scotland"></span> England & Scotland</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1286&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: England & Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a> dies in a fall from his horse at <a href="/wiki/Kinghorn" title="Kinghorn">Kinghorn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a>, leaving Queen <a href="/wiki/Yolande_of_Dreux,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Yolande of Dreux, Queen of Scotland">Yolande of Dreux</a>'s unborn child and the 3-year-old <a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a> (<b>Maid of Norway</b>) as heirs to the throne. After Alexander's death, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> is governed by the nobility and clergy, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">Guardians of Scotland</a>. This sets the stage for the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence#First_War_of_Scottish_Independence:_1296–1328" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">First War of Scottish Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>June – King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> (<b>Longshanks</b>) and Queen <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of Castile">Eleanor of Castile</a> travel to France. There they pay homage to Philip IV (<b>the Fair</b>) and attend to other matters. Edward travels around in the duchy of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gascony" title="Duchy of Gascony">Gascony</a> and orders the rebuilding of fortifications in the region (between 1286 and 1289).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_3"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1286&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_4" title="June 4">June 4</a> – The 15-year-old <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Cyprus" title="Henry II of Cyprus">Henry II</a> sails from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and lands in <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, but is refused entry into the citadel. There, he stays for six weeks in the palace to negotiate an agreement to take over the city from the Angevins.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – Henry II is crowned king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>. After the ceremony, he returns to Acre for the festivities. A few weeks later, Henry returns to Cyprus and appoints his uncle <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Ibelin_(died_1304)" title="Philip of Ibelin (died 1304)">Philip of Ibelin</a> as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Officers_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem#Bailiffs" title="Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem"><i>bailiff</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa_3"> Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1286&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_Umar_bin_Yahya" title="Abu Hafs Umar bin Yahya">Abu Hafs Umar I</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid Sultanate</a>, takes control of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a> and becomes a rival of the main Hafsid entity based in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_4"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1286&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Muang_Sua" title="Muang Sua">Muang Sua</a>, King Panya Leng is overthrown in a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> led by his son, Prince Panya Khamphong, which is likely to have been supported by the Mongol-led <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> makes plans for a final <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasion of Japan</a>, but aborts the preparations due to a lack of necessary resources.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_6"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1286&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Art_and_Culture_3"> Art and Culture</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1286&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Art and Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_7" title="March 7">March 7</a> – The <i><a href="/wiki/Catholicon_(1286)" title="Catholicon (1286)">Catholicon</a></i>, a religious <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> dictionary, is completed by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Genoa" title="John of Genoa">John of Genoa</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1287">1287</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1287" title="1287">1287</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1287&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1287&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_7"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1287&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_7"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1287&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</a> – Aragonese forces led by King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso III of Aragon">Alfonso III</a> (<b>the Liberal</b>) conquer the island of <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a>. He signs the "Treaty of San Agayz" with Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%BB_%27Umar_ibn_Sa%27%C3%AEd" title="Abû 'Umar ibn Sa'îd">Abû 'Umar ibn Sa'îd</a> on <a href="/wiki/January_21" title="January 21">January 21</a>. Alfonso accepts a policy of free trade for merchants and their property. He also concludes an alliance against the Marinids with <a href="/wiki/Abu_Said_Uthman_I" title="Abu Said Uthman I">Abu Said Uthman I</a>, ruler of the Zayyanid <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>). He proposes to supply him with five to ten galleys (with food and other goods) in exchange for 500 elite Zayyanid horsemen.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Alfonso III (<b>the Liberal</b>) is forced to make concessions to the nobility after an aristocratic uprising (called the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Aragon" title="Union of Aragon">Union of Aragon</a>). In particular, he grants his barons a "Bill of Rights", known as the <i>Privilegium Generale</i>. This leaves a heritage of disunity and further dissent among the nobility, who increasingly see little reason to respect the throne, and brings the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> to the point of anarchy. Alfonso, who is not pleased with the anti-royalist movement, is forced to accept the <i>Magna Carta</i> (<b>Great Charter</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June" title="June">June</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rabban_Bar_Sauma" title="Rabban Bar Sauma">Rabban Bar Sauma</a>, Chinese Nestorian monk and diplomat, travels from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a>. There he arrives in Naples and witnesses a sea battle in the harbour between the Aragonese and the Angevin fleets. Bar Sauma goes to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, but arrives too late to meet Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a>, who recently died. He instead is engaged in negotiations with the cardinals, who are in a conclave to elect a successor, and visits the <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>. Bar Sauma goes to <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, where he receives a warm welcome.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">June 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Counts" title="Battle of the Counts">Battle of the Counts</a>: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 50 galleys) under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Lauria" title="Roger of Lauria">Roger of Lauria</a> defeat a larger Angevin fleet of 70 galleys near <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. After a <a href="/wiki/Feigned_retreat" title="Feigned retreat">feigned retreat</a>, Roger attacks the Angevin galleys from all sides. During the battle, which last much of the day, the Angevin fleet is scattered, leaving about 40 galleys to be captured, along with 5,000 prisoners. After the victory, without any authorization from King <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Majorca" title="James II of Majorca">James II</a>, Roger makes a truce with the Neapolitans (who are allies of the Angevins).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a> – Rabban Bar Sauma arrives in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, and is received in an audience by King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a> (<b>the Fair</b>). He spends one month at the royal court, during his stay, Philip himself escorts him around the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> (or <b>Holy Chapel</b>) to see the collection of <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion relics</a> by late King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a> (<b>the Saint</b>). Philip gives Bar Sauma many presents and sends one of his noblemen, <a href="/wiki/Gobert_de_Helleville" title="Gobert de Helleville">Gobert de Helleville</a>, to return with him to Mongol lands. In response, he attempts to form a military alliance with <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14" title="December 14">December 14</a> – A huge storm and associated storm tide in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia%27s_flood" title="St. Lucia's flood">St. Lucia's flood</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, kills thousands and reshapes the coastline of the Netherlands and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>. In the Netherlands, a fringing barrier between the North Sea and a shallow lake collapses, causing the fifth-largest flood in recorded history – which creates the <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee" title="Zuiderzee">Zuider Zee</a> inlet, and kills over 50,000 people. It also gives sea access to <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, allowing its development as an important port city.</li> <li>Winter – <a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Mongol invasion of Poland</a>: Mongol forces (some 30,000 men) under <a href="/wiki/Talabuga" title="Talabuga">Talabuga Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a>, attack <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Poland</a> for the third time. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandomierz" title="Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sieradz" title="Sieradz">Sieradz</a> are devastated by the invaders. Nogai Khan besieges <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> and launches an unsuccessful assault on the fortified city, suffering heavy casualties in the process.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England_3"> England</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1287&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>February – <a href="/wiki/South_England_flood_of_February_1287" title="South England flood of February 1287">South England flood</a>: A large storm hits the south coast, this has a powerful effect on the <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Ports" title="Cinque Ports">Cinque Ports</a>, two of which are hit (<a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Romney" title="New Romney">New Romney</a>). The storm destroys Old <a href="/wiki/Winchelsea" title="Winchelsea">Winchelsea</a> on <a href="/wiki/Romney_Marsh" title="Romney Marsh">Romney Marsh</a> and nearby <a href="/wiki/New_Romney#History" title="New Romney">Broomhill</a>. The course of the <a href="/wiki/River_Rother,_East_Sussex" title="River Rother, East Sussex">Rother River</a> is diverted away from New Romney, which is almost destroyed, ending its role as a port; the Rother runs instead to the sea at <a href="/wiki/Rye,_East_Sussex" title="Rye, East Sussex">Rye</a> – whose prospects as a port are enhanced. A cliff collapses at Hastings, ending its role as a trade harbor and demolishing a part of <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Castle" title="Hastings Castle">Hastings Castle</a>. New Winchelsea is established on higher ground.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_8" title="June 8">June 8</a> – Welsh forces led by <a href="/wiki/Rhys_ap_Maredudd" title="Rhys ap Maredudd">Rhys ap Maredudd</a> revolt in <a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Middle Ages">Wales</a> against King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> (<b>Longshanks</b>). Although Maredudd has assisted the English in the past, he accuses Edward of treating him unfairly over taxes. The rebels burn several towns, including <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen" title="Carmarthen">Carmarthen</a>. They capture most of <a href="/wiki/Ystrad_Tywi" title="Ystrad Tywi">Ystrad Tywi</a>, heartland of <a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a> (the revolt will not be suppressed until <a href="/wiki/1288" title="1288">1288</a>).</li> <li>Summer – Edward I (<b>Longshanks</b>) replies to the Welsh rebellion by raising an army at <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Edmund,_2nd_Earl_of_Cornwall" title="Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall">Edmund of Almain</a>. The English forces besiege <a href="/wiki/Dryslwyn_Castle" title="Dryslwyn Castle">Dryslwyn Castle</a>, which lasts for three weeks before the castle falls after the curtain walls are undermined. Rhys ap Maredudd manages to escape and goes into hiding before the stronghold is finally captured in late September.</li> <li>December – Parts of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> are flooded, the port of <a href="/wiki/Dunwich" title="Dunwich">Dunwich</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> is further devastated, and in <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">The Fens</a> through the storm and the violence of the sea, the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Spalding,_Lincolnshire" title="Spalding, Lincolnshire">Spalding</a> and many churches are overthrown and destroyed: "The whole country in the <a href="/wiki/Parts_of_Holland" title="Parts of Holland">parts of Holland</a> was, for the most part, turned into a standing pool so that an intolerable multitude of men, women and children were overwhelmed with the water, especially in the town of <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a>, a great part thereof was destroyed."<sup id="cite_ref-wheeler_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheeler-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Middle_East_2"> Middle East</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1287&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun Khan</a>, Mongol ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>, sends an embassy under Rabban Bar Sauma with the mission of contracting a military alliance against the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> and take the city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. He travels with a large retinue (bearing gifts and letters) and 30 riding animals from <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> through <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a>. Bar Sauma arrives in Constantinople and receives an audience with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II</a> (<b>Palaiologos</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>March – Mamluk forces under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> (<b>the Victorious</b>) capture <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>, last remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a>. The city port falls easily into his hands, but the defenders retire to the citadel at the mouth of the harbour. Finally, Qalawun forces the Crusader garrison to surrender on <a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_19" title="October 19">October 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_VII_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond VII of Antioch">Bohemond VII</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, dies childless. He is succeeded by his sister <a href="/wiki/Lucia,_Countess_of_Tripoli" title="Lucia, Countess of Tripoli">Lucia</a>, who is married to <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I of Naples</a>' former Grand Admiral, <a href="/wiki/Narjot_de_Toucy_(died_1293)" title="Narjot de Toucy (died 1293)">Narjot de Toucy</a>. But the nobles, not pleased with this decision, offer the county to Bohemond's mother, Dowager-Princess <a href="/wiki/Sibylla_of_Armenia" title="Sibylla of Armenia">Sibylla of Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Winter – Two unidentified 'merchants' travel from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> to warn Qalawun of the economic dangers posed by Genoese domination in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, which leaves the Mamluk trade at their mercy. Qalawun accepts the invitation to intervene, and breaks the truce with Tripoli.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa_4"> Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1287&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>An Aragonese fleet raids the Tunisian <a href="/wiki/Kerkennah_Islands" title="Kerkennah Islands">Kerkennah Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Gab%C3%A8s" title="Gulf of Gabès">Gulf of Gabès</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_5"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1287&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_30" title="January 30">January 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wareru" title="Wareru">Wareru</a> creates the <a href="/wiki/Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>) following the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a>. He is crowned king on <a href="/wiki/April_5" title="April 5">April 5</a> and declares himself independent of Pagan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_14" title="May 14">May 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nayan_(Mongol_prince)" title="Nayan (Mongol prince)">Nayan</a>, Mongol prince of the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a> clan, revolts against the rule of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>. Kublai leads a punitive expedition against Nayan in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and defeats his forces on <a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a>.</li> <li>December – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pagan" title="Battle of Pagan">Battle of Pagan</a>: Mongol-led Yuan forces (some 7,000 cavalry) led by <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Temür Khan</a> defeat King <a href="/wiki/Thihathu" title="Thihathu">Thihathu</a> of the Pagan Kingdom. The kingdom disintegrates and anarchy ensues.</li> <li>Kings <a href="/wiki/Mangrai" title="Mangrai">Mangrai</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lanna Kingdom</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamhaeng</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a> agree to a peace treaty. They establish a "strong pact of friendship".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_7"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1287&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Art_and_Culture_4"> Art and Culture</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1287&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Art and Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Altar of St. James in <a href="/wiki/Pistoia_Cathedral" title="Pistoia Cathedral">Pistoia Cathedral</a>, Italy – a masterwork of the <a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">silversmithing</a> trade containing nearly a ton of silver – is begun; it will not be completed for nearly 200 years.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Economy"> Economy</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1287&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Italian city of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a> exacts a forced loan from its taxpayers for the first time, a common feature of medieval public finance.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_4"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1287&action=edit&section=T-10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_(1287)" title="Synod of Würzburg (1287)">Synod of Würzburg</a>: A church council is held by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccamazza" title="Giovanni Boccamazza">Giovanni Boccamazza</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a> at <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>. During the assembly, Giovanni announces the taxation of the clergy to finance the expedition of Rudolf (known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Italienzug" title="Italienzug">Italienzug</a></i>) to Rome and the imperial coronation.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_3" title="April 3">April 3</a> – Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a> dies after a 2-year <a href="/wiki/Pontificate" title="Pontificate">pontificate</a> at Rome. During his reign, he tries to restore <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> to papal vassalage, but Honorius clashes with King <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III</a> (<b>the Great</b>), who supports Sicilian independence.</li> <li>Construction of <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Cathedral" title="Uppsala Cathedral">Uppsala Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> begins (it lasts until <a href="/wiki/1435" title="1435">1435</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1288">1288</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1288" title="1288">1288</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1288&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1288&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_8"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1288&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_8"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1288&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Gotland_1288" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Gotland 1288">A civil war</a> breaks out on <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> between the burghers of <a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a> and the rural farmers of Gotland; while the exact reason for this war is unknown, the most likely reason is the construction of a large wall around Visby, and the introduction of a toll, which the farmers were forced to pay.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Limburg_Succession" title="War of the Limburg Succession">War of the Limburg Succession</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worringen" title="Battle of Worringen">Battle of Worringen</a>: Brabantian forces under Duke <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="John I, Duke of Brabant">John I</a> (<b>the Victorious</b>) defeat the coalition army of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a> at <a href="/wiki/Worringen" title="Worringen">Worringen</a> (in a struggle to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg" title="Duchy of Limburg">Duchy of Limburg</a>). John liberates the city of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> from rule by the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Electorate of Cologne</a>, which has previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.</li> <li>Summer – Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Granada" title="Muhammad II of Granada">Muhammad II</a> drives the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ashqilula" title="Banu Ashqilula">Banu Ashqilula</a> from one stronghold to the next, where they are finally expelled from Granadan territory in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>). Meanwhile, Muhammad manages through diplomatic intrigue, to turn the Castilian aristocracy against King <a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a> (<b>the Brave</b>). In response, King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso III of Aragon">Alfonso III</a> (<b>the Liberal</b>) proclaims the 18-year-old <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_de_la_Cerda" title="Alfonso de la Cerda">Alfonso de la Cerda</a> as ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a> – Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a> proclaims a crusade against the 26-year-old King <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus IV of Hungary">Ladislaus IV</a> (<b>the Cuman</b>), who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a>, and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. Meanwhile, the Hungarian government loses more power because the clergy and most of the nobles rule the kingdom independently.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Canfranc" title="Treaty of Canfranc">Treaty of Canfranc</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> (<b>Longshanks</b>) signs an agreement with Alfonso III (<b>the Liberal</b>) at <a href="/wiki/Canfranc" title="Canfranc">Canfranc</a>, about the release of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles II</a> (<b>the Lame</b>), who has been captured by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Lauria" title="Roger of Lauria">Roger of Lauria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Naples" title="Battle of the Gulf of Naples">Battle of the Gulf of Naples</a> (see <a href="/wiki/1284" title="1284">1284</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="England_&_Scotland_2"><span id="England_.26_Scotland_2"></span> England & Scotland</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1288&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: England & Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Emlyn_Castle" title="Newcastle Emlyn Castle">Newcastle Emlyn Castle</a> in West <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> is recaptured by the English forces after a ten-day siege, bringing <a href="/wiki/Rhys_ap_Maredudd" title="Rhys ap Maredudd">Rhys ap Maredudd</a>'s revolt to an end. Rhys is exiled to <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> creates a law allowing women to propose marriage to men during <a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">leap years</a>; men who refuse such proposals are required to pay a fine to the spurned bride-to-be.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_4"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1288&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> orders Admiral <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_I_Zaccaria" title="Benedetto I Zaccaria">Benedetto Zaccaria</a> to send five galleys to support Genoese suzerainty of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">Tripoli</a>. Princess <a href="/wiki/Lucia,_Countess_of_Tripoli" title="Lucia, Countess of Tripoli">Lucia</a>, sister of the late Count <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_VII_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond VII of Antioch">Bohemond VII</a>, arrives in <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> escort her to the frontier with Tripoli. The <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">commune</a> refuses to accept her as new ruler and places the city under Genoese protection. After negotiations, Lucia offers to confirm Genoa's existing commercial privileges in Tripoli.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_6"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1288&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(1288)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)">Battle of Bạch Đằng</a>: <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a>) general <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_H%C6%B0ng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o" title="Trần Hưng Đạo">Trần Hưng Đạo</a> sinks the fleet of an invading Mongol-led Yuan expeditionary army (some 94,000 men). He orders the placing of steel-tipped bamboo stakes (to create an ambush) in the <a href="/wiki/Bach_Dang_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach Dang River">Bach Dang River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ha_Long_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha Long Bay">Ha Long Bay</a>. This ends the intentions of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> to conquer Vietnam and <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>April – The Japanese era <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan_(Kamakura_period)" title="Kōan (Kamakura period)">Kōan</a> ends and the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D%C5%8D_(Kamakura_period)" title="Shōō (Kamakura period)">Shōō</a> era begins during the reign of the 22-year-old Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Fushimi" title="Emperor Fushimi">Fushimi</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1293" title="1293">1293</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_8"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1288&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Art_and_Culture_5"> Art and Culture</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1288&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Art and Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The oldest surviving <a href="/wiki/Bell_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (instrument)">bell</a>, in the clocks atop the dome of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, is built.</li> <li>Work is begun on the construction of <a href="/wiki/Mob_Quad" title="Mob Quad">Mob Quad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Markets_6"> Markets</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1288&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_bishops_of_V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s" title="List of bishops of Västerås">Petrus</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s" title="Diocese of Västerås">Västerås</a>, buys 1/8 of the <a href="/wiki/Falun_Mine" title="Falun Mine">Stora Kopparberg</a> copper mine in <a href="/wiki/Falun" title="Falun">Falun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. During the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus III of Sweden">Magnus III</a>, nobles and foreign merchants from <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> take interests in the mining area.</li> <li>The Flemish city of <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> seeks rights to start redeeming its already issued annuities. It is a clear indication of financial difficulty, and maybe an early sign of the crisis of the 13th Century.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_5"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1288&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> – Nicholas IV is elected as the successor of the late <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a> (see <a href="/wiki/1287" title="1287">1287</a>) during a <a href="/wiki/1287%E2%80%931288_papal_election" title="1287–1288 papal election">conclave</a> in Rome and becomes the 191st pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.</li> <li>March–April – <a href="/wiki/Rabban_Bar_Sauma" title="Rabban Bar Sauma">Rabban Bar Sauma</a>, Chinese Nestorian monk and diplomat, arrives at Rome and is received by Nicholas IV, who gives him communion on <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Technology_2"> Technology</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1288&action=edit&section=T-10" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The oldest-known <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> <a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">handgun</a> in the world is dated to this year, a Chinese gun found in <a href="/wiki/Acheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Acheng District">Acheng District</a>, that was once used to suppress the rebellion of the Mongol prince <a href="/wiki/Nayan_(Mongol_prince)" title="Nayan (Mongol prince)">Nayan</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1289">1289</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1289" title="1289">1289</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1289&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1289&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_9"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1289&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_9"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1289&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campaldino" title="Battle of Campaldino">Battle of Campaldino</a>: Pro-papal Guelph forces of Florence and their allies, <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistoia" title="Pistoia">Pistoia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prato" title="Prato">Prato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a> under Viscount <a href="/wiki/Aimery_IV_of_Narbonne" title="Aimery IV of Narbonne">Aimery IV</a> defeat the Ghibelline army (some 10,000 men) in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>. Florence becomes the dominant power in <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a>; powerful merchant guilds take on a more political role in the communal government against their rivals of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">July 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1289)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1289)">Battle of Copenhagen</a>: A Norwegian expeditionary force under King <a href="/wiki/Eric_II_of_Norway" title="Eric II of Norway">Eric II</a>, supported by Danish outlaws, sets sail to <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> and attacks the city. But they are repelled and forced to withdraw to <a href="/wiki/Zealand" title="Zealand">Zealand</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Britain"> Britain</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1289&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Summer – King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> (<b>Longshanks</b>) proposes a marriage between his infant son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward of Caernarfon</a>, and the 6-year-old <a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a> (<b>Maid of Norway</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Construction of <a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, ordered by Edward I (<b>Longshanks</b>), is completed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_5"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1289&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> (<b>the Victorious</b>) marches the Mamluk army out of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, leaving his son <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil" title="Al-Ashraf Khalil">Al-Ashraf Khalil</a> commanding Cairo's Citadel, supported by Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Baydara" title="Baydara">Baydara al-Mansuri</a>. The army moves via <a href="/wiki/El_Salheya" title="El Salheya">Salihiya</a>, across <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> and through <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. He orders the regional governors of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to mobilize in Damascus, where many infantry volunteers have assembled.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>March – The 19-year-old King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Cyprus" title="Henry II of Cyprus">Henry II</a> sends his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Amalric,_Lord_of_Tyre" title="Amalric, Lord of Tyre">Almalric</a>, with a company of knights and 4 galleys to <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>). Meanwhile, many non-combatant citizens flee to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. The Mamluk army arrives before Tripoli and begins the attack with siege engines, while building <i>buches</i> (wooden defensive structures) outside the city on <a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tripoli_(1289)" title="Fall of Tripoli (1289)">Siege of Tripoli</a>: Mamluk forces under Qalawun (<b>the Victorious</b>) capture Tripoli after a month-long siege, thus extinguishing the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a>. Qalawun orders the city to be razed to the ground, a widespread massacre kills every man found by the Mamluks, while the women and children are taken as slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July–August – Admiral <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_I_Zaccaria" title="Benedetto I Zaccaria">Benedetto Zaccaria</a>, having escaped from Tripoli, starts a naval campaign against Mamluk shipping and raids <a href="/wiki/Tennis,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis, Egypt">Tinnis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a>. In response, Qalawun closes <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> to Genoese merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_9"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1289&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Education_3"> Education</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1289&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a> formally constitutes the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">University of Montpellier</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> by <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a>, combining various existing schools under the mantle of a single university.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Markets_7"> Markets</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1289&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a>, twenty-three partners, including five members of the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Tavola" title="Gran Tavola">Bonsignori</a> family, re-create the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Tavola" title="Gran Tavola">Gran Tavola</a>, formerly the most successful European bank, which had ceased its operations after the death of its creator and manager, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Bonsignori" title="Orlando Bonsignori">Orlando Bonsignori</a>, in <a href="/wiki/1273" title="1273">1273</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_people">Significant people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1280s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significant people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1280s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1280" title="1280">1280</a>, <a href="/wiki/1281" title="1281">1281</a>, <a href="/wiki/1282" title="1282">1282</a>, <a href="/wiki/1283" title="1283">1283</a>, <a href="/wiki/1284" title="1284">1284</a>, <a href="/wiki/1285" title="1285">1285</a>, <a href="/wiki/1286" title="1286">1286</a>, <a href="/wiki/1287" title="1287">1287</a>, <a href="/wiki/1288" title="1288">1288</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1289" title="1289">1289</a></div> <p><b>1280</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birger,_King_of_Sweden" title="Birger, King of Sweden">Birger, King of Sweden</a>, Swedish monarch (d. <a href="/wiki/1321" title="1321">1321</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhen_(painter)" title="Wu Zhen (painter)">Wu Zhen</a>, Chinese painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1354" title="1354">1354</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Approximate date</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Kashin" title="Anna of Kashin">Anna of Kashin</a>, Russian princess consort and saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1368" title="1368">1368</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansa_Musa" title="Mansa Musa">Mansa Musa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansa_(title)" title="Mansa (title)">mansa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> (d. c.<a href="/wiki/1337" title="1337">1337</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1281</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_4" title="August 4">August 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Khan" title="Külüg Khan">Külüg Khan</a> (or <b>Wuzong</b>), Mongol emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1311" title="1311">1311</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alice_de_Lacy,_Countess_of_Lincoln" title="Alice de Lacy, Countess of Lincoln">Alice de Lacy</a>, English noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Austria_(1281%E2%80%931364)" title="Agnes of Austria (1281–1364)">Agnes of Austria</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">House of Árpád</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1364" title="1364">1364</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castruccio_Castracani" class="mw-redirect" title="Castruccio Castracani">Castruccio Castracani</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1328" title="1328">1328</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a>, Persian official and historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1340" title="1340">1340</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry,_3rd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster">Henry of Lancaster</a>, English nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1345" title="1345">1345</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Butler,_Countess_of_Carrick" title="Joan Butler, Countess of Carrick">Joan Butler</a> (or <b>FitzGerald</b>), countess of <a href="/wiki/Carrick-on-Suir" title="Carrick-on-Suir">Carrick</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1320" title="1320">1320</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harington,_1st_Baron_Harington" title="John Harington, 1st Baron Harington">John Harington</a>, English nobleman and politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stonor_(judge)" title="John Stonor (judge)">John Stonor</a>, English lawyer and Chief Justice (d. <a href="/wiki/1354" title="1354">1354</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan" title="Orhan">Orhan Ghazi</a>, Turkish ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1362" title="1362">1362</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam%C3%BCddin_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha">Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha</a>, Ottoman statesmen (d. <a href="/wiki/1380" title="1380">1380</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Grey,_2nd_Baron_Grey_of_Codnor" title="Richard Grey, 2nd Baron Grey of Codnor">Richard Grey</a>, English nobleman and diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1335" title="1335">1335</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Bohemia" title="Rudolf I of Bohemia">Rudolf I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1307" title="1307">1307</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancia_of_Majorca" title="Sancia of Majorca">Sancia of Majorca</a>, queen and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> (d. 1345)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_of_Moscow" title="Yury of Moscow">Yuri III Danilovich</a>, Grand Prince of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1325" title="1325">1325</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Shizhen" title="Zhu Shizhen">Zhu Shizhen</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1344" title="1344">1344</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1282</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maud_Chaworth" title="Maud Chaworth">Maud Chaworth</a>, English noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1322" title="1322">1322</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_1" title="April 1">April 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV</a> (<b>the Bavarian</b>), Holy Roman Emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine">Frederick IV</a> (<b>the Fighter</b>), German <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1329" title="1329">1329</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_Manuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Juan Manuel">Juan Manuel</a>, Spanish nobleman and prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gwenllian_of_Wales" title="Gwenllian of Wales">Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn</a>, princess of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1337" title="1337">1337</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_7" title="August 7">August 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Rhuddlan" title="Elizabeth of Rhuddlan">Elizabeth of Rhuddlan</a>, English princess (d. <a href="/wiki/1316" title="1316">1316</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios II of Trebizond">Alexios II</a> (<b>Megas Komnenos</b>), emperor of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1330" title="1330">1330</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annibale_di_Ceccano" class="mw-redirect" title="Annibale di Ceccano">Annibale di Ceccano</a>, Italian cardinal and archbishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_France,_Duchess_of_Austria" title="Blanche of France, Duchess of Austria">Blanche of France</a>, French princess (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1305" title="1305">1305</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Rimini" title="Clare of Rimini">Clare of Rimini</a>, Italian noblewoman, nun and saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1346" title="1346">1346</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Magnusson_(duke)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Magnusson (duke)">Eric Magnusson</a>, Swedish prince and <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1318" title="1318">1318</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konoe_Iehira" title="Konoe Iehira">Konoe Iehira</a>, Japanese nobleman (<a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_clan" title="Fujiwara clan">Fujiwara Clan</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1324" title="1324">1324</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shixing" title="Li Shixing">Li Shixing</a> (or <b>Zhun Dao</b>), Chinese landscape painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1328" title="1328">1328</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_K%C5%91szegi,_Bishop_of_Gy%C5%91r" title="Nicholas Kőszegi, Bishop of Győr">Nicholas Kőszegi</a>, Hungarian prelate and bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1336" title="1336">1336</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshin,_King_of_Armenia" title="Oshin, King of Armenia">Oshin</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician Armenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hethumids" title="Hethumids">House of Lampron</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1320" title="1320">1320</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zbeg_Khan" title="Özbeg Khan">Özbeg Khan</a>, Mongol ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1341" title="1341">1341</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Dagomari_di_Prato" title="Paolo Dagomari di Prato">Paolo Dagomari di Prato</a>, Italian mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1374" title="1374">1374</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinetta_Malaspina" title="Spinetta Malaspina">Spinetta Malaspina</a> (<b>the Great</b>), Italian nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1352" title="1352">1352</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1283</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret, Maid of Norway</a>, queen-designate of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1290" title="1290">1290</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_Lucy" title="Anthony de Lucy">Anthony de Lucy</a> (or Luci), English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1343" title="1343">1343</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Kinshi" title="Fujiwara no Kinshi">Fujiwara no Kinshi</a>, Japanese empress consort and nun (d. <a href="/wiki/1352" title="1352">1352</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvano_Fiamma" title="Galvano Fiamma">Galvano Fiamma</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">Dominican</a> friar and chronicler (d. <a href="/wiki/1344" title="1344">1344</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Aragon" title="Isabella of Castile, Queen of Aragon">Isabella of Castile</a>, queen consort of Aragon, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a> ("the Brave") (d. <a href="/wiki/1328" title="1328">1328</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Charolais" title="John of Charolais">John of Charolais</a> (or Clermont), French nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1322" title="1322">1322</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Villani" title="Matteo Villani">Matteo Villani</a>, Italian historian, chronicler and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1363" title="1363">1363</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuho_Myocho" title="Shuho Myocho">Shuho Myocho</a>, Japanese teacher and <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> Master (d. <a href="/wiki/1338" title="1338">1338</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemowit_II_of_Masovia" title="Siemowit II of Masovia">Siemowit II of Masovia</a>, Polish nobleman and prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1345" title="1345">1345</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshida_Kenk%C5%8D" title="Yoshida Kenkō">Yoshida Kenkō</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhist</a> monk and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1284</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a> (<b>Caernarfon</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1327" title="1327">1327</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alice_de_Toeni,_Countess_of_Warwick" title="Alice de Toeni, Countess of Warwick">Alice de Toeni</a>, English noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1325" title="1325">1325</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphine_of_Gland%C3%A8ves" title="Delphine of Glandèves">Delphine of Glandèves</a>, French noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1358" title="1358">1358</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Edward, Count of Savoy">Edward</a> (<b>the Liberal</b>), Savoyan <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1329" title="1329">1329</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Holland" title="John I, Count of Holland">John I</a>, Dutch nobleman (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">House of Holland</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1299" title="1299">1299</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Gaveston,_1st_Earl_of_Cornwall" title="Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall">Piers Gaveston</a>, English nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1312" title="1312">1312</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Brus" title="Thomas de Brus">Thomas de Brus</a>, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1307" title="1307">1307</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Homberg" title="Wernher von Homberg">Wernher von Homberg</a>, Swiss knight and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1320" title="1320">1320</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Qin" title="Yu Qin">Yu Qin</a>, Chinese official, geographer and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1333" title="1333">1333</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1285</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nij%C5%8D" title="Emperor Go-Nijō">Go-Nijō</a> (or <b>Nijō II</b>), Japanese emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1308" title="1308">1308</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi_I_(Cairo)" title="Al-Mustakfi I (Cairo)">Al-Mustakfi I</a>, Mamluk ruler (<i><a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1340" title="1340">1340</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasr_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nasr Muhammad">Al-Nasr Muhammad</a>, Mamluk ruler of Egypt (d. <a href="/wiki/1341" title="1341">1341</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ayurbarwada_Buyantu_Khan" title="Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan">Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan</a>, Mongol emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1320" title="1320">1320</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Fitzalan,_2nd_Earl_of_Arundel" title="Edmund Fitzalan, 2nd Earl of Arundel">Edmund Fitzalan</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1326" title="1326">1326</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_6" title="December 6">December 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1312" title="1312">1312</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_de_Brus" title="Alexander de Brus">Alexander de Bruce</a>, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1307" title="1307">1307</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia_of_Pomerania" title="Euphemia of Pomerania">Euphemia of Pomerania</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1330" title="1330">1330</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_Ventimiglia" title="Francesco I Ventimiglia">Francesco I Ventimiglia</a>, Italian nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1338" title="1338">1338</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Odonis" title="Gerardus Odonis">Gerardus Odonis</a>, French cardinal and theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1349" title="1349">1349</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Jandun" title="John of Jandun">John of Jandun</a>, French philosopher and theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1328" title="1328">1328</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Alonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Coronel" title="Juan Alonso Pérez de Guzmán y Coronel">Juan Alonso Pérez de Guzán</a>, Spanish nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1351" title="1351">1351</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Artois" title="Margaret of Artois">Margaret of Artois</a>, French noblewoman and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1311" title="1311">1311</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_V,_Earl_of_Dunbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick V, Earl of Dunbar">Patrick V de Dunbar</a>, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1369" title="1369">1369</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richeza_Magnusdotter_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Richeza Magnusdotter of Sweden">Richeza Magnusdotter</a>, Swedish princess and <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbess</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a>, English monk and theologian ( d. <a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Barani" title="Ziauddin Barani">Ziauddin Barani</a>, Indian historian and philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1358" title="1358">1358</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1286</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joan_de_Geneville,_2nd_Baroness_Geneville" title="Joan de Geneville, 2nd Baroness Geneville">Joan de Geneville</a>, English noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1356" title="1356">1356</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_8" title="March 8">March 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John III, Duke of Brittany">John III</a> (<b>the Good</b>), English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1341" title="1341">1341</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_30" title="June 30">June 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_de_Warenne,_7th_Earl_of_Surrey" title="John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey">John de Warenne</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_de_Mowbray,_2nd_Baron_Mowbray" class="mw-redirect" title="John de Mowbray, 2nd Baron Mowbray">John de Mowbray</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1322" title="1322">1322</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">September 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Princess_Sh%C5%8Dshi_(1286%E2%80%931348)" title="Princess Shōshi (1286–1348)">Shōshi</a>, Japanese empress consort (d. <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_de_Castilla_y_Molina" title="Alfonso de Castilla y Molina">Alfonso de Castilla</a>, Spanish nobleman and prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1291" title="1291">1291</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Ibelin_(1286%E2%80%931308)" title="Guy of Ibelin (1286–1308)">Guy of Ibelin</a>, Outremer nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Seneschal" title="Seneschal">seneschal</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1308" title="1308">1308</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Mototoki" title="Hōjō Mototoki">Hōjō Mototoki</a>, Japanese nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1333" title="1333">1333</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Despenser_the_Younger" title="Hugh Despenser the Younger">Hugh Despenser</a> (<b>the Younger</b>), English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1326" title="1326">1326</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Akfani" title="Ibn al-Akfani">Ibn al-Akfani</a>, Persian physician and encyclopedist (d. 1348)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_Lord_of_Douglas" title="James Douglas, Lord of Douglas">James Douglas</a>, Scottish nobleman and general (d. <a href="/wiki/1330" title="1330">1330</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Burgh_(died_1313)" title="John de Burgh (died 1313)">John de Burgh</a>, Irish nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1313" title="1313">1313</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Palaiologos_(son_of_Andronikos_II)" title="John Palaiologos (son of Andronikos II)">John Palaiologos</a>, Byzantine prince and governor (d. <a href="/wiki/1307" title="1307">1307</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Lara" title="Juana Núñez de Lara">Juana Núñez</a> (<b>Lady of Lara</b>), Spanish noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1351" title="1351">1351</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Cornaro" title="Marco Cornaro">Marco Cornaro</a>, doge of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cornaro_family" title="Cornaro family">House of Cornaro</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1368" title="1368">1368</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odoric_of_Pordenone" title="Odoric of Pordenone">Odoric of Pordenone</a>, Italian priest and missionary (d. <a href="/wiki/1331" title="1331">1331</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I,_Count_of_Hainaut" title="William I, Count of Hainaut">William I</a> (<b>the Good</b>), Dutch nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1337" title="1337">1337</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1287</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_24" title="January 24">January 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Bury" title="Richard de Bury">Richard Aungerville</a>, English bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1345" title="1345">1345</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_1st_Earl_of_March" title="Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March">Roger Mortimer</a>, English <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> ruler (d. <a href="/wiki/1330" title="1330">1330</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alice_de_Warenne,_Countess_of_Arundel" title="Alice de Warenne, Countess of Arundel">Alice de Warenne</a>, English noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1338" title="1338">1338</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Hastings,_2nd_Baron_Hastings" title="John Hastings, 2nd Baron Hastings">John Hastings</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1325" title="1325">1325</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nasr_of_Granada" title="Nasr of Granada">Nasr of Granada</a>, Al-Andaluse ruler (d. <a href="/wiki/1322" title="1322">1322</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Saluzzo" title="Frederick I of Saluzzo">Frederick I</a>, Piedmontese nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1336" title="1336">1336</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_I,_Count_of_Foix" title="Gaston I, Count of Foix">Gaston I</a>, Occitan nobleman, prince and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1315" title="1315">1315</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Penthi%C3%A8vre" title="Guy de Penthièvre">Guy de Penthièvre</a>, Breton nobleman and knight (d.<a href="/wiki/1331" title="1331">1331</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nubata" title="Ibn Nubata">Ibn Nubata</a>, Egyptian scholar, poet and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1366" title="1366">1366</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konoe_Tsunehira" title="Konoe Tsunehira">Konoe Tsunehira</a>, Japanese court official (<i><a href="/wiki/Kugy%C5%8D" title="Kugyō">kugyō</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1318" title="1318">1318</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_de_Clare,_Baroness_Badlesmere" title="Margaret de Clare, Baroness Badlesmere">Margaret de Clare</a>, Norman-Irish noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1333" title="1333">1333</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Castello" title="Margaret of Castello">Margaret of Castello</a>, Italian nun and teacher (d. <a href="/wiki/1320" title="1320">1320</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ingham" title="Oliver Ingham">Oliver Ingham</a>, English landowner and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1344" title="1344">1344</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Artois" title="Robert III of Artois">Robert III</a>, French nobleman (<a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">House of Capet</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1342" title="1342">1342</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Di" title="Tang Di">Tang Di</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape painter</a> and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1355" title="1355">1355</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_V,_Count_of_Pfannberg" title="Ulrich V, Count of Pfannberg">Ulrich V</a>, German nobleman, marshal and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1354" title="1354">1354</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Mian" title="Wang Mian">Wang Mian</a> (or <b>Yuanzhang</b>), Chinese painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1359" title="1359">1359</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhu" title="Zhang Zhu">Zhang Zhu</a>, Chinese historian, poet and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1368" title="1368">1368</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1288</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lisle,_1st_Baron_Lisle_of_Rougemont" title="Robert Lisle, 1st Baron Lisle of Rougemont">Robert Lisle</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1344" title="1344">1344</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_5" title="April 5">April 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Fushimi" title="Emperor Go-Fushimi">Go-Fushimi</a>, emperor (<a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan"><i>tenno</i></a>) of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1336" title="1336">1336</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ivan_I_of_Moscow" title="Ivan I of Moscow">Ivan I</a>, Grand Duke of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Moscow</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1341" title="1341">1341</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_26" title="November 26">November 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Daigo" title="Emperor Go-Daigo">Go-Daigo</a>, emperor of Japan (d. <a href="/wiki/1339" title="1339">1339</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_II_de_la_Marck_(bishop)" title="Adolph II de la Marck (bishop)">Adolph II de la Marck</a>, French prince-bishop (d. 1344)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Burgundy,_Countess_of_Savoy" title="Blanche of Burgundy, Countess of Savoy">Blanche of Burgundy</a>, French noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Charles I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">House of Anjou</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1342" title="1342">1342</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a>, French Jewish mathematician (d. 1344)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_I_de_Coucy" title="Guillaume I de Coucy">Guillaume I</a>, French nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1335" title="1335">1335</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Beaumont" title="John of Beaumont">John of Beaumont</a>, Dutch nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1356" title="1356">1356</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Shabestari" title="Mahmoud Shabestari">Mahmoud Shabestari</a>, Persian poet and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1340" title="1340">1340</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II,_Duke_of_Opava" title="Nicholas II, Duke of Opava">Nicholas II</a>, German nobleman and chamberlain (d. <a href="/wiki/1365" title="1365">1365</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_B%C3%A9huchet" title="Nicolas Béhuchet">Nicolas Béhuchet</a>, French nobleman and admiral (d. 1340)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Michihira" title="Nijō Michihira">Nijō Michihira</a>, Japanese nobleman and advisor (d. 1335)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Afonso,_Count_of_Barcelos" title="Pedro Afonso, Count of Barcelos">Pedro Afonso</a>, Portuguese nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Majorca" title="Philip of Majorca">Philip of Majorca</a>, Aragonese prince and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1343" title="1343">1343</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Despr%C3%A8s" title="Pierre Desprès">Pierre Desprès</a>, French cardinal and diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1361" title="1361">1361</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1289</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Afonso_Sanches,_Lord_of_Albuquerque" title="Afonso Sanches, Lord of Albuquerque">Afonso Sanches</a>, Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1329" title="1329">1329</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X</a> (<b>the Quarrelsome</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1316" title="1316">1316</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus III of Bohemia">Wenceslaus III</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Croatia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1306" title="1306">1306</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_de_la_Cerda_of_Spain" title="Alfonso de la Cerda of Spain">Alfonso de la Cerda</a>, Spanish nobleman and archdeacon (d. <a href="/wiki/1327" title="1327">1327</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Comyn,_Countess_of_Buchan" title="Alice Comyn, Countess of Buchan">Alice Comyn</a>, Scottish noblewoman (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Brienne" title="County of Brienne">House of Brienne</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1349" title="1349">1349</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnchadh_IV,_Earl_of_Fife" title="Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife">Donnchadh IV</a>, Scottish nobleman, <a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">magnate</a> and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1353" title="1353">1353</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Anjou" title="Eleanor of Anjou">Eleanor of Anjou</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">House of Anjou</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1341" title="1341">1341</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Fair" title="Frederick the Fair">Frederick the Fair</a> (or <b>the Handsome</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1330" title="1330">1330</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Artois,_Countess_of_Foix" title="Joan of Artois, Countess of Foix">Joan of Artois</a>, French noblewoman and ruler (<i><a href="/wiki/Suo_jure" title="Suo jure">suo jure</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ton%27a" title="Ton'a">Ton'a</a> (or <b>Tonna</b>), Japanese <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhist</a> poet and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1372" title="1372">1372</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Shareshull" title="William de Shareshull">William de Shareshull</a>, English lawyer and chief justice (d. <a href="/wiki/1370" title="1370">1370</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1280" title="1280">1280</a>, <a href="/wiki/1281" title="1281">1281</a>, <a href="/wiki/1282" title="1282">1282</a>, <a href="/wiki/1283" title="1283">1283</a>, <a href="/wiki/1284" title="1284">1284</a>, <a href="/wiki/1285" title="1285">1285</a>, <a href="/wiki/1286" title="1286">1286</a>, <a href="/wiki/1287" title="1287">1287</a>, <a href="/wiki/1288" title="1288">1288</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1289" title="1289">1289</a></div> <p><b>1280</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_10" title="February 10">February 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_II,_Countess_of_Flanders" title="Margaret II, Countess of Flanders">Margaret II, Countess of Flanders</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1202" title="1202">1202</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Magnus_VI_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus VI of Norway">Magnus VI of Norway</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">August 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Pope Nicholas III</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_15" title="November 15">November 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a>, German theologian<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Approximate date</i> – <a href="/wiki/Ertu%C4%9Frul" title="Ertuğrul">Ertuğrul</a>, Ottoman bey, father of Osman I<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>1281</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_16" title="February 16">February 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_of_Hohenberg" title="Gertrude of Hohenberg">Gertrude of Hohenberg</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1225" title="1225">1225</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chabi" title="Chabi">Chabi</a>, Mongol empress and wife of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (b. 1225)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">March 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Mure" title="Conrad of Mure">Conrad of Mure</a>, Swiss monk, scholar and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Berkeley" title="Maurice de Berkeley">Maurice de Berkeley</a>, English nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">September 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Stendal" title="John II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal">John II</a>, margrave of <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>-<a href="/wiki/Stendal" title="Stendal">Stendal</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1237" title="1237">1237</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20" title="September 20">September 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_I,_Lord_of_Hanau" title="Reinhard I, Lord of Hanau">Reinhard I</a>, German nobleman and knight (b. 1225)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Greater_Poland" title="Constance of Greater Poland">Constance of Greater Poland</a>, Polish princess (b. <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry V, Count of Luxembourg">Henry V</a> (<b>the Great</b>), count of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1216" title="1216">1216</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fern%C3%A1ndez_el_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Alfonso Fernández el Niño">Alfonso Fernández el Niño</a>, Spanish nobleman and prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1243" title="1243">1243</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Hungary_(Byzantine_empress)" title="Anna of Hungary (Byzantine empress)">Anna of Hungary</a>, Byzantine empress (House of Árpád) (b. <a href="/wiki/1260" title="1260">1260</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_von_Schauenburg" title="Bruno von Schauenburg">Bruno von Schauenburg</a>, German bishop, advisor and diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ertu%C4%9Frul" title="Ertuğrul">Ertuğrul Ghazi</a>, Turkish ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1198" title="1198">1198</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Yusof_Sarvestani" title="Sheikh Yusof Sarvestani">Sheikh Yusof Sarvestani</a>, Persian astronomer and calligrapher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Heng" title="Xu Heng">Xu Heng</a>, Chinese scholar, official and philosopher (b. <a href="/wiki/1209" title="1209">1209</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1282</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Yoshimasa" title="Hōjō Yoshimasa">Hōjō Yoshimasa</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1243" title="1243">1243</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guiscardo_Suardi" title="Guiscardo Suardi">Guiscardo Suardi</a>, Italian prelate and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Mouskes" title="Philippe Mouskes">Philippe Mouskes</a>, French bishop and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">March 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Bohemia" title="Agnes of Bohemia">Agnes of Bohemia</a>, Bohemian princess (b. <a href="/wiki/1211" title="1211">1211</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Benvenutus_Scotivoli" title="Benvenutus Scotivoli">Benvenutus Scotivoli</a>, Italian priest and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa Khan</a>, Mongol ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1234" title="1234">1234</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Ayglerius" title="Bernard Ayglerius">Bernard Ayglerius</a> (or Aygler), French cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1216" title="1216">1216</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fanakati" title="Ahmad Fanakati">Ahmad Fanakati</a>, Persian minister and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Tem%C3%BCr_(Ilkhanate)" title="Möngke Temür (Ilkhanate)">Möngke Temür</a>, Mongol ruler of <a href="/wiki/Salghurids" title="Salghurids">Shiraz</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1256" title="1256">1256</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_29" title="April 29">April 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Bray" title="Guillaume de Bray">Guillaume de Bray</a>, French prelate and cardinal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_16" title="May 16">May 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_III_of_Piedmont" title="Thomas III of Piedmont">Thomas III</a>, Savoyan nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_de_Montfort" title="Eleanor de Montfort">Eleanor de Montfort</a>, princess of Wales (b. <a href="/wiki/1252" title="1252">1252</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Cantilupe" title="Thomas de Cantilupe">Thomas de Cantilupe</a>, English bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ingrid_of_Sk%C3%A4nninge" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ingrid of Skänninge">Ingrid of Skänninge</a>, Swedish noblewoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_13" title="October 13">October 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhist</a> priest (b. <a href="/wiki/1222" title="1222">1222</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_27" title="October 27">October 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_1st_Baron_Mortimer_of_Wigmore" title="Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer of Wigmore">Roger Mortimer</a>, English nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1231" title="1231">1231</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">October 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan" title="Ibn Khallikan">Ibn Khallikan</a>, Barmakid historian (b. 1211)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_de_Tany" title="Luke de Tany">Luke de Tany</a>, English nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Seneschal_of_Gascony" title="Seneschal of Gascony">seneschal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Clifford_(died_1282)" title="Roger de Clifford (died 1282)">Roger de Clifford</a>, English nobleman and knight</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">December 11</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a>, prince of Wales (b. <a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a>, Byzantine emperor<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wichard_of_Pohlheim" title="Wichard of Pohlheim">Wichard of Pohlheim</a>, German bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_de_la_Roche" title="Alice de la Roche">Alice de la Roche</a>, Outremer noblewoman and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Sinigardi" title="Benedetto Sinigardi">Benedetto Sinigardi</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> friar (b. <a href="/wiki/1190" title="1190">1190</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Akropolites" title="George Akropolites">George Akropolites</a>, Byzantine historian and statesman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Benin" title="Hugh de Benin">Hugh de Benin</a> (or Benhyem), Scottish cleric and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella,_Lady_of_Beirut" title="Isabella, Lady of Beirut">Isabella of Ibelin</a>, Outremer noblewoman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Ibelin" title="House of Ibelin">House of Ibelin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sambiria" title="Margaret Sambiria">Margaret Sambiria</a>, Danish queen and regent (b. <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_IV,_Count_of_Dreux" title="Robert IV, Count of Dreux">Robert IV</a>, French nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Dreux" title="House of Dreux">House of Dreux</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Neville" title="Robert de Neville">Robert de Neville</a>, English nobleman and knight (b. 1223)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_4th_High_Steward_of_Scotland" title="Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland">Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland</a> (Alexander of Dundonald), Scottish nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1283</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_9" title="January 9">January 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wen_Tianxiang" title="Wen Tianxiang">Wen Tianxiang</a>, Chinese poet and politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1236" title="1236">1236</a>)</li> <li>February/March – <a href="/wiki/Yaghmurasen_ibn_Zyan" title="Yaghmurasen ibn Zyan">Yaghmurasen ibn Zyan</a>, Zayyanid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1206" title="1206">1206</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Constantinople" title="Joseph I of Constantinople">Joseph I of Constantinople</a> (<i>Galesiotes</i>), Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> and patriarch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Scotland,_Queen_of_Norway" title="Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway">Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway</a>, the Maid of Scotland, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1261" title="1261">1261</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Bradfield_(bishop)" title="John Bradfield (bishop)">John Bradfield</a>, English bishop and <a href="/wiki/Precentor" title="Precentor">precentor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_7" title="June 7">June 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Holy_Island" title="Robert of Holy Island">Robert of Holy Island</a>, English Benedictine monk and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Navarre,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Blanche of Navarre, Duchess of Brittany">Blanche of Navarre, Duchess of Brittany</a>, Breton noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1226" title="1226">1226</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_26" title="September 26">September 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Princess_Kuniko" title="Princess Kuniko">Princess Kuniko</a> (or Hoshi), Japanese empress (b. <a href="/wiki/1209" title="1209">1209</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_3" title="October 3">October 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Gruffydd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dafydd ap Gruffydd">Dafydd ap Gruffydd</a>, Welsh prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1238" title="1238">1238</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Ledesma" title="Peter of Castile, Lord of Ledesma">Peter of Castile, Lord of Ledesma</a>, Spanish prince (<i><a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">infante</a></i>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1260" title="1260">1260</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">October 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Werle" title="John I of Werle">John I of Werle</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Mecklenburg" title="House of Mecklenburg">House of Mecklenburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">November 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_of_Montfort,_Lord_of_Tyre" title="John of Montfort, Lord of Tyre">John of Montfort, Lord of Tyre</a>, Outremer nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">November 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_of_Vercelli" title="John of Vercelli">John of Vercelli</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Order_of_Preachers" title="Master of the Order of Preachers">Master General</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1205" title="1205">1205</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_8" title="December 8">December 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Ware" title="Richard of Ware">Richard of Ware</a>, English abbot and theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_15" title="December 15">December 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Latin_Emperor" title="Philip I, Latin Emperor">Philip I</a> (or Courtenay), Latin Emperor of Constantinople (b. <a href="/wiki/1243" title="1243">1243</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Manuel_of_Castile" title="Manuel of Castile">Manuel of Castile</a>, Spanish nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1234" title="1234">1234</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abutsu-ni" title="Abutsu-ni">Abutsu-ni</a>, Japanese noblewoman, nun, poet and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1222" title="1222">1222</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvayni" title="Ata-Malik Juvayni">Ata-Malik Juvayni</a>, Persian ruler, historian and writer (b. 1226)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_III,_Count_of_Weimar-Orlam%C3%BCnde" title="Hermann III, Count of Weimar-Orlamünde">Hermann III</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">House of Ascania</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_Urmavi" title="Siraj al-Din Urmavi">Siraj al-Din Urmavi</a>, Ayyubid scholar and philosopher (b. <a href="/wiki/1198" title="1198">1198</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Daoqing" title="Xie Daoqing">Xie Daoqing</a>, Chinese empress consort and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_of_Vianden" title="Yolanda of Vianden">Yolanda of Vianden</a>, Luxembourgian nun and prioress (b. <a href="/wiki/1231" title="1231">1231</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a>, Persian astronomer and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1203" title="1203">1203</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1284</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Qonqurtai" title="Qonqurtai">Qonqurtai</a>, Mongol nobleman and viceroy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexander,_Prince_of_Scotland" title="Alexander, Prince of Scotland">Alexander</a>, Scottish prince and heir (b. <a href="/wiki/1264" title="1264">1264</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_of_Montfort" title="Humphrey of Montfort">Humphrey of Montfort</a>, Outremer nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_III_of_Cyprus" title="Hugh III of Cyprus">Hugh III</a> (<b>the Great</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1235" title="1235">1235</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a> (<b>the Wise</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1221" title="1221">1221</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_I,_Count_of_Alen%C3%A7on" title="Peter I, Count of Alençon">Peter I</a>, French nobleman and prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1251" title="1251">1251</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Holland" title="Adelaide of Holland">Adelaide of Holland</a>, Dutch noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jordan_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Jordan of Osnabrück">Jordan of Osnabrück</a>, German political writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Tokimune" title="Hōjō Tokimune">Hōjō Tokimune</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. 1251)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_30" title="July 30">July 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sturla_%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0arson" title="Sturla Þórðarson">Sturla Þórðarson</a>, Icelandic chieftain (b. <a href="/wiki/1214" title="1214">1214</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_9" title="August 9">August 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Cameros" title="James of Castile, Lord of Cameros">James of Castile</a>, son of Alfonso X (b. <a href="/wiki/1268" title="1268">1268</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tekuder" title="Tekuder">Tekuder</a>, Mongol ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1246" title="1246">1246</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alphonso,_Earl_of_Chester" title="Alphonso, Earl of Chester">Alphonso</a>, English nobleman and heir (b. <a href="/wiki/1273" title="1273">1273</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">August 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Sanetsune" title="Ichijō Sanetsune">Ichijō Sanetsune</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Juvayni" title="Shams al-Din Juvayni">Shams al-Din Juvayni</a>, Persian ruler and vizier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_9" title="November 9">November 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a>, Dutch philosopher (b. <a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_II_Muhammad" title="Al-Mansur II Muhammad">Al-Mansur II Muhammad</a>, Ayyubid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hama</a> (b. 1214)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kammuna" title="Ibn Kammuna">Ibn Kammuna</a>, Arab Jewish philosopher and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Komnene_Palaiologina" title="Irene Komnene Palaiologina">Irene Komnene Palaiologina</a>, Byzantine princess (b. <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isa_ibn_Muhanna" title="Isa ibn Muhanna">Isa ibn Muhanna</a>, Mamluk ruler, commander and prince</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Derlington" title="John de Derlington">John de Derlington</a>, English archbishop and theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaykhusraw_III" title="Kaykhusraw III">Kaykhusraw III</a>, Seljuk ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li></ul> <p><b>1285</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">January 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">House of Anjou</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1227" title="1227">1227</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_of_Landsberg" title="Theodoric of Landsberg">Theodoric of Landsberg</a>, German nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1242" title="1242">1242</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_28" title="March 28">March 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a>, pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (approximate date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Ros_(died_1285)" title="Robert de Ros (died 1285)">Robert de Ros</a>, English nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1235" title="1235">1235</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Cyprus" title="John I of Cyprus">John I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Lusignan" title="House of Lusignan">House of Lusignan</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1268" title="1268">1268</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_I_van_Brederode" title="William I van Brederode">William I van Brederode</a>, Dutch nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a>, Ethiopian ruler (<a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">House of Solomon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Flanders,_Duchess_of_Brabant" title="Margaret of Flanders, Duchess of Brabant">Margaret of Flanders</a>, French noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1251" title="1251">1251</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">July 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tile_Kolup" title="Tile Kolup">Tile Kolup</a>, German impostor claiming to be <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_28" title="July 28">July 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Keran,_Queen_of_Armenia" title="Keran, Queen of Armenia">Keran of Lampron</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician Armenia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1260" title="1260">1260</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_30" title="July 30">July 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="John I, Duke of Saxony">John I</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">House of Ascania</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_16" title="August 16">August 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Philip I, Count of Savoy">Philip I</a>, French nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1207" title="1207">1207</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Reade_(bishop)" title="William Reade (bishop)">William Reade</a>, English bishop and theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1183" title="1183">1183</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">August 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_Benizi_de_Damiani" title="Philip Benizi de Damiani">Philip Benizi</a>, Italian monk and religious leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1233" title="1233">1233</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_de_Wickwane" title="William de Wickwane">William de Wickwane</a>, English cleric and archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kunigunda_of_Halych" title="Kunigunda of Halych">Kunigunda of Halych</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_26" title="September 26">September 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theobald_Butler,_4th_Chief_Butler_of_Ireland" title="Theobald Butler, 4th Chief Butler of Ireland">Theobald Butler</a>, Norman chief governor (b. 1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a>) (b. 1245)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2" title="November 2">November 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III</a> (<b>the Great</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1239" title="1239">1239</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fulke_Lovell" title="Fulke Lovell">Fulke Lovell</a>, English archdeacon and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_21" title="December 21">December 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_%C3%81lvarez" title="Ordoño Álvarez">Ordoño Álvarez</a>, archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1198" title="1198">1198</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Baqa_ar-Rundi" title="Abu al-Baqa ar-Rundi">Abu al-Baqa al-Rundi</a>, Andalusian poet and literary critic (b. <a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_III,_Count_of_Oldenburg" title="Christian III, Count of Oldenburg">Christian III</a>, German nobleman and knight (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_of_Buxhoeveden,_Bishop_of_%C3%96sel-Wiek" title="Hermann of Buxhoeveden, Bishop of Ösel-Wiek">Hermann of Buxhoeveden</a>, German cleric and bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_Shaddad" title="Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad">Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad</a>, Syrian scholar and historian (b. <a href="/wiki/1217" title="1217">1217</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Lobeira" title="João de Lobeira">João de Lobeira</a>, Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> and writer (b. 1233)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lorgne" title="Nicolas Lorgne">Nicolas Lorgne</a>, French nobleman, knight and Grand Master</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Count_of_Weimar-Orlam%C3%BCnde" title="Otto III, Count of Weimar-Orlamünde">Otto III</a> (or <b>IV</b>), German nobleman (House of Ascania) (b. <a href="/wiki/1244" title="1244">1244</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Malatesta" title="Paolo Malatesta">Paolo Malatesta</a> (<b>the Beautiful</b>), Italian nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Segni" title="Paul of Segni">Paul of Segni</a>, Italian nobleman, friar, bishop and <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Philippe_De_Carteret,_3rd_Seigneur_of_Saint_Ouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Philippe De Carteret, 3rd Seigneur of Saint Ouen">Philippe de Carteret</a>, Norman nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1205" title="1205">1205</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a>, Egyptian scholar and jurist (b. <a href="/wiki/1228" title="1228">1228</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1286</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene_Doukaina" title="Anna Komnene Doukaina">Anna Komnene Doukaina</a>, princess of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_5" title="January 5">January 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zhenjin" title="Zhenjin">Zhenjin</a> (or <b>Chingkim</b>), Mongol prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1243" title="1243">1243</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Luca_Belludi" title="Luca Belludi">Luca Belludi</a>, Italian friar and religious leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">March 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Ariko" title="Fujiwara no Ariko">Fujiwara no Ariko</a>, Japanese empress (b. <a href="/wiki/1207" title="1207">1207</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a> (or <a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">18</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf_Yaqub_ibn_Abd_al-Haqq" title="Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq">Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq</a>, Marinid ruler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Buluqhan_Khatun" title="Buluqhan Khatun">Buluqhan Khatun</a> (or <b>Bulugan</b>), Mongol princess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Balsham" title="Hugh de Balsham">Hugh de Balsham</a>, English sub-<a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">prior</a> and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_5" title="July 5">July 5</a> (or <a href="/wiki/July_4" title="July 4">4</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Hartmann_of_Dillingen" title="Hartmann of Dillingen">Hartmann V</a>, German nobleman and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_30" title="July 30">July 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a>, Syrian scholar and bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1226" title="1226">1226</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">September 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mugaku_Sogen" title="Mugaku Sogen">Mugaku Sogen</a>, Chinese adviser (b. 1226)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_3" title="October 3">October 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Tameuji" title="Nijō Tameuji">Fujiwara no Tameuji</a>, Japanese poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1222" title="1222">1222</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John I, Duke of Brittany">John I</a> (<b>the Red</b>), English nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anchero_Pantal%C3%A9one" title="Anchero Pantaléone">Anchero Pantaléone</a>, French cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_9" title="November 9">November 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roger_Northwode" title="Roger Northwode">Roger Northwode</a>, English nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_22" title="November 22">November 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eric_V_of_Denmark" title="Eric V of Denmark">Eric V</a> (<b>Klipping</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_15" title="December 15">December 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_de_Warenne_(1256%E2%80%931286)" title="William de Warenne (1256–1286)">William de Warenne</a>, English knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1256" title="1256">1256</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_of_Siena" title="Ambrose of Siena">Ambrose of Siena</a>, Italian nobleman and missionary (b. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlotto_of_Prato" title="Arlotto of Prato">Arlotto of Prato</a>, Italian friar, Minister General and theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Castile,_Marchioness_of_Montferrat" title="Beatrice of Castile, Marchioness of Montferrat">Beatrice of Castile</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X</a> (<b>the Wise</b>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1254" title="1254">1254</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Morneweg" title="Bertram Morneweg">Bertram Morneweg</a>, German merchant, traveler and councilor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27id_al-Maghribi" title="Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi">Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi</a>, Andalusian historian and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1213" title="1213">1213</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_I_the_Learned" title="Jacob I the Learned">Jacob I</a> (<b>the Learned</b>), Armenian cleric, catholicos and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantaleone_Giustinian" title="Pantaleone Giustinian">Pantaleone Giustinian</a>, Latin cleric, <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> and patriarch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Coral" title="Pierre Coral">Pierre Coral</a>, French monk, priest, <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a>, historian and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_FitzPiers" title="Reginald FitzPiers">Reynold FitzPiers</a>, English nobleman, High Sheriff and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Din_Harun_Juvayni" title="Sharaf al-Din Harun Juvayni">Sharaf al-Din Harun Juvayni</a> (or <b>Joveyni</b>), Persian statesman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_II_of_Clermont" title="Simon II of Clermont">Simon II of Clermont</a>, French nobleman and regent (b. 1210)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Denmark" title="Sophia of Denmark">Sophia of Denmark</a> (<b>Eriksdotter</b>), queen of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (b. 1241)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Moerbeke" title="William of Moerbeke">William of Moerbeke</a>, Flemish philosopher and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1287</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_3" title="April 3">April 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a>, pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Pyissi" title="Ananda Pyissi">Ananda Pyissi</a>, Burmese chief minister and general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narathihapate" title="Narathihapate">Narathihapate</a> (or <b>Sithu IV</b>), Burmese ruler (b. <a href="/wiki/1238" title="1238">1238</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Evesham" title="Hugh of Evesham">Hugh of Evesham</a>, English cardinal and physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_13" title="August 13">August 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Shigetoki_(born_1241)" title="Hōjō Shigetoki (born 1241)">Hōjō Shigetoki</a>, Japanese nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">August 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Clare,_Lord_of_Thomond" title="Thomas de Clare, Lord of Thomond">Thomas de Clare</a>, Norman nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">August 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Konrad_von_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Konrad von Würzburg">Konrad von Würzburg</a>, German poet and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Orsini_(died_1287)" title="Giordano Orsini (died 1287)">Giordano Orsini</a>, Italian deacon and cardinal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_19" title="October 19">October 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_VII_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond VII of Antioch">Bohemond VII</a>, Outremer nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1261" title="1261">1261</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bersted" title="Stephen Bersted">Stephen Bersted</a>, English cleric and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_al-Mursi" title="Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi">Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi</a>, Andalusian <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1219" title="1219">1219</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a> (or <b>Achu</b>), Mongol general and chancellor (b. <a href="/wiki/1227" title="1227">1227</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Bernhard I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernhard I</a>, German prince (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">House of Ascania</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffredo_da_Alatri" title="Goffredo da Alatri">Goffredo da Alatri</a>, Italian nobleman, canon and cardinal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Norway" title="Ingeborg of Denmark, Queen of Norway">Ingeborg Eriksdotter</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1244" title="1244">1244</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Dafydd" title="Llywelyn ap Dafydd">Llywelyn ap Dafydd</a>, Welsh nobleman and prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1267" title="1267">1267</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prijezda_I,_Ban_of_Bosnia" title="Prijezda I, Ban of Bosnia">Prijezda I</a>, Bosnian nobleman (<a href="/wiki/Ban_(title)" title="Ban (title)"><i>ban</i></a>) and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1211" title="1211">1211</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_de_la_Roche" title="William I de la Roche">William I de la Roche</a>, Latin nobleman and vicar-general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Ferrers_of_Groby" title="William de Ferrers of Groby">William de Ferrers</a>, English nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziemomys%C5%82_of_Kuyavia" title="Ziemomysł of Kuyavia">Ziemomysł of Kuyavia</a>, Polish prince and knight (b. 1245)</li></ul> <p><b>1288</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_15" title="February 15">February 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Margrave_of_Meissen" title="Henry III, Margrave of Meissen">Henry III</a> (<b>the Illustrious</b>), German nobleman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_of_Austria" title="Gertrude of Austria">Gertrude of Austria</a>, Austrian noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1226" title="1226">1226</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Count_of_Luxembourg" title="Henry VI, Count of Luxembourg">Henry VI</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> (<b>the Condemned</b>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waleran_I,_Lord_of_Ligny" title="Waleran I, Lord of Ligny">Waleran I</a>, French nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_8" title="June 8">June 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lope_D%C3%ADaz_III_de_Haro" title="Lope Díaz III de Haro">Lope Díaz III</a>, Spanish nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_IV_von_Algertshausen" title="Siegfried IV von Algertshausen">Siegfried IV</a>, German nobleman and prince-bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_de_Fulbourn" title="Stephen de Fulbourn">Stephen de Fulbourn</a>, English archbishop and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alix_of_Brittany,_Dame_de_Pontarcy" title="Alix of Brittany, Dame de Pontarcy">Alix of Brittany</a> (or <b>Blois</b>), Breton noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1243" title="1243">1243</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Dampierre" title="Agnes of Dampierre">Agnes of Dampierre</a>, French noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1237" title="1237">1237</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Brabant,_Countess_of_Artois" title="Matilda of Brabant, Countess of Artois">Matilda of Brabant</a>, French noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1224" title="1224">1224</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">September 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leszek_II_the_Black" title="Leszek II the Black">Leszek II</a> (<b>the Black</b>), Polish nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Brabant" title="Beatrice of Brabant">Beatrice of Brabant</a>, countess of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1225" title="1225">1225</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_19" title="November 19">November 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" title="Rudolf I, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Rudolf I</a>, German nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a>, Syrian scholar and <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1213" title="1213">1213</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_III_des_Porcellets" title="Guillaume III des Porcellets">Guillaume III</a>, French nobleman, <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)" title="Chamberlain (office)">chamberlain</a> and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1217" title="1217">1217</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Matilda of Holstein">Matilda of Holstein</a> (or <b>Mechthild</b>), queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Ting" title="Shang Ting">Shang Ting</a>, Chinese calligrapher, poet and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1209" title="1209">1209</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikkana" title="Tikkana">Tikkana Somayaji</a>, Indian Prime-Minister and poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1205" title="1205">1205</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qinghui" title="Wang Qinghui">Wang Qinghui</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubine</a>, poet and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1264" title="1264">1264</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1289</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_16" title="January 16">January 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Buqa" title="Buqa">Buqa</a> (or <b>Bugha</b>), Mongol nobleman and chancellor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Przemko_of_%C5%9Acinawa" title="Przemko of Ścinawa">Przemko of Ścinawa</a>, Polish nobleman and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maud_de_Lacy,_Countess_of_Gloucester" title="Maud de Lacy, Countess of Gloucester">Maud de Lacy</a> (or <b>Matilda</b>), English noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_12" title="March 12">March 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_Georgia" title="Demetrius II of Georgia">Demetrius II</a> (<b>the Devoted</b>), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1259" title="1259">1259</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_of_Parma" title="John of Parma">John of Parma</a>, Italian priest and theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1209" title="1209">1209</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_19" title="April 19">April 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Ascoli" title="Conrad of Ascoli">Conrad of Ascoli</a>, Italian monk and missionary (b. <a href="/wiki/1234" title="1234">1234</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_V,_Count_of_Zollern" title="Frederick V, Count of Zollern">Frederick V</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_27" title="May 27">May 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Lord_of_Mecklenburg" title="John III, Lord of Mecklenburg">John III</a>, German nobleman and co-ruler of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bonconte_I_da_Montefeltro" title="Bonconte I da Montefeltro">Bonconte I da Montefeltro</a>, Italian nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Patrick_III,_Earl_of_Dunbar" title="Patrick III, Earl of Dunbar">Patrick III</a>, Scottish nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1213" title="1213">1213</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Comyn,_Earl_of_Buchan" title="Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan">Alexander Comyn</a>, Scoto-Norman nobleman, magnate and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentivenga_da_Bentivengi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bentivenga da Bentivengi">Bentivenga da Bentivengi</a>, Italian monk, cleric and cardinal-bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Birgersdotter" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Birgersdotter">Catherine Birgersdotter</a>, Swedish noblewoman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bj%C3%A4lbo" title="House of Bjälbo">House of Bjälbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mac_Cerbaill" title="David Mac Cerbaill">David Mac Cerbaill</a> (or <b>MacCarwell</b>), Irish monk and archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_L%C3%B3pez_IV_de_Haro" title="Diego López IV de Haro">Diego López IV</a>, Spanish nobleman and knight (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Haro" title="House of Haro">House of Haro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudes_de_Montreuil" title="Eudes de Montreuil">Eudes de Montreuil</a>, French master builder, sculptor and engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_Iraqi" title="Fakhr al-Din Iraqi">Fakhr al-Din Iraqi</a> (or <b>Araqi</b>), Persian poet, philosopher and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruffydd_Fychan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruffydd Fychan I">Gruffydd Fychan I</a>, English nobleman and prince of <a href="/wiki/Powys_Fadog" title="Powys Fadog">Powys Fadog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_III,_Count_of_Saint-Pol" title="Guy III, Count of Saint-Pol">Guy III</a>, French nobleman, knight and regent (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="House of Châtillon">House of Châtillon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il-yeon" title="Il-yeon">Il-yeon</a>, Korean Buddhist monk, historian and calligrapher (b. <a href="/wiki/1206" title="1206">1206</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippen" title="Ippen">Ippen</a> (or <b>Zuien</b>), Japanese Buddhist monk and preacher (b. 1234)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_de_Dacia_(Swedish_monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus de Dacia (Swedish monk)">Petrus de Dacia</a>, Swedish monk, hagiographer and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1235" title="1235">1235</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugolino_della_Gherardesca" title="Ugolino della Gherardesca">Ugolino della Gherardesca</a>, Italian nobleman, politician and admiral</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1280s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1280s" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1280s">1280s</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFancy2016" class="citation book cs1">Fancy, Hussein (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6HqbCwAAQBAJ&q=1280+Battle+of+Mocl%C3%ADn&pg=PA121"><i>The Mercenary Mediterranean: Sovereignty, Religion, and Violence in the Medieval Crown of Aragon</i></a>. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226329789" title="Special:BookSources/9780226329789"><bdi>9780226329789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mercenary+Mediterranean%3A+Sovereignty%2C+Religion%2C+and+Violence+in+the+Medieval+Crown+of+Aragon&rft.place=Chicago+and+London&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780226329789&rft.aulast=Fancy&rft.aufirst=Hussein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6HqbCwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1280%2BBattle%2Bof%2BMocl%25C3%25ADn%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawfordCrawford1996" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Lillie Rollins; Crawford, Robert Junious (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EqtPAAAAMAAJ&q=1280+swedish+nobility"><i>Roos Af Hjelmsäter: A Swedish Noble Family with Allied Families and Emigrants</i></a>. Baltimore, MD: Gateway Press. p. 493.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roos+Af+Hjelms%C3%A4ter%3A+A+Swedish+Noble+Family+with+Allied+Families+and+Emigrants&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pages=493&rft.pub=Gateway+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Lillie+Rollins&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Robert+Junious&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEqtPAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D1280%2Bswedish%2Bnobility&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffreysHaldonCormack2008" class="citation book cs1">Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Haldon, John; Cormack, Robin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LqxfDwAAQBAJ&q=1280+Ivan+Asen+III&pg=PA966"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies</i></a>. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Byzantine+Studies&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&rft.pages=966&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Jeffreys&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Haldon%2C+John&rft.au=Cormack%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLqxfDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1280%2BIvan%2BAsen%2BIII%26pg%3DPA966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2011" class="citation book cs1">Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011-07-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WjQfo3a1eVMC&q=1280++syria+mamluk&pg=PA559"><i>Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 559. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598843361" title="Special:BookSources/9781598843361"><bdi>9781598843361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Conquest+in+the+Islamic+World%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA%2C+Denver%2C+CO+and+Oxford&rft.pages=559&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011-07-31&rft.isbn=9781598843361&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWjQfo3a1eVMC%26q%3D1280%2B%2Bsyria%2Bmamluk%26pg%3DPA559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoss1991" class="citation book cs1">Coss, Peter R. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ndh9zotj5DcC&q=1280+Hundred+Rolls&pg=PA91"><i>Lordship, Knighthood and Locality: A Study in English Society, C.1180-1280</i></a>. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521402965" title="Special:BookSources/9780521402965"><bdi>9780521402965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lordship%2C+Knighthood+and+Locality%3A+A+Study+in+English+Society%2C+C.1180-1280&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York%2C+Melbourne&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780521402965&rft.aulast=Coss&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dndh9zotj5DcC%26q%3D1280%2BHundred%2BRolls%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedhamLingGwei-Djen2000" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Joseph; Ling, Wang; Gwei-Djen, Lu (2000) [1971]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l6TVhvYLaEwC&q=1280+Grand+Canal+China&pg=PA359"><i>Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics</i></a>. Vol. IV. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid: Cambridge University Press. p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521070607" title="Special:BookSources/9780521070607"><bdi>9780521070607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%3A+Volume+4%2C+Physics+and+Physical+Technology%2C+Part+3%2C+Civil+Engineering+and+Nautics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York%2C+Melbourne%2C+Madrid&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521070607&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Ling%2C+Wang&rft.au=Gwei-Djen%2C+Lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl6TVhvYLaEwC%26q%3D1280%2BGrand%2BCanal%2BChina%26pg%3DPA359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2016" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Christian (2016) [2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzQrDwAAQBAJ&q=1280+lincoln+cathedral&pg=PA158">"Architecture, Liturgy and Processions: Bishop Grosseteste's Lincoln and Bishop Poore's Salisbury"</a>. In Temple, Nicholas; Hendrix, John Shannon; Frost, Christian (eds.). <i>Bishop Robert Grosseteste and Lincoln Cathedral: Tracing Relationships between Medieval Concepts of Order and Built Form</i>. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351573580" title="Special:BookSources/9781351573580"><bdi>9781351573580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Architecture%2C+Liturgy+and+Processions%3A+Bishop+Grosseteste%27s+Lincoln+and+Bishop+Poore%27s+Salisbury&rft.btitle=Bishop+Robert+Grosseteste+and+Lincoln+Cathedral%3A+Tracing+Relationships+between+Medieval+Concepts+of+Order+and+Built+Form&rft.place=Abingdon+and+New+York&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781351573580&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzQrDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1280%2Blincoln%2Bcathedral%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2012" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&q=1280+Maori+new+zealand&pg=PA172"><i>Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO and Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598846591" title="Special:BookSources/9781598846591"><bdi>9781598846591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA%2C+Denver%2C+CO+and+Oxford&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781598846591&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DabNDLZQ6quYC%26q%3D1280%2BMaori%2Bnew%2Bzealand%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozelotLefebvre2006" class="citation book cs1">Rozelot, Jean-Pierre; Lefebvre, Sandrine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ya6BQAAQBAJ&q=1280+wolf+minimum+solar&pg=PA15">"Advances in Understanding Elements of the Sun - Earth Links"</a>. 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(1976). <i>The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries</i>, p. 137. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-114-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-114-0">0-87169-114-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geanakoplos, Deno John (1959). <i>Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258-1282: A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations</i>, pp. 341–42. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1011763434">1011763434</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 81. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hywel Williams (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 149. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 327. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, pp. 327–328. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Stanford (1976). <i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey</i>, pp. 13–14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29163-7">978-0-521-29163-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Paul K. (1999). <i>100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present</i>, p. 145. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514366-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514366-9">978-0-19-514366-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro2003" class="citation journal cs1">Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 506–562.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Medieval+Origins+of+the+Financial+Revolution&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=506-562&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kleinherz, Christopher (2004). <i>Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia</i>, p. 473. Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeynier2010" class="citation book cs1">Meynier, Gilbert (2010). <i>L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)</i>. Paris: La Découverte. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5231-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5231-2"><bdi>978-2-7071-5231-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Alg%C3%A9rie+c%C5%93ur+du+Maghreb+classique.+De+l%27ouverture+islamo-arabe+au+repli+%28658-1518%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2&rft.aulast=Meynier&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 82. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, Marc (2008). <i>A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain</i>, p. 180. London: Hutchinson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-179684-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-179684-6">978-0-09-179684-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 83. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaytor, H.J. (1933). <i>A History of Aragon and Catalonia</i>, p. 103. London: Methuen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-404-01479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-404-01479-7">978-0-404-01479-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Harris, Jonathan (2003). <i>Byzantium and the Crusades</i>, p. 180. London: Hambledon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-298-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-298-6">978-1-85285-298-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerend2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nora_Berend" class="mw-redirect" title="Nora Berend">Berend, Nora</a> (2001). <i>At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and "Pagans" in Medieval Hungary,</i> c. <i>1000</i>–c.<i>1300</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02720-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02720-5"><bdi>978-0-521-02720-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+Gate+of+Christendom%3A+Jews%2C+Muslims+and+%22Pagans%22+in+Medieval+Hungary%2C+c.+1000%26ndash%3Bc.1300&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02720-5&rft.aulast=Berend&rft.aufirst=Nora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prestwich, Michael (1997). <i>Edward I</i>, pp. 191–92 (updated ed.). 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Brill. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12951-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12951-0"><bdi>90-04-12951-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6TdP6b3f-TIC&q=christian+mercenaries+maghrib">the original</a> on November 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+Muslims%2C+and+Christians+in+and+around+the+Crown+of+Aragon%3A+essays+in+honour+of+Professor+Elena+Lourie&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-12951-0&rft.aulast=Lourie&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6TdP6b3f-TIC%26q%3Dchristian%2Bmercenaries%2Bmaghrib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuchkin1995" class="citation book cs1">Kuchkin, Vladímir Andreevich (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krotov.info/libr_min/11_k/uch/kin_10.htm"><i>Первый московский князь Даниил Александрович</i></a> [<i>The first Moscow prince, Danil Aleksandrovich</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Russian_History_(RAS_journal)" title="Russian History (RAS journal)">Russian History</a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Nauka_(publisher)" title="Nauka (publisher)">Nauka</a>. pp. 94–107. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0869-5687">0869-5687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C+%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft.series=Russian+History&rft.pages=94-107&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0869-5687&rft.aulast=Kuchkin&rft.aufirst=Vlad%C3%ADmir+Andreevich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrotov.info%2Flibr_min%2F11_k%2Fuch%2Fkin_10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuijderduijn2009" class="citation book cs1">Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). <i>Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)</i>. Leiden/Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17565-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17565-5"><bdi>978-90-04-17565-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Capital+Markets.+Markets+for+renten%2C+state+formation+and+private+investment+in+Holland+%281300-1550%29&rft.place=Leiden%2FBoston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17565-5&rft.aulast=Zuijderduijn&rft.aufirst=Jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 86. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaprindashvili, Ghivi (1975). <i>Ancient Monuments of Georgia: Vardzia</i>, pp. 7–25 (in English, Russian and Georgian). Aurora Art Publishers, Leningrad. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-68320-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-68320-7">978-1-135-68320-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fires-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fires_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Fires, Great", in <i>The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance</i>, p. 27. Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBH-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBH_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerPalmer1992" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). <i>The Chronology of British History</i>. London: Century Ltd. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2"><bdi>0-7126-5616-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronology+of+British+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=Century+Ltd&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7126-5616-2&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Hywel (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8"><bdi>0-304-35730-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Chronology+of+World+History&rft.pages=149&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-304-35730-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Hywel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellamy1970" class="citation book cs1">Bellamy, J. G. (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawoftreasoninen0000bell"><i>The Law of Treason in England in the Later Middle Ages</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-07830-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-07830-X"><bdi>0-521-07830-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Treason+in+England+in+the+Later+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-521-07830-X&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flawoftreasoninen0000bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 329. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeynier2010" class="citation book cs1">Meynier, Gilbert (2010). <i>L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)</i>. Paris: La Découverte. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5231-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5231-2"><bdi>978-2-7071-5231-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Alg%C3%A9rie+c%C5%93ur+du+Maghreb+classique.+De+l%27ouverture+islamo-arabe+au+repli+%28658-1518%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2&rft.aulast=Meynier&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delgado, James P. (2008). <i>Khubilai Khan's Lost Fleet: In Search of a Legendary Armada</i>, p. 158. Douglas & McIntyre. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25976-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25976-8">978-0-520-25976-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coedès, George (1968). <i>The Indianized States of South-East Asia</i>, pp. 193–194. University of Hawaii Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-824-80368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-824-80368-1">978-0-824-80368-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coedès, George (1968). <i>The Indianized States of South-East Asia</i>, pp. 127–128. University of Hawaii Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-824-80368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-824-80368-1">978-0-824-80368-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlace2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Place" title="Robert M. Place">Place, Robert M.</a> (2004). <i>Buddha Tarot</i>. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddha+Tarot&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Worldwide&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Place&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro2003" class="citation journal cs1">Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 506–562.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Medieval+Origins+of+the+Financial+Revolution&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=506-562&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 88. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927040611/http://eh.net/Clio/Conferences/ASSA/Jan_92/Greif%2C%20Milgrom%2C%20Winegast%20Abstra">"Lecture on Economics in 1284"</a>. Stanford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/Clio/Conferences/ASSA/Jan_92/Greif,%20Milgrom,%20Winegast%20Abstra">the original</a> on September 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lecture+on+Economics+in+1284&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feh.net%2FClio%2FConferences%2FASSA%2FJan_92%2FGreif%2C%2520Milgrom%2C%2520Winegast%2520Abstra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the earliest written record, of <a href="/wiki/1384" title="1384">1384</a>, in the city records of <a href="/wiki/Hamelin" title="Hamelin">Hamelin</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarty1994" class="citation book cs1">Harty, Sheila (1994). "Pied Piper Revisited". In Bridges, David; McLaughlin, Terence H. (eds.). <i>Education And The Market Place</i>. Routledge. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7507-0348-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7507-0348-2"><bdi>0-7507-0348-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pied+Piper+Revisited&rft.btitle=Education+And+The+Market+Place&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7507-0348-2&rft.aulast=Harty&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Hywel (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 150. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, David (2004). <i>The Struggle for Mastery: Britain, 1066–1284</i>, p. 511. London, UK: Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-140-14824-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-140-14824-8">0-140-14824-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, R. R. (2000). <i>The Age of Conquest: Wales, 1063–1415</i>, p. 368. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820878-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820878-2">0-19-820878-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meynier, Gilbert (2010). <i>L'Álgérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)</i>. Paris: La Découverte. pp. 161-63. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5231-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5231-2">978-2-7071-5231-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maltell.se/historia/artal.htm">"Årtal och händelser i Jönköping"</a> (in Swedish). Jönköpings historia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%85rtal+och+h%C3%A4ndelser+i+J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping&rft.pub=J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6pings+historia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaltell.se%2Fhistoria%2Fartal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_12.html">"Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts _ Hospitals"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Culture+and+the+Medical+Arts+_+Hospitals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fexhibition%2Fislamic_medical%2Fislamic_12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallam, Elizabeth M. (1980). <i>Capetian France: 987–1328</i>, p. 356. Longman. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40428-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40428-1">978-0-582-40428-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 90. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, pp. 90–91. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. 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Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, pp. 330–31. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone, Zofia (2017). <i>Genghis Khan: A Biography</i>, p. 76. 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(1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforeeuropeanhe00abul_1"><i>Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506774-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506774-6"><bdi>0-19-506774-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+European+Hegemony%3A+The+World+System+A.D.+1250-1350&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-506774-6&rft.aulast=Abu-Lughod&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeforeeuropeanhe00abul_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufhold2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kaufhold, Hubert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hugoye.bethmardutho.org/article/hv3n2kaufhold">"Notizen zur Späten Geschichte des Barsaumo-Klosters"</a>. <i>Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 227<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 332. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meynier, Gilbert (2010). <i>L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)</i>. 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Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 333. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 334. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2008" class="citation book cs1">Simons, Paul (2008). <i>Since Records Began</i>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-728463-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-728463-4"><bdi>978-0-00-728463-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Since+Records+Began&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-00-728463-4&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wheeler-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wheeler_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1896" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, William Henry (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openlibrary.org/books/OL24176538M/A_history_of_the_fens_of_south_Lincolnshire"><i>A History of the Fens of South Lincolnshire</i></a> (2nd ed.). Boston, London: J.M. Newcombe and Simpkin, Marshall & Co. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fahotfosl2e.50358">10.1680/ahotfosl2e.50358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Fens+of+South+Lincolnshire&rft.place=Boston%2C+London&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=J.M.+Newcombe+and+Simpkin%2C+Marshall+%26+Co.&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1680%2Fahotfosl2e.50358&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24176538M%2FA_history_of_the_fens_of_south_Lincolnshire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span>, quoting <i>Stow's chronicle</i> of 1287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris Rossabi (2014). <i>From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi</i>. BRILL. pp. 385–386. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28529-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28529-3">978-90-04-28529-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 337. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, pp. 337–338. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 339. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeynier2010" class="citation book cs1">Meynier, Gilbert (2010). <i>L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)</i>. Paris: La Découverte. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5231-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5231-2"><bdi>978-2-7071-5231-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Alg%C3%A9rie+c%C5%93ur+du+Maghreb+classique.+De+l%27ouverture+islamo-arabe+au+repli+%28658-1518%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2&rft.aulast=Meynier&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). <i>The Indianized States of Southeast Asia</i>, p. 195. Translation: Susan Brown Cowing. 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Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6">978-8-81200032-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarbäck1885" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Starbäck, Carl Georg (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xNJJAQAAMAAJ&dq=slaget+vid+h%C3%B6gebro&pg=PA489"><i>Berättelser ur svenska historien: Sagoåldern. Medeltiden I., till Kalmare-unionen</i></a> (in Swedish). F. & G. Beijers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ber%C3%A4ttelser+ur+svenska+historien%3A+Sago%C3%A5ldern.+Medeltiden+I.%2C+till+Kalmare-unionen&rft.pub=F.+%26+G.+Beijers&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Starb%C3%A4ck&rft.aufirst=Carl+Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxNJJAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dslaget%2Bvid%2Bh%25C3%25B6gebro%26pg%3DPA489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, pp. 95–96. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel, Pál (2001). <i>The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526</i>, p. 109. 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Atlantisz Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9165-37-9" title="Special:BookSources/963-9165-37-9">963-9165-37-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Runciman, Steven (1958). <i>The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century</i>, p. 246. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60474-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60474-2">978-1-107-60474-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: <i>Acre 1291 - Bloody sunset of the Crusader states</i>, p. 17. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-862-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-862-5">978-1-84176-862-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elleman, Bruce A. (2012). <i>China as a Sea Power, 1127-1368: A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese People During the Southern Song and Yuan Periods</i>, pp. 236–237. Naval War College: NUS Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971695057" title="Special:BookSources/9789971695057">9789971695057</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro2003" class="citation journal cs1">Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 506–562.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Medieval+Origins+of+the+Financial+Revolution&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=506-562&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chisholm, Hugh (1911). "Rabban Bar Sauma". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, p. 767. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly de Vries & Niccolo Capponi (2018). Osprey: <i>Campaldino 1289 - The battle that made Dante</i>, pp. 51–86. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1--4728-3128-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1--4728-3128-6">978-1--4728-3128-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Hywel (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 150. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">David Nicolle</a> (2005). 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University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04256-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-04256-5"><bdi>0-520-04256-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+medieval+Italian+commune%3A+Siena+under+the+Nine%2C+1287-1355&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-520-04256-5&rft.aulast=Bowsky&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2016" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Jonathan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqu8CgAAQBAJ&q=1280+-+1321++Birger%2C+King+of+Sweden&pg=PA31"><i>The Revelations of St Birgitta: A Study and Edition of the Birgittine-Norwegian Texts, Swedish National Archives, E 8902</i></a>. 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Boston: BRILL. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004304666" title="Special:BookSources/9789004304666"><bdi>9789004304666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revelations+of+St+Birgitta%3A+A+Study+and+Edition+of+the+Birgittine-Norwegian+Texts%2C+Swedish+National+Archives%2C+E+8902&rft.place=Leiden.+Boston&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789004304666&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyqu8CgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1280%2B-%2B1321%2B%2BBirger%252C%2BKing%2Bof%2BSweden%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleiner2010" class="citation book cs1">Kleiner, Fred S. 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Brill. pp. 900–901. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_3325">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3325</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525">495469525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Nub%C4%81ta&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+III%3A+H%E2%80%93Iram&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=900-901&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469525&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_3325&rft.aulast=Rikabi&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_3325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2009" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Guida M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QrmV4AHFnrgC&q=1280+Margaret+II%2C+Countess+of+Flanders&pg=PA142"><i>Women Leaders of Europe and the Western Hemisphere: A Biographical Reference</i></a>. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris Corporation. pp. 142–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469113548" title="Special:BookSources/9781469113548"><bdi>9781469113548</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Leaders+of+Europe+and+the+Western+Hemisphere%3A+A+Biographical+Reference&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=142-143&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781469113548&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Guida+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQrmV4AHFnrgC%26q%3D1280%2BMargaret%2BII%252C%2BCountess%2Bof%2BFlanders%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaird1842" class="citation book cs1">Baird, Robert (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTUXAAAAYAAJ&q=1280+Magnus+VI&pg=PA45"><i>Visit to Northern Europe: Or, Sketches Descriptive, Historical, Political and Moral, of Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland, and the Free Cities of Hamburg and Lubeck, Containing Notices of the Manners and Customs, Commerce , Manufactures, Arts and Sciences , Education, Literature and Religion, of Those Countries and Cities</i></a>. Vol. II. New York: J.S. Taylor & Company. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visit+to+Northern+Europe%3A+Or%2C+Sketches+Descriptive%2C+Historical%2C+Political+and+Moral%2C+of+Denmark%2C+Norway%2C+Sweden+and+Finland%2C+and+the+Free+Cities+of+Hamburg+and+Lubeck%2C+Containing+Notices+of+the+Manners+and+Customs%2C+Commerce+%2C+Manufactures%2C+Arts+and+Sciences+%2C+Education%2C+Literature+and+Religion%2C+of+Those+Countries+and+Cities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=J.S.+Taylor+%26+Company&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Baird&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWTUXAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D1280%2BMagnus%2BVI%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmersonClayton-Emmerson2006" class="citation book cs1">Emmerson, Richard K.; Clayton-Emmerson, Sandra (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BhyOAQAAQBAJ&q=1280+Pope+Nicholas+III&pg=PA479"><i>Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. New York, London: Routledge. p. 479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136775192" title="Special:BookSources/9781136775192"><bdi>9781136775192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Figures+in+Medieval+Europe%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+London&rft.pages=479&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781136775192&rft.aulast=Emmerson&rft.aufirst=Richard+K.&rft.au=Clayton-Emmerson%2C+Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBhyOAQAAQBAJ%26q%3D1280%2BPope%2BNicholas%2BIII%26pg%3DPA479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResnick2013" class="citation book cs1">Resnick, Irven (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dL1ac3yFjF8C&q=1280+Albert+Magnus&pg=PA9"><i>A Companion to Albert the Great: Theology, Philosophy, and the Sciences</i></a>. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004234079" title="Special:BookSources/9789004234079"><bdi>9789004234079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Albert+the+Great%3A+Theology%2C+Philosophy%2C+and+the+Sciences&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.series=Brill%27s+Companions+to+the+Christian+Tradition&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004234079&rft.aulast=Resnick&rft.aufirst=Irven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdL1ac3yFjF8C%26q%3D1280%2BAlbert%2BMagnus%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawShaw1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1997) [1976]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9-YfgVZDBkC&q=1280+Ertu%C4%9Frul&pg=PA13"><i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey</i></a>. 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Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521291637" title="Special:BookSources/9780521291637"><bdi>9780521291637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York%2C+Melbourne&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780521291637&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford+J.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Ezel+Kural&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE9-YfgVZDBkC%26q%3D1280%2BErtu%25C4%259Frul%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLock2013" class="citation book cs1">Lock, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkCKZ9Hs4-QC"><i>The Routledge Companion to the Crusades</i></a>. Routledge. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135131371" title="Special:BookSources/9781135131371"><bdi>9781135131371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+the+Crusades&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135131371&rft.aulast=Lock&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkCKZ9Hs4-QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/monarchs/alexanderiii.html">"King Alexander III: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland"</a>. <i>www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Erik+V+%7C+king+of+Denmark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FErik-V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1280s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Honorius-IV">"Honorius IV | pope"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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