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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Neolithic and Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic_and_Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pastoral_and_agricultural_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastoral_and_agricultural_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Pastoral and agricultural societies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastoral_and_agricultural_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_dog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_dog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Use of dog </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_dog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Religion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_and_Eastern_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_and_Eastern_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Indian and Eastern religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_and_Eastern_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity,_Judaism,_and_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity,_Judaism,_and_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Christianity, Judaism, and Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity,_Judaism,_and_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 National traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle National traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-National_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 East Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Indian subcontinent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shooting_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shooting_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Shooting traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shooting_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinidad_and_Tobago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Trinidad and Tobago </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Wildlife management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Laws </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Laws-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Laws subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Right_to_hunt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_to_hunt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Right to hunt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_to_hunt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bag_limits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bag_limits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Bag limits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bag_limits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closed_and_open_season" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closed_and_open_season"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Closed and open season </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closed_and_open_season-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Statistics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Statistics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Table </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Graph </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trophy_hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trophy_hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Trophy hunting </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trophy_hunting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Trophy hunting subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Trophy_hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_tool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_tool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Conservation tool </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_tool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Environmental problems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Conservation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conservation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pittman–Robertson_Wildlife_Restoration_Act_of_1937" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pittman–Robertson_Wildlife_Restoration_Act_of_1937"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.1 Pittman–Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act of 1937 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pittman–Robertson_Wildlife_Restoration_Act_of_1937-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_Duck_Stamp_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Duck_Stamp_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.2 Federal Duck Stamp program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Duck_Stamp_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabian_oryx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabian_oryx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.1 Arabian oryx </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabian_oryx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markhor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markhor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.2 Markhor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markhor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_bison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_bison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.3 American bison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_bison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_rhino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_rhino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.4 White rhino </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_rhino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.5 Other species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 In the arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hunting</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 118 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" > 118 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jag" title="Jag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="صيد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صيد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caza" title="Caza – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Caza" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Որսորդութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Որսորդութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caza" title="Caza – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Caza" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%C3%A7uluq" title="Ovçuluq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ovçuluq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%DA%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82" title="اووچولوق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اووچولوق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="শিকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagarit" title="Bagarit – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bagarit" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phah-la%CC%8Dh" title="Phah-la̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phah-la̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Һунар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һунар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Паляванне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паляванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Паляваньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паляваньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Лов – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лов" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="རྔོན་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྔོན་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov" title="Lov – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lov" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaseal" title="Chaseal – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chaseal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%A7a" title="Caça – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caça" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сунар – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сунар" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov" title="Lov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hela" title="Hela – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hela" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94higu" title="Tɔhigu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tɔhigu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagt" title="Jagt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jagt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagd" title="Jagd – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jagd" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahipidamine" title="Jahipidamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jahipidamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AE%CE%B3%CE%B9" title="Κυνήγι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυνήγι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caza" title="Caza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88asado" title="Ĉasado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉasado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehiza" title="Ehiza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ehiza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="شکار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasse" title="Chasse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chasse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacht_(aktiviteit)" title="Jacht (aktiviteit) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jacht (aktiviteit)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiach" title="Fiach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fiach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinex%C3%A9tica" title="Cinexética – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cinexética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Чарахьал – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Чарахьал" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gb%C3%A9yant%E1%BB%8D" title="Gbéyantọ – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Gbéyantọ" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%83%A5" title="사냥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사냥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farauta" title="Farauta – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Farauta" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Որսորդություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Որսորդություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="शिकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शिकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov" title="Lov – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasado" title="Chasado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chasado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichu_nta" title="Ichu nta – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ichu nta" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perburuan" title="Perburuan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perburuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vei%C3%B0ar" title="Veiðar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Veiðar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caccia" title="Caccia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caccia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%93" title="ציד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ציד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak%CA%8A" title="Lakʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lakʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86" title="ಬೇಟೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೇಟೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ნადირობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნადირობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A3%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Аңшылық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аңшылық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwindaji" title="Uwindaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uwindaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachas" title="Lachas – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lachas" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachas" title="Lachas – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lachas" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AA%C3%A7%C3%AEr" title="Nêçîr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nêçîr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A3%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Аңчылык – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аңчылык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venatio" title="Venatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Venatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med%C4%ABbas" title="Medības – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Medības" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juegd" title="Juegd – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Juegd" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Med%C5%BEiokl%C4%97" title="Medžioklė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Medžioklė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malu" title="Malu – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Malu" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jach" title="Jach – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jach" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vad%C3%A1szat" title="Vadászat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vadászat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Лов – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лов" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="शिकार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिकार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemburuan" title="Pemburuan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemburuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အမဲလိုက်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမဲလိုက်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacht_(activiteit)" title="Jacht (activiteit) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jacht (activiteit)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="शिकार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शिकार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%A9%E7%8C%9F" title="狩猟 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="狩猟" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacht" title="Jacht – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jacht" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakt" title="Jakt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jakt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakt" title="Jakt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jakt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_(partie)" title="Cache (partie) – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Cache (partie)" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%A7a" title="Caça – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Caça" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сонар – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сонар" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov" title="Ov – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਿਕਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%27adop" title="Mi'adop – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Mi'adop" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="شکار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شکار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polowanie" title="Polowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%A7a" title="Caça – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caça" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2n%C4%83toare" title="Vânătoare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vânătoare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaku" title="Chaku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chaku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Полёваня – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Полёваня" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Охота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Охота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/adup" title="adup – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="adup" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmsamat" title="Tmsamat – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Tmsamat" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuetia" title="Gjuetia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuetia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caccia" title="Caccia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Caccia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8" title="දඩයම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දඩයම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hunting" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov" title="Lov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov" title="Lov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaadhsi" title="Ugaadhsi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ugaadhsi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%88" title="ڕاو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕاو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Лов – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лов" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov" title="Lov – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lov" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro" title="Moro – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Moro" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mets%C3%A4stys" title="Metsästys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metsästys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakt" title="Jakt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jakt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangangaso" title="Pangangaso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pangangaso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வேட்டையாடுதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேட்டையாடுதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agmar" title="Agmar – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agmar" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/qmalup" title="qmalup – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="qmalup" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F" title="వేట – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వేట" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%83%E1%8E%AF%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%B2" title="ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Avcılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avcılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aw" title="Aw – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Aw" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Полювання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Полювання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="شکار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شکار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83n" title="Săn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Săn" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hunt_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hunt (disambiguation)">Hunt (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunter_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hunter (disambiguation)">Hunter (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunters_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hunters (disambiguation)">Hunters (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hunting_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hunting (disambiguation)">Hunting (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For hunting done by non-humans, see <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USMC-051105-M-0245S-003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/USMC-051105-M-0245S-003.jpg/250px-USMC-051105-M-0245S-003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/USMC-051105-M-0245S-003.jpg/330px-USMC-051105-M-0245S-003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/USMC-051105-M-0245S-003.jpg/500px-USMC-051105-M-0245S-003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Sergeant Chris D. Washington atop a hill scanning the countryside for deer during a morning hunt of <a href="/wiki/Kilgore,_Texas" title="Kilgore, Texas">Kilgore, Texas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bushmen_hunters_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bushmen_hunters_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Bushmen_hunters_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bushmen_hunters_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Bushmen_hunters_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bushmen_hunters_%28cropped%29.png/440px-Bushmen_hunters_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4698" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">Bushmen</a> <a href="/wiki/Bowhunting" title="Bowhunting">bowhunting</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">bushmeat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></figcaption></figure> Hunting is the <a href="/wiki/Human_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human activity">human practice</a> of seeking, pursuing, capturing, and killing <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> or <a href="/wiki/Feral_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral animal">feral animals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The most common reasons for humans to hunt are to obtain the animal's body for <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> and useful <a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">animal products</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">hide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tusk" title="Tusk">tusks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horn</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antler</a>, etc.), for <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">taxidermy</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">trophy hunting</a>), although it may also be done for resourceful reasons such as removing <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> dangerous to humans or <a href="/wiki/Domestic_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic animal">domestic animals</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">wolf hunting</a>), to <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">eliminate</a> <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuisance_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuisance animal">nuisance animals</a> that damage <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crops</a>/<a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>/<a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">spread diseases</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Varmint_hunting" title="Varmint hunting">varminting</a>), for trade/tourism (see <a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">safari</a>), or for <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">ecological conservation</a> against <a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">overpopulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> (commonly called a <a href="/wiki/Culling#Wildlife" title="Culling">cull</a>). Recreationally hunted species are generally referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">game</a>, and are usually <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>. A person participating in a hunt is a hunter or (less commonly) huntsman; a <a href="/wiki/Natural_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural area">natural area</a> used for hunting is called a <a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">game reserve</a>; and an experienced hunter who helps organise a hunt and/or manage the game reserve is also known as a <a href="/wiki/Gamekeeper" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamekeeper">gamekeeper</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Childerley_driven_hunt_Finland_04.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Paul_Childerley_driven_hunt_Finland_04.png/220px-Paul_Childerley_driven_hunt_Finland_04.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Paul_Childerley_driven_hunt_Finland_04.png/330px-Paul_Childerley_driven_hunt_Finland_04.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Paul_Childerley_driven_hunt_Finland_04.png/440px-Paul_Childerley_driven_hunt_Finland_04.png 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Hunter on a ground stand during a driven hunt in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> Hunting activities by humans arose in <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> or earlier, in the order of millions of years ago. Hunting has become deeply embedded in various <a href="/wiki/Human_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Human culture">human cultures</a> and was once an important part of <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> economies—classified by economists as part of <a href="/wiki/Primary_production_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary production (economics)">primary production</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a>. Modern regulations (see <a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">game law</a>) distinguish lawful hunting activities from illegal <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>, which involves the unauthorised and unregulated <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_animals" title="Killing of animals">killing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">trapping</a>, or capture of animals. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bogenj%C3%A4ger_auf_der_Lockjagd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bogenj%C3%A4ger_auf_der_Lockjagd.jpg/220px-Bogenj%C3%A4ger_auf_der_Lockjagd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bogenj%C3%A4ger_auf_der_Lockjagd.jpg/330px-Bogenj%C3%A4ger_auf_der_Lockjagd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bogenj%C3%A4ger_auf_der_Lockjagd.jpg/440px-Bogenj%C3%A4ger_auf_der_Lockjagd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bowhunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowhunter">Bowhunter</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Compound_bow" title="Compound bow">compound bow</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Game_call" title="Game call">call</a></figcaption></figure> Apart from <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> provision, hunting can be a means of <a href="/wiki/Population_control" title="Population control">population control</a>. Hunting advocates state that regulated hunting can be a necessary component<a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[11]</a> of modern <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">wildlife management</a>, for example to help maintain a healthy proportion of animal populations within an environment's ecological <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> when natural checks such as <a href="/wiki/Natural_predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural predator">natural predators</a> are absent or insufficient,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> or to provide funding for <a href="/wiki/Breeding_program" title="Breeding program">breeding programs</a> and maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Natural_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural reserve">natural reserves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation area">conservation parks</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Overhunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhunting">excessive hunting</a> has also heavily contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangerment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> of many animals.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-IUCN_Red_List_2010-15">[15]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Animal-rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal-rights">animal rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-hunting">anti-hunting</a> activists regard hunting as a <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">cruel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoosadism" title="Zoosadism">perverse</a> and unnecessary <a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">blood sport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> Certain hunting practices, such as <a href="/wiki/Canned_hunt" title="Canned hunt">canned hunts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bidding_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidding war">ludicrously paid</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribed</a> <a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">trophy tours</a> (especially to poor countries), are considered <a href="/wiki/Fair_chase" title="Fair chase">unethical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic exploitation">exploitative</a> even by some hunters. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Professional_stalker_standing_next_to_red_deer_stag_Ardnamurchan_Estate_Scotland_darker_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Professional_stalker_standing_next_to_red_deer_stag_Ardnamurchan_Estate_Scotland_darker_01.png/220px-Professional_stalker_standing_next_to_red_deer_stag_Ardnamurchan_Estate_Scotland_darker_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Professional_stalker_standing_next_to_red_deer_stag_Ardnamurchan_Estate_Scotland_darker_01.png/330px-Professional_stalker_standing_next_to_red_deer_stag_Ardnamurchan_Estate_Scotland_darker_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Professional_stalker_standing_next_to_red_deer_stag_Ardnamurchan_Estate_Scotland_darker_01.png/440px-Professional_stalker_standing_next_to_red_deer_stag_Ardnamurchan_Estate_Scotland_darker_01.png 2x" data-file-width="4799" data-file-height="2819" /></a><figcaption>Professional <a href="/wiki/Deer_stalking" title="Deer stalking">deerstalker</a> standing over a downed <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red stag</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">Marine mammals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinnipeds</a> are also targets of hunting, both recreationally and commercially, often with heated controversies regarding the morality, ethics and legality of such practices. The pursuit, harvesting or <a href="/wiki/Catch_and_release" title="Catch and release">catch and release</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, which however is widely accepted and not commonly categorised as a form of hunting. It is also not considered hunting to pursue animals without intent to kill them, as in <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">wildlife photography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">birdwatching</a>, or scientific-research activities which involve <a href="/wiki/Tranquillizer_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquillizer gun">tranquilizing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_tagging" title="Electronic tagging">tagging</a> of animals, although <a href="/wiki/Green_hunting" title="Green hunting">green hunting</a> is still called so. The practices of <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_net" title="Butterfly net">netting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Insect_trap" title="Insect trap">trapping</a> <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> for <a href="/wiki/Insect_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect collection">trophy collection</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">gathering</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushrooms</a>, are also not regarded as hunting.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reindeer_carry_Kasper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Reindeer_carry_Kasper.jpg/250px-Reindeer_carry_Kasper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Reindeer_carry_Kasper.jpg/330px-Reindeer_carry_Kasper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Reindeer_carry_Kasper.jpg/500px-Reindeer_carry_Kasper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Hunter carrying a <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></figcaption></figure> Skillful <a href="/wiki/Animal_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal tracking">tracking</a> and acquisition of an elusive target has caused the word hunt to be used in the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> for searching and obtaining something, as in "<a href="/wiki/Treasure_hunting" title="Treasure hunting">treasure hunting</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Discounts_and_allowances" title="Discounts and allowances">bargain</a> hunting", "<a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">hunting for votes</a>" and even "<a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">hunting down</a>" <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word hunt serves as both a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> ("the act, the practice, or an instance of hunting") and a <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> ("to pursue for food or in sport").<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The noun has been dated to the early 12th century, from the verb hunt. <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> had huntung, huntoþ.<a href="#cite_note-:5-20">[20]</a> The meaning of "a body of persons associated for the purpose of hunting with a pack of hounds" is first recorded in the 1570s. "The act of searching for someone or something" is from about 1600.<a href="#cite_note-:5-20">[20]</a> The verb, Old English huntian "to chase game" (<a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive</a>), perhaps developed from hunta "hunter," is related to hentan "to seize," from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> huntojan (the source also of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> hinþan "to seize, capture," <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> hunda "booty"), which is of uncertain origin. The general sense of "search diligently" (for anything) is first recorded c. 1200.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Recreational hunting, also known as <a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">trophy hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport hunting">sport hunting</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Field_sports" title="Field sports">sporting</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_game_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Big game hunting">Big game hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Five_game" title="Big Five game">Big Five game</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">lion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Kenya" title="Elephant hunting in Kenya">elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_leopard" title="African leopard">African leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_rhinoceros" title="Black rhinoceros">black rhinoceros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">Boar hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_hunting" title="Tiger hunting">Tiger hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer_hunting_in_Greenland" title="Reindeer hunting in Greenland">Reindeer and caribou hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer hunting</a>/<a href="/wiki/Deer_stalking" title="Deer stalking">stalking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Medium/small game hunting <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mink_hunting" title="Mink hunting">Mink hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coon_hunting" title="Coon hunting">Coon hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_squirrel#Relationship_with_humans" title="Tree squirrel">Squirrel hunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowling" title="Fowling">Fowling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorebird" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorebird">Shorebird</a> hunting (<a href="/wiki/Snipe#Hunting" title="Snipe">snipe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodcock#Hunting" title="Woodcock">woodcock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curlew" title="Curlew">curlew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandpiper" title="Sandpiper">sandpiper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plover" title="Plover">plover</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quail_hunting" title="Quail hunting">quail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheasant_shooting" title="Pheasant shooting">pheasant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grouse_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Grouse hunting">grouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey_hunting" title="Turkey hunting">turkey</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nuisance_wildlife_management" title="Nuisance wildlife management">nuisance management</a> <ul><li>Predator hunting <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal_coursing" title="Jackal coursing">Jackal coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote#Hunting" title="Coyote">Coyote hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat#Conservation" title="Bobcat">Bobcat hunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_hunting" title="Varmint hunting">Varmint hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbiting" title="Rabbiting">Rabbiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_shooting" title="Rook shooting">Rook shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">Culling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Commercial hunting and traditional sustenance hunting <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin_drive_hunting" title="Dolphin drive hunting">dolphin drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dugong_hunting_in_Australia" title="Dugong hunting in Australia">dugong hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_hunting" title="Alligator hunting">Alligator hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">Kangaroo hunting</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_hunting" title="Green hunting">Green hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">Trapping</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_to_Middle_Paleolithic">Lower to Middle Paleolithic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lower to Middle Paleolithic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting hypothesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endurance_running_hypothesis" title="Endurance running hypothesis">Endurance running hypothesis</a></div> Hunting has a long history. It predates the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">anatomically modern humans</a>) and may even predate the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a>. The oldest undisputed evidence for hunting dates to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a>, consistent with the emergence and early dispersal of <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> about 1.7 million years ago (<a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a>).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> While it is undisputed that Homo erectus were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of Homo erectus from its australopithecine ancestors, including the production of <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> and eventually the <a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of fire">control of fire</a>, is emphasised in the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">hunting hypothesis</a>" and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory and <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interaction</a>. There is no direct evidence for hunting predating Homo erectus, in either <a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a>. The early <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">hominid</a> ancestors of humans were probably <a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">frugivores</a> or <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a>, with a partially carnivorous diet from <a href="/wiki/Scavenging" class="mw-redirect" title="Scavenging">scavenging</a> rather than hunting. Evidence for australopithecine meat consumption was presented in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> It has nevertheless often been assumed that at least occasional hunting behaviour may have been present well before the emergence of Homo.This can be argued on the basis of comparison with <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>, the closest extant relatives of humans, who also engage in hunting, indicating that the behavioural trait may have been present in the <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor</a> as early as 5 million years ago. The common chimpanzee (<a href="/wiki/Pan_troglodytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan troglodytes">Pan troglodytes</a>) regularly engages in troop predation behaviour, where bands of beta males are led by an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_male" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha male">alpha male</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">Bonobos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pan_paniscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan paniscus">Pan paniscus</a>) have also been observed to occasionally engage in group hunting,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> although more rarely than Pan troglodytes, mainly subsisting on a <a href="/wiki/Frugivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Frugivorous">frugivorous</a> diet.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Indirect evidence for <a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a> era hunting, by early Homo or late <a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a>, has been presented in a 2009 study based on an Oldowan site in southwestern Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Binford" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Binford">Louis Binford</a> (1986) criticised the idea that early hominids and early humans were hunters. On the basis of the analysis of the skeletal remains of the consumed animals, he concluded that hominids and early humans were mostly <a href="/wiki/Scavengers" class="mw-redirect" title="Scavengers">scavengers</a>, not hunters,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Blumenschine (1986) proposed the idea of confrontational scavenging, which involves challenging and scaring off other <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> after they have made a kill, which he suggests could have been the leading method of obtaining <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>-rich meat by early humans.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Stone spearheads dated as early as 500,000 years ago were found in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Wood does not preserve well, however, and Craig Stanford, a primatologist and professor of anthropology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, has suggested that the discovery of spear use by chimpanzees probably means that early humans used wooden spears as well, perhaps, five million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The earliest dated find of surviving wooden hunting <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spears</a> dates to the very end of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a>, about 300,000 years ago. The <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen spears</a>, found in 1976 in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, are associated with <a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">hunting hypothesis</a> sees the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">behavioral modernity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> as directly related to hunting, including <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating behaviour</a>, the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, culture, and <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal sacrifice</a>. Sociologist <a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg_University" title="Wittenberg University">Wittenberg University</a> argues that the emergence of the organized hunting of animals undermined the communal, egalitarian nature of early human societies, with the status of women and less powerful males declining as the status of men quickly became associated with their success at hunting, which also increased human violence within these societies.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> However, 9000-year-old remains of a female hunter along with a toolkit of <a href="/wiki/Projectile_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Projectile points">projectile points</a> and animal processing implements were discovered at the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> site of Wilamaya Patjxa, <a href="/wiki/Puno_District" title="Puno District">Puno District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_Paleolithic_to_Mesolithic">Upper Paleolithic to Mesolithic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Upper Paleolithic to Mesolithic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter-gatherers">Hunter-gatherers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algerien_Desert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Algerien_Desert.jpg/220px-Algerien_Desert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Algerien_Desert.jpg/330px-Algerien_Desert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Algerien_Desert.jpg/440px-Algerien_Desert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saharan_rock_art" title="Saharan rock art">Saharan rock art</a> with prehistoric archers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:21_Walrus_Hunt_1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/21_Walrus_Hunt_1999.jpg/250px-21_Walrus_Hunt_1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/21_Walrus_Hunt_1999.jpg/330px-21_Walrus_Hunt_1999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/21_Walrus_Hunt_1999.jpg/500px-21_Walrus_Hunt_1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> hunting <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a>, 1999</figcaption></figure> Evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple, or possibly main, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_factor" title="Environmental factor">environmental factors</a> leading to the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> and their replacement by smaller <a href="/wiki/Herbivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivores">herbivores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Humans are thought to have played a very significant role in the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_megafauna" title="Australian megafauna">Australian megafauna</a> that was widespread prior to human occupation.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Hunting was a crucial component of hunter-gatherer societies before the <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> of <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">dawn of agriculture</a>, beginning about 11,000 years ago in some parts of the world. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunting_weapon" title="Hunting weapon">hunting weapons</a> developed during the Upper Paleolithic include the <a href="/wiki/Atlatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlatl">atlatl</a> (a spear-thrower; before 30,000 years ago) and the <a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">bow</a> (18,000 years ago). By the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunting_strategy" title="Hunting strategy">hunting strategies</a> had diversified with the development of these more far-reaching weapons and the <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog" title="Domestication of the dog">domestication of the dog</a> about 15,000 years ago. Evidence puts the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a> hunting in Asia with <a href="/wiki/Spears" class="mw-redirect" title="Spears">spears</a> to approximately 16,200 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%A6rvspids,_Bjerlev_Hede.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/K%C3%A6rvspids%2C_Bjerlev_Hede.jpg/170px-K%C3%A6rvspids%2C_Bjerlev_Hede.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/K%C3%A6rvspids%2C_Bjerlev_Hede.jpg/255px-K%C3%A6rvspids%2C_Bjerlev_Hede.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/K%C3%A6rvspids%2C_Bjerlev_Hede.jpg/340px-K%C3%A6rvspids%2C_Bjerlev_Hede.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Sharp <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> piece from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bjerlev_Hede&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bjerlev Hede (page does not exist)">Bjerlev Hede</a> in central Jutland. Dated around 12,500 BC and considered the oldest hunting tool from Denmark.</figcaption></figure> Many species of animals have been hunted throughout history. One theory is that in North America and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">caribou and wild reindeer</a> "may well be the species of single greatest importance in the entire anthropological literature on hunting"<a href="#cite_note-Burch-40">[40]</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Reindeer_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Reindeer Age">Reindeer Age</a>), although the varying importance of different species depended on the geographic location. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Figured_Olpe_depicting_the_return_of_a_hunter_and_his_dog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Black_Figured_Olpe_depicting_the_return_of_a_hunter_and_his_dog.jpg/220px-Black_Figured_Olpe_depicting_the_return_of_a_hunter_and_his_dog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Black_Figured_Olpe_depicting_the_return_of_a_hunter_and_his_dog.jpg/330px-Black_Figured_Olpe_depicting_the_return_of_a_hunter_and_his_dog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Black_Figured_Olpe_depicting_the_return_of_a_hunter_and_his_dog.jpg/440px-Black_Figured_Olpe_depicting_the_return_of_a_hunter_and_his_dog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">black-figure pottery</a> depicting the return of a hunter and his dog; made in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> c. 540 BC, found in <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent in some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, as well as all of Australia, until the European <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>. They still persist in some <a href="/wiki/Tribal_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal societies">tribal societies</a>, albeit in rapid decline. Peoples that preserved Paleolithic hunting-gathering until the recent past include some <a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples in Brazil">indigenous peoples of the Amazonas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ach%C3%A9" title="Aché">Aché</a>), some Central and Southern African (<a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San people</a>), some peoples of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fayu_people" title="Fayu people">Fayu</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Mlabri_people" title="Mlabri people">Mlabri</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vedda_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedda people">Vedda people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and a handful of <a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">uncontacted peoples</a>. In Africa, one of the last remaining hunter-gatherer tribes are the <a href="/wiki/Hadza_people" title="Hadza people">Hadza</a> of Tanzania.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic_and_Antiquity">Neolithic and Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Neolithic and Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diana_of_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diana_of_Versailles.jpg/220px-Diana_of_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diana_of_Versailles.jpg/330px-Diana_of_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Diana_of_Versailles.jpg/440px-Diana_of_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="5699" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> with a Hind, a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> copy of an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> sculpture, c. 325 BC, by <a href="/wiki/Leochares" title="Leochares">Leochares</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goguryeo_tomb_mural.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Goguryeo_tomb_mural.jpg/220px-Goguryeo_tomb_mural.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Goguryeo_tomb_mural.jpg/330px-Goguryeo_tomb_mural.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Goguryeo_tomb_mural.jpg/440px-Goguryeo_tomb_mural.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>An example of a <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo_tombs" title="Goguryeo tombs">Goguryeo tomb mural</a> of hunting, middle of the first millennium.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0025_-_0220_Brick_Relief_with_Harvesting,_Fishing_and_Hunting_Scene_Eastern_Han_Dynasty_National_Museum_of_China_anagoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/0025_-_0220_Brick_Relief_with_Harvesting%2C_Fishing_and_Hunting_Scene_Eastern_Han_Dynasty_National_Museum_of_China_anagoria.jpg/220px-0025_-_0220_Brick_Relief_with_Harvesting%2C_Fishing_and_Hunting_Scene_Eastern_Han_Dynasty_National_Museum_of_China_anagoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/0025_-_0220_Brick_Relief_with_Harvesting%2C_Fishing_and_Hunting_Scene_Eastern_Han_Dynasty_National_Museum_of_China_anagoria.jpg/330px-0025_-_0220_Brick_Relief_with_Harvesting%2C_Fishing_and_Hunting_Scene_Eastern_Han_Dynasty_National_Museum_of_China_anagoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/0025_-_0220_Brick_Relief_with_Harvesting%2C_Fishing_and_Hunting_Scene_Eastern_Han_Dynasty_National_Museum_of_China_anagoria.jpg/440px-0025_-_0220_Brick_Relief_with_Harvesting%2C_Fishing_and_Hunting_Scene_Eastern_Han_Dynasty_National_Museum_of_China_anagoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3746" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> tomb brick depicting a fishing and hunting scene.</figcaption></figure> Even as <a href="/wiki/Domestication#Animals" title="Domestication">animal domestication</a> became relatively widespread and after the development of agriculture, hunting usually remained a significant contributor to the human food-supply. The supplementary meat and materials from hunting included <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> for implements, <a href="/wiki/Sinew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinew">sinew</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">cordage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Feathers">feathers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawhide_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawhide (textile)">rawhide</a> and leather used in clothing. Hunting is still vital in marginal climates, especially those unsuited for <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> uses or for agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> trap and hunt animals for clothing and use the skins of <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">sea mammals</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Kayak" title="Kayak">kayaks</a>, clothing, and footwear. On ancient <a href="/wiki/Reliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliefs">reliefs</a>, especially from <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, kings are often depicted by sculptors as hunters of <a href="/wiki/Big_game_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Big game hunting">big game</a> such as lions and are often portrayed hunting from a <a href="/wiki/War_chariot" class="mw-redirect" title="War chariot">war chariot</a> - early examples of royalty symbolically and militaristically engaging in hunting<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> as "the sport of kings".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The cultural and <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> importance of hunting in ancient societies is represented by deities such as <a href="/wiki/Horned_God" title="Horned God">the horned god</a> <a href="/wiki/Cernunnos" title="Cernunnos">Cernunnos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunar_deity" title="Lunar deity">lunar goddesses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, the Greek <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> or Roman <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">Taboos</a> are often related[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] to hunting, and mythological association of prey species with a <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a> could be reflected in hunting restrictions such as a <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">reserve</a> surrounding a temple. <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' tale of Artemis and <a href="/wiki/Actaeon" title="Actaeon">Actaeon</a>, for example, may be seen as a caution against disrespect of prey or against impudent boasting. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taq-e_Bostan_-_Low-relief_the_boar_hunt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Taq-e_Bostan_-_Low-relief_the_boar_hunt.jpg/250px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_Low-relief_the_boar_hunt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Taq-e_Bostan_-_Low-relief_the_boar_hunt.jpg/330px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_Low-relief_the_boar_hunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Taq-e_Bostan_-_Low-relief_the_boar_hunt.jpg/500px-Taq-e_Bostan_-_Low-relief_the_boar_hunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Low-relief the boar hunt, <a href="/wiki/Taq-e_Bostan" title="Taq-e Bostan">Taq-e Bostan</a></figcaption></figure> With the domestication of the dog, <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">birds of prey</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">ferret</a>, various forms of animal-aided hunting developed, including <a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">venery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scent_hound" title="Scent hound">scent-hound</a> hunting, such as <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a>), <a href="/wiki/Coursing" title="Coursing">coursing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sight_hound" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight hound">sight-hound</a> hunting), <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">falconry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ferreting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferreting">ferreting</a>. While these are all associated[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] with <a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">medieval hunting</a>, over time, various <a href="/wiki/Dog_breed" title="Dog breed">dog breeds</a> were selected by humans for very precise tasks during the hunt, reflected in such names as <a href="/wiki/Pointing_breed" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointing breed">"pointer"</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Setter" title="Setter">setter</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">Lion hunting</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pastoral_and_agricultural_societies">Pastoral and agricultural societies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pastoral and agricultural societies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobleman_in_Hunting_Costume_preceded_by_his_Servant_trying_to_find_the_Scent_of_a_Stag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nobleman_in_Hunting_Costume_preceded_by_his_Servant_trying_to_find_the_Scent_of_a_Stag.png/220px-Nobleman_in_Hunting_Costume_preceded_by_his_Servant_trying_to_find_the_Scent_of_a_Stag.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nobleman_in_Hunting_Costume_preceded_by_his_Servant_trying_to_find_the_Scent_of_a_Stag.png/330px-Nobleman_in_Hunting_Costume_preceded_by_his_Servant_trying_to_find_the_Scent_of_a_Stag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nobleman_in_Hunting_Costume_preceded_by_his_Servant_trying_to_find_the_Scent_of_a_Stag.png/440px-Nobleman_in_Hunting_Costume_preceded_by_his_Servant_trying_to_find_the_Scent_of_a_Stag.png 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="1465" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nobleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobleman">Nobleman</a> in hunting costume with his servant following the scent of a <a href="/wiki/Stag" class="mw-redirect" title="Stag">stag</a>, 14th century</figcaption></figure> Even as agriculture and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> became more prevalent, hunting often remained as a part of human culture where the environment and social conditions allowed. Hunter-gatherer societies persisted, even when increasingly confined to marginal areas. And within agricultural systems, hunting served to kill animals that prey upon <a href="/wiki/List_of_domesticated_animals" title="List of domesticated animals">domestic and wild animals</a> or to attempt to <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpate</a> animals seen by humans as competition for resources such as water or forage. When hunting moved from a subsistence activity to a selective one, two trends emerged: <ol><li>the development of the role of the specialist hunter, with special training and equipment</li> <li>the option of hunting as a "sport" for members of an upper social class</li></ol> The meaning of the word game in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> evolved to include an animal which is hunted. As the domestication of animals for meat grew, subsistence hunting remained among the lowest classes; however, the stylised pursuit of game in European societies became a luxury. Dangerous hunting, such as for lions or <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boars</a>, often done on <a href="/wiki/Horseback" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseback">horseback</a> or from a <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a>, had a function similar to <a href="/wiki/Tournament_(medieval)" title="Tournament (medieval)">tournaments</a> and manly sports. Hunting ranked as an honourable, somewhat competitive pastime to help the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> practice skills of war in times of peace.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In most parts of <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> Europe, the upper class obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory. Game in these areas was used as a source of food and furs, often provided via professional huntsmen, but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy. The importance of this proprietary view of game can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> legends, in which one of the primary charges against the outlaws is that they "hunt the King's deer". In contrast, settlers in Anglophone colonies gloried democratically in hunting for all.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In medieval Europe, hunting was considered by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Scotus_Eriugena" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Scotus Eriugena">Johannes Scotus Eriugena</a> to be part of the set of <a href="/wiki/Mechanic_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanic arts">seven mechanical arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_dog">Use of dog</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Use of dog">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Jachtgezellen%27_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1023.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%27Jachtgezellen%27_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1023.jpeg/220px-%27Jachtgezellen%27_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1023.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%27Jachtgezellen%27_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1023.jpeg/330px-%27Jachtgezellen%27_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1023.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%27Jachtgezellen%27_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1023.jpeg/440px-%27Jachtgezellen%27_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1023.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5406" data-file-height="3974" /></a><figcaption>Hunting Companions, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> 19th-century painting featuring two dogs, a <a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">shotgun</a> and a game bag</figcaption></figure> Although various other animals have been used to aid the hunter, such as <a href="/wiki/Ferrets" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrets">ferrets</a>, the dog has assumed many very important uses to the hunter. The domestication of the dog has led to a <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic relationship</a> in which the dog's independence from humans is deferred. Though dogs can survive independently of humans, and in many cases do ferally, when raised or adopted by humans the species tends to defer to its control in exchange for habitation, food and support.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Dogs today are used to find, chase, retrieve, and sometimes kill game. Dogs allow humans to pursue and kill prey that would otherwise be very difficult or dangerous to hunt. Different breeds of specifically bred <a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">hunting dog</a> are used for different types of hunting. Waterfowl are commonly hunted using retrieving dogs such as the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Retriever" title="Labrador Retriever">Labrador Retriever</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Retriever" title="Golden Retriever">Golden Retriever</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Retriever" title="Chesapeake Bay Retriever">Chesapeake Bay Retriever</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brittany_Spaniel" title="Brittany Spaniel">Brittany Spaniel</a>, and other similar breeds. <a href="/wiki/Upland_game_bird" title="Upland game bird">Game birds</a> are flushed out using flushing <a href="/wiki/Spaniel" title="Spaniel">spaniels</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/English_Springer_Spaniel" title="English Springer Spaniel">English Springer Spaniel</a>, the various <a href="/wiki/Cocker_Spaniel" title="Cocker Spaniel">Cocker Spaniels</a> and similar breeds. The hunting of wild mammals in England and Wales with dogs was banned under the <a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">Hunting Act 2004</a>. The wild mammals include fox, hare, deer and mink. There are, however, exceptions in the Act.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Nevertheless, there have been numerous attempts on behalf of activists, pressure groups, etc. to revoke the act over the last two decades.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Homo_Necans" title="Homo Necans">Homo Necans</a></div> Many prehistoric deities are depicted as predators or prey of humans, often in a <a href="/wiki/Zoomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoomorphic">zoomorphic</a> form, perhaps alluding to the importance of hunting for most Palaeolithic cultures. In many pagan religions, specific rituals are conducted before or after a hunt; the rituals done may vary according to the species hunted or the season the hunt is taking place.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Often a hunting ground, or the hunt for one or more species, was reserved or prohibited in the context of a temple cult.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Roman religion, <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a> is the goddess of the hunt.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CheetahHunt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CheetahHunt.jpg/250px-CheetahHunt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CheetahHunt.jpg/330px-CheetahHunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CheetahHunt.jpg/500px-CheetahHunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristocrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocrat">aristocrats</a> hunting a <a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">blackbuck</a> alongside an <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_cheetah" title="Asiatic cheetah">Asiatic cheetah</a>, 1812</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_and_Eastern_religions">Indian and Eastern religions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indian and Eastern religions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Hunting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sikh_Hunting.jpg/220px-Sikh_Hunting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sikh_Hunting.jpg/330px-Sikh_Hunting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sikh_Hunting.jpg/440px-Sikh_Hunting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>A group of <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> hunting (unknown <a href="/wiki/Pahari_painting" title="Pahari painting">Pahari artist</a>, 18th century)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_tiger_hunt_at_Jhajjar,_Rohtak_District,_Panjab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/A_tiger_hunt_at_Jhajjar%2C_Rohtak_District%2C_Panjab.jpg/220px-A_tiger_hunt_at_Jhajjar%2C_Rohtak_District%2C_Panjab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/A_tiger_hunt_at_Jhajjar%2C_Rohtak_District%2C_Panjab.jpg/330px-A_tiger_hunt_at_Jhajjar%2C_Rohtak_District%2C_Panjab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/A_tiger_hunt_at_Jhajjar%2C_Rohtak_District%2C_Panjab.jpg/440px-A_tiger_hunt_at_Jhajjar%2C_Rohtak_District%2C_Panjab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1958" /></a><figcaption>A tiger hunt at Jhajjar, Rohtak District, Punjab, c. 1820</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scripture">Hindu scriptures</a> describe hunting as an occupation, as well as a sport of the kingly. Even figures considered divine are described to have engaged in hunting. One of the names of the god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> is Mrigavyadha (deer-slayer).<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The word Mriga, in many Indian languages including Malayalam, not only stands for deer, but for all animals and animal instincts (Mriga Thrishna). Shiva, as Mrigavyadha, is the one who destroys the animal instincts in human beings. In the epic <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dasharatha" title="Dasharatha">Dasharatha</a>, the father of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, is said to have the ability to hunt in the dark. During one of his hunting expeditions, he accidentally killed <a href="/wiki/Shravana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shravana">Shravana</a>, mistaking him for game. During Rama's exile in the forest, <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> kidnapped his wife, <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, from their hut, while Rama was asked by Sita to capture a golden deer, and his brother <a href="/wiki/Lakshman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshman">Lakshman</a> went after him. According to the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabharat">Mahabharat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandu" title="Pandu">Pandu</a>, the father of the <a href="/wiki/Pandavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavas">Pandavas</a>, accidentally killed the sage Kindama and his wife with an arrow, mistaking them for a deer.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> teaches followers to have tremendous respect for all of life. Prohibitions for hunting and meat eating are the fundamental conditions for being a <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>'s first <a href="/wiki/Precept" title="Precept">precept</a> is the respect for all sentient life. The general approach by all Buddhists is to avoid killing any living animals. <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> explained the issue by saying "all fear death; comparing others with oneself, one should neither kill nor cause to kill."<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, only meat obtained from hunting, or slaughtered with the <a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a> is permitted. The <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> were ardent hunters. Many old Sikh <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Rehatnamas</a> like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prem_Sumarag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prem Sumarag (page does not exist)">Prem Sumarag</a>, recommend hunting <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>. However, among modern Sikhs, the practice of hunting has died down; some even saying that all meat is forbidden. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity,_Judaism,_and_Islam">Christianity, Judaism, and Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ladies_Hunting.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ladies_Hunting.png/220px-Ladies_Hunting.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ladies_Hunting.png/330px-Ladies_Hunting.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ladies_Hunting.png/440px-Ladies_Hunting.png 2x" data-file-width="2303" data-file-height="1663" /></a><figcaption>Ladies hunting in the 15th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flanders_Tapestry_with_the_hunting_scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flanders_Tapestry_with_the_hunting_scene.jpg/220px-Flanders_Tapestry_with_the_hunting_scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flanders_Tapestry_with_the_hunting_scene.jpg/330px-Flanders_Tapestry_with_the_hunting_scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flanders_Tapestry_with_the_hunting_scene.jpg/440px-Flanders_Tapestry_with_the_hunting_scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">Tapestry</a> with a hunting scene, late 16th century</figcaption></figure> From <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">early Christian</a> times, hunting has been forbidden to Roman Catholic Church <a href="/wiki/Cleric" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleric">clerics</a>. Thus the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Canonici" title="Corpus Juris Canonici">Corpus Juris Canonici</a> (C. ii, X, De cleric. venat.) says, "We forbid to all servants of God hunting and expeditions through the woods with hounds; and we also forbid them to keep hawks or falcons." The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a>, held under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a>, decreed (canon xv): "We interdict hunting or hawking to all clerics." The decree of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> is worded more mildly: "Let clerics abstain from illicit hunting and hawking" (Sess. XXIV, De reform., c. xii), which seems to imply that not all hunting is illicit, and canonists generally make a distinction declaring noisy (clamorosa) hunting unlawful, but not quiet (quieta) hunting.<a href="#cite_note-:3-57">[57]</a> Ferraris gives it as the general sense of canonists that hunting is allowed to clerics if it be indulged in rarely and for sufficient cause, as necessity, utility or "honest" recreation, and with that moderation which is becoming to the ecclesiastical state. Ziegler, however, thinks that the interpretation of the canonists is not in accordance with the letter or spirit of the laws of the church.<a href="#cite_note-:3-57">[57]</a> Nevertheless, although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> is undoubtedly permissible, it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese, as was done by <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synods</a> at <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, and elsewhere. <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a> declared that such synodal decrees are not too severe, as an absolute prohibition of hunting is more conformable to the <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">ecclesiastical law</a>. In practice, therefore, the synodal statutes of various localities must be consulted to discover whether they allow quiet hunting or prohibit it altogether.<a href="#cite_note-:3-57">[57]</a> Small-scale hunting as a family or <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence farming">subsistence farming</a> activity is recognised by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> in his encyclical letter, <a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a>, as a legitimate and valuable aspect of employment within the food production system.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Hunting is not forbidden in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a>, although there is an aversion to it. The great 18th-century authority <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Yechezkel_Landau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbi Yechezkel Landau">Rabbi Yechezkel Landau</a> after a study concluded although "hunting would not be considered cruelty to animals insofar as the animal is generally killed quickly and not tortured... There is an unseemly element in it, namely cruelty." The other issue is that hunting can be dangerous and Judaism places an extreme emphasis on the value of human life.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia Law</a> permits hunting of lawful animals and birds if they cannot be easily caught and slaughtered. However, this is only for the purpose of food and not for trophy hunting.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_traditions">National traditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: National traditions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Africa">East Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: East Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Baker_chased_by_an_elephant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Samuel_Baker_chased_by_an_elephant.jpg/250px-Samuel_Baker_chased_by_an_elephant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Samuel_Baker_chased_by_an_elephant.jpg/330px-Samuel_Baker_chased_by_an_elephant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Samuel_Baker_chased_by_an_elephant.jpg/500px-Samuel_Baker_chased_by_an_elephant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Explorer and big game hunter <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baker" title="Samuel Baker">Samuel Baker</a> chased by an elephant, illustration from 1890</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></div> A safari, from a <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> word meaning "journey, expedition,"<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> especially in Africa, is defined as a journey to see or kill animals in their natural environment, most commonly in East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Safari as a distinctive way of hunting was popularized by the US author <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> and President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> A safari may consist of a several-days—or even weeks-long journey, with <a href="/wiki/Camping" title="Camping">camping</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_bush" title="The bush">the bush</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jungle" title="Jungle">jungle</a>, while pursuing <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">big game</a>. Nowadays, it is often used to describe hunting tours through African wildlife.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Hunters are usually tourists, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Hunting_license" title="Hunting license">licensed</a> and highly <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulated</a> professional hunters, local guides, <a href="/wiki/Skinner_(profession)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skinner (profession)">skinners</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Porter_(carrier)" title="Porter (carrier)">porters</a> in more difficult terrains.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A special safari type is the solo-safari, where all the license acquiring, stalking, preparation, and outfitting is done by the hunter himself.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weeks_Edwin_Departure_For_The_Hunt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Weeks_Edwin_Departure_For_The_Hunt.jpg/220px-Weeks_Edwin_Departure_For_The_Hunt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Weeks_Edwin_Departure_For_The_Hunt.jpg/330px-Weeks_Edwin_Departure_For_The_Hunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Weeks_Edwin_Departure_For_The_Hunt.jpg/440px-Weeks_Edwin_Departure_For_The_Hunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lord_Weeks" title="Edwin Lord Weeks">Weeks Edwin's</a> painting Departure for the Hunt, c. 1885</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunting_party_mandalay1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Hunting_party_mandalay1885.jpg/220px-Hunting_party_mandalay1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Hunting_party_mandalay1885.jpg/330px-Hunting_party_mandalay1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Hunting_party_mandalay1885.jpg/440px-Hunting_party_mandalay1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>A Shikar party in <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, soon after the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> in 1886, when Burma was annexed to <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Indian_feudalism" title="Indian feudalism">feudal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">colonial</a> times in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, hunting or shikar was regarded as a regal sport in the numerous <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a>, as many <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">maharajas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">nawabs</a>, as well as British officers, maintained a whole corps of shikaris (<a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">big-game hunters</a>), who were native professional hunters. They would be headed by a master of the hunt, who might be styled mir-shikar. Often, they recruited the normally low-ranking local tribes because of their <a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">traditional knowledge</a> of the environment and hunting techniques. Big game, such as <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tigers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal tigers">Bengal tigers</a>, might be hunted from the back of an <a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a>. Regional <a href="/wiki/Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">social norms</a> are generally antagonistic to hunting, while a few <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sects</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bishnoi" title="Bishnoi">Bishnoi</a>, lay special emphasis on the conservation of particular species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a>. India's <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife Protection Act of 1972">Wildlife Protection Act of 1972</a> bans the killing of all wild animals. However, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Forest_Service" title="Indian Forest Service">Chief Wildlife Warden</a> may, if satisfied that any wild animal from a specified list has become dangerous to human life or is so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery, permit any person to hunt such an animal. In this case, the body of any wild animal killed or wounded becomes government property.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The practice among the soldiers in British India during the 1770s of going out to hunt <a href="/wiki/Snipe" title="Snipe">snipes</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Shorebird" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorebird">shorebird</a> considered extremely challenging for hunters due to its alertness, camouflaging colour and erratic flight behavior, is believed to be the origin of the modern word for <a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">sniper</a>, as snipe-hunters needed to be stealthy in addition to having <a href="/wiki/Tracking_(hunting)" title="Tracking (hunting)">tracking</a> skills and <a href="/wiki/Marksmanship" class="mw-redirect" title="Marksmanship">marksmanship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-etymology-70">[70]</a> The term was used in the nineteenth century, and had become common usage by the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snowden_Slights,_front_view_YORYM-S13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Snowden_Slights%2C_front_view_YORYM-S13.jpg/250px-Snowden_Slights%2C_front_view_YORYM-S13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Snowden_Slights%2C_front_view_YORYM-S13.jpg/330px-Snowden_Slights%2C_front_view_YORYM-S13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Snowden_Slights%2C_front_view_YORYM-S13.jpg/500px-Snowden_Slights%2C_front_view_YORYM-S13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="1754" /></a><figcaption>Snowden Slights with <a href="/wiki/Retriever" title="Retriever">retriever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">shotgun</a> around 1910, 'the last of Yorkshire's <a href="/wiki/Wildfowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildfowler">Wildfowlers</a>'<a href="#cite_note-Blast-71">[71]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deer_stalking" title="Deer stalking">Deer stalking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox hunting legislation">Fox hunting legislation</a></div> Unarmed <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a> on horseback with hounds is the type of hunting most closely associated with the United Kingdom; in fact, "hunting" without qualification implies fox hunting.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> What in other countries is called "hunting" is called "shooting" (birds)<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> or "stalking" (deer)<a href="#cite_note-:6-74">[74]</a> in Britain. Fox hunting is a social activity for the upper classes, with roles strictly defined by wealth and status.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Similar to fox hunting in many ways is the chasing of hares with <a href="/wiki/Hound" title="Hound">hounds</a>. Pairs of <a href="/wiki/Sighthound" title="Sighthound">sighthounds</a> (or long-dogs), such as <a href="/wiki/Greyhound" title="Greyhound">greyhounds</a>, may be used to pursue a hare in coursing, where the greyhounds are marked as to their skill in coursing the hare (but are not intended to actually catch it), or the hare may be pursued with <a href="/wiki/Scent_hound" title="Scent hound">scent hounds</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Beagle" title="Beagle">beagles</a> or harriers. Other sorts of <a href="/wiki/Foxhound" title="Foxhound">foxhounds</a> may also be used for hunting <a href="/wiki/Stag" class="mw-redirect" title="Stag">stags (deer)</a> or <a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">mink</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Deer_stalking" title="Deer stalking">Deer stalking</a> with rifles is carried out on foot without hounds, using stealth.<a href="#cite_note-:4-11">[11]</a><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> These forms of hunting have been controversial in the UK. <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a> supporters believe that hunting causes unnecessary suffering to foxes, horses, and hounds. Proponents argue that the activity is a historical tradition. Using dogs to chase wild mammals was <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox hunting legislation">made illegal</a> in February 2005 by the <a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">Hunting Act 2004</a>; there were a number of exemptions (under which the activity may not be illegal) in the act for hunting with hounds, but no exemptions at all for hare-coursing.<a href="#cite_note-:6-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shooting_traditions">Shooting traditions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Shooting traditions">edit</a>]</div> Game birds, especially <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a>, are shot with shotguns for sport in the UK; the <a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_Shooting_and_Conservation" title="British Association for Shooting and Conservation">British Association for Shooting and Conservation</a> says that over a million people per year participate in shooting, including game shooting, <a href="/wiki/Clay_pigeon_shooting" title="Clay pigeon shooting">clay pigeon shooting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">target shooting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Shooting as practiced in Britain, as opposed to traditional hunting, requires little questing for game—around thirty-five million birds are released onto shooting estates every year, some having been <a href="/wiki/Factory_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farming">factory farmed</a>. Shoots can be elaborate affairs with guns placed in assigned positions and assistants to help load shotguns. When in position, "<a href="/wiki/Beater_(hunting)" title="Beater (hunting)">beaters</a>" move through the areas of cover, swinging sticks or flags to drive the game out. Such events are often called "drives" /<a href="/w/index.php?title=Driven_hunting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Driven hunting (page does not exist)">driven hunting</a>. The open season for <a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">grouse</a> in the UK begins on 12 August, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Twelfth" title="Glorious Twelfth">Glorious Twelfth</a>. The definition of game in the United Kingdom is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Game_Act_1831" title="Game Act 1831">Game Act 1831</a> (<a href="/wiki/1_%26_2_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="1 & 2 Will. 4">1 & 2 Will. 4</a>. c. 32). A similar tradition, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojeo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ojeo (page does not exist)">ojeo</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ojeo" class="extiw" title="es:ojeo">es</a>], exists in Spain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_the_United_States" title="Hunting in the United States">Hunting in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_on_Schoodic_Lake,_ME.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Camp_on_Schoodic_Lake%2C_ME.jpg/220px-Camp_on_Schoodic_Lake%2C_ME.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Camp_on_Schoodic_Lake%2C_ME.jpg/330px-Camp_on_Schoodic_Lake%2C_ME.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Camp_on_Schoodic_Lake%2C_ME.jpg/440px-Camp_on_Schoodic_Lake%2C_ME.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>Hunting camp with <a href="/wiki/Field_dressing_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Field dressing deer">dressed deer</a> at Schoodic Lake, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, in 1905</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bear_hunting_Kodiak_FWS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bear_hunting_Kodiak_FWS.jpg/250px-Bear_hunting_Kodiak_FWS.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bear_hunting_Kodiak_FWS.jpg/330px-Bear_hunting_Kodiak_FWS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bear_hunting_Kodiak_FWS.jpg/500px-Bear_hunting_Kodiak_FWS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1050" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Carrying a bear trophy head at the <a href="/wiki/Kodiak_Archipelago" title="Kodiak Archipelago">Kodiak Archipelago</a></div></div></div></div></div> North American hunting pre-dates the United States by thousands of years and was an important part of many <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> Native American cultures. Native Americans retain some hunting rights and are exempt from some laws as part of Indian treaties and otherwise under <a href="/wiki/Federal_law" title="Federal law">federal law</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>—examples include <a href="/wiki/Eagle_feather_law" title="Eagle feather law">eagle feather laws</a> and exemptions in the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Mammal_Protection_Act_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972">Marine Mammal Protection Act</a>. This is considered particularly important in <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaskan native</a> communities. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hectors_photos_109.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hectors_photos_109.JPG/220px-Hectors_photos_109.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hectors_photos_109.JPG/330px-Hectors_photos_109.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hectors_photos_109.JPG/440px-Hectors_photos_109.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A man target practicing for the hunting seasons</figcaption></figure> Gun usage in hunting is typically regulated by game category, area within the state, and time period. Regulations for <a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">big-game hunting</a> often specify a minimum <a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">caliber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_energy" title="Muzzle energy">muzzle energy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a>. The use of <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a> is often banned for safety reasons in areas with high <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population densities</a> or limited <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">topographic relief</a>. Regulations may also limit or ban the use of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a> because of environmental concerns. Specific seasons for <a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">bow</a> hunting or <a href="/wiki/Muzzle-loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle-loader">muzzle-loading</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">black-powder</a> guns are often established to limit competition with hunters using more effective <a href="/wiki/Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons">weapons</a>. Hunting in the United States is not associated with any particular class or culture; a 2006 poll showed seventy-eight per cent of Americans supported legal hunting,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> although relatively few Americans actually hunt. At the beginning of the 21st century, just six per cent of Americans hunted. <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southerners</a> in states along the eastern seaboard hunted at a rate of five per cent, slightly below the national average, and while hunting was more common in other parts of the South at nine per cent, these rates did not surpass those of the Plains states, where twelve per cent of <a href="/wiki/Midwesterners" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwesterners">Midwesterners</a> hunted. Hunting in other areas of the country fell below the national average.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Overall, in the 1996–2006 period, the number of hunters over the age of sixteen declined by ten per cent, a drop attributable to a number of factors including <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat loss</a> and changes in recreation habits.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The principles of the <a href="/wiki/Fair_chase" title="Fair chase">fair chase</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> have been a part of the American hunting tradition for over one hundred years. The role of the hunter-conservationist, popularised by Theodore Roosevelt, and perpetuated by Roosevelt's formation of the <a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a>, has been central to the development of the modern fair chase tradition. Beyond Fair Chase: The Ethic and Tradition of Hunting, a book by Jim Posewitz, describes fair chase: <blockquote> "Fundamental to ethical hunting is the idea of fair chase. This concept addresses the balance between the hunter and the hunted. It is a balance that allows hunters to occasionally succeed while animals generally avoid being taken."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </blockquote> When <a href="/wiki/Internet_hunting" title="Internet hunting">Internet hunting</a> was introduced in 2005, allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns, the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase. As a representative of the <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a> (NRA) explained, "The NRA has always maintained that fair chase, being in the field with your firearm or bow, is an important element of hunting tradition. Sitting at your desk in front of your computer, clicking at a mouse, has nothing to do with hunting."<a href="#cite_note-HSUS-FactSheet-84">[84]</a> Animals such as <a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">blackbuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">nilgai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axis_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis deer">axis deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallow_deer" title="Fallow deer">fallow deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">barasingha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">gazelle</a> and many other exotic game species can now be found on <a href="/wiki/Game_farm" title="Game farm">game farms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranches</a> in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, where they were introduced for sport hunting. These hunters can be found paying in excess of $10,000 to take trophy animals on these controlled ranches.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Russia" title="Hunting in Russia">Hunting in Russia</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> imperial hunts evolved from hunting traditions of early Russian rulers—<a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Prince">Grand Princes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Czar" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Czar">Tsars</a>—under the influence of hunting customs of European royal courts. The imperial hunts were organised mainly in <a href="/wiki/Petergof" title="Petergof">Peterhof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Tsarskoye Selo">Tsarskoye Selo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_140043_Riders_gather_for_a_dingo_drive_at_Durella_Station_in_Morven,_ca._1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/StateLibQld_1_140043_Riders_gather_for_a_dingo_drive_at_Durella_Station_in_Morven%2C_ca._1936.jpg/220px-StateLibQld_1_140043_Riders_gather_for_a_dingo_drive_at_Durella_Station_in_Morven%2C_ca._1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/StateLibQld_1_140043_Riders_gather_for_a_dingo_drive_at_Durella_Station_in_Morven%2C_ca._1936.jpg/330px-StateLibQld_1_140043_Riders_gather_for_a_dingo_drive_at_Durella_Station_in_Morven%2C_ca._1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/StateLibQld_1_140043_Riders_gather_for_a_dingo_drive_at_Durella_Station_in_Morven%2C_ca._1936.jpg/440px-StateLibQld_1_140043_Riders_gather_for_a_dingo_drive_at_Durella_Station_in_Morven%2C_ca._1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Riders gather for a <a href="/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">dingo</a> drive in <a href="/wiki/Morven,_Queensland" title="Morven, Queensland">Morven, Queensland</a>, 1936.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Australia" title="Hunting in Australia">Hunting in Australia</a></div> Hunting in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> has evolved around the hunting and eradication of various animals considered to be pests or <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> . All native animals are protected by law, and certain species such as <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">kangaroos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a> can be hunted by <a href="/wiki/Hunting_license" title="Hunting license">licensed</a> shooters but only under a special permit on <a href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">public lands</a> during <a href="/wiki/Hunting_season" title="Hunting season">open seasons</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a> that are targeted include <a href="/wiki/European_rabbit" title="European rabbit">European rabbits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">sambar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">hog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">fallow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">chital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">rusa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Feral_cats_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral cats in Australia">feral cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feral_pig#Australia" title="Feral pig">pigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feral_goats_in_Australia" title="Feral goats in Australia">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brumby" title="Brumby">brumbies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feral_donkeys_in_Australia" title="Feral donkeys in Australia">donkeys</a> and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Australian_feral_camel" title="Australian feral camel">camels</a>, as well as introduced <a href="/wiki/Upland_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland bird">upland birds</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Quail" title="Quail">quails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">partridges</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_New_Zealand" title="Hunting in New Zealand">Hunting in New Zealand</a></div> New Zealand has a strong hunting culture.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> When humans arrived, the only mammals present on the islands making up New Zealand were bats, although seals and other marine mammals were present along the coasts. However, when humans arrived they brought other species with them. Polynesian voyagers introduced kuri (dogs), kiore (Polynesian rats), as well as a range of plant species. European explorers further added to New Zealand's biota, particularly pigs which were introduced by either Captain Cook or the French explorer De Surville in the 1700s.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> During the nineteenth century, as European colonisation took place, <a href="/wiki/Acclimatisation_society" title="Acclimatisation society">acclimatisation societies</a> were established. The societies introduced a large number of species with no use other than as prey for hunting.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Species that adapted well to the New Zealand terrain include <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigs">pigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goats" class="mw-redirect" title="Goats">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahr" title="Tahr">tahr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">chamois</a>. With wilderness areas, suitable forage, and no natural predators, their populations exploded. Government agencies view the animals as pests due to their effects on the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a> and on agricultural production, but hunters view them as a resource. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChosroesHuntingScene.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ChosroesHuntingScene.JPG/250px-ChosroesHuntingScene.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ChosroesHuntingScene.JPG/330px-ChosroesHuntingScene.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ChosroesHuntingScene.JPG/500px-ChosroesHuntingScene.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>Plate depicting <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> hunting animals</figcaption></figure> Iranian tradition regarded hunting as an essential part of a prince's education,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and hunting was well recorded for the education of the upper-class youths during <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Classical_antiquity" title="History of Iran">pre-Islamic Persia</a>. As of October 2020, a hunting licensee costs $20,000. The Department of Environment although do not report the number of permits issued.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> The numbers of licensed hunters in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, including those using <a href="/wiki/Snare_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Snare trap">snares</a> and guns, is generally decreasing, while their average age is increasing. As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were approximately 190,000 registered hunters, approximately 65% of whom were sixty years old or older.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinidad_and_Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Trinidad and Tobago">edit</a>]</div> There is a very active tradition of hunting small to medium-sized wild game in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>. Hunting is carried out with firearms, slingshots and cage traps, and sometimes aided by the use of hounds. The illegal use of trap guns and snare nets also occurs. With approximately 12,000 to 13,000 hunters applying for and being granted hunting permits in recent years, there is some concern that the practice might not be sustainable. In addition, there are at present no bag limits and the open season is comparatively very long (5 months – October to February inclusive). As such hunting pressure from legal hunters is very high. Added to that, there is a thriving and very lucrative black market for poached wild game (sold and enthusiastically purchased as expensive luxury delicacies) and the numbers of commercial poachers in operation is unknown but presumed to be fairly high. As a result, the populations of the five major mammalian game species (<a href="/wiki/Red-rumped_agouti" title="Red-rumped agouti">red-rumped agouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lowland_paca" title="Lowland paca">lowland paca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nine-banded_armadillo" title="Nine-banded armadillo">nine-banded armadillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">collared peccary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_brocket_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Red brocket deer">red brocket deer</a>) are thought to be relatively low when compared to less-hunted regions in nearby mainland <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> (although scientifically conducted population studies are only just recently being conducted as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit">[update]</a>). It appears that the <a href="/wiki/Red_brocket_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Red brocket deer">red brocket deer</a> population has been extirpated in <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a> as a result of over-hunting. By some time in the mid 20th century another extirpation due to over-hunting occurred in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> with its population of <a href="/wiki/Horned_screamer" title="Horned screamer">horned screamer</a> (a large game bird). Various herons, ducks, doves, the <a href="/wiki/Green_iguana" title="Green iguana">green iguana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cryptic_golden_tegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptic golden tegu">cryptic golden tegu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spectacled_caiman" title="Spectacled caiman">spectacled caiman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Common_opossum" title="Common opossum">common opossum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Capybara" title="Capybara">capybara</a> are also commonly hunted and poached. There is also some poaching of 'fully protected species', including <a href="/wiki/Guyanan_red_howler" title="Guyanan red howler">red howler</a> monkey and <a href="/wiki/Capuchin_monkey" title="Capuchin monkey">capuchin monkeys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_tamandua" title="Southern tamandua">southern tamandua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_porcupine" title="Brazilian porcupine">Brazilian porcupine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow-footed_tortoise" title="Yellow-footed tortoise">yellow-footed tortoise</a>, the critically endangered island endemic <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_piping_guan" title="Trinidad piping guan">Trinidad piping guan</a> and even one of the national birds, the <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_ibis" title="Scarlet ibis">scarlet ibis</a>. Legal hunters pay relatively small fees to obtain hunting licenses and undergo no official basic <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">conservation biology</a> or hunting-ethics/<a href="/wiki/Fair_chase" title="Fair chase">fair chase</a> training and are not assessed regarding their knowledge and comprehension of the local wildlife conservation laws. There is presumed to be relatively little subsistence hunting in the country (with most hunting for either sport or commercial profit). The local wildlife management authorities are under-staffed and under-funded, and as such little in the way of enforcement is done to uphold existing wildlife management laws, with hunting/poaching occurring both in and out of season and even in wildlife sanctuaries. There is some indication that the government is beginning to take the issue of wildlife management more seriously, with well drafted legislation being brought before Parliament in 2015. It remains to be seen if the drafted legislation will be fully adopted and financially supported by the current and future governments, and if the general populace will move towards a greater awareness of the importance of wildlife conservation and change the culture of wanton consumption to one of sustainable management. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wildlife_management">Wildlife management</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Wildlife management">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weisergatter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Weisergatter.png/220px-Weisergatter.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Weisergatter.png/330px-Weisergatter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Weisergatter.png/440px-Weisergatter.png 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Control fence to assess the impact of <a href="/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)" title="Browsing (herbivory)">browsing</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a>. Note the lack of natural forest regeneration outside the fencing.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">Wildlife management</a></div> Hunting is claimed to give <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">resource managers</a> an important tool<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> in managing populations that might exceed the <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> of their <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> and threaten the well-being of other species, or, in some instances, damage human health or safety.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In some cases, hunting actually can increase the population of predators such as coyotes by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established, resulting in excess neighbouring migrations into an area, thus artificially increasing the population.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Hunting advocates[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] assert that hunting reduces <a href="/wiki/Intraspecific_competition" title="Intraspecific competition">intraspecific competition</a> for food and shelter, reducing mortality among the remaining animals. Some <a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentalist">environmentalists</a> assert[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] that (re)introducing <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a> would achieve the same end with greater efficiency and less negative effect, such as introducing significant amounts of free <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> into the environment and <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>. In the United States, wildlife managers are frequently part of hunting regulatory and licensing bodies, where they help to set rules on the number, manner and conditions in which game may be hunted. Management agencies sometimes rely on hunting to control specific animal populations, as has been the case with deer in North America. These hunts may sometimes be carried out by professional shooters, although others may include amateur hunters. Many US city and local governments hire professional and amateur hunters each year to reduce populations of animals such as deer that are becoming hazardous in a restricted area, such as neighbourhood parks and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan</a> open spaces. A large part of managing populations involves managing the number and, sometimes, the size or age of animals harvested so as to ensure the sustainability of the population. Tools that are frequently used to control harvest are bag limits and season closures, although gear restrictions such as archery-only seasons are becoming increasingly popular in an effort to reduce hunter success rates in countries that rely on bag limits per hunter instead of per area.<a href="#cite_note-PLOSONE2021-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-MDWFP-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-HunterEd-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-OutdoorZia-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws">Laws</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Laws">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hunting_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting legislation">Hunting legislation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></div> Illegal hunting and harvesting of wild species contrary to local and international <a href="/wiki/Conservation_(ethic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation (ethic)">conservation</a> and wildlife management laws is called poaching. <a href="/wiki/Game_preservation" title="Game preservation">Game preservation</a> is one of the tactics used to prevent poaching. Violations of hunting laws and regulations involving poaching are normally punishable by law.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Punishment can include <a href="/wiki/Confiscation" title="Confiscation">confiscation of equipment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fines</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a> sentence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right_to_hunt">Right to hunt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Right to hunt">edit</a>]</div> The right to hunt—sometimes in combination with the right to fish—is protected implicitly, as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">right of ownership</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> or explicitly, as a <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">right</a> on its own,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-104">[104]</a> in a number of jurisdictions. For instance, as of 2019, a total of 22 U.S. states explicitly recognize a subjective right to hunt in their constitutions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bag_limits">Bag limits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bag limits">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bag_limits" title="Bag limits">Bag limits</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bird_shooting_game_rack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bird_shooting_game_rack.jpg/250px-Bird_shooting_game_rack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bird_shooting_game_rack.jpg/330px-Bird_shooting_game_rack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bird_shooting_game_rack.jpg/500px-Bird_shooting_game_rack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red-legged_partridge" title="Red-legged partridge">Red-legged partridges</a> on a game rack</figcaption></figure> Bag limits are provisions under the law that control how many animals of a given species or group of species can be killed, although there are often species for which bag limits do not apply. There are also <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> where bag limits are not applied at all or are not applied under certain circumstances. The phrase bag limits come from the custom among hunters of small game to carry successful kills in a small basket, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Fishing_creel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing creel">fishing creel</a>. Where bag limits are used, there can be daily or seasonal bag limits; for example, ducks can often be harvested at a rate of six per hunter per day.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Big game, like <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, most often have a seasonal bag limit of one animal per hunter.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Bag limits may also regulate the size, sex, or age of animal that a hunter can kill. In many cases, bag limits are designed to allocate harvest among the hunting population more equitably rather than to protect animal populations, as protecting the population would necessitate regional density-dependent maximum bags. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closed_and_open_season">Closed and open season</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Closed and open season">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Closed_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed season">closed season</a> is a time during which hunting an animal of a given species is contrary to law. Typically, closed seasons are designed to protect a species when they are most vulnerable or to protect them during their <a href="/wiki/Breeding_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Breeding season">breeding season</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> By extension, the period that is not the closed season is known as the <a href="/wiki/Open_season_(hunting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open season (hunting)">open season</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Methods">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bechuana_hunting_the_lion-1841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bechuana_hunting_the_lion-1841.jpg/220px-Bechuana_hunting_the_lion-1841.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bechuana_hunting_the_lion-1841.jpg/330px-Bechuana_hunting_the_lion-1841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bechuana_hunting_the_lion-1841.jpg/440px-Bechuana_hunting_the_lion-1841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Tswana hunting the <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>, 1841</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg/220px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg/330px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg/440px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>American <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> being chased off a cliff as seen and painted by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jacob_Miller" title="Alfred Jacob Miller">Alfred Jacob Miller</a>, c. 1860</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BedaleHunt2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BedaleHunt2005.jpg/220px-BedaleHunt2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BedaleHunt2005.jpg/330px-BedaleHunt2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BedaleHunt2005.jpg/440px-BedaleHunt2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Master or whipper-in and fox hounds drawing a wood. Hunting in Yorkshire, northern England, in 2005, on the last day of fully legal, proper, fox hunting.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hunting_strategy" title="Hunting strategy">Hunting strategy</a></div> Historical, subsistence, and sport hunting techniques can differ radically, with modern hunting regulations often addressing issues of where, when, and how hunts are conducted. Techniques may vary depending on government regulations, a hunter's personal ethics, local custom, hunting equipment, and the animal being hunted. Often a hunter will use a combination of more than one technique. Laws may forbid sport hunters from using some methods used primarily in poaching and wildlife management. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bait_(luring_substance)" title="Bait (luring substance)">Baiting</a> is the use of <a href="/wiki/Decoy" title="Decoy">decoys</a>, lures, scent, or food.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/battue" class="extiw" title="wikt:battue">Battue</a> involves scaring animals (by beating sticks) into a killing zone or ambush.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagling" title="Beagling">Beagling</a> is the use of <a href="/wiki/Beagle" title="Beagle">beagles</a> in hunting <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, and sometimes in hunting <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>.</li> <li>Beating uses human <a href="/wiki/Beater_(hunting)" title="Beater (hunting)">beaters</a> to flush out game from an area or drive it into position.</li> <li>Stand hunting or blind hunting is waiting for animals from a concealed or elevated position, for example from <a href="/wiki/Tree_stand" title="Tree stand">tree stands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunting_blind" title="Hunting blind">hunting blinds</a> or other types of shooting stands.</li> <li>Calling is the use of animal noises to attract or drive animals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a> is the use of visual or odour concealment to blend with the environment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Dogs</a> may be used to <a href="/wiki/Coursing" title="Coursing">course</a> or to help flush, herd, drive, track, point at, pursue, or retrieve prey.</li> <li>Driving is the <a href="/wiki/Herding" title="Herding">herding</a> of animals in a particular direction, usually toward another hunter in the group (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Driven_hunt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Driven hunt (page does not exist)">driven hunt</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a> is the hunting of wild animals in their natural state and habitat by means of a trained bird of prey.</li> <li>Flushing is the practice of scaring animals from concealed areas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">Ghillie suit</a> is a type of gear a person can wear to blend with environment.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li>Glassing is the use of optics, such as binoculars, to locate animals more easily.</li> <li>Glue is an indiscriminate passive form to kill birds.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_hunting" title="Internet hunting">Internet hunting</a> is a method of hunting over the Internet using <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcams</a> and remotely controlled guns.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Netting involves using <a href="/wiki/Net_(device)" title="Net (device)">nets</a>, including active netting with the use of <a href="/wiki/Cannon_netting" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannon netting">cannon nets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocket_net" title="Rocket net">rocket nets</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistence_hunting" title="Persistence hunting">Persistence hunting</a> is the use of running and tracking to pursue the prey to exhaustion.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li> <li>Posting is done by sitting or standing in a particular place with the intentions of intercepting your game of choice along their travel corridor.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li>Scouting for game is typically done prior to a hunt and will ensure the desired species are in a chosen area. Looking for animal sign such as tracks, scat, etc.... and utilizing "trail cameras" are commonly used tactics while scouting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a> is the use of a ranged weapon such as a gun, bow, crossbow, or slingshot.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solunar_theory" title="Solunar theory">Solunar theory</a> says that animals move according to the location of the moon in comparison to their bodies and is said to have been used long before this by hunters to know the best times to hunt their desired game.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlighting" title="Spotlighting">Spotlighting</a> or shining is the use of artificial light to find or blind animals before killing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_stalker" title="Game stalker">Stalking</a> or still hunting is the practice of walking quietly in search of animals or in pursuit of an individual animal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_(hunting)" title="Tracking (hunting)">Tracking</a> is the practice of reading physical evidence in pursuing animals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_trapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal trapping">Trapping</a> is the use of devices such as <a href="/wiki/Snare_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Snare trap">snares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trapping_pit" title="Trapping pit">pits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deadfall_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Deadfall trap">deadfalls</a> to capture or kill an animal.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table">Table</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Table">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable zebra" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Number of hunters in various European and North American countries Sources: Europe (2016/17),<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Ireland (2007),<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Canada (2012),<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Russia (2012),<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> United States (2016);<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Hunters</th> <th>Population (millions) </th> <th>Hunters as percentage of the total population </th> <th>Relation hunters/inhabitants </th> <th>Area (km2) </th> <th>Hunters per km2 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>2,482,678</td> <td>34.7</td> <td>7.15</td> <td>1:14</td> <td>9,984,670</td> <td>0.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>308,000</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>5.92</td> <td>1:17</td> <td>338,448</td> <td>0.91 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></td> <td>45,000</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>5.63</td> <td>1:18</td> <td>5,896</td> <td>7.63 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/40px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/60px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>190,000</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>4.04</td> <td>1:25</td> <td>385,207</td> <td>0.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></td> <td>15,000</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>3.75</td> <td>1:27</td> <td>316</td> <td>47.47 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>11,453,000</td> <td>323.1</td> <td>3.54</td> <td>1:28</td> <td>9,826,675</td> <td>1.17 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>290,000</td> <td>9.0</td> <td>3.22</td> <td>1:31</td> <td>447,435</td> <td>0.65 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td>165,000</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>3.00</td> <td>1:33</td> <td>42,921</td> <td>3.84 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td>104,000</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>2.48</td> <td>1:46</td> <td>70,273</td> <td>1.48 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>235,000</td> <td>10.7</td> <td>2.20</td> <td>1:46</td> <td>131,957</td> <td>1.78 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>980,000</td> <td>45.0</td> <td>2.18</td> <td>1:46</td> <td>505,970</td> <td>1.94 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>230,000</td> <td>10.7</td> <td>2.15</td> <td>1:47</td> <td>92,212</td> <td>2.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>1,331,000</td> <td>64.1</td> <td>2.08</td> <td>1:48</td> <td>543,965</td> <td>2.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>2,800,000</td> <td>143.2</td> <td>1.96</td> <td>1:51</td> <td>17,125,200</td> <td>0.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>110,000</td> <td>7.7</td> <td>1.43</td> <td>1:70</td> <td>110,994</td> <td>0.99 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>118,000</td> <td>8.3</td> <td>1.42</td> <td>1:70</td> <td>83,879</td> <td>1.41 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>800,000</td> <td>61.1</td> <td>1.31</td> <td>1:76</td> <td>242,495</td> <td>3.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>750,000</td> <td>58.1</td> <td>1.29</td> <td>1:77</td> <td>301,338</td> <td>2.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></td> <td>16,600</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>1.28</td> <td>1:78</td> <td>45,339</td> <td>0.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>55,000</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>1.22</td> <td>1:82</td> <td>56,594</td> <td>0.97 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td> <td>22,000</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>1.10</td> <td>1:91</td> <td>20,273</td> <td>1.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td> <td>25,000</td> <td>2.3</td> <td>1.09</td> <td>1:92</td> <td>64,589</td> <td>0.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td>110,000</td> <td>10.2</td> <td>1.08</td> <td>1:93</td> <td>78,866</td> <td>1.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></td> <td>55,000</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>1.02</td> <td>1:98</td> <td>49,034</td> <td>1.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/60px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td>32,000</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>0.89</td> <td>1:113</td> <td>65,300</td> <td>0.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td>55,000</td> <td>9.9</td> <td>0.56</td> <td>1:180</td> <td>93,036</td> <td>0.59 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>351,000</td> <td>82.5</td> <td>0.43</td> <td>1:235</td> <td>357,578</td> <td>0.98 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></td> <td>2,000</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.40</td> <td>1:250</td> <td>2,586</td> <td>0.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>30,000</td> <td>7.6</td> <td>0.39</td> <td>1:253</td> <td>41,285</td> <td>0.73 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>106,000</td> <td>38.5</td> <td>0.28</td> <td>1:363</td> <td>312,696</td> <td>0.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>60,000</td> <td>22.2</td> <td>0.27</td> <td>1:370</td> <td>238,391</td> <td>0.25 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>23,000</td> <td>10.4</td> <td>0.22</td> <td>1:452</td> <td>30,688</td> <td>0.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>28,170</td> <td>16.7</td> <td>0.17</td> <td>1:593</td> <td>41,543</td> <td>0.68 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graph">Graph</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Graph">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Bar_graph_-_Number_of_hunters_in_various_countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bar_graph_-_Number_of_hunters_in_various_countries.svg/1200px-Bar_graph_-_Number_of_hunters_in_various_countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1200" height="698" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bar_graph_-_Number_of_hunters_in_various_countries.svg/1800px-Bar_graph_-_Number_of_hunters_in_various_countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bar_graph_-_Number_of_hunters_in_various_countries.svg/2400px-Bar_graph_-_Number_of_hunters_in_various_countries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1761" data-file-height="1024" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trophy_hunting">Trophy hunting</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Trophy hunting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">Trophy hunting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Usov.jpg/170px-Usov.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Usov.jpg/255px-Usov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Usov.jpg/340px-Usov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Trophy collection of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Liechtenstein" title="House of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein family</a> at <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Asov" title="Úsov">Úsov</a> Castle, the Czech Republic</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zdravko_Pe%C4%8Dar_During_an_Elephant_Hunt_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Zdravko_Pe%C4%8Dar_During_an_Elephant_Hunt_%283%29.jpg/250px-Zdravko_Pe%C4%8Dar_During_an_Elephant_Hunt_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Zdravko_Pe%C4%8Dar_During_an_Elephant_Hunt_%283%29.jpg/330px-Zdravko_Pe%C4%8Dar_During_an_Elephant_Hunt_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Zdravko_Pe%C4%8Dar_During_an_Elephant_Hunt_%283%29.jpg/500px-Zdravko_Pe%C4%8Dar_During_an_Elephant_Hunt_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4567" data-file-height="2965" /></a><figcaption>A hunter and local guides with an <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a> they shot, 1970</figcaption></figure> Trophy hunting is the selective seeking and killing of wild game animals to take <a href="/wiki/Trophies" class="mw-redirect" title="Trophies">trophies</a> for <a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">personal collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boasting" title="Boasting">bragging rights</a> or as a <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbol</a>. It may also include the controversial hunting of captive or semi-captive animals expressly bred and raised under controlled or semi-controlled conditions so as to attain trophy characteristics; this is sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Canned_hunt" title="Canned hunt">canned hunts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> In the 19th century, southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a <a href="/wiki/Trophy" title="Trophy">trophy</a>, usually the head or <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">pelt</a> of an animal, which was then displayed as a sign of prowess. The rest of the animal was typically discarded. Some cultures, however, disapprove of such waste. In <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, hunting for trophies was—and still is—frowned upon. Hunting in North America in the 19th century was done primarily as a way to supplement food supplies, although it is now undertaken mainly for sport.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="#East_Africa">safari</a> method of hunting was a development of sport hunting that saw elaborate travel in Africa, India and other places in pursuit of trophies. In modern times, <a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">trophy hunting</a> persists and is a significant industry in some areas.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_tool">Conservation tool</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Conservation tool">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a>, hunting "provides an economic incentive" for ranchers to continue to breed those species, and that hunting "reduces the threat of the species' extinction."<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> A scientific study in the journal, Biological Conservation, states that trophy hunting is of "major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism."<a href="#cite_note-africanwildlifeconservationfund.org-121">[121]</a> However, another study states that less than 3% of a trophy hunters' expenditures reach the local level, meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is "minimal, particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy."<a href="#cite_note-economistsatlarge-122">[122]</a> Financial incentives from trophy hunting effectively more than double the land area that is used for wildlife conservation, relative to what would be conserved relying on national parks alone according to Biological Conservation,<a href="#cite_note-africanwildlifeconservationfund.org-121">[121]</a> although local communities usually derive no more than 18 cents per hectare from trophy hunting.<a href="#cite_note-economistsatlarge-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">Trophy hunting</a> has been considered essential for providing economic incentives to conserve large carnivores according to research studies in Conservation Biology,<a href="#cite_note-cbs.umn.edu-123">[123]</a> Journal of Sustainable Tourism,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> and Animal Conservation.<a href="#cite_note-cbs.umn.edu-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Studies by the Centre for Responsible Tourism<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> and the IUCN state that ecotourism, which includes more than hunting, is a superior economic incentive, generating twice the revenue per acre and 39 times more permanent employment.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> At the cross-section of trophy hunting, ecotourism and conservation is <a href="/wiki/Green_hunting" title="Green hunting">green hunting</a>, a trophy hunting alternative where hunters pay to dart animals that need to be tranquilized for conservation projects.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_Committee_on_Natural_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House Committee on Natural Resources">U.S. House Committee on Natural Resources</a> in 2016 concluded that trophy hunting may be contributing to the extinction of certain animals.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Animal welfare organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/IFAW" class="mw-redirect" title="IFAW">International Fund for Animal Welfare</a>, claim that trophy hunting is a key factor in the "silent extinction" of <a href="/wiki/Giraffes" class="mw-redirect" title="Giraffes">giraffes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> According to a national survey that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducts every five years, fewer people are hunting, even as population rises. National Public Radio reported, a graph shows 2016 statistics, that only about 5 per cent of Americans, 16 years old and older, actually hunt, which is half of what it was 50 years ago. The decline in popularity of hunting is expected to accelerate over the next decade, which threatens how US will pay for conservation. <a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Controversy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Cecil_the_lion" title="Killing of Cecil the lion">Killing of Cecil the lion</a></div> Trophy hunting is most often criticised when it involves rare or <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a> animals.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Opponents may also see trophy hunting as an issue of <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">animal cruelty</a>, criticising the killing of living creatures for <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> dramatist <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a> remarked, "<a href="/wiki/Deer-stalking" class="mw-redirect" title="Deer-stalking">Deer-stalking</a> would be a very fine sport if only the deer had guns."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> There is also debate about the extent to which trophy hunting benefits the <a href="/wiki/Local_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Local economy">local economy</a>. Hunters pay substantial fees to the game outfitters and hunting guides which contributes to the local economy and provides value to animals that would otherwise be seen as competition for grazing, livestock, and crops.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> However, the argument is disputed by animal welfare organizations and other opponents of trophy hunting.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> It is argued that the animals are worth more to the community for <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> than hunting.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AM_Hunting_Lodge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/AM_Hunting_Lodge.jpg/220px-AM_Hunting_Lodge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/AM_Hunting_Lodge.jpg/330px-AM_Hunting_Lodge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/AM_Hunting_Lodge.jpg/440px-AM_Hunting_Lodge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chatelherault_Country_Park" title="Chatelherault Country Park">Chatelherault</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/William_Adam_(architect)" title="William Adam (architect)">William Adam</a> in 1743 as the <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas-Hamilton,_5th_Duke_of_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="James Douglas-Hamilton, 5th Duke of Hamilton">Duke of Hamilton's</a> hunting lodge</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mannerheim_hunting_house.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mannerheim_hunting_house.JPG/220px-Mannerheim_hunting_house.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mannerheim_hunting_house.JPG/330px-Mannerheim_hunting_house.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mannerheim_hunting_house.JPG/440px-Mannerheim_hunting_house.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="1098" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marshal%27s_Cabin" title="Marshal's Cabin">Marshal's Cabin</a>, a former hunting lodge in <a href="/wiki/Loppi" title="Loppi">Loppi</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> A variety of industries benefit from hunting and support hunting on economic grounds. In <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, it is estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average <a href="/wiki/Ecotourist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotourist">ecotourist</a>. While the average photo tourist may seek luxury accommodation, the average safari hunter generally stays in tented camps. Safari hunters are also more likely to use remote areas, uninviting to the typical ecotourist. Advocates argue that these hunters allow for anti-poaching activities and revenue for local communities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the United Kingdom, the game hunting of birds as an industry is said to be extremely important to the rural economy. The Cobham Report of 1997 suggested it to be worth around £700 million, and hunting and shooting lobby groups claimed it to be worth over a billion pounds less than ten years later.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Hunting also has a significant financial impact in the United States, with many companies specialising in hunting <a href="/wiki/Sports_equipment" title="Sports equipment">equipment</a> or speciality tourism. Many different technologies have been created to assist hunters. Today's hunters come from a broad range of economic, social, and cultural backgrounds. In 2001, over thirteen million hunters averaged eighteen days hunting, and spent over $20.5 billion on their sport.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In the US, proceeds from hunting licenses contribute to state game management programs, including preservation of wildlife habitat. Hunting contributes to a portion of caloric intake of people and may have positive impacts on greenhouse gas emissions by avoidance of utilization of meat raised under industrial methods.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_problems">Environmental problems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Environmental problems">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:40SW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/40SW.jpg/220px-40SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/40SW.jpg/330px-40SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/40SW.jpg/440px-40SW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Right: <a href="/wiki/.40_S%26W" title=".40 S&W">.40 S&W</a> round with <a href="/wiki/Hollow-point_bullet" title="Hollow-point bullet">hollow-point bullet</a> Left: Expanded bullet of the same calibre with exposed lead core</figcaption></figure> Lead bullets that miss their target or remain in an unretrieved carcass could become a <a href="/wiki/Toxicant" title="Toxicant">toxicant</a> in the environment but lead in ammunition because of its metallic form has a lower solubility and higher resistance to corrosion than other forms of lead making it hardly available to biological systems.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Waterfowl or other birds may ingest the lead and poison themselves with the neurotoxicant, but studies have demonstrated that effects of lead in ammunition are negligible on animal population size and growth.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Since 1991, US federal law forbids lead shot in waterfowl hunts, and 30 states have some type of restriction.<a href="#cite_note-ps1013-146">[146]</a> In December 2014, a federal appeals court denied a lawsuit by environmental groups that the <a href="/wiki/EPA" class="mw-redirect" title="EPA">EPA</a> must use the <a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic Substances Control Act">Toxic Substances Control Act</a> to regulate lead in shells and cartridges. The groups sought EPA to regulate "spent lead", yet the court found EPA could not regulate spent lead without also regulating cartridges and shells.<a href="#cite_note-we1214-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Conservation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Conservation_(ethic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation (ethic)">Conservation (ethic)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unbalanced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unbalanced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">unbalanced</a> toward certain viewpoints. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hunting" title="Talk:Hunting">talk page</a>. (May 2012)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png/330px-Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png/500px-Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png/960px-Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png 2x" data-file-width="2615" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption>The changing distribution of the world's land mammals in tonnes of carbon. The <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> of wild land mammals has declined by 85% since the emergence of humans, with hunting and agriculture being primary drivers of this decline.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> </figcaption></figure> Hunters have been driving forces throughout history in the movement to ensure the preservation of <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">wildlife habitats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> for further hunting.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> However, excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Quagga" title="Quagga">quagga</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_auk" title="Great auk">great auk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steller%27s_sea_cow" title="Steller's sea cow">Steller's sea cow</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thylacine" title="Thylacine">thylacine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bluebuck" title="Bluebuck">bluebuck</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_tiger" title="Caspian tiger">Caspian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javan_tiger" title="Javan tiger">Javan tigers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">markhor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceros" title="Sumatran rhinoceros">Sumatran rhinoceros</a>, the bison, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_cougar" title="North American cougar">North American cougar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Altai_argali" title="Altai argali">Altai argali</a> sheep, the <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a> and many more, primarily for commercial sale or sport. All these animals have been hunted to <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangerment</a> or extinction.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Poaching currently threatens bird and mammalian populations around the world.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The 2019 <a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a> lists the direct exploitation of organisms, including hunting, as the second leading cause of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>, after land use for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/IPBES" class="mw-redirect" title="IPBES">IPBES</a> released another report which stated that unsustainable hunting, along with unsustainable logging and fishing, are primary drivers of the global extinction crisis.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> A 2023 study published in <a href="/wiki/BioScience" title="BioScience">BioScience</a> posited that the prioritizing of hunting by state agencies in the United States over the rewinding of key species is "reinforcing" the loss of biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation">Legislation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Legislation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulus_Potter_-_Punishment_of_a_Hunter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Paulus_Potter_-_Punishment_of_a_Hunter.jpg/220px-Paulus_Potter_-_Punishment_of_a_Hunter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Paulus_Potter_-_Punishment_of_a_Hunter.jpg/330px-Paulus_Potter_-_Punishment_of_a_Hunter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Paulus_Potter_-_Punishment_of_a_Hunter.jpg/440px-Paulus_Potter_-_Punishment_of_a_Hunter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>Punishment of a Hunter (c. 1647) by <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Potter" title="Paulus Potter">Paulus Potter</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pittman–Robertson_Wildlife_Restoration_Act_of_1937">Pittman–Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act of 1937</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Pittman–Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act of 1937">edit</a>]</div> In 1937, American hunters successfully lobbied the US Congress to pass the <a href="/wiki/Pittman%E2%80%93Robertson_Federal_Aid_in_Wildlife_Restoration_Act" title="Pittman–Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act">Pittman-Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act</a>, which placed an eleven per cent tax on all hunting equipment. This self-imposed tax now generates over $700 million each year and is used exclusively to establish, restore and protect wildlife habitats.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The act is named for Nevada Senator <a href="/wiki/Key_Pittman" title="Key Pittman">Key Pittman</a> and Virginia Congressman <a href="/wiki/Absalom_Willis_Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Absalom Willis Robertson">Absalom Willis Robertson</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_Duck_Stamp_program">Federal Duck Stamp program</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Federal Duck Stamp program">edit</a>]</div> On 16 March 1934, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">President Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act, which requires an annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen. The stamps are created on behalf of the program by the <a href="/wiki/US_Postal_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="US Postal Service">US Postal Service</a> and depict wildlife artwork chosen through an annual contest. They play an important role in <a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a> because ninety-eight per cent of all funds generated by their sale go directly toward the purchase or lease of <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> habitat for protection in the <a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National Wildlife Refuge System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> In addition to waterfowl, it is estimated that one third of the nation's endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp funds.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. The stamps serve as a license to hunt migratory birds, an entrance pass for all National Wildlife Refuge areas, and are also considered collectors items often purchased for <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> reasons outside of the hunting and birding communities. Although non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps, eighty-seven per cent of their sales are contributed by hunters. Distribution of funds is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC).<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species">Species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Species">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arabian_oryx">Arabian oryx</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Arabian oryx">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx</a>, a species of large <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a>, once inhabited much of the desert areas of the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-Talbot,_Lee_Merriam_1960_pp._84-155">[155]</a> Native <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes had long hunted the oryx using camels and arrows. Oil exploration made the habitat increasingly accessible, and the species' striking appearance made it (along with the closely related scimitar-horned oryx and addax) a popular quarry for sport hunters, including foreign executives of oil companies.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit, while the addax became critically endangered.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable" due to conservation efforts like captive breeding.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Markhor">Markhor</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Markhor">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">markhor</a> is an endangered species of wild goat which inhabits the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> of these regions by <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a> gave British sport hunters access to the species, and they were hunted heavily, almost to the point of extinction. Only their willingness to breed in captivity and the inhospitability of their mountainous habitat prevented this. Despite these factors, the markhor is still endangered.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_bison">American bison</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: American bison">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a> is a large <a href="/wiki/Bovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovid">bovid</a> which inhabited much of western North America prior to the 1800s, living on the prairies in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only, leaving the rest to rot. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the population from several million in the early 1800s to a few hundred by the 1880s. Conservation efforts have allowed the population to increase, but the bison remains near-threatened due to lack of habitat.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="White_rhino">White rhino</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: White rhino">edit</a>]</div> The Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy cites that the legalization of white rhinoceros hunting in South Africa motivated private landowners to reintroduce the species onto their lands. As a result, the country saw an increase in white rhinos from fewer than one hundred individuals to more than 11,000, even while a limited number were killed as trophies.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> However, the illegal hunting of rhinoceros for their horns is highly damaging to the population and is currently growing globally,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> with 1004 being killed in South Africa alone according to the most recent estimate.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The White Rhino (along with the other 4 rhino species) are poached due to beliefs that the Rhinos horns can be used to cure Cancer, Arthritis and other diseases and illnesses, even though they are scientifically proven wrong.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_species">Other species</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Other species">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Conniff" title="Richard Conniff">Richard Conniff</a>, Namibia is home to 1,750 of the roughly 5,000 black rhinos surviving in the wild because it allows trophy hunting of various species. Namibia's mountain zebra population has increased to 27,000 from 1,000 in 1982. Elephants, which "are gunned down elsewhere for their ivory", have gone to 20,000 from 15,000 in 1995. Lions, which were on the brink of extinction "from Senegal to Kenya", are increasing in Namibia.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> In contrast, Botswana in 2012 banned trophy hunting following a precipitous wildlife decline.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting were lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves."<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> In 2020, Botswana reopened trophy hunting on public lands.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies">Studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Studies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cage_trap_on_a_farm,_Namibia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cage_trap_on_a_farm%2C_Namibia.jpg/220px-Cage_trap_on_a_farm%2C_Namibia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cage_trap_on_a_farm%2C_Namibia.jpg/330px-Cage_trap_on_a_farm%2C_Namibia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cage_trap_on_a_farm%2C_Namibia.jpg/440px-Cage_trap_on_a_farm%2C_Namibia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4415" data-file-height="2819" /></a><figcaption>Cage <a href="/wiki/Trapping#Trap_types" title="Trapping">trap</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trapping#Cage_traps_(live_traps)" title="Trapping">live trap</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetahs</a> on a farm in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></figcaption></figure> A study published by the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife Society">Wildlife Society</a> concluded that hunting and trapping are cost effective tools that reduce wildlife damage by reducing a population below the capacity of the environment to carry it and changing the behaviors of animals to stop them from causing damage. The study furthermore states that the cessation of hunting could cause wildlife to be severely harmed, rural property values to fall, and the incentive of landowners to maintain natural habitats to diminish.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Although deforestation and forest degradation have long been considered the most significant threats to tropical biodiversity, across Southeast Asia (Northeast India, Indochina, Sundaland, Philippines) substantial areas of natural habitat have few wild animals (>1 kg), bar a few hunting‐tolerant species.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition">Opposition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></div> Animal rights activists argue that killing animals for sport is unethical, cruel, and unnecessary.<a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a> They note the suffering and cruelty inflicted on animals hunted for sport: "Many animals endure prolonged, painful deaths when they are injured but not killed by hunters. Hunting disrupts migration and hibernation patterns and destroys families."<a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a> Animal rights activists also comment that hunting is not needed to maintain an <a href="/wiki/Ecological_balance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological balance">ecological balance</a>, and that "nature takes care of its own".<a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a> They say that hunting can be combated on public lands by "spread[ing] deer repellent or human hair (from barber shops) near hunting areas".<a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a> Animal rights activists also argue that hunting is <a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">speciesist</a>:<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> <blockquote>Whether hunters try to justify their killing by citing human deaths caused by wild animals, by making conservationist claims, by claiming that it's acceptable to hunt as long as the animals' bodies are eaten, or simply because of the pleasure it brings them, the fact remains that hunting is morally unacceptable if we consider the interests of nonhuman animals. Hunted animals endure fear and pain, and then are deprived of their lives. Understanding the injustices of speciesism and the interests of nonhuman animals makes it clear that human pleasure cannot justify nonhuman animals' pain.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_arts">In the arts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: In the arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_d%C3%A9cembre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_d%C3%A9cembre.jpg/220px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_d%C3%A9cembre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_d%C3%A9cembre.jpg/330px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_d%C3%A9cembre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_d%C3%A9cembre.jpg/440px-Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry_d%C3%A9cembre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1907" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Limbourg_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbourg Brothers">Limbourg Brothers</a>, Boar hunt with hounds, <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illumination</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_duc_de_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry">Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1445</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Courbet_-_The_Quarry_(La_Cur%C3%A9e)_-_WGA5466.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gustave_Courbet_-_The_Quarry_%28La_Cur%C3%A9e%29_-_WGA5466.jpg/250px-Gustave_Courbet_-_The_Quarry_%28La_Cur%C3%A9e%29_-_WGA5466.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gustave_Courbet_-_The_Quarry_%28La_Cur%C3%A9e%29_-_WGA5466.jpg/330px-Gustave_Courbet_-_The_Quarry_%28La_Cur%C3%A9e%29_-_WGA5466.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gustave_Courbet_-_The_Quarry_%28La_Cur%C3%A9e%29_-_WGA5466.jpg/500px-Gustave_Courbet_-_The_Quarry_%28La_Cur%C3%A9e%29_-_WGA5466.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Kill_%E2%80%93_Deer_Hunting_in_the_Grand_Jura_Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kill – Deer Hunting in the Grand Jura Forests">The Kill – Deer Hunting in the Grand Jura Forests</a>, 1857</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Gleizes,_La_Chasse,_1911,_oil_on_canvas,_123.2_x_99_cm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Albert_Gleizes%2C_La_Chasse%2C_1911%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_123.2_x_99_cm.jpg/250px-Albert_Gleizes%2C_La_Chasse%2C_1911%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_123.2_x_99_cm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Albert_Gleizes%2C_La_Chasse%2C_1911%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_123.2_x_99_cm.jpg/330px-Albert_Gleizes%2C_La_Chasse%2C_1911%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_123.2_x_99_cm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Albert_Gleizes%2C_La_Chasse%2C_1911%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_123.2_x_99_cm.jpg/500px-Albert_Gleizes%2C_La_Chasse%2C_1911%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_123.2_x_99_cm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gleizes" title="Albert Gleizes">Albert Gleizes</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Chasse,_The_Hunt_(Gleizes)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Chasse, The Hunt (Gleizes)">La Chasse (The Hunt)</a>, 1911, oil on canvas depicting a scene in the <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubist</a> style of hunting by horseback in France</figcaption></figure> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Larnax,_hunting_of_deer_and_ibex,_Prepalatial,_AM,_Rethymno,_076107.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hunting of deer and ibex, Minoan larnax, prepalatial period"><img alt="Hunting of deer and ibex, Minoan larnax, prepalatial period" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Larnax%2C_hunting_of_deer_and_ibex%2C_Prepalatial%2C_AM%2C_Rethymno%2C_076107.jpg/120px-Larnax%2C_hunting_of_deer_and_ibex%2C_Prepalatial%2C_AM%2C_Rethymno%2C_076107.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Larnax%2C_hunting_of_deer_and_ibex%2C_Prepalatial%2C_AM%2C_Rethymno%2C_076107.jpg/180px-Larnax%2C_hunting_of_deer_and_ibex%2C_Prepalatial%2C_AM%2C_Rethymno%2C_076107.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Larnax%2C_hunting_of_deer_and_ibex%2C_Prepalatial%2C_AM%2C_Rethymno%2C_076107.jpg/240px-Larnax%2C_hunting_of_deer_and_ibex%2C_Prepalatial%2C_AM%2C_Rethymno%2C_076107.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="2126" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hunting of deer and <a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Larnax" title="Larnax">larnax</a>, prepalatial period</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TombofNebamun-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hunting in the papyrus thicket, mural from a tomb in Thebes, Egypt, before 1350 BC"><img alt="Hunting in the papyrus thicket, mural from a tomb in Thebes, Egypt, before 1350 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/TombofNebamun-2.jpg/120px-TombofNebamun-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/TombofNebamun-2.jpg/180px-TombofNebamun-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/TombofNebamun-2.jpg/240px-TombofNebamun-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="1828" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hunting in the papyrus thicket, mural from a tomb in <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes, Egypt</a>, before 1350 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stag_hunt_mosaic,_Pella.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Stag hunt mosaic, c. 300 BC, Pella, Greece"><img alt="The Stag hunt mosaic, c. 300 BC, Pella, Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg/120px-Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg/180px-Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg/240px-Stag_hunt_mosaic%2C_Pella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="964" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Stag_hunt_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stag hunt mosaic">Stag hunt mosaic</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BC, <a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a>, Greece</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaico_de_Las_Tiendas_(MNAR_M%C3%A9rida)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Man hunting a boar, Roman mosaic, 4th century AD"><img alt="Man hunting a boar, Roman mosaic, 4th century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mosaico_de_Las_Tiendas_%28MNAR_M%C3%A9rida%29_01.jpg/120px-Mosaico_de_Las_Tiendas_%28MNAR_M%C3%A9rida%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mosaico_de_Las_Tiendas_%28MNAR_M%C3%A9rida%29_01.jpg/180px-Mosaico_de_Las_Tiendas_%28MNAR_M%C3%A9rida%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Mosaico_de_Las_Tiendas_%28MNAR_M%C3%A9rida%29_01.jpg/240px-Mosaico_de_Las_Tiendas_%28MNAR_M%C3%A9rida%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1954" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Man hunting a boar, Roman mosaic, 4th century AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration from the falconry book De arte venandi cum avibus written by Emperor Frederick II, c. 1245"><img alt="Illustration from the falconry book De arte venandi cum avibus written by Emperor Frederick II, c. 1245" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s.jpg/120px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s.jpg/250px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="603" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration from the falconry book <a href="/wiki/De_arte_venandi_cum_avibus" title="De arte venandi cum avibus">De arte venandi cum avibus</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Frederick II</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1245</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_des_Augustins_Toulouse_14.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Giovanni di Francesco (?), La caccia, c. 1455, tempera on wood, detail"><img alt="Giovanni di Francesco (?), La caccia, c. 1455, tempera on wood, detail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Augustins_Toulouse_14.JPG/120px-Mus%C3%A9e_des_Augustins_Toulouse_14.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Augustins_Toulouse_14.JPG/180px-Mus%C3%A9e_des_Augustins_Toulouse_14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Augustins_Toulouse_14.JPG/240px-Mus%C3%A9e_des_Augustins_Toulouse_14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_Francesco" title="Giovanni di Francesco">Giovanni di Francesco</a> (?), La caccia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1455, tempera on wood, detail</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunt_in_the_forest_by_paolo_uccello.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paolo Uccello, Caccia notturna (The Hunt in the Forest), c. 1475"><img alt="Paolo Uccello, Caccia notturna (The Hunt in the Forest), c. 1475" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hunt_in_the_forest_by_paolo_uccello.jpg/120px-Hunt_in_the_forest_by_paolo_uccello.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hunt_in_the_forest_by_paolo_uccello.jpg/180px-Hunt_in_the_forest_by_paolo_uccello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hunt_in_the_forest_by_paolo_uccello.jpg/240px-Hunt_in_the_forest_by_paolo_uccello.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14965" data-file-height="5844" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_in_the_Forest" title="The Hunt in the Forest">Caccia notturna (The Hunt in the Forest)</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1475</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Carpaccio,_caccia_nella_laguna,_1490-95_ca._01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Vittore Carpaccio, Caccia in laguna (Hunt in the Lagoon), c. 1490"><img alt="Vittore Carpaccio, Caccia in laguna (Hunt in the Lagoon), c. 1490" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Carpaccio%2C_caccia_nella_laguna%2C_1490-95_ca._01.JPG/104px-Carpaccio%2C_caccia_nella_laguna%2C_1490-95_ca._01.JPG" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Carpaccio%2C_caccia_nella_laguna%2C_1490-95_ca._01.JPG/155px-Carpaccio%2C_caccia_nella_laguna%2C_1490-95_ca._01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Carpaccio%2C_caccia_nella_laguna%2C_1490-95_ca._01.JPG/207px-Carpaccio%2C_caccia_nella_laguna%2C_1490-95_ca._01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1648" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vittore_Carpaccio" title="Vittore Carpaccio">Vittore Carpaccio</a>, Caccia in laguna (Hunt in the Lagoon), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1490</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Piero_di_Cosimo_-_Scena_di_caccia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piero di Cosimo, A Hunting Scene, 1508"><img alt="Piero di Cosimo, A Hunting Scene, 1508" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Piero_di_Cosimo_-_Scena_di_caccia.jpg/120px-Piero_di_Cosimo_-_Scena_di_caccia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Piero_di_Cosimo_-_Scena_di_caccia.jpg/250px-Piero_di_Cosimo_-_Scena_di_caccia.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3769" data-file-height="1577" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo" title="Piero di Cosimo">Piero di Cosimo</a>, A Hunting Scene, 1508</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Hirschjagd_des_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_Friedrich_des_Weisen_(KHM_Wien).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder, A Stag Hunt with the Elector Friedrich the Wise, 1529"><img alt="Lucas Cranach the Elder, A Stag Hunt with the Elector Friedrich the Wise, 1529" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Hirschjagd_des_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_Friedrich_des_Weisen_%28KHM_Wien%29.jpg/120px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Hirschjagd_des_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_Friedrich_des_Weisen_%28KHM_Wien%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Hirschjagd_des_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_Friedrich_des_Weisen_%28KHM_Wien%29.jpg/180px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Hirschjagd_des_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_Friedrich_des_Weisen_%28KHM_Wien%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Hirschjagd_des_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_Friedrich_des_Weisen_%28KHM_Wien%29.jpg/240px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Hirschjagd_des_Kurf%C3%BCrsten_Friedrich_des_Weisen_%28KHM_Wien%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3832" data-file-height="2685" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a>, A Stag Hunt with the Elector Friedrich the Wise, 1529</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_083.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter Paul Rubens, Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt, c. 1615"><img alt="Peter Paul Rubens, Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt, c. 1615" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Peter_Paul_Rubens_083.jpg/120px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_083.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Peter_Paul_Rubens_083.jpg/180px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_083.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Peter_Paul_Rubens_083.jpg/240px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_083.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="1445" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1615</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_110.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter Paul Rubens, Tiger and Lion Hunt, 1618"><img alt="Peter Paul Rubens, Tiger and Lion Hunt, 1618" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Peter_Paul_Rubens_110.jpg/120px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_110.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Peter_Paul_Rubens_110.jpg/180px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_110.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Peter_Paul_Rubens_110.jpg/240px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_110.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2551" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peter Paul Rubens, Tiger and Lion Hunt, 1618</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Andr%C3%A9_van_Loo,_fermata_durante_la_caccia,_1737,_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles André van Loo, Halte de chasse (Halt During the Hunt), 1737"><img alt="Charles André van Loo, Halte de chasse (Halt During the Hunt), 1737" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Charles_Andr%C3%A9_van_Loo%2C_fermata_durante_la_caccia%2C_1737%2C_01.jpg/120px-Charles_Andr%C3%A9_van_Loo%2C_fermata_durante_la_caccia%2C_1737%2C_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Charles_Andr%C3%A9_van_Loo%2C_fermata_durante_la_caccia%2C_1737%2C_01.jpg/180px-Charles_Andr%C3%A9_van_Loo%2C_fermata_durante_la_caccia%2C_1737%2C_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Charles_Andr%C3%A9_van_Loo%2C_fermata_durante_la_caccia%2C_1737%2C_01.jpg/240px-Charles_Andr%C3%A9_van_Loo%2C_fermata_durante_la_caccia%2C_1737%2C_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="2104" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Andr%C3%A9_van_Loo" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles André van Loo">Charles André van Loo</a>, Halte de chasse (Halt During the Hunt), 1737</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Partida_de_caza.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francisco Goya, The Quail Shoot, 1775"><img alt="Francisco Goya, The Quail Shoot, 1775" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Partida_de_caza.jpg/120px-Partida_de_caza.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Partida_de_caza.jpg/250px-Partida_de_caza.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="3051" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>, The Quail Shoot, 1775</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Caim%C3%A1n_del_Magadalena_-_Mark,_Edward_Walhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edward Walhouse Mark, Caimán del Magadalena, 1843 - 1856"><img alt="Edward Walhouse Mark, Caimán del Magadalena, 1843 - 1856" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Caim%C3%A1n_del_Magadalena_-_Mark%2C_Edward_Walhouse.jpg/120px-Caim%C3%A1n_del_Magadalena_-_Mark%2C_Edward_Walhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Caim%C3%A1n_del_Magadalena_-_Mark%2C_Edward_Walhouse.jpg/180px-Caim%C3%A1n_del_Magadalena_-_Mark%2C_Edward_Walhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Caim%C3%A1n_del_Magadalena_-_Mark%2C_Edward_Walhouse.jpg/240px-Caim%C3%A1n_del_Magadalena_-_Mark%2C_Edward_Walhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Edward Walhouse Mark, Caimán del Magadalena, 1843 - 1856</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Courbet_-_The_Hunt_Breakfast_-_WGA5468.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gustave Courbet, The Hunt Breakfast, 1858"><img alt="Gustave Courbet, The Hunt Breakfast, 1858" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gustave_Courbet_-_The_Hunt_Breakfast_-_WGA5468.jpg/120px-Gustave_Courbet_-_The_Hunt_Breakfast_-_WGA5468.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gustave_Courbet_-_The_Hunt_Breakfast_-_WGA5468.jpg/180px-Gustave_Courbet_-_The_Hunt_Breakfast_-_WGA5468.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gustave_Courbet_-_The_Hunt_Breakfast_-_WGA5468.jpg/240px-Gustave_Courbet_-_The_Hunt_Breakfast_-_WGA5468.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1585" data-file-height="992" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gustave Courbet, The Hunt Breakfast, 1858</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Chasse_au_lion_(1858).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eugène Delacroix, Chasse au lion (Lion Hunt), 1858"><img alt="Eugène Delacroix, Chasse au lion (Lion Hunt), 1858" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Chasse_au_lion_%281858%29.jpg/120px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Chasse_au_lion_%281858%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Chasse_au_lion_%281858%29.jpg/180px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Chasse_au_lion_%281858%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Chasse_au_lion_%281858%29.jpg/240px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Chasse_au_lion_%281858%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="1214" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, Chasse au lion (Lion Hunt), 1858</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Pertuiset,_le_chasseur_de_lions.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Édouard Manet, Portrait of Monsieur Pertuiset the Lion-Hunter, 1881"><img alt="Édouard Manet, Portrait of Monsieur Pertuiset the Lion-Hunter, 1881" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Pertuiset%2C_le_chasseur_de_lions.jpg/120px-%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Pertuiset%2C_le_chasseur_de_lions.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Pertuiset%2C_le_chasseur_de_lions.jpg/180px-%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Pertuiset%2C_le_chasseur_de_lions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Pertuiset%2C_le_chasseur_de_lions.jpg/240px-%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Pertuiset%2C_le_chasseur_de_lions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="2611" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Monsieur_Pertuiset_the_Lion-Hunter" title="Portrait of Monsieur Pertuiset the Lion-Hunter">Portrait of Monsieur Pertuiset the Lion-Hunter</a>, 1881</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-hunting">Anti-hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambi_effect" title="Bambi effect">Bambi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_five_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Big five game">Big five game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big-game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">Blood sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhunting" title="Bowhunting">Bowhunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_(land)" title="Chase (land)">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Associations_for_Hunting_and_Conservation_of_the_EU" title="Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU">Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game (hunting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Human hunting">Human hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a> (HSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting horn">Hunting horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_weapon" title="Hunting weapon">Hunting weapon</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Oxford Dictionary of English. Stevenson, Angus (3 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2010. p. 856. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199571123" title="Special:BookSources/9780199571123"><bdi>9780199571123</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/729551189">729551189</a>. <q>'hunt [...] pursue and kill (a wild animal) for sport or food [...]'; 'hunting [...] the activity of hunting wild animals or game.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+English&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=856&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F729551189&rft.isbn=9780199571123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2019" class="citation cs2">Peterson, M. Nils (2019), "Hunting", in Fath, Brian D. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Ecology, vol. 3 (2 ed.), Elsevier, pp. 438–440, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-409548-9.11168-6">10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.11168-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-64130-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-64130-4"><bdi>978-0-444-64130-4</bdi></a>, <q>Hunting is the practice of pursuing, capturing, or killing wildlife.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hunting&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ecology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E438-%3C%2Fspan%3E440&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-409548-9.11168-6&rft.isbn=978-0-444-64130-4&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=M.+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParkAllaby2013" class="citation book cs1">Park, Chris; Allaby, Michael (2013). A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964166-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964166-6"><bdi>978-0-19-964166-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993020467">993020467</a>. <q>hunting The activity of finding and killing or capturing wild animals for food, pelts, or as a field sport.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Environment+and+Conservation&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=208&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993020467&rft.isbn=978-0-19-964166-6&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Allaby%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeves-Garca2007" class="citation book cs1">Neves-Garca, Katja (2007). "Hunting". In Robbins, Paul (ed.). Encyclopedia of Environment and Society. Vol. 3. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. pp. 894–896. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5627-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5627-7"><bdi>978-1-4129-5627-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/228071686">228071686</a>. <q>In very general terms, hunting refers to the activity of pursuing and killing free-roaming animals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hunting&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Environment+and+Society&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E894-%3C%2Fspan%3E896&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F228071686&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-5627-7&rft.aulast=Neves-Garca&rft.aufirst=Katja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollin2009" class="citation book cs1">Collin, P. H. (Peter Hodgson) (2009). Dictionary of Environment and Ecology: Over 7,000 terms clearly defined. Bloomsbury Reference (5 ed.). London: Bloomsbury. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0222-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0222-0"><bdi>978-1-4081-0222-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191700369">191700369</a>. <q>hunting [...] the activity of following and killing wild animals for sport</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Environment+and+Ecology%3A+Over+7%2C000+terms+clearly+defined&rft.place=London&rft.series=Bloomsbury+Reference&rft.pages=108&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191700369&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-0222-0&rft.aulast=Collin&rft.aufirst=P.+H.+%28Peter+Hodgson%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hunting">"HUNTING | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"</a>. Cambridge English Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210013935/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hunting">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019. <q>hunting [...] chasing and killing an animal or bird for food, sport, or profit</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=HUNTING+%7C+meaning+in+the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fhunting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hunting">"Hunting definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"</a>. Collins English Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210034245/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hunting">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019. <q>Hunting is the chasing and killing of wild animals by people or other animals, for food or as a sport.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Hunting+definition+and+meaning+%7C+Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fhunting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/sports/hunting-sport">"hunting | History, Methods, & Management"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210013333/https://www.britannica.com/sports/hunting-sport">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019. <q>Hunting, sport that involves the seeking, pursuing, and killing of wild animals and birds, called game and game birds, [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=hunting+%7C+History%2C+Methods%2C+%26+Management&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsports%2Fhunting-sport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCartmill1996" class="citation book cs1">Cartmill, Matt (1996). A View to a Death in the Morning: Hunting and Nature Through History (1 ed.). 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"Wanted: More Hunters," Audubon magazine, March 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013120158/http://magazine.audubon.org/incite/incite0203.html">copy</a> retrieved 26 October 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/things-to-do/hunting/hunting-basics/recreational-hunting-areas/">"Recreational Hunting Areas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Conservation_(New_Zealand)" title="Department of Conservation (New Zealand)">Department of Conservation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190813035300/https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/things-to-do/hunting/hunting-basics/recreational-hunting-areas/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2019. 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Retrieved 1 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+First+Direct+Evidence+of+Mammoth+Hunting+in+Asia+%28Lugovskoye+Site%2C+Western+Siberia%29+%28L%29&rft.btitle=3rd+International+Mammoth+Conference&rft.place=Dawson+City%2C+Yukon+Territory%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Government+of+Yukon&rft.date=2003-05-24%2F2003-05-29&rft.aulast=Zenin&rft.aufirst=Vasiliy+N.&rft.au=Evgeny+N.+Mashenko&rft.au=Sergey+V.+Leshchinskiy&rft.au=Aleksandr+F.+Pavlov&rft.au=Pieter+M.+Grootes&rft.au=Marie-Jos%C3%A9e+Nadeau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yukonmuseums.ca%2Fmammoth%2Fabstrt-z.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burch-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Burch_40-0">^</a> "In North America and Eurasia the species has long been an important resource—in many areas the most important resource—for peoples inhabiting the northern <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">boreal forest</a> and tundra regions. Known human dependence on caribou/wild reindeer has a long history, beginning in the Middle Pleistocene (Banfield 1961:170; Kurtén 1968:170) and continuing to the present. […] The caribou/wild reindeer is thus an animal that has been a major resource for humans throughout a tremendous geographic area and across a time span of tens of thousands of years." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurch1972" class="citation journal cs1">Burch, Ernest S. Jr. (1972). "The Caribou/Wild Reindeer as a Human Resource". American Antiquity. 37 (3): 339–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F278435">10.2307/278435</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/278435">278435</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161921691">161921691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+Caribou%2FWild+Reindeer+as+a+Human+Resource&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161921691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F278435%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F278435&rft.aulast=Burch&rft.aufirst=Ernest+S.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/africa/wherewework/the-hadza-helping-hunter-gatherers-protect-their-homeland.xml">"The Nature Conservancy"</a>. The Nature Conservancy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050952/https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/africa/wherewework/the-hadza-helping-hunter-gatherers-protect-their-homeland.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nature+Conservancy&rft.atitle=The+Nature+Conservancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.org%2Fourinitiatives%2Fregions%2Fafrica%2Fwherewework%2Fthe-hadza-helping-hunter-gatherers-protect-their-homeland.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPorter2018" class="citation book cs1">Porter, V.I. (2018). Mystique Melodies. Pittsburgh, PA: Dorrance Publishing. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4809-5591-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4809-5591-2"><bdi>978-1-4809-5591-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystique+Melodies&rft.place=Pittsburgh%2C+PA&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Dorrance+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4809-5591-2&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=V.I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllsen2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_T._Allsen" title="Thomas T. Allsen">Allsen, Thomas T.</a> (2011) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WFls6zdc40QC">The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History</a>. Encounters with Asia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812201079" title="Special:BookSources/9780812201079"><bdi>9780812201079</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Hunt+in+Eurasian+History&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=Encounters+with+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780812201079&rft.aulast=Allsen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWFls6zdc40QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConnor2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Connor" title="Steven Connor">Connor, Steven</a> (15 November 2011). "Winning". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3jWZ-3pkILMC">A Philosophy of Sport</a>. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861899736" title="Special:BookSources/9781861899736"><bdi>9781861899736</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327050352/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jWZ-3pkILMC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023. <q>From classical times onwards, games and sports were thought of as training for actual combat. The most important and sustained mediator between battle and sport was hunting, one of several sports regularly designated the 'Sport of Kings'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Winning&rft.btitle=A+Philosophy+of+Sport&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2011-11-15&rft.isbn=9781861899736&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3jWZ-3pkILMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Machiavelli provides a rationale, if not the origin, of noble hunting: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMachiavelli1531" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli, Niccolò</a> (1531). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r6lROQffJ7cC">"Discourses on the first decade of Titus Livius, Book 3"</a>. In Gilbert, Allan (ed.). Machiavelli: The Chief Works and Others. Vol. 1. Duke University Press (published 1989). p. 516. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8157-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8157-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-8157-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 December 2013. <q>[...] hunting expeditions, as Xenophon makes plain, are images of war; therefore to men of rank such activity is honorable and necessary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Discourses+on+the+first+decade+of+Titus+Livius%2C+Book+3&rft.btitle=Machiavelli%3A+The+Chief+Works+and+Others&rft.pages=516&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1531&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-8157-0&rft.aulast=Machiavelli&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr6lROQffJ7cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunlap1999" class="citation book cs1">Dunlap, Thomas R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDaEZnZ093EC">"Remaking Worlds: European models in New Lands"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/natureenglishdia0000dunl/page/61">Nature and the English Diaspora: Environment and History in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand</a>. Studies in Environment and History. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/natureenglishdia0000dunl/page/61">61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65700-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65700-6"><bdi>978-0-521-65700-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 December 2013. <q>The settlers adopted sport hunting, as they did other elements of British culture, but they had to adapt it. Social circumstances and biological realities reshaped it and gave it new meaning. There was no elite monopolizing access to land. Indeed, the great attraction and boast of these nations were of land for all.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Remaking+Worlds%3A+European+models+in+New+Lands&rft.btitle=Nature+and+the+English+Diaspora%3A+Environment+and+History+in+the+United+States%2C+Canada%2C+Australia%2C+and+New+Zealand&rft.series=Studies+in+Environment+and+History&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65700-6&rft.aulast=Dunlap&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUDaEZnZ093EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> In his commentary on Martianus Capella's early 5th-century work, The Marriage of Philology and Mercury, one of the main sources for medieval reflection on the liberal arts. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://huntingguide.info/">"The Hunting Guide >> Read Before Hunt"</a>. Hunting Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114234714/https://huntingguide.info/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hunting+Guide&rft.atitle=The+Hunting+Guide+%3E%3E+Read+Before+Hunt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhuntingguide.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/rural/countryside/hunting/">"Hunting with dogs « Defra"</a>. Defra.gov.uk. 18 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130222025403/http://www.defra.gov.uk/rural/countryside/hunting/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hunting+with+dogs+%C2%AB+Defra&rft.pub=Defra.gov.uk&rft.date=2005-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defra.gov.uk%2Frural%2Fcountryside%2Fhunting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vote-ok.co.uk/hunting">"Why we must continue to campaign for repeal of the Hunting Act 2004"</a>. www.vote-ok.co.uk. Retrieved 12 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vote-ok.co.uk&rft.atitle=Why+we+must+continue+to+campaign+for+repeal+of+the+Hunting+Act+2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vote-ok.co.uk%2Fhunting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordstudent.com/2018/05/09/misguided-and-futile-time-to-repeal-the-hunting-act/">"Misguided and futile: time to repeal the Hunting Act"</a>. www.oxfordstudent.com. 9 May 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oxfordstudent.com&rft.atitle=Misguided+and+futile%3A+time+to+repeal+the+Hunting+Act&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordstudent.com%2F2018%2F05%2F09%2Fmisguided-and-futile-time-to-repeal-the-hunting-act%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/11323563/English-votes-for-English-laws-plan-could-end-hunting-ban.html">"English votes for English laws could end hunting ban"</a>. The Telegraph. 4 January 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=English+votes+for+English+laws+could+end+hunting+ban&rft.date=2015-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F11323563%2FEnglish-votes-for-English-laws-plan-could-end-hunting-ban.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Diana-Roman-religion">"Diana - Roman Religion"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108130800/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Diana-Roman-religion">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022. 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Cambridge Dictionary. 4 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210013935/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/hunting">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Hunting&rft.date=2023-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fhunting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.league.org.uk/what-we-do/shooting/">"Shooting | Animal Charity"</a>. www.league.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527015259/https://www.league.org.uk/what-we-do/shooting/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.league.org.uk&rft.atitle=Shooting+%7C+Animal+Charity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.league.org.uk%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fshooting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://basc.org.uk/codes-of-practice/deer-stalking/">"Deer Stalking Code of Practice"</a>. BASC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419162207/https://basc.org.uk/codes-of-practice/deer-stalking/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BASC&rft.atitle=Deer+Stalking+Code+of+Practice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbasc.org.uk%2Fcodes-of-practice%2Fdeer-stalking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWard2023" class="citation news cs1">Ward, Euan (12 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/12/world/europe/fox-hunting-warwickshire-england.html">"The Fight Over Fox Hunting: A Cold War on England's Muddy Fields"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604144210/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/12/world/europe/fox-hunting-warwickshire-england.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Fight+Over+Fox+Hunting%3A+A+Cold+War+on+England%27s+Muddy+Fields&rft.date=2023-02-12&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Euan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F02%2F12%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Ffox-hunting-warwickshire-england.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrendi2023" class="citation web cs1">Orendi, Dagmar (4 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbz.hu-berlin.de/ma-british-studies/distinguished-ma-theses/downloads/pdf/DagmarOrendi_MasterThesis.pdf">"The Debate About Fox Hunting: A Social and Political Analysis"</a> (PDF). Humboldt Universität zu Berlin. pp. 8–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220811090521/https://www.gbz.hu-berlin.de/ma-british-studies/distinguished-ma-theses/downloads/pdf/DagmarOrendi_MasterThesis.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humboldt+Universit%C3%A4t+zu+Berlin&rft.atitle=The+Debate+About+Fox+Hunting%3A+A+Social+and+Political+Analysis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2023-06-04&rft.aulast=Orendi&rft.aufirst=Dagmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbz.hu-berlin.de%2Fma-british-studies%2Fdistinguished-ma-theses%2Fdownloads%2Fpdf%2FDagmarOrendi_MasterThesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209030216/http://basc.org.uk/media-centre/basc-appeals/basc-youth-appeal/">"BASC site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://basc.org.uk/media-centre/basc-appeals/basc-youth-appeal">the original</a> on 9 February 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BASC+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbasc.org.uk%2Fmedia-centre%2Fbasc-appeals%2Fbasc-youth-appeal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCogginsModrcin1979" class="citation journal cs1">Coggins, George Cameron; Modrcin, William (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1228367">"Native American Indians and Federal Wildlife Law"</a>. Stanford Law Review. 31 (3): 375–423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1228367">10.2307/1228367</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-9765">0038-9765</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1228367">1228367</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220913161626/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1228367">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Native+American+Indians+and+Federal+Wildlife+Law&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E423&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=0038-9765&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1228367%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1228367&rft.aulast=Coggins&rft.aufirst=George+Cameron&rft.au=Modrcin%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1228367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.responsivemanagement.com/download/news/newsrls_09_06.pdf">Results</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615231714/http://www.responsivemanagement.com/download/news/newsrls_09_06.pdf">Archived</a> 15 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from a 2006 poll (813 people were polled) done by Responsive Management </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> National statistics from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">US Department of the Interior</a>, Fish and Wildlife Service and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">US Department of Commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">US Census Bureau</a>, 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife Associated Recreation, 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Jackson, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trailcamerareviews.net/number-hunters-dwindling/">Number of hunters is dwindling—Urbanization and cultural changes discourage newcomers to the sport</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722081508/http://www.trailcamerareviews.net/number-hunters-dwindling/">Archived</a> 22 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Interpretations of the Fair Chase can be found on the web sites of various hunter's organizations, such as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boone-crockett.org/huntingEthics/ethics_fairchase.asp?area=huntingEthics">Boone and Crockett Club</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051210081513/http://www.boone-crockett.org/huntingEthics/ethics_fairchase.asp?area=huntingEthics">Archived</a> 10 December 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huntfairchase.com/">Hunt Fair Chase</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130125171130/http://www.huntfairchase.com/">Archived</a> 25 January 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPosewitz1994" class="citation book cs1">Posewitz, Jim (1 August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dkkmL8TuiMkC&pg=PA57">Beyond Fair Chase: The Ethic and Tradition of Hunting</a>. <a href="/wiki/Globe_Pequot_Press" title="Globe Pequot Press">Globe Pequot Press</a>. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56044-283-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56044-283-7"><bdi>978-1-56044-283-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Fair+Chase%3A+The+Ethic+and+Tradition+of+Hunting&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot+Press&rft.date=1994-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-56044-283-7&rft.aulast=Posewitz&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdkkmL8TuiMkC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-HSUS-FactSheet-84"><a href="#cite_ref-HSUS-FactSheet_84-0">^</a> Humane Society Wildlife Abuse Campaign, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/internet_hunting/facts/internet_hunting_fact_sheet.html#.UzjiW61dW9Y">Fact Sheet on Internet Hunting</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722083944/http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/internet_hunting/facts/internet_hunting_fact_sheet.html#.UzjiW61dW9Y">Archived</a> 22 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2021" class="citation web cs1">Ferguson, Wes (20 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texasmonthly.com/travel/how-texas-hunting-went-exotic/">"How Texas Hunting Went Exotic"</a>. texasmonthly.com. Texas Monthly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414221006/https://www.texasmonthly.com/travel/how-texas-hunting-went-exotic/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=texasmonthly.com&rft.atitle=How+Texas+Hunting+Went+Exotic&rft.date=2021-01-20&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Wes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasmonthly.com%2Ftravel%2Fhow-texas-hunting-went-exotic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHunter2009" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Kathryn M (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/46606862">Hunting : a New Zealand history</a>. Auckland : Random House New Zealand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781869791544" title="Special:BookSources/9781869791544"><bdi>9781869791544</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801195119/https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/46606862">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunting+%3A+a+New+Zealand+history&rft.pub=Auckland+%3A+Random+House+New+Zealand&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781869791544&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fversion%2F46606862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaonga" class="citation web cs1">Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/9303">"5. – Introduced animal pests – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand"</a>. teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 13 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=teara.govt.nz&rft.atitle=5.+%E2%80%93+Introduced+animal+pests+%E2%80%93+Te+Ara+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.aulast=Taonga&rft.aufirst=New+Zealand+Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage+Te+Manatu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2F9303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarkeDzieciolowski1991" class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, C. M. H.; Dzieciolowski, R. M. (September 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03036758.1991.10418181">"Feral pigs in the northern South Island, New Zealand: I. Origin, distribution, and density"</a>. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 21 (3): 237–247. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991JRSNZ..21..237C">1991JRSNZ..21..237C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03036758.1991.10418181">10.1080/03036758.1991.10418181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0303-6758">0303-6758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Feral+pigs+in+the+northern+South+Island%2C+New+Zealand%3A+I.+Origin%2C+distribution%2C+and+density&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.date=1991-09&rft.issn=0303-6758&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03036758.1991.10418181&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991JRSNZ..21..237C&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=C.+M.+H.&rft.au=Dzieciolowski%2C+R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03036758.1991.10418181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDowall1994" class="citation book cs1">McDowall, R. M. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/38285949">Gamekeepers for the nation : the story of New Zealand's acclimatisation societies, 1861-1990</a>. Christchurch, N.Z. : Canterbury University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780908812417" title="Special:BookSources/9780908812417"><bdi>9780908812417</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801215957/https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/38285949">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gamekeepers+for+the+nation+%3A+the+story+of+New+Zealand%27s+acclimatisation+societies%2C+1861-1990&rft.pub=Christchurch%2C+N.Z.+%3A+Canterbury+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780908812417&rft.aulast=McDowall&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fversion%2F38285949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hunting-in-iran">"HUNTING IN IRAN i. In the pre-Islamic Period – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. iranicaonline.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118175527/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hunting-in-iran">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2020. 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PLOS ONE. 16 (7): e0253635. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PLoSO..1653635D">2021PLoSO..1653635D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0253635">10.1371/journal.pone.0253635</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8491912">8491912</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34610035">34610035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Changes+in+hunting+season+regulations+%281870s%E2%80%932019%29+reduce+harvest+exposure+on+greater+and+Gunnison+sage-grouse&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e0253635&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8491912%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34610035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0253635&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PLoSO..1653635D&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Coates%2C+Peter+S.&rft.au=Collins%2C+Gary+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8491912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MDWFP-98"><a href="#cite_ref-MDWFP_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdwfp.com">"Hunting Seasons and Bag Limits"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanwildlifeconservationfund.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F09%2FEconomic-and-conservation-significance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-economistsatlarge-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economistsatlarge_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-economistsatlarge_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119134720/http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/Ecolarge-2013-200m-question.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/Ecolarge-2013-200m-question.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifaw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FEcolarge-2013-200m-question.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-cbs.umn.edu-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbs.umn.edu_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbs.umn.edu_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714160036/http://www.cbs.umn.edu/sites/default/files/public/downloads/Effects%20of%20trophy%20hunting%20on%20populations%20of%20lions%20and%20leopards%20in%20TZ.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.umn.edu/sites/default/files/public/downloads/Effects%20of%20trophy%20hunting%20on%20populations%20of%20lions%20and%20leopards%20in%20TZ.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.umn.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublic%2Fdownloads%2FEffects%2520of%2520trophy%2520hunting%2520on%2520populations%2520of%2520lions%2520and%2520leopards%2520in%2520TZ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaker1997" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Joni E. (1997). "Trophy Hunting as a Sustainable Use of Wildlife Resources in Southern and Eastern Africa". Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 5 (4): 306–321. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JSusT...5..306B">1997JSusT...5..306B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09669589708667294">10.1080/09669589708667294</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153994508">153994508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sustainable+Tourism&rft.atitle=Trophy+Hunting+as+a+Sustainable+Use+of+Wildlife+Resources+in+Southern+and+Eastern+Africa&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E306-%3C%2Fspan%3E321&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153994508%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09669589708667294&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JSusT...5..306B&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Joni+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurtRavn2000" class="citation book cs1">Hurt, Robin; Ravn, Pauline (2000). "Hunting and Its Benefits: An Overview of Hunting in Africa with Special Reference to Tanzania". Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use. pp. 295–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-011-4012-6_15">10.1007/978-94-011-4012-6_15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-5773-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-5773-8"><bdi>978-94-010-5773-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:168071478">168071478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hunting+and+Its+Benefits%3A+An+Overview+of+Hunting+in+Africa+with+Special+Reference+to+Tanzania&rft.btitle=Wildlife+Conservation+by+Sustainable+Use&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E295-%3C%2Fspan%3E313&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A168071478%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-011-4012-6_15&rft.isbn=978-94-010-5773-8&rft.aulast=Hurt&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Ravn%2C+Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714141728/http://www.ewca.gov.et/sites/default/files/Lindsey%20et%20al%20%202006%20Potential%20of%20trophy%20hunting%20to%20create%20incentives%20for%20wildlifeconservationin%20Africa.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewca.gov.et/sites/default/files/Lindsey%20et%20al%20%202006%20Potential%20of%20trophy%20hunting%20to%20create%20incentives%20for%20wildlifeconservationin%20Africa.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewca.gov.et%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FLindsey%2520et%2520al%2520%25202006%2520Potential%2520of%2520trophy%2520hunting%2520to%2520create%2520incentives%2520for%2520wildlifeconservationin%2520Africa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/bear-watching-more-profitable-than-bear-hunting-says-study-1.2488311">"Bear watching more profitable than bear hunting, says study"</a>. cbc.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703032651/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/bear-watching-more-profitable-than-bear-hunting-says-study-1.2488311">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbc.ca&rft.atitle=Bear+watching+more+profitable+than+bear+hunting%2C+says+study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fbear-watching-more-profitable-than-bear-hunting-says-study-1.2488311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBland" class="citation web cs1">Bland, Alastair. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/should-trophy-hunting-of-lions-be-banned-155657735/">"Should Trophy Hunting of Lions Be Banned?"</a>. smithsonianmag.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725214947/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/should-trophy-hunting-of-lions-be-banned-155657735/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smithsonianmag.com&rft.atitle=Should+Trophy+Hunting+of+Lions+Be+Banned%3F&rft.aulast=Bland&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fshould-trophy-hunting-of-lions-be-banned-155657735%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCousinsSadlerEvans2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cousins, Jenny A.; Sadler, Jon P.; Evans, James (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5751%2Fes-03349-150228">"The Challenge of Regulating Private Wildlife Ranches for Conservation in South Africa"</a>. Ecology and Society. 15 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5751%2Fes-03349-150228">10.5751/es-03349-150228</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10535%2F6027">10535/6027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1708-3087">1708-3087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+Challenge+of+Regulating+Private+Wildlife+Ranches+for+Conservation+in+South+Africa&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10535%2F6027&rft.issn=1708-3087&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5751%2Fes-03349-150228&rft.aulast=Cousins&rft.aufirst=Jenny+A.&rft.au=Sadler%2C+Jon+P.&rft.au=Evans%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5751%252Fes-03349-150228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Jada F. (13 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/14/us/politics/trophy-hunting-fees-do-little-to-help-threatened-species-report-says.html?_r=1">"Trophy Hunting Fees Do Little to Help Threatened Species, Report Says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502140913/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/14/us/politics/trophy-hunting-fees-do-little-to-help-threatened-species-report-says.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trophy+Hunting+Fees+Do+Little+to+Help+Threatened+Species%2C+Report+Says&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jada+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F06%2F14%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrophy-hunting-fees-do-little-to-help-threatened-species-report-says.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilman2017" class="citation news cs1">Milman, Oliver (19 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/apr/19/giraffes-endangered-species-conservation-hunting">"Giraffes must be listed as endangered, conservationists formally tell US"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180430050100/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/apr/19/giraffes-endangered-species-conservation-hunting">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Giraffes+must+be+listed+as+endangered%2C+conservationists+formally+tell+US&rft.date=2017-04-19&rft.aulast=Milman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2017%2Fapr%2F19%2Fgiraffes-endangered-species-conservation-hunting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/03/20/593001800/decline-in-hunters-threatens-how-u-s-pays-for-conservation">"Decline in Hunters Threatens How U.S. Pays For Conservation"</a>. npr.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517152630/https://www.npr.org/2018/03/20/593001800/decline-in-hunters-threatens-how-u-s-pays-for-conservation">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npr.org&rft.atitle=Decline+in+Hunters+Threatens+How+U.S.+Pays+For+Conservation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F03%2F20%2F593001800%2Fdecline-in-hunters-threatens-how-u-s-pays-for-conservation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edmi.parliament.uk/EDMi/EDMDetails.aspx?EDMID=28737&SESSION=875">Early Day Motion on trophy hunting</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060222022827/http://edmi.parliament.uk/EDMi/EDMDetails.aspx?EDMID=28737&SESSION=875">Archived</a> 22 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> see, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flaflooga.com/trophy_hunting.php">this internet page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150710234644/http://flaflooga.com/trophy_hunting.php">Archived</a> 10 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Grossmith" title="George Grossmith">Grossmith, George</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, 7 June 1911 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Martin, Glen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/10/06/MNG1UF392D1.DTL">The lion, once king of vast African savanna, suffers alarming decline in population</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313073454/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/10/06/MNG1UF392D1.DTL">Archived</a> 13 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, San Francisco Chronicle, 6 October 2005. 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Retrieved 20 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+Trophy+Hunting+Does+to+the+Elephants+It+Leaves+Behind&rft.date=2017-11-18&rft.aulast=Morell&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2017%2F11%2Felephant-trophy-hunting-psychology-emotions%2F546293%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070317025223/http://www.endangeredspecieshandbook.org/persecution_trophyecotourism.php">"and Hunting"</a>. endangeredspecieshandbook.org. 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Retrieved 10 May 2021. <q>For the first time at a global scale, the report has ranked the causes of damage. Topping the list, changes in land use—principally agriculture—that have destroyed habitat. Second, hunting and other kinds of exploitation. These are followed by climate change, pollution, and invasive species, which are being spread by trade and other activities. Climate change will likely overtake the other threats in the next decades, the authors note. Driving these threats are the growing human population, which has doubled since 1970 to 7.6 billion, and consumption. 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Retrieved 27 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%E2%80%93+A+Trophy+Hunt+That%27s+Good+for+Rhinos&rft.date=2014-01-20&rft.aulast=Conniff&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F01%2F21%2Fopinion%2Fa-trophy-hunt-thats-good-for-rhinos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-20544251">"Botswana to ban wildlife hunting"</a>. BBC News. 29 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919171716/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-20544251">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Botswana+to+ban+wildlife+hunting&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-20544251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation web cs1">Smith, David (17 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jun/18/botswana-natural-wonder-brink-of-catastrophe">"Drought and poachers take Botswana's natural wonder to brink of catastrophe"</a>. 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Conservation Biology. 30 (5): 972–981. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcobi.12785">10.1111/cobi.12785</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27341537">27341537</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3793259">3793259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Impacts+of+hunting+on+tropical+forests+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+Hunting+in+Tropical+Forests&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E972-%3C%2Fspan%3E981&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3793259%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27341537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fcobi.12785&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Rhett+D.&rft.au=Sreekar%2C+Rachakonda&rft.au=Brodie%2C+Jedediah+F.&rft.au=Brook%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Luskin%2C+Matthew&rft.au=O%27Kelly%2C+Hannah&rft.au=Rao%2C+Madhu&rft.au=Scheffers%2C+Brett&rft.au=Velho%2C+Nandini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fcobi.12785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSreekarHuangZhaoPasion2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sreekar, Rachakonda; Huang, Guohualing; Zhao, Jiang-Bo; Pasion, Bonifacio O.; Yasuda, Mika; Zhang, Kai; Peabotuwage, Indika; Wang, Ximin; Quan, Rui-Chang; Ferry Slik, J. W.; Corlett, Richard T.; Goodale, Eben; Harrison, Rhett D. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fddi.12292">"The use of species-area relationships to partition the effects of hunting and deforestation on bird extirpations in a fragmented landscape"</a>. Diversity and Distributions. 21 (4): 441–450. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015DivDi..21..441S">2015DivDi..21..441S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fddi.12292">10.1111/ddi.12292</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55972282">55972282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diversity+and+Distributions&rft.atitle=The+use+of+species-area+relationships+to+partition+the+effects+of+hunting+and+deforestation+on+bird+extirpations+in+a+fragmented+landscape&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E441-%3C%2Fspan%3E450&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55972282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fddi.12292&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015DivDi..21..441S&rft.aulast=Sreekar&rft.aufirst=Rachakonda&rft.au=Huang%2C+Guohualing&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Jiang-Bo&rft.au=Pasion%2C+Bonifacio+O.&rft.au=Yasuda%2C+Mika&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Kai&rft.au=Peabotuwage%2C+Indika&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ximin&rft.au=Quan%2C+Rui-Chang&rft.au=Ferry+Slik%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Corlett%2C+Richard+T.&rft.au=Goodale%2C+Eben&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Rhett+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fddi.12292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuangSreekarVelhoCorlett2020" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, G.; Sreekar, R.; Velho, N.; Corlett, R. T.; Quan, R.-C.; Tomlinson, K. W. (2020). "Combining camera-trap surveys and hunter interviews to determine the status of mammals in protected rainforests and rubber plantations of Menglun, Xishuangbanna, SW China". Animal Conservation. 23 (6): 689–699. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AnCon..23..689H">2020AnCon..23..689H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Facv.12588">10.1111/acv.12588</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218779515">218779515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Conservation&rft.atitle=Combining+camera-trap+surveys+and+hunter+interviews+to+determine+the+status+of+mammals+in+protected+rainforests+and+rubber+plantations+of+Menglun%2C+Xishuangbanna%2C+SW+China&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E689-%3C%2Fspan%3E699&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218779515%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Facv.12588&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020AnCon..23..689H&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Sreekar%2C+R.&rft.au=Velho%2C+N.&rft.au=Corlett%2C+R.+T.&rft.au=Quan%2C+R.-C.&rft.au=Tomlinson%2C+K.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHunting" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/genv20/70/3">International Journal of Environmental Studies (2013) Special Edition: Conservation and Hunting in North America. IJES v 70.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808074012/https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/genv20/70/3">Archived</a> 8 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/genv20/72/5">International Journal of Environmental Studies (2015) Special Edition: Conservation and Hunting in North America II. IJES v72.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809023426/https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/genv20/72/5">Archived</a> 9 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/iucn_informingdecisionsontrophyhuntingv1.pdf">IUCN (2016) Briefing Paper: Informing Decisions on Trophy Hunting.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161004000306/http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/iucn_informingdecisionsontrophyhuntingv1.pdf">Archived</a> 4 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/iucn_ssc_guiding_principles_on_trophy_hunting_ver1_09aug2012.pdf">IUCN Species Survival Commission (2012) Guiding Principles on Trophy Hunting as a Tool for Creating Conservation Incentives.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113114730/http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/iucn_ssc_guiding_principles_on_trophy_hunting_ver1_09aug2012.pdf">Archived</a> 13 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Dickson D. Bruce Jr., Mississippi Quarterly (Spring 1977).</li> <li>Kenneth S. Greenberg, Honor and Slavery: Lies, Duels, Noses, Masks, Dressing as a Woman, Gifts, Strangers, Humanitarianism, Death, Slave Rebellions, the Pro-Slavery Argument, Baseball, Hunting, and Gambling in the Old South (1996).</li> <li>Steven Hahn, Radical History Review (1982).</li> <li>Charles H. Hudson Jr., in Indians, Animals, and the Fur Trade, ed., Shephard Krech III (1981).</li> <li>Stuart A. Marks, Southern Hunting in Black and White: Nature, History, and Ritual in a Carolina Community (1991).</li> <li>Ted Ownby, Subduing Satan: Religion, Recreation, and Manhood in the Rural South, 1865–1920 (1990).</li> <li>Wiley C. Prewitt, "The Best of All Breathing: Hunting and Environmental Change in Mississippi, 1900–1980" M.A. thesis, (1991).</li> <li>Nicolas W. Proctor, Bathed in Blood: Hunting and Mastery in the Old South (2002).</li> <li>Jacob F. Rivers III, Cultural Values in the Southern Sporting Narrative (2002).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/hsp/soa_ii_chap01.pdf">Salem, D.J., and A.N. Rowan, eds. 2003. The State of the Animals II: 2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324052934/http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/hsp/soa_ii_chap01.pdf">Archived</a> 24 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Washington, D.C.: Humane Society Press. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9658942-7-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9658942-7-4">0-9658942-7-4</a>)</li> <li>Timothy Silver, A New Face on the Countryside: Indians, Colonists, and Slaves in South Atlantic Forests, 1500–1800 (1990).</li> <li>Richard C. Stedman and Thomas A. Heberlein, Rural Sociology (2001). Hunting and rural socialization: Contingent effects of the rural setting on hunting participation.</li> <li>Nancy L. Struna, People of Prowess: Sport, Leisure, and Labor in Early Anglo-America (1996).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_Zukow-Karczewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Marek Zukow-Karczewski">Marek Zukow-Karczewski</a>, Polowania w dawnej Polsce (Hunting in the old Poland), "AURA" (A Monthly for the protection and shaping of human environment) 12 (1990).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunting&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/hunting">hunting</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hunting" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Hunting">Hunting</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hunting" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hunting">Hunting</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/208.html">The Theodore Roosevelt Hunting Library</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" 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territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_animal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and animal rights">Anarchism and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_and_punk_subculture" title="Animal rights and punk subculture">Animal rights and punk subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty_and_the_Holocaust_analogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty and the Holocaust analogy">Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_in_Indian_religions" title="Animal rights in Indian religions">Animal rights in Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_animal_rights" title="Christianity and animal rights">Christianity and animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animal_rights" title="History of animal rights">History of animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animal_welfare_conventions" title="List of international animal welfare conventions">List of international animal welfare conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_status_of_animals_in_the_ancient_world" title="Moral status of animals in the ancient world">Moral status of animals in the ancient world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_animal_welfare_and_rights" title="Timeline of animal welfare and rights">Timeline of animal welfare and rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_liberation" title="Total liberation">Total liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_on_Animal_Welfare" title="Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare">Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_(animal_rights)" title="Abolitionism (animal rights)">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Animal–industrial complex">Animal–industrial complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_law" title="Animal law">Animal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_protectionism" title="Animal protectionism">Animal protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_marginal_cases" title="Argument from marginal cases">Argument from marginal cases</a></li> <li><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_circle_expansion" title="Moral circle expansion">Moral circle expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonkilling" title="Nonkilling">Nonkilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_rescue" title="Open rescue">Open rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personism" title="Personism">Personism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal agriculture">Animal agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_cage" title="Battery cage">Battery cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">Bile bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">Chick culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_farm" title="Crocodile farm">Crocodile farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Concentrated animal feeding operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensive animal farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback (pork industry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_depopulation" title="Foam depopulation">Foam depopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shutdown" title="Ventilation shutdown">Ventilation shutdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_animal_testing" title="Alternatives to animal testing">Alternatives to animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_non-human_primates" title="Animal testing on non-human primates">Animal testing on non-human primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing_regulations" title="Animal testing regulations">Animal testing regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_research_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape research ban">Great ape research ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Scare" title="Green Scare">Green Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_Life_Sciences" title="Huntingdon Life Sciences">Huntingdon Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafovanny" title="Nafovanny">Nafovanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Backfire_(FBI)" title="Operation Backfire (FBI)">Operation Backfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">Vivisection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_euthanasia" title="Animal euthanasia">Animal euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_amphibians" title="Pain in amphibians">Pain in amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_cephalopods" title="Pain in cephalopods">Pain in cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">Pain in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_and_suffering_in_laboratory_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain and suffering in laboratory animals">Pain and suffering in laboratory animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_of_farmed_insects" title="Welfare of farmed insects">Welfare of farmed insects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreational fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animals">Wild animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling_wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Culling wildlife">Culling wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare coursing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_primate_trade" title="International primate trade">International primate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">Wildlife management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandoned pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Animal slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_trial" title="Animal trial">Animal trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_food" title="Live food">Live food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_export" title="Live export">Live export</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Dog_affair" title="Brown Dog affair">Brown Dog affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_primates" title="Cambridge University primates">Cambridge University primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLibel_case" title="McLibel case">McLibel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Monkey selfie copyright dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_of_despair" title="Pit of despair">Pit of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Huntingdon_Animal_Cruelty" title="Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty">SHAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring_monkeys" title="Silver Spring monkeys">Silver Spring monkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside_1985_laboratory_raid" title="University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid">University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_Fuss" title="Unnecessary Fuss">Unnecessary Fuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_sabotage" title="Hunt sabotage">Hunt sabotage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Speciesism" title="World Day for the End of Speciesism">World Day for the End of Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_Laboratory_Animals" title="World Day for Laboratory Animals">World Day for Laboratory Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Fishing" title="World Day for the End of Fishing">World Day for the End of Fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Advocates_(academics,_writers,_activists)398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">Advocates</a> (academics, writers, activists)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics and writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aysha_Akhtar" title="Aysha Akhtar">Aysha Akhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Andrews" title="Kristin Andrews">Kristin Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola_Cavalieri" title="Paola Cavalieri">Paola Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._L._Clark" title="Stephen R. L. Clark">Stephen R. L. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Cochrane" title="Alasdair Cochrane">Alasdair Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_DeGrazia" title="David DeGrazia">David DeGrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Donovan" title="Josephine Donovan">Josephine Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Dunayer" title="Joan Dunayer">Joan Dunayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catia_Faria" title="Catia Faria">Catia Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Finsen" title="Lawrence Finsen">Lawrence Finsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Fox" title="Michael W. Fox">Michael W. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Garner" title="Robert Garner">Robert Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Gruen" title="Lori Gruen">Lori Gruen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hadley_(philosopher)" title="John Hadley (philosopher)">John Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Jamieson" title="Dale Jamieson">Dale Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Johannsen" title="Kyle Johannsen">Kyle Johannsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Kean" title="Hilda Kean">Hilda Kean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Will Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lyons" title="Dan Lyons">Dan Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Palmer" title="Clare Palmer">Clare Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Patterson_(author)" title="Charles Patterson (author)">Charles Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Pierce" title="Jessica Pierce">Jessica Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pluhar" title="Evelyn Pluhar">Evelyn Pluhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rowlands" title="Mark Rowlands">Mark Rowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Ryder" title="Richard D. Ryder">Richard D. Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_F._Sapontzis" title="Steve F. Sapontzis">Steve F. Sapontzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sebo" title="Jeff Sebo">Jeff Sebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Steiner" title="Gary Steiner">Gary Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Vi%C5%A1ak" title="Tatjana Višak">Tatjana Višak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Waldau" title="Paul Waldau">Paul Waldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Tom Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Renaud_Boullier" title="David Renaud Boullier">David Renaud Boullier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_St._C._Bostock" title="Stephen St. C. Bostock">Stephen St. C. Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_Brophy" title="Brigid Brophy">Brigid Brophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buchan" title="Peter Buchan">Peter Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Caird" title="Mona Caird">Mona Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Cohn" title="Priscilla Cohn">Priscilla Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crowe_(vicar)" title="Henry Crowe (vicar)">Henry Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Daggett" title="Herman Daggett">Herman Daggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dean_(curate)" title="Richard Dean (curate)">Richard Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dietler" title="Wilhelm Dietler">Wilhelm Dietler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Drummond" title="William Hamilton Drummond">William Hamilton Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Payson_Evans" title="Edward Payson Evans">Edward Payson Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Forster" class="mw-redirect" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Gentry" title="Thomas G. Gentry">Thomas G. Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Helps" title="Arthur Helps">Arthur Helps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hildrop" title="John Hildrop">John Hildrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zephaniah_Holwell" title="John Zephaniah Holwell">John Zephaniah Holwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soame_Jenyns" title="Soame Jenyns">Soame Jenyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl Christian Friedrich Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_(writer)" title="John Lawrence (writer)">John Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Magel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Magel">Charles R. Magel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley">Mary Midgley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrater_Mora" title="José Ferrater Mora">José Ferrater Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Nelson" title="Leonard Nelson">Leonard Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicholson_(librarian)" title="Edward Nicholson (librarian)">Edward Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobhan_O%27Sullivan" title="Siobhan O'Sullivan">Siobhan O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Primatt" title="Humphrey Primatt">Humphrey Primatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Peabody_Rogers" title="Nathaniel Peabody Rogers">Nathaniel Peabody Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Rollin" title="Bernard Rollin">Bernard Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurids_Smith" title="Laurids Smith">Laurids Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Styles" title="John Styles">John Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tryon" title="Thomas Tryon">Thomas Tryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Varner" title="Gary Varner">Gary Varner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Ludwig_Volckmann" title="Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann">Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Warren" title="Mary Anne Warren">Mary Anne Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Gottlieb_Weigen" title="Adam Gottlieb Weigen">Adam Gottlieb Weigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Winckler" title="Johann Heinrich Winckler">Johann Heinrich Winckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Wise" title="Steven M. Wise">Steven M. Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(animal_welfare_writer)" title="Thomas Young (animal welfare writer)">Thomas Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Aspey" title="James Aspey">James Aspey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Avery" title="Greg Avery">Greg Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Ball" title="Matt Ball">Matt Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Baskin" title="Carole Baskin">Carole Baskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbi_Twins" title="Barbi Twins">Barbi Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Baur" title="Gene Baur">Gene Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Carbstrong" title="Joey Carbstrong">Joey Carbstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymeric_Caron" title="Aymeric Caron">Aymeric Caron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Conroy" title="Jake Conroy">Jake Conroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Coronado" title="Rod Coronado">Rod Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Dawn" title="Karen Dawn">Karen Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_DeRose" title="Chris DeRose">Chris DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Feldmann" title="John Feldmann">John Feldmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Friedrich" title="Bruce Friedrich">Bruce Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Gellatley" title="Juliet Gellatley">Juliet Gellatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Gilboa" title="Tal Gilboa">Tal Gilboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Goetschel" title="Antoine Goetschel">Antoine Goetschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gold_(activist)" title="Mark Gold (activist)">Mark Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gothi%C3%A8re" title="Brigitte Gothière">Brigitte Gothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Hershaft" title="Alex Hershaft">Alex Hershaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Hsiung" title="Wayne Hsiung">Wayne Hsiung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Laws" title="Charlotte Laws">Charlotte Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Lee" title="Ronnie Lee">Ronnie Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evanna_Lynch" title="Evanna Lynch">Evanna Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Mann" title="Keith Mann">Keith Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mason_(activist)" title="Jim Mason (activist)">Jim Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Mathews" title="Dan Mathews">Dan Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Phoenix" title="Joaquin Phoenix">Joaquin Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo-Anne_McArthur" title="Jo-Anne McArthur">Jo-Anne McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Mell" class="mw-redirect" title="Luísa Mell">Luísa Mell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_McKenna" title="Virginia McKenna">Virginia McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Newkirk" title="Ingrid Newkirk">Ingrid Newkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Nicholson" title="Heather Nicholson">Heather Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_O%27Barry" title="Ric O'Barry">Ric O'Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Pacheco_(activist)" title="Alex Pacheco (activist)">Alex Pacheco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Rosebraugh" title="Craig Rosebraugh">Craig Rosebraugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmin_Singer" title="Jasmin Singer">Jasmin Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Stallwood" title="Kim Stallwood">Kim Stallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Stoner" title="Lynda Stoner">Lynda Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Thieme" title="Marianne Thieme">Marianne Thieme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Thurston" title="Darren Thurston">Darren Thurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Townend" title="Christine Townend">Christine Townend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Turner-Webster" title="Wendy Turner-Webster">Wendy Turner-Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Vlasak" title="Jerry Vlasak">Jerry Vlasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Wallis" title="Louise Wallis">Louise Wallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Winters" title="Ed Winters">Ed Winters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Yourofsky" title="Gary Yourofsky">Gary Yourofsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_Vegan_Teacher" title="That Vegan Teacher">That Vegan Teacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Amory" title="Cleveland Amory">Cleveland Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Amos" title="Henry B. Amos">Henry B. Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barker" title="Bob Barker">Bob Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brown_(veterinarian)" title="William Brown (veterinarian)">William Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Carrington" title="Edith Carrington">Edith Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Power_Cobbe" title="Frances Power Cobbe">Frances Power Cobbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Court" title="Joan Court">Joan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Davis_(activist)" title="Karen Davis (activist)">Karen Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dixon" title="Royal Dixon">Royal Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Dowding,_Baroness_Dowding" title="Muriel Dowding, Baroness Dowding">Muriel Dowding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farians" title="Elizabeth Farians">Elizabeth Farians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emarel_Freshel" title="Emarel Freshel">Emarel Freshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_G%C3%A9raud" title="André Géraud">André Géraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Granger" title="James Granger">James Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Horne_(activist)" title="Barry Horne (activist)">Barry Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Huot" title="Marie Huot">Marie Huot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzy_Lind_af_Hageby" title="Lizzy Lind af Hageby">Lizzy Lind af Hageby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Mackay" title="Jessie Mackay">Jessie Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Mansfield_Mitchell" title="Alfred Mansfield Mitchell">Alfred Mansfield Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Isaac_Pengelly" title="J. Isaac Pengelly">J. Isaac Pengelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Phelps" title="Norm Phelps">Norm Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jill_Phipps" title="Death of Jill Phipps">Jill Phipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Ingersoll_Probasco" title="Maud Ingersoll Probasco">Maud Ingersoll Probasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ruesch" title="Hans Ruesch">Hans Ruesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Schwantje" title="Magnus Schwantje">Magnus Schwantje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Shipman" title="Nell Shipman">Nell Shipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Spira" title="Henry Spira">Henry Spira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stratton_(clergyman)" title="Joseph Stratton (clergyman)">Joseph Stratton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tyler" title="Andrew Tyler">Andrew Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Wyler" title="Gretchen Wyler">Gretchen Wyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movement_(groups,_parties)398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a> (groups, parties)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="American Anti-Vivisection Society">American Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Aid" title="Animal Aid">Animal Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_(organization)" title="Animal Ethics (organization)">Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_(organization)" title="Animal Justice (organization)">Animal Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Project" title="Animal Justice Project">Animal Justice Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Animal Legal Defense Fund">Animal Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(organisation)" title="Animal Liberation (organisation)">Animal Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rising" title="Animal Rising">Animal Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnimaNaturalis" title="AnimaNaturalis">AnimaNaturalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vivisection_Coalition" title="Anti-Vivisection Coalition">Anti-Vivisection Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_for_the_Voiceless" title="Anonymous for the Voiceless">Anonymous for the Voiceless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_Free_Foundation" title="Born Free Foundation">Born Free Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Animals_and_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Animals and Social Justice">Centre for Animals and Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Animal_Protection_Network" title="Chinese Animal Protection Network">Chinese Animal Protection Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_Free_International" title="Cruelty Free International">Cruelty Free International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors_Against_Animal_Experiments" title="Doctors Against Animal Experiments">Doctors Against Animal Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimal" title="Equanimal">Equanimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Every_Animal" title="Every Animal">Every Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Animal_Rights_Movement" title="Farm Animal Rights Movement">Farm Animal Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunalytics" title="Faunalytics">Faunalytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Great Ape Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defense_of_Animals" title="In Defense of Animals">In Defense of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Animal_Rights_Advocates" title="Korea Animal Rights Advocates">Korea Animal Rights Advocates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L214" title="L214">L214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_for_Animals" title="Last Chance for Animals">Last Chance for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Animal_Rights_Coalition" title="Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition">Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics">Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_for_Animals" title="Rise for Animals">Rise for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentience_Politics" title="Sentience Politics">Sentience Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaged_Campaigns" title="Uncaged Campaigns">Uncaged Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Activists_for_Animal_Rights" title="United Activists for Animal Rights">United Activists for Animal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Poultry_Concerns" title="United Poultry Concerns">United Poultry Concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPF-Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics">UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_(organisation)" title="Viva! (organisation)">Viva!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_for_Animals_Humane_Society" title="Voice for Animals Humane Society">Voice for Animals Humane Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_(animal_rights_group)" title="Voiceless (animal rights group)">Voiceless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society">Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_League" title="Humanitarian League">Humanitarian League</a> (1891–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Guild">Millennium Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Age" title="Order of the Golden Age">Order of the Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Group_(animal_rights)" title="Oxford Group (animal rights)">Oxford Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party" title="Animal Justice Party">Animal Justice Party</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Politics_EU" title="Animal Politics EU">Animal Politics EU</a> (Europe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Protection_Party_of_Canada" title="Animal Protection Party of Canada">Animal Protection Party of Canada</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party_of_Finland" title="Animal Justice Party of Finland">Animal Justice Party of Finland</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Party" title="Animals' Party">Animals' Party</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Movement" title="Animalist Movement">Animalist Movement</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Party_with_the_Environment" title="Animalist Party with the Environment">Animalist Party with the Environment</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DierAnimal" title="DierAnimal">DierAnimal</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">Human Environment Animal Protection Party</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Animalist_Party" title="Italian Animalist Party">Italian Animalist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Animals" title="Party for the Animals">Party for the Animals</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Animals_Nature" title="People Animals Nature">People Animals Nature</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei³</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_National_Conference" title="Animal Rights National Conference">Animal Rights National Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media_(books,_films,_periodicals,_albums)398" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a> (3rd century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_Humanity_to_Animals" title="An Essay on Humanity to Animals">An Essay on Humanity to Animals</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rights of Animals">The Rights of Animals</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Rights" title="Animals' Rights">Animals' Rights</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutional_Ethics_and_Animal_Psychology" title="Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology">Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Men_and_Morals" title="Animals, Men and Morals">Animals, Men and Morals</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(book)" title="Animal Liberation (book)">Animal Liberation</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Animal_Rights" title="The Case for Animal Rights">The Case for Animal Rights</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morals,_Reason,_and_Animals" title="Morals, Reason, and Animals">Morals, Reason, and Animals</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoos_and_Animal_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoos and Animal Rights">Zoos and Animal Rights</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Property,_and_the_Law" title="Animals, Property, and the Law">Animals, Property, and the Law</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_Animals" title="The Lives of Animals">The Lives of Animals</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Treblinka" title="Eternal Treblinka">Eternal Treblinka</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_Animals_Have_Rights%3F_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Do Animals Have Rights? (book)">Do Animals Have Rights?</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_at_the_Roots" title="Striking at the Roots">Striking at the Roots</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_American_Trilogy_(book)" title="An American Trilogy (book)">An American Trilogy</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Animals_and_Political_Theory" title="An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory">An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_Without_Liberation" title="Animal Rights Without Liberation">Animal Rights Without Liberation</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics" title="Political Animals and Animal Politics">Political Animals and Animal Politics</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientist_Politics" title="Sentientist Politics">Sentientist Politics</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Animal_Ethics" title="Wild Animal Ethics">Wild Animal Ethics</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_in_the_Wild" title="Animal Ethics in the Wild">Animal Ethics in the Wild</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_Law" title="Animal Rights Law">Animal Rights Law</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moral_Circle" title="The Moral Circle">The Moral Circle</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shores_of_Silence" title="Shores of Silence">Shores of Silence</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Witness_(2000_film)" title="The Witness (2000 film)">The Witness</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legally_Blonde_2:_Red,_White_%26_Blonde" title="Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde">Legally Blonde 2</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meatrix" title="The Meatrix">The Meatrix</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Mask_(2006_film)" title="Behind the Mask (2006 film)">Behind the Mask</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Your_Mommy_Kills_Animals" title="Your Mommy Kills Animals">Your Mommy Kills Animals</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food,_Inc." title="Food, Inc.">Food, Inc.</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cove_(film)" title="The Cove (film)">The Cove</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom:_The_Journey_Home" title="Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home">Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Apology_to_Elephants" title="An Apology to Elephants">An Apology to Elephants</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism:_The_Movie" title="Speciesism: The Movie">Speciesism: The Movie</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghosts_in_Our_Machine" title="The Ghosts in Our Machine">The Ghosts in Our Machine</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_the_Cage" title="Unlocking the Cage">Unlocking the Cage</a> (2016)</li> <li>Land of Hope and Glory (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnage_(2017_film)" title="Carnage (2017 film)">Carnage</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okja" title="Okja">Okja</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaspiracy" title="Seaspiracy">Seaspiracy</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Sentience_(journal)" title="Animal Sentience (journal)">Animal Sentience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Species" title="Between the Species">Between the Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_antisp%C3%A9cistes" title="Cahiers antispécistes">Cahiers antispécistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etica_%26_Animali" title="Etica & Animali">Etica & Animali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Animal_Ethics" title="Journal of Animal Ethics">Journal of Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism" title="Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism">Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Defender">The Animals' Defender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkangel_(magazine)" title="Arkangel (magazine)">Arkangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bite_Back" title="Bite Back">Bite Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muutoksen_kev%C3%A4t" title="Muutoksen kevät">Muutoksen kevät</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Compromise_(magazine)" title="No Compromise (magazine)">No Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_animal_rights" title="List of songs about animal rights">Albums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(album)" title="Animal Liberation (album)">Animal Liberation</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tame_Yourself" title="Tame Yourself">Tame Yourself</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_(Deadlock_album)" title="Manifesto (Deadlock album)">Manifesto</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_of_Innocents" title="Salvation of Innocents">Salvation of Innocents</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onward_to_Freedom" title="Onward to Freedom">Onward to Freedom</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fairs and exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_on_your_Plate" title="Holocaust on your Plate">Holocaust on your Plate</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_rights" title="Category:Animal rights">Category</a> ( 138 )</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mammals_in_culture55" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mammals_in_culture" title="Template:Mammals in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mammals_in_culture" title="Template talk:Mammals in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mammals in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mammals_in_culture55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_mammals" title="Human uses of mammals">Mammals in culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Draft animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory animal">Laboratory animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">Pack animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">Pet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_animal" title="Service animal">Service animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-assisted_therapy" title="Animal-assisted therapy">Animal-assisted therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Lupa_Capitolina,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/100px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/150px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/200px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7489" data-file-height="4876" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_bats" title="Human uses of bats">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_bears" title="Cultural depictions of bears">Bears</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear-baiting" title="Bear-baiting">Bear-baiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">Teddy bear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_cats" title="Cultural depictions of cats">Cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote_(mythology)" title="Coyote (mythology)">Coyotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_dogs" title="Cultural depictions of dogs">Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_in_mythology" title="Deer in mythology">Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxes_in_popular_culture,_films_and_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxes in popular culture, films and literature">Foxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_references_to_donkeys" title="Cultural references to donkeys">Donkeys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onolatry" title="Onolatry">Onolatry</a></li></ul></li> <li>Horses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_art" title="Horses in art">Horses in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">Horse worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguars_in_Mesoamerican_cultures" title="Jaguars in Mesoamerican cultures">Jaguars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maya_jaguar_gods" title="Maya jaguar gods">Maya jaguar gods</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_emblems_and_popular_culture" title="Kangaroo emblems and popular culture">Kangaroos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_koalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural depictions of koalas">Koalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_lions" title="Cultural depictions of lions">Lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigs_in_culture" title="Pigs in culture">Pigs</a></li> <li>Simians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorillas_in_popular_culture" title="Gorillas in popular culture">Gorillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_in_Chinese_culture" title="Monkeys in Chinese culture">Monkeys in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangutans_in_popular_culture" title="Orangutans in popular culture">Orangutans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_spotted_hyenas" title="Cultural depictions of spotted hyenas">Spotted hyenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_tigers" title="Cultural depictions of tigers">Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_weasels" title="Cultural depictions of weasels">Weasels</a></li> <li>Whales <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">Whale watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_worship" title="Whale worship">Whale worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcas_in_popular_culture" title="Orcas in popular culture">Orcas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolves_in_folklore,_religion_and_mythology" title="Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology">Wolves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hunting_topics139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hunting_topics" title="Template:Hunting topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hunting_topics" title="Template talk:Hunting topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hunting_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hunting topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hunting_topics139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hunting</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting,_fishing_and_animals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Hunting, fishing and animals in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Medieval hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_hunting_technologies" title="North American hunting technologies">North American hunting technologies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-fowling" title="Bat-fowling">Bat-fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagling" title="Beagling">Beagling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhunting" title="Bowhunting">Bowhunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big-game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coursing" title="Coursing">Coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_stalker" title="Game stalker">Game stalkering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigging" title="Gigging">Gigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_hunting" title="Green hunting">Green hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_with_eagles" title="Hunting with eagles">Eagles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sports" title="Field sports">Field sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowling" title="Fowling">Fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handgun_hunting" title="Handgun hunting">Handgun hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_hunting" title="Internet hunting">Internet hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layout_hunting" title="Layout hunting">Layout hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monter%C3%ADa_(hunt)" title="Montería (hunt)">Montería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttonbirding" title="Muttonbirding">Muttonbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistence_hunting" title="Persistence hunting">Persistence hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Plume hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlighting" title="Spotlighting">Spotlighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">Trophy hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">Trapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_hunting" title="Trail hunting">Trail hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treeing" title="Treeing">Treeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_hunting" title="Varmint hunting">Varmint hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venatio" title="Venatio">Venatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_call" title="Game call">Game call</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duck_call" title="Duck call">Duck call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">Ghillie suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_bag" title="Hunting bag">Hunting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_weapon" title="Hunting weapon">Hunting weapon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_gun" title="Air gun">Air gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">Assegai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_spear" title="Bear spear">Bear spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_spear" title="Boar spear">Boar spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">Blowgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">Spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_sword" title="Hunting sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">Throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sticks_(weapon_mount)" title="Shooting sticks (weapon mount)">Shooting sticks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_hunting" title="Alligator hunting">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Five_game" title="Big Five game">Big five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coon_hunting" title="Coon hunting">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stalking" title="Deer stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Human hunting">Human</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">Headhunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal_coursing" title="Jackal coursing">Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mink_hunting" title="Mink hunting">Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_game" title="Plains game">Plains game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbiting" title="Rabbiting">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_shooting" title="Rook shooting">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_hunting" title="Tiger hunting">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_hunting" title="Turkey hunting">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtling_(hunting)" title="Turtling (hunting)">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_hunting" title="Quail hunting">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting_with_dogs" title="Wolf hunting with dogs">With dogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal</a></li> <li>Squirrel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_poaching" title="Squirrel poaching">Poaching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_whaling" title="Aboriginal whaling">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_drive_hunting" title="Dolphin drive hunting">Dolphin drive hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_hunting_of_the_bowhead_whale" title="Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale">Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_pound" title="Buffalo pound">Buffalo pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_(land)" title="Chase (land)">Chase (land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_park_(England)" title="Deer park (England)">Deer park (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_forest" title="Deer forest">Deer forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_kite" title="Desert kite">Desert kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_larder" title="Game larder">Game larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">Game reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_farm" title="Game farm">Game farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_ranch" title="Guest ranch">Guest ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_blind" title="Hunting blind">Hunting blind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salter_(trap)" title="Salter (trap)">Salter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_lodge" title="Sporting lodge">Sporting lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Jagdschloss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_trap" title="Wolf trap">Wolf trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Australia" title="Hunting in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dugong_hunting_in_Australia" title="Dugong hunting in Australia">Dugong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_industry" title="Kangaroo industry">Kangaroo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_tiger_hunts_in_Azerbaijan" title="Historical tiger hunts in Azerbaijan">Tiger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Cambodia" title="Hunting in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li>Chad <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Chad" title="Elephant hunting in Chad">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greenland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer_hunting_in_Greenland" title="Reindeer hunting in Greenland">Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_poaching_in_India" title="Tiger poaching in India">Tiger poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_poaching_in_Assam" title="Rhino poaching in Assam">Rhino poaching in Assam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kenya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Kenya" title="Elephant hunting in Kenya">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_New_Zealand" title="Hunting in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter-based_hunting_in_Fiordland" title="Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland">Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting_in_Pakistan" title="Trophy hunting in Pakistan">Trophy hunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Russia" title="Hunting in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Romania" title="Hunting in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Spain" title="Hunting in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_hunting_reserves_in_Switzerland" title="List of federal hunting reserves in Switzerland">Federal hunting reserves</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tonga <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_snaring" title="Pigeon snaring">Pigeon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_the_United_States" title="Hunting in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_fishing_in_Alaska" title="Hunting and fishing in Alaska">Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation and conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_(fishing_and_hunting)" title="Bag (fishing and hunting)">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag_limits" title="Bag limits">Bag limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">Conservation officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_management" title="Deer management">Deer management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Act_1831" title="Game Act 1831">Game Act 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Game law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_preservation" title="Game preservation">Game preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_license" title="Hunting license">Hunting license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">Hunting Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_season" title="Hunting season">Hunting season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_hunting" title="Sustainable hunting">Sustainable hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambi_effect" title="Bambi effect">Bambi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blooding_(hunting)" title="Blooding (hunting)">Blooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_hunt" title="Canned hunt">Canned hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_hawking" title="Car hawking">Car hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_ague" title="Duck ague">Duck ague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry_training_and_technique" title="Falconry training and technique">Falconry training and technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_chase" title="Fair chase">Fair chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_dressing_(hunting)" title="Field dressing (hunting)">Field dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamekeepers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom">Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillie" title="Gillie">Gillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_dog" title="Gun dog">Gun dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_magic" title="Hunting magic">Hunting magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hunting_deities" title="List of hunting deities">List of hunting deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_big-game_hunters" title="List of big-game hunters">List of big-game hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahawking" title="Parahawking">Parahawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_hunter" title="Professional hunter">Professional hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Cecil_the_lion" title="Killing of Cecil the lion">Killing of Cecil the lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptor_persecution" title="Raptor persecution">Raptor persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_orange" title="Safety orange">Safety orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_(hunting)" title="Take (hunting)">Take</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_(hunting)" title="Tracking (hunting)">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hunter" title="White hunter">White hunter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryside_Alliance" title="Countryside Alliance">Countryside Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Associations_for_Hunting_and_Conservation_of_the_EU" title="Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU">Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Hunters%27_Association" title="Finnish Hunters' Association">Finnish Hunters' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_Against_Cruel_Sports" title="League Against Cruel Sports">League Against Cruel Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Falconers_Association" title="North American Falconers Association">North American Falconers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club_International" title="Safari Club International">Safari Club International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowfishing" title="Bowfishing">Bowfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounty_hunter" title="Bounty hunter">Bounty hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">Blood sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_hunting" title="Drag hunting">Drag hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_trial" title="Field trial">Field trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_strategy" title="Hunting strategy">Hunting strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_collecting" title="Insect collecting">Insect collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchid_hunting" title="Orchid hunting">Orchid hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Overview of gun laws by nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-75687f9f4b-vdd69","wgBackendResponseTime":396,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.153","walltime":"3.780","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16913,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":571918,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14668,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":42,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":655401,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2953.510 1 -total"," 44.83% 1324.164 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.13% 476.360 79 Template:Cite_web"," 8.01% 236.670 29 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.72% 228.156 21 Template:Cite_book"," 5.75% 169.772 16 Template:Fix"," 5.56% 164.073 12 Template:Citation_needed"," 4.92% 145.203 1 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