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<li id="toc-Military_symbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_symbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Military symbol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_symbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Synthesis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synthesis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turnbull's_blue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turnbull's_blue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Turnbull's blue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turnbull's_blue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prussian_white" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prussian_white"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Prussian white</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prussian_white-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crystal_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystal_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Crystal structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystal_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pigment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pigment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stain_for_iron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stain_for_iron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Stain for iron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stain_for_iron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_machinists_and_toolmakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_machinists_and_toolmakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>By machinists and toolmakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_machinists_and_toolmakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_analytical_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_analytical_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>In analytical chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_analytical_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Household_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Household_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Household use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Household_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battery_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battery_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Battery materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battery_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Prussian blue</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruisiese_blou" title="Pruisiese blou – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pruisiese blou" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="أزرق بروسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أزرق بروسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C" title="نیل فرنقی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیل فرنقی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Берлінскі лазурак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Берлінскі лазурак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blau_de_Pr%C3%BAssia" title="Blau de Prússia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Blau de Prússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%C4%95" title="Берлин сенкерĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Берлин сенкерĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BEsk%C3%A1_mod%C5%99" title="Pařížská modř – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pařížská modř" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinerbl%C3%A5t" title="Berlinerblåt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Berlinerblåt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Blau" title="Berliner Blau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Berliner Blau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B5" title="Πρωσσικό μπλε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωσσικό μπλε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B9_%27d_Pr%C3%B9sia" title="Blù 'd Prùsia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Blù 'd Prùsia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azul_de_Prusia" title="Azul de Prusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Azul de Prusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusia_bluo" title="Prusia bluo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prusia bluo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusiako_urdina" title="Prusiako urdina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Prusiako urdina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="نیل فرنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیل فرنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleu_de_Prusse" title="Bleu de Prusse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bleu de Prusse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%88_%EB%B8%94%EB%A3%A8" title="프러시안 블루 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프러시안 블루" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinsko_modrilo" title="Berlinsko modrilo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Berlinsko modrilo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biru_Prusia" title="Biru Prusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biru Prusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu_di_Prussia" title="Blu di Prussia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Blu di Prussia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99" title="כחול פרוסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כחול פרוסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caeruleus_Berolinensis" title="Caeruleus Berolinensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caeruleus Berolinensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berl%C4%ABnes_zilais" title="Berlīnes zilais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Berlīnes zilais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaliau%C4%8Diaus_m%C4%97lis" title="Karaliaučiaus mėlis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karaliaučiaus mėlis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Берлинско сино – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Берлинско сино" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruisisch_blauw" title="Pruisisch blauw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pruisisch blauw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%BA%E9%9D%92" title="紺青 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="紺青" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B8yssisk_bl%C3%A5tt" title="Prøyssisk blått – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Prøyssisk blått" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%82%C4%99kit_pruski" title="Błękit pruski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Błękit pruski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azul_da_pr%C3%BAssia" title="Azul da prússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Azul da prússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albastru_de_Berlin" title="Albastru de Berlin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Albastru de Berlin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Берлинская лазурь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берлинская лазурь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Prussian blue" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusko_plavo" title="Prusko plavo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Prusko plavo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prusko_plavo" title="Prusko plavo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prusko 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Synthetic pigment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the pigment. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Prussian blue (disambiguation)">Prussian blue (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Russian_Blue" title="Russian Blue">Russian Blue</a> or <a href="/wiki/Persian_blue" title="Persian blue">Persian blue</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Paris Blue" redirects here. For the Kyle Eastwood album, see <a href="/wiki/Paris_Blue_(album)" title="Paris Blue (album)">Paris Blue (album)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Prussian blue </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigment_Berliner_Blau.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sample of prussian blue"><img alt="Sample of prussian blue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pigment_Berliner_Blau.JPG/220px-Pigment_Berliner_Blau.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pigment_Berliner_Blau.JPG/330px-Pigment_Berliner_Blau.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pigment_Berliner_Blau.JPG/440px-Pigment_Berliner_Blau.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4830" data-file-height="2553" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Iron(II,III) hexacyanidoferrate(II,III)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Brandenburg blue</li><li>Berlin blue</li><li>Ferric ferrocyanide</li><li>Ferric hexacyanoferrate</li><li>Iron(III) ferrocyanide</li><li>Iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II)</li><li>Parisian blue</li><li>Sarum blue</li><li>Midnight blue</li></ul></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=14038-43-8">14038-43-8</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BFe%2B3%5D.%5BFe%2B3%5D.%5BFe%2B3%5D.%5BFe%2B3%5D.N%23C%5BFe-4%5D%28C%23N%29%28C%23N%29%28C%23N%29%28C%23N%29C%23N.N%23C%5BFe-4%5D%28C%23N%29%28C%23N%29%28C%23N%29%28C%23N%29C%23N.N%23C%5BFe-4%5D%28C%23N%29%28C%23N%29%28C%23N%29%28C%23N%29C%23N">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=30069">CHEBI:30069</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL2096629">ChEMBL2096629</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.20074656.html">20074656</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.034.418">100.034.418</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421894#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>237-875-5</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>1093743 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2724251">2724251</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/TLE294X33A">TLE294X33A</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9047756">DTXSID9047756</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421894#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/18CN.7Fe/c18*1-2;;;;;;;/q;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;3*-4;4*+3<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: DNMNDNSFJMUUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/18CN.7Fe/c18*1-2;;;;;;;/q;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;3*-4;4*+3</div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: DNMNDNSFJMUUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">[Fe+3].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].[Fe+3].N#C[Fe-4](C#N)(C#N)(C#N)(C#N)C#N.N#C[Fe-4](C#N)(C#N)(C#N)(C#N)C#N.N#C[Fe-4](C#N)(C#N)(C#N)(C#N)C#N</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>18</sub><span title="Iron">Fe</span><sub>7</sub><span title="Nitrogen">N</span><sub>18</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002859239000000000♠"></span>859.239</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup>   </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Blue opaque crystals </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>Insoluble </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Structure </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></div> </td> <td>Face-centered cubic, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cF43</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></div> </td> <td>Fm<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m, No. 225<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Pharmacology </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V03" title="ATC code V03">V03AB31</a> (<span title="www.whocc.no"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=V03AB31">WHO</a></span>)  </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of<br />administration</a></div> </td> <td>Oral </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a> (SDS) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/62402.htm">MSDS Prussian blue</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">cations</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferrocyanide" title="Potassium ferrocyanide">Potassium ferrocyanide</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ferrocyanide" title="Sodium ferrocyanide">Sodium ferrocyanide</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/12px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/18px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/24px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=464375726&page2=Prussian+blue">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Prussian blue</b> (also known as <b>Berlin blue</b>, <b>Brandenburg blue</b>, <b>Parisian</b> and <b>Paris blue</b>) is a dark <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a> <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> produced by oxidation of ferrous <a href="/wiki/Ferrocyanide" title="Ferrocyanide">ferrocyanide</a> salts. It has the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> Fe<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">III</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>[Fe<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">II</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>(<a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">CN</a>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>. <b>Turnbull's blue</b> is chemically identical, but is made from different <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagents</a>, and its slightly different color stems from different impurities and particle sizes. </p><p>Prussian blue was created in the early 18th century and is the first modern <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">synthetic</a> pigment. It is prepared as a very fine <a href="/wiki/Colloidal_dispersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloidal dispersion">colloidal dispersion</a>, because the compound is not soluble in water. It contains variable amounts<sup id="cite_ref-Dunbar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunbar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of other ions and its appearance depends sensitively on the size of the colloidal particles. The pigment is used in <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paints</a>, it became prominent in 19th-century <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Aizuri-e" title="Aizuri-e">aizuri-e</a></i></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">藍摺り絵</span></span>) <a href="/wiki/Japanese_woodblock_print" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese woodblock print">Japanese woodblock prints</a>, and it is the traditional "blue" in technical <a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprints</a>. </p><p>In medicine, orally administered Prussian blue is used as an <a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">antidote</a> for certain kinds of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal poisoning">heavy metal poisoning</a>, e.g., by <a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium(I)">thallium(I)</a> and radioactive isotopes of <a href="/wiki/Cesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium">cesium</a>. The therapy exploits Prussian blue's ion-exchange properties and high affinity for certain "<a href="/wiki/Lewis_acids_and_bases#Hard_and_soft_classification" title="Lewis acids and bases">soft</a>" metal <a href="/wiki/Ion#Anions_and_cations" title="Ion">cations</a>. It is on the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization%27s_List_of_Essential_Medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>, the most important medications needed in a basic <a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">health system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prussian blue lent its name to <a href="/wiki/Prussic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussic acid">prussic acid</a> (hydrogen cyanide) derived from it. In German, hydrogen cyanide is called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Blausäure</i></span> ('blue acid'). Cyanide also acquired its name from this relationship. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg/200px-Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg/300px-Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg/400px-Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8242" data-file-height="5640" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa">The Great Wave off Kanagawa</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Hokusai" title="Hokusai">Hokusai</a>, an artwork that makes extensive use of Prussian blue</figcaption></figure> <p>Prussian blue pigment is significant since it was the first stable and relatively <a href="/wiki/Lightfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightfast">lightfast</a> blue pigment to be widely used since the loss of knowledge regarding the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_blue" title="Egyptian blue">Egyptian blue</a>. European painters had previously used a number of pigments such as <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo dye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Smalt">smalt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a>, and the extremely expensive <a href="/wiki/Ultramarine" title="Ultramarine">ultramarine</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_painting" title="Japanese painting">Japanese painters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_in_Japan" title="Woodblock printing in Japan">woodblock print artists</a>, likewise, did not have access to a long-lasting blue pigment until they began to import Prussian blue from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-StClair_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StClair-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prussian blue <span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">7</sub></span></span>(<a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">CN</a>)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">18</sub></span></span></span> (also (<span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>[Fe(CN)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>) · <i>x</i><span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>) was probably synthesized for the first time by the paint maker <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jacob_Diesbach" title="Johann Jacob Diesbach">Johann Jacob Diesbach</a> in Berlin around 1706.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartoll_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartoll-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pigment is believed to have been accidentally created when Diesbach used <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a> tainted with <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> to create some red <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a> dye. The original dye required potash, <a href="/wiki/Ferric_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric sulfate">ferric sulfate</a>, and dried cochineal. Instead, the blood, potash, and iron sulfate reacted to create a compound known as iron ferrocyanide, which, unlike the desired red pigment, has a very distinct blue hue.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was named <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Preußisch blau</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Berlinisch Blau</i></span> in 1709 by its first trader.<sup id="cite_ref-Frisch_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frisch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pigment readily replaced the expensive lapis lazuli-derived ultramarine and was an important topic in the letters exchanged between <a href="/wiki/Johann_Leonhard_Frisch" title="Johann Leonhard Frisch">Johann Leonhard Frisch</a> and the president of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Prussian Academy of Sciences">Prussian Academy of Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a>, between 1708 and 1716.<sup id="cite_ref-Frisch_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frisch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is first mentioned in a letter written by Frisch to Leibniz, from March 31, 1708. Not later than 1708, Frisch began to promote and sell the pigment across Europe. By August 1709, the pigment had been termed <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Preussisch blau</i></span>; by November 1709, the German name <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Berlinisch Blau</i></span> had been used for the first time by Frisch. Frisch himself is the author of the first known publication of Prussian blue in the paper <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Notitia Coerulei Berolinensis nuper inventi</i></span> in 1710, as can be deduced from his letters. Diesbach had been working for Frisch since about 1701. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Prussian blue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C.jpg/200px-%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C.jpg/300px-%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C.jpg/400px-%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Prussian blue in a vial</figcaption></figure> <p>To date, the <i>Entombment of Christ</i>, dated 1709 by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_der_Werff" title="Pieter van der Werff">Pieter van der Werff</a> (Picture Gallery, <a href="/wiki/Sanssouci" title="Sanssouci">Sanssouci</a>, Potsdam) is the oldest known painting where Prussian blue was used. Around 1710, painters at the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian court">Prussian court</a> were already using the pigment. At around the same time, Prussian blue arrived in Paris, where <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Watteau" title="Antoine Watteau">Antoine Watteau</a> and later his successors <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lancret" title="Nicolas Lancret">Nicolas Lancret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Pater" title="Jean-Baptiste Pater">Jean-Baptiste Pater</a> used it in their paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartoll_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartoll-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a> used the pigment extensively for both blues and greens.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1731, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ernst_Stahl" title="Georg Ernst Stahl">Georg Ernst Stahl</a> published an account of the first synthesis of Prussian blue.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story involves not only Diesbach, but also <a href="/wiki/Johann_Konrad_Dippel" title="Johann Konrad Dippel">Johann Konrad Dippel</a>. Diesbach was attempting to create a red <a href="/wiki/Lake_pigment" title="Lake pigment">lake pigment</a> from cochineal, but obtained the blue instead as a result of the contaminated potash he was using. He borrowed the potash from Dippel, who had used it to produce his <a href="/wiki/Dippel%27s_oil" title="Dippel's oil">animal oil</a>. No other known historical source mentions Dippel in this context. It is, therefore, difficult to judge the reliability of this story today. In 1724, the recipe was finally published by John Woodward.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1752, French chemist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_J._Macquer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre J. Macquer">Pierre J. Macquer</a> made the important step of showing Prussian blue could be reduced to a salt of iron and a new acid, which could be used to reconstitute the dye.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new acid, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a>, first isolated from Prussian blue in pure form and characterized in 1782 by Swedish chemist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was eventually given the name <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Blausäure</i></span> (literally "blue acid") because of its derivation from Prussian blue, and in English became known popularly as Prussic acid. <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a>, a colorless anion that forms in the process of making Prussian blue, derives its name from the Greek word for dark blue. </p><p>In the late 1800s, <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gershon_Henoch_Leiner" title="Gershon Henoch Leiner">Gershon Henoch Leiner</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Izhbitza_-_Radzin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Izhbitza - Radzin (Hasidic dynasty)">Radzin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">dyed</a> <a href="/wiki/Tzitziyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzitziyot">tzitziyot</a> with Prussian blue made with <a href="/wiki/Sepia_(color)" title="Sepia (color)">sepia</a>, believing that this was the true <a href="/wiki/Tekhelet" title="Tekhelet">techeiles</a> dye. Even though some have questioned its identity as techeiles because of its artificial production, and claimed that had Rabbi Leiner been aware of this he would have retracted his position that his dye was techeiles,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others have disputed this and claimed that Rabbi Leiner would not have retracted.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_symbol">Military symbol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military symbol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6niglich_preussische_Infanterie-Offiziere_-_Edmund_Rabe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/K%C3%B6niglich_preussische_Infanterie-Offiziere_-_Edmund_Rabe.png/220px-K%C3%B6niglich_preussische_Infanterie-Offiziere_-_Edmund_Rabe.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/K%C3%B6niglich_preussische_Infanterie-Offiziere_-_Edmund_Rabe.png/330px-K%C3%B6niglich_preussische_Infanterie-Offiziere_-_Edmund_Rabe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/K%C3%B6niglich_preussische_Infanterie-Offiziere_-_Edmund_Rabe.png/440px-K%C3%B6niglich_preussische_Infanterie-Offiziere_-_Edmund_Rabe.png 2x" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="781" /></a><figcaption>Prussian military uniforms</figcaption></figure> <p>From the beginning of the 18th century, Prussian blue was the predominant uniform coat color worn by the infantry and artillery regiments of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dunkelblau</i></span> (dark blue), this shade achieved a symbolic importance and continued to be worn by most German soldiers for <a href="/wiki/Full_dress_uniform" title="Full dress uniform">ceremonial</a> and off-duty occasions until the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when it was superseded by greenish-gray field gray (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Feldgrau" title="Feldgrau">Feldgrau</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prussian blue is produced by oxidation of ferrous ferrocyanide salts. These white solids have the formula <span class="chemf nowrap">M<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>Fe[Fe(CN)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>]</span> where <span class="chemf nowrap">M<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> = <span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> or <span class="chemf nowrap">K<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>. The iron in this material is all ferrous, hence the absence of deep color associated with the mixed valency. Oxidation of this white solid with hydrogen peroxide or sodium chlorate produces ferricyanide and affords Prussian blue.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "soluble" form, <span class="chemf nowrap">KFe<sup>III</sup>[Fe<sup>II</sup>(CN)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>]</span>, which is really <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloidal</a>, can be made from <a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferrocyanide" title="Potassium ferrocyanide">potassium ferrocyanide</a> and iron(III): </p> <dl><dd><span class="chemf nowrap">K<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">[Fe<sup>II</sup>(CN)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> → <span class="chemf nowrap">KFe<sup>III</sup>[Fe<sup>II</sup>(CN)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>]</span></dd></dl> <p>The similar reaction of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferricyanide" title="Potassium ferricyanide">potassium ferricyanide</a> and iron(II) results in the same colloidal solution, because <span class="chemf nowrap">[Fe<sup>III</sup>(CN)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> is converted into ferrocyanide. </p><p>The "insoluble" Prussian blue is obtained if, in the reactions above, an excess of <span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> is added: </p> <dl><dd>4<span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + 3<span class="chemf nowrap">[Fe<sup>II</sup>(CN)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> → <span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup>III</sup>[Fe<sup>III</sup>Fe<sup>II</sup>(CN)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>]<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Despite the fact that it is prepared from cyanide salts, Prussian blue is not toxic because the cyanide groups are tightly bound to iron.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both ferrocyanide ((Fe<sup>II</sup>(CN)<sub>6</sub>)<sup>4−</sup>) and ferricyanide ((Fe<sup>III</sup>(CN)<sub>6</sub>)<sup>3−</sup>) are particularly stable and non-toxic polymeric <a href="/wiki/Cyanometalate" title="Cyanometalate">cyanometalates</a> due to the strong iron coordination to cyanide ions. Although cyanide bonds well with transition metals in general like chromium, these non-iron coordination compounds are not as stable as iron cyanides, therefore increasing the risk of releasing CN<sup>−</sup> ions, and subsequently comparative toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turnbull's_blue"><span id="Turnbull.27s_blue"></span>Turnbull's blue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Turnbull's blue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HexacyanidoferratIII_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/HexacyanidoferratIII_2.svg/200px-HexacyanidoferratIII_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/HexacyanidoferratIII_2.svg/300px-HexacyanidoferratIII_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/HexacyanidoferratIII_2.svg/400px-HexacyanidoferratIII_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferricyanide" title="Ferricyanide">Ferricyanide</a> ion, used to make Turnbull's blue</figcaption></figure> <p>In former times, the addition of iron(II) salts to a solution of <a href="/wiki/Ferricyanide" title="Ferricyanide">ferricyanide</a> was thought to afford a material different from Prussian blue. The product was traditionally named Turnbull's blue (TB). <a href="/wiki/X-ray_diffraction" title="X-ray diffraction">X-ray diffraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">electron diffraction</a> methods have shown, though, that the structures of PB and TB are identical.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The differences in the colors for TB and PB reflect subtle differences in the methods of precipitation, which strongly affect particle size and impurity content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prussian_white">Prussian white</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prussian white"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prussian white, also known as <i>Berlin white</i> or <i>Everett's salt</i>, is the <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> <a href="/wiki/End-member" class="mw-redirect" title="End-member">end-member</a> of the totally <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduced</a> form of the Prussian blue in which all iron is present as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup class="template-chem2-sup">II</sup></span>. It is a sodium <a href="/wiki/Hexacyanoferrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexacyanoferrate">hexacyanoferrate</a> of Fe(II) of formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Fe[Fe(CN)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacsenLabs2023_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacsenLabs2023-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weight</a> value is <span class="nowrap">314 g/mol</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacsenLabs2023_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacsenLabs2023-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more generic formula allowing for the substitution of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> cations by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">K<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> cations is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">A<sub class="template-chem2-sub">(2−x)</sub>B<sub class="template-chem2-sub">x</sub>Fe<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(CN)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span> (in which A or B = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">K<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>). </p><p>The Prussian white is closely related to the Prussian blue, but it significantly differs by its crystallographic structure, molecular framework pore size, and its color. The cubic sodium Prussian white, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">(2−x)</sub>K<sub class="template-chem2-sub">x</sub>Fe<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(CN)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>·yH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>, and potassium Prussian white, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">K<sub class="template-chem2-sub">(2−x)</sub>Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">x</sub>Fe<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(CN)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>·yH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>, are candidates as <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> materials for <a href="/wiki/Sodium-ion_battery" title="Sodium-ion battery">Na-ion batteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Piernas-Muñoz2016_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piernas-Muñoz2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The insertion of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">K<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> cations in the framework of potassium Prussian white provides favorable synergistic effects improving the long-term battery stability and increasing the number of possible recharge cycles, lengthening its service life.<sup id="cite_ref-Piernas-Muñoz2016_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piernas-Muñoz2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large-size framework of Prussian white easily accommodating <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">K<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> cations facilitates their intercalation and subsequent extraction during the charge/discharge cycles. The spacious and rigid host crystal structure contributes to its volumetric stability against the internal swelling <a href="/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)" title="Stress (mechanics)">stress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strain_(mechanics)" title="Strain (mechanics)">strain</a> developing in sodium-batteries after many cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-MacsenLabs2023_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacsenLabs2023-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The material also offers perspectives of high <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy densities</a> (Ah/kg) while providing high recharge rate, even at low temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-MacsenLabs2023_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacsenLabs2023-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prussian blue is a <a href="/wiki/Microcrystalline" title="Microcrystalline">microcrystalline</a> blue powder. It is insoluble, but the <a href="/wiki/Crystallite" title="Crystallite">crystallites</a> tend to form a colloid. Such colloids can pass through fine filters.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunbar_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunbar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being one of the oldest known synthetic compounds, the composition of Prussian blue remained uncertain for many years. Its precise identification was complicated by three factors: </p> <ul><li>Prussian blue is extremely insoluble, but also tends to form colloids</li> <li>Traditional syntheses tend to afford impure compositions</li> <li>Even pure Prussian blue is structurally complex, defying routine crystallographic analysis</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crystal_structure">Crystal structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Crystal structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron-coordination-in-simplified-Prussian-blue-from-xtal-xray-3D-bs-17.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron-coordination-in-simplified-Prussian-blue-from-xtal-xray-3D-bs-17.png/200px-Iron-coordination-in-simplified-Prussian-blue-from-xtal-xray-3D-bs-17.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron-coordination-in-simplified-Prussian-blue-from-xtal-xray-3D-bs-17.png/300px-Iron-coordination-in-simplified-Prussian-blue-from-xtal-xray-3D-bs-17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Iron-coordination-in-simplified-Prussian-blue-from-xtal-xray-3D-bs-17.png/400px-Iron-coordination-in-simplified-Prussian-blue-from-xtal-xray-3D-bs-17.png 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Fe <a href="/wiki/Coordination_sphere" title="Coordination sphere">coordination spheres</a> in idealized Prussian blue</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idealized,_defect-free_Prussian_Blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Idealized%2C_defect-free_Prussian_Blue.svg/200px-Idealized%2C_defect-free_Prussian_Blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Idealized%2C_defect-free_Prussian_Blue.svg/300px-Idealized%2C_defect-free_Prussian_Blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Idealized%2C_defect-free_Prussian_Blue.svg/400px-Idealized%2C_defect-free_Prussian_Blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Unit_cell" title="Unit cell">unit cell</a> of Prussian blue, with all sites occupied. Actually, one fourth of the <span class="chemf nowrap">Fe(CN)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span></span> groups shown will be missing, at random, giving on average only 18 cyanide ions (rather than the 24 shown) and three ferrous iron atoms.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prussian_Blue_Powder_XRD_Profile,_Simulated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Prussian_Blue_Powder_XRD_Profile%2C_Simulated.jpg/200px-Prussian_Blue_Powder_XRD_Profile%2C_Simulated.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Prussian_Blue_Powder_XRD_Profile%2C_Simulated.jpg/300px-Prussian_Blue_Powder_XRD_Profile%2C_Simulated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Prussian_Blue_Powder_XRD_Profile%2C_Simulated.jpg/400px-Prussian_Blue_Powder_XRD_Profile%2C_Simulated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Simulated powder <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">x-ray diffraction</a> profile for Prussian blue crystal, <a href="/wiki/Miller_index" title="Miller index">crystallographic direction</a> annotated. Image generated using CrystalMaker software.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> of insoluble Prussian blue is <span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">7</sub></span></span>(CN)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">18</sub></span></span></span> · <i>x</i><span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, where <i>x</i> = 14–16. The structure was determined by using <a href="/wiki/IR_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="IR spectroscopy">IR spectroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ssbauer_spectroscopy" title="Mössbauer spectroscopy">Mössbauer spectroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neutron_crystallography" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron crystallography">neutron crystallography</a>. Since X-ray diffraction cannot easily distinguish carbon from nitrogen in the presence of heavier elements such as iron, the location of these lighter elements is deduced by spectroscopic means, as well as by observing the distances from the iron atom centers. <a href="/wiki/Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">Neutron diffraction</a> can easily distinguish N and C atoms, and it has been used to determine the detailed structure of Prussian blue and its analogs.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PB has a <a href="/wiki/Face_centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face centered cubic">face centered cubic</a> lattice structure, with four iron(III) ions per unit cell. "Soluble" PB crystals contain interstitial <span class="chemf nowrap">K<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> ions; insoluble PB has interstitial water, instead. In ideal insoluble PB crystals, the cubic framework is built from Fe(II)–C–N–Fe(III) sequences, with Fe(II)–carbon distances of 1.92 <a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">Å</a> and Fe(III)–nitrogen distances of 2.03 Å. One-fourth of the sites of <span class="chemf nowrap">Fe(CN)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span></span> subunits (supposedly at random) are vacant (empty), leaving three such groups on average per unit cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Herren_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herren-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empty nitrogen sites are filled with water molecules instead, which are coordinated to Fe(III). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrated-Prussian-blue-unit-cell-a-centroids-all-OH-tilt-3D-bs-17.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hydrated-Prussian-blue-unit-cell-a-centroids-all-OH-tilt-3D-bs-17.png/200px-Hydrated-Prussian-blue-unit-cell-a-centroids-all-OH-tilt-3D-bs-17.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hydrated-Prussian-blue-unit-cell-a-centroids-all-OH-tilt-3D-bs-17.png/300px-Hydrated-Prussian-blue-unit-cell-a-centroids-all-OH-tilt-3D-bs-17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hydrated-Prussian-blue-unit-cell-a-centroids-all-OH-tilt-3D-bs-17.png/400px-Hydrated-Prussian-blue-unit-cell-a-centroids-all-OH-tilt-3D-bs-17.png 2x" data-file-width="2289" data-file-height="2287" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Unit_cell" title="Unit cell">unit cell</a> of Prussian blue determined by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">neutron diffraction</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Herren_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herren-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Crystallographic_disorder" title="Crystallographic disorder">crystallographically disordered</a> water molecules both in cyanide ion positions and in the void space of the framework. Again, one fourth of the <span class="chemf nowrap">Fe(CN)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span></span> groups shown will be missing. This illustration superimposes both possibilities at each site — water molecules or cyanide ions.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Fe(II) centers, which are <a href="/wiki/Low_spin" class="mw-redirect" title="Low spin">low spin</a>, are surrounded by six carbon <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Octahedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Octahedral">octahedral</a> configuration. The Fe(III) centers, which are <a href="/wiki/High_spin" class="mw-redirect" title="High spin">high spin</a>, are octahedrally surrounded on average by 4.5 nitrogen atoms and 1.5 oxygen atoms (the oxygen from the six coordinated water molecules). Around eight (interstitial) water molecules are present in the unit cell, either as isolated molecules or <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonded</a> to the coordinated water. It is worth noting that in soluble <a href="/wiki/Hexacyanoferrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexacyanoferrate">hexacyanoferrates</a> Fe(II or III) is always coordinated to the carbon atom of a <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a>, whereas in crystalline Prussian blue Fe ions are coordinated to both C and N.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The composition is notoriously variable due to the presence of lattice defects, allowing it to be hydrated to various degrees as water molecules are incorporated into the structure to occupy <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a> vacancies. The variability of Prussian blue's composition is attributable to its low <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubility</a>, which leads to its rapid <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitation</a> without the time to achieve full equilibrium between solid and liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-Herren_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herren-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lundgren_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lundgren-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color">Color</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prussian blue is strongly colored and tends towards black and dark blue when mixed into <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil paints</a>. The exact hue depends on the method of preparation, which dictates the particle size. The intense blue color of Prussian blue is associated with the energy of the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> from Fe(II) to Fe(III). Many such <a href="/wiki/Mixed-valence_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-valence compound">mixed-valence compounds</a> absorb certain wavelengths of visible light resulting from <a href="/wiki/Intervalence_charge_transfer" title="Intervalence charge transfer">intervalence charge transfer</a>. In this case, orange-red light around 680 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometers</a> in wavelength is absorbed, and the reflected light appears blue as a result. </p><p>Like most high-<a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">chroma</a> <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>, Prussian blue cannot be accurately displayed on a computer display. Prussian blue is <a href="/wiki/Electrochromism" title="Electrochromism">electrochromic</a>—changing from blue to colorless upon <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduction</a>. This change is caused by reduction of the Fe(III) to Fe(II), eliminating the <a href="/wiki/Intervalence_charge_transfer" title="Intervalence charge transfer">intervalence charge transfer</a> that causes Prussian blue's color. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pigment">Pigment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pigment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Clock_following_restoration_-_May_2022_(52120750076).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Great_Clock_following_restoration_-_May_2022_%2852120750076%29.png/200px-The_Great_Clock_following_restoration_-_May_2022_%2852120750076%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Great_Clock_following_restoration_-_May_2022_%2852120750076%29.png/300px-The_Great_Clock_following_restoration_-_May_2022_%2852120750076%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_Great_Clock_following_restoration_-_May_2022_%2852120750076%29.png/400px-The_Great_Clock_following_restoration_-_May_2022_%2852120750076%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2005" /></a><figcaption>The clock faces of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Great Clock of Westminster</a>, restored to their original 1859 color scheme of Prussian blue and gold<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Because it is easily made, cheap, nontoxic, and intensely colored, Prussian blue has attracted many applications. It was adopted as a pigment very soon after its invention and was almost immediately widely used in oil paints, watercolor, and dyeing.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dominant uses are for pigments: about 12,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> of Prussian blue are produced annually for use in black and bluish <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inks</a>. A variety of other pigments also contain the material.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_blue" title="Engineer's blue">Engineer's blue</a> and the pigment formed on <a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">cyanotypes</a>—giving them their common name <a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprints</a>. Certain <a href="/wiki/Crayon" title="Crayon">crayons</a> were once colored with Prussian blue (later relabeled <a href="/wiki/Midnight_blue#Dark_midnight_blue_(Crayola)" title="Midnight blue">midnight blue</a>). Similarly, Prussian blue is the basis for <a href="/wiki/Laundry_bluing" class="mw-redirect" title="Laundry bluing">laundry bluing</a>. </p><p>Nanoparticles of Prussian blue are used as pigments in some cosmetics ingredients, according to the European Union Observatory for Nanomaterials. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Prussian blue</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader mw-no-invert" style="line-height:12px; background-color:#003153!important; border: 0.1px solid #000000"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="position: relative; float: right; font-size: 70%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Color/Normalized_Color_Coordinates" title="About these coordinates"><img alt="About these coordinates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/15px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/23px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/30px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span>     Color coordinates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Web_colors#Hex_triplet" title="Web colors">Hex triplet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">#003153</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a><sup><b>B</b></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">r</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">g</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">b</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(0, 49, 83)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Saturation" title="Colorfulness">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">v</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(205°, 100%, 33%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CIELChuv" class="mw-redirect" title="CIELChuv">CIELCh<sub>uv</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(19, 30, 247°)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070226152114/http://swiss.csail.mit.edu/~jaffer/Color/resene.pdf">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>B</b>: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)<br /><b>H</b>: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue_(medical_use)" title="Prussian blue (medical use)">Prussian blue (medical use)</a></div> <p>Prussian blue's ability to incorporate <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">monovalent</a> metallic <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cations</a> (Me<sup>+</sup>) makes it useful as a <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">sequestering agent</a> for certain <a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">toxic heavy metals</a>. Pharmaceutical-grade Prussian blue in particular is used for people who have ingested <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a> (Tl<sup>+</sup>) or <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> (<sup>134</sup>Cs<sup>+</sup>, <sup>137</sup>Cs<sup>+</sup>) . According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> (IAEA), an adult male can eat at least 10 g of Prussian blue per day without serious harm. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) has determined the "500-mg Prussian blue capsules, when manufactured under the conditions of an approved New Drug Application, can be found safe and effective therapy" in certain poisoning cases.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radiogardase (Prussian blue insoluble capsules <sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a commercial product for the removal of <a href="/wiki/Caesium-137" title="Caesium-137">caesium-137</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a>, so indirectly from the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">bloodstream</a> by intervening in the <a href="/wiki/Enterohepatic_circulation" title="Enterohepatic circulation">enterohepatic circulation</a> of caesium-137,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reducing the internal residency time (and exposure) by about two-thirds. In particular, it was used to <a href="/wiki/Sorption" title="Sorption">adsorb</a> and remove <span class="chemf nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">137</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>Cs<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> from those poisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia_accident" title="Goiânia accident">Goiânia accident</a> in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunbar_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunbar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stain_for_iron">Stain for iron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stain for iron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prussian blue is a common <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">histopathology</a> stain used by <a href="/wiki/Pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologist">pathologists</a> to detect the presence of iron in <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsy</a> specimens, such as in <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> samples. The original stain formula, known historically (1867) as "<a href="/wiki/Perls_Prussian_blue" title="Perls Prussian blue">Perls Prussian blue</a>" after its inventor, German pathologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Perls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Perls (page does not exist)">Max Perls</a> (1843–1881), used separate solutions of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferrocyanide" title="Potassium ferrocyanide">potassium ferrocyanide</a> and acid to stain <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> (these are now used combined, just before staining). Iron deposits in tissue then form the purple Prussian blue dye in place, and are visualized as blue or purple deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kupffer_cell_with_hemosiderin_and_hepatocyte_with_lipofuscin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Histopathology of the liver, showing a Kupffer cells with significant hemosiderin deposition next to a hepatocyte with lipofuscin pigment. H&E stain."><img alt="Histopathology of the liver, showing a Kupffer cells with significant hemosiderin deposition next to a hepatocyte with lipofuscin pigment. H&E stain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kupffer_cell_with_hemosiderin_and_hepatocyte_with_lipofuscin.jpg/286px-Kupffer_cell_with_hemosiderin_and_hepatocyte_with_lipofuscin.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kupffer_cell_with_hemosiderin_and_hepatocyte_with_lipofuscin.jpg/430px-Kupffer_cell_with_hemosiderin_and_hepatocyte_with_lipofuscin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kupffer_cell_with_hemosiderin_and_hepatocyte_with_lipofuscin.jpg/573px-Kupffer_cell_with_hemosiderin_and_hepatocyte_with_lipofuscin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1849" data-file-height="1453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">Histopathology</a> of the liver, showing a <a href="/wiki/Kupffer_cell" title="Kupffer cell">Kupffer cells</a> with significant <a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">hemosiderin</a> deposition next to a hepatocyte with <a href="/wiki/Lipofuscin" title="Lipofuscin">lipofuscin</a> pigment. H&E stain.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kupffer_cell_with_hemosiderin_and_hepatocyte_with_lipofuscin,_iron_stain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prussian blue staining, highlighting the hemosiderin pigment as blue."><img alt="Prussian blue staining, highlighting the hemosiderin pigment as blue." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kupffer_cell_with_hemosiderin_and_hepatocyte_with_lipofuscin%2C_iron_stain.jpg/299px-Kupffer_cell_with_hemosiderin_and_hepatocyte_with_lipofuscin%2C_iron_stain.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kupffer_cell_with_hemosiderin_and_hepatocyte_with_lipofuscin%2C_iron_stain.jpg/449px-Kupffer_cell_with_hemosiderin_and_hepatocyte_with_lipofuscin%2C_iron_stain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kupffer_cell_with_hemosiderin_and_hepatocyte_with_lipofuscin%2C_iron_stain.jpg/598px-Kupffer_cell_with_hemosiderin_and_hepatocyte_with_lipofuscin%2C_iron_stain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="1157" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prussian blue staining, highlighting the hemosiderin pigment as blue.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intra-alveolar_hemosiderin_deposition_-_Prussian_blue_stain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prussian blue stain"><img alt="Prussian blue stain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Intra-alveolar_hemosiderin_deposition_-_Prussian_blue_stain.jpg/300px-Intra-alveolar_hemosiderin_deposition_-_Prussian_blue_stain.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Intra-alveolar_hemosiderin_deposition_-_Prussian_blue_stain.jpg/451px-Intra-alveolar_hemosiderin_deposition_-_Prussian_blue_stain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Intra-alveolar_hemosiderin_deposition_-_Prussian_blue_stain.jpg/600px-Intra-alveolar_hemosiderin_deposition_-_Prussian_blue_stain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prussian blue stain</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_machinists_and_toolmakers">By machinists and toolmakers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: By machinists and toolmakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_blue" title="Engineer's blue">Engineer's blue</a>, Prussian blue in an oily base, is the traditional material used for spotting metal surfaces such as <a href="/wiki/Surface_plate" title="Surface plate">surface plates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Journal_bearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal bearing">bearings</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hand_scraper" title="Hand scraper">hand scraping</a>. A thin layer of nondrying paste is applied to a reference surface and transfers to the high spots of the workpiece. The toolmaker then scrapes, stones, or otherwise removes the marked high spots. Prussian blue is preferable because it will not abrade the extremely precise reference surfaces as many ground pigments may. Other uses include marking gear teeth during assembly to determine their interface characteristics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_analytical_chemistry">In analytical chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In analytical chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prussian blue is formed in the Prussian blue assay for total <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenols</a>. Samples and phenolic standards are given acidic ferric chloride and ferricyanide, which is reduced to ferrocyanide by the phenols. The ferric chloride and ferrocyanide react to form Prussian blue. Comparing the absorbance at 700 nm of the samples to the standards allows for the determination of total phenols or <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagerman2011_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagerman2011-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graham1992_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham1992-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Household_use">Household use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Household use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prussian blue is present in some preparations of <a href="/wiki/Laundry_bluing" class="mw-redirect" title="Laundry bluing">laundry bluing</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mrs._Stewart%27s_Bluing" title="Mrs. Stewart's Bluing">Mrs. Stewart's Bluing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarcz_Gazette_20164_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarcz_Gazette_20164-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battery_materials">Battery materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Battery materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016-Wu_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2016-Wu_2.png/220px-2016-Wu_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2016-Wu_2.png/330px-2016-Wu_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2016-Wu_2.png/440px-2016-Wu_2.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_voltammetry" title="Cyclic voltammetry">Cyclic voltammograms</a> of Prussian Blue <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrode</a> in solution of different <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali</a> <a href="/wiki/Cations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cations">cations</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prussian blue (PB) has been studied for its applications in electrochemical energy storage since 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-Neff1978_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neff1978-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prussian Blue proper (the Fe-Fe solid) shows two well-defined reversible redox transitions in K<sup>+</sup> solutions. Weakly solvated potassium ions (as well as Rb<sup>+</sup> and Cs<sup>+</sup>, not shown) have the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solvated_radius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solvated radius (page does not exist)">solvated radius</a>, which fits the framework of Prussian Blue. On the other hand, the sizes of solvated Na<sup>+</sup> and Li<sup>+</sup> are too large for the PB cavity, and the intercalation of these ions is hindered and much slower. The low and high voltage sets of peaks in the cyclic voltammetry correspond to 1 and ⅔ electron per Fe atom, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Neff1985_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neff1985-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high voltage set is due to the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup>3+</sup>/Fe<sup>2+</sup></span> transition at the low-spin Fe ions coordinated to C-atoms. The low-voltage set is due to high-spin Fe ion coordinated to N-atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Itaya1986_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itaya1986-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wu2016_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu2016-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fayaz2024_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fayaz2024-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible to replace the Fe metal centers in PB with other metal ions such as Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, <i>etc.</i> to form electrochemically active Prussian blue analogues (PBAs). PB/PBAs and their derivatives have also been evaluated as electrode materials for reversible alkali-ion insertion and extraction in <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium-ion_battery" title="Sodium-ion battery">sodium-ion battery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potassium-ion_battery" title="Potassium-ion battery">potassium-ion battery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_billy" title="Blue billy">Blue billy</a> – Prussian blue deposit formed in soils contaminated by effluents of chemical industry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_pigments" title="Blue pigments">Blue pigments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">Cobalt blue</a> – Blue pigment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_violet" title="Crystal violet">Crystal violet</a> – Triarylmethane dye used as a histological stain and in Gram's method of classifying bacteria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescein" title="Fluorescein">Fluorescein</a> – Synthetic organic compound used as dye and fluorescent tracer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_purple_and_Han_blue" title="Han purple and Han blue">Han purple and Han blue</a> – Artificial barium copper silicate pigments developed in ancient China during the Han dynasty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_pigments" title="List of inorganic pigments">List of inorganic pigments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_blue" title="Midnight blue">Midnight blue</a> – Dark shade of blue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthalocyanine_Blue_BN" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalocyanine Blue BN">Phthalocyanine Blue BN</a> – Synthetic blue pigment from the group of phthalocyanine dyes<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFuess2010" class="citation book cs1">Fuess, H. (20 July 2010). <i>International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. A</i> (2016 ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-68575-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-68575-4"><bdi>978-0-470-68575-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Tables+for+Crystallography%2C+Vol.+A&rft.edition=2016&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010-07-20&rft.isbn=978-0-470-68575-4&rft.aulast=Fuess&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+blue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunbar-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunbar_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunbar_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunbar_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbar,_K._R.Heintz,_R._A.1997" class="citation book cs1">Dunbar, K. R. & Heintz, R. A. (1997). <i>Chemistry of Transition Metal Cyanide Compounds: Modern Perspectives</i>. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry. Vol. 45. pp. 283–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470166468.ch4">10.1002/9780470166468.ch4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470166468" title="Special:BookSources/9780470166468"><bdi>9780470166468</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Transition+Metal+Cyanide+Compounds%3A+Modern+Perspectives&rft.series=Progress+in+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=283-391&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470166468.ch4&rft.isbn=9780470166468&rft.au=Dunbar%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Heintz%2C+R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+blue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/93142/1/EML_18_eng.pdf?ua=1">"WHO Model List of Essential Medicines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></i>. October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=WHO+Model+List+of+Essential+Medicines&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2F10665%2F93142%2F1%2FEML_18_eng.pdf%3Fua%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+blue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StClair-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StClair_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Clair2016" class="citation book cs1">St. Clair, Kassia (2016). <i>The Secret Lives of Colour</i>. London: John Murray. pp. 189–191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473630819" title="Special:BookSources/9781473630819"><bdi>9781473630819</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936144129">936144129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Lives+of+Colour&rft.place=London&rft.pages=189-191&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936144129&rft.isbn=9781473630819&rft.aulast=St.+Clair&rft.aufirst=Kassia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+blue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartoll-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bartoll_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartoll_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartoll,_Jens" class="citation journal cs1">Bartoll, Jens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndt.net/article/art2008/papers/029bartoll.pdf">"The early use of prussian blue in paintings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>9th International Conference on NDT of Art, Jerusalem Israel, 25–30 May 2008</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=9th+International+Conference+on+NDT+of+Art%2C+Jerusalem+Israel%2C+25%E2%80%9330+May+2008&rft.atitle=The+early+use+of+prussian+blue+in+paintings&rft.au=Bartoll%2C+Jens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndt.net%2Farticle%2Fart2008%2Fpapers%2F029bartoll.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+blue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berger, J. E. (c.1730) <i>Kerrn aller Fridrichs=Städtschen Begebenheiten</i>. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Handschriftenabteilung, Ms. Boruss. quart. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlay2014" class="citation book cs1">Finlay, Victoria (2014). <i>The Brilliant History of Color in Art</i>. J. Paul Getty Museum. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1606064290" title="Special:BookSources/978-1606064290"><bdi>978-1606064290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brilliant+History+of+Color+in+Art&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1606064290&rft.aulast=Finlay&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+blue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frisch-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frisch_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frisch_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frisch, J. L. (1896) <i>Briefwechsel mit Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</i> L. H. Fischer (ed.), Berlin, Stankiewicz Buchdruck, reprint Hildesheim/New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrisch1710" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frisch, J. L. (1710). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015039502011&view=1up&seq=459">"Serius Exhibita. Notitia Coerulei Berolinensis nuper inventi"</a> [Addendum. Information about the recently discovered Berlin blue.]. <i>Miscellanea Berolinensia Ad Incrementum Scientiarum</i> (in Latin). <b>1</b>: 377–378.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miscellanea+Berolinensia+Ad+Incrementum+Scientiarum&rft.atitle=Serius+Exhibita.+Notitia+Coerulei+Berolinensis+nuper+inventi&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=377-378&rft.date=1710&rft.aulast=Frisch&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015039502011%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+blue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kraft, Alexander (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acshist.scs.illinois.edu/bulletin_open_access/v36-1/v36-1%20p3-9.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Notitia Coerulei Berolinensis nuper inventi" on the 300th anniversary of the first publication on Prussian blue"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin for the History of Chemistry</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 3–9. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21612121">21612121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+for+the+History+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=%22Notitia+Coerulei+Berolinensis+nuper+inventi%22+on+the+300th+anniversary+of+the+first+publication+on+Prussian+blue&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-9&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21612121&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facshist.scs.illinois.edu%2Fbulletin_open_access%2Fv36-1%2Fv36-1%2520p3-9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+blue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartoll,_J.Jackisch,_B.Most,_M.Wenders_de_Calisse,_E.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bartoll, J.; Jackisch, B.; Most, M.; Wenders de Calisse, E.; Vogtherr, C. M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/BAREPB">"Early Prussian Blue. Blue and green pigments in the paintings by Watteau, Lancret and Pater in the collection of Frederick II of Prussia"</a>. <i>Techné</i>. <b>25</b>: 39–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Techn%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Early+Prussian+Blue.+Blue+and+green+pigments+in+the+paintings+by+Watteau%2C+Lancret+and+Pater+in+the+collection+of+Frederick+II+of+Prussia&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=39-46&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Bartoll%2C+J.&rft.au=Jackisch%2C+B.&rft.au=Most%2C+M.&rft.au=Wenders+de+Calisse%2C+E.&rft.au=Vogtherr%2C+C.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FBAREPB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+blue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulherron2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mulherron, Jamie (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1806253">"Prussian Blue, Boucher and Newton: the Material, Practice and Theory of Rococo painting"</a>. <i>Object</i> (3): 68–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Object&rft.atitle=Prussian+Blue%2C+Boucher+and+Newton%3A+the+Material%2C+Practice+and+Theory+of+Rococo+painting&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=68-93&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Mulherron&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1806253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+blue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahl1731" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stahl, Georg Ernst (1731). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wro5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA281"><i>Georgii Ernesti Stahlii, Experimenta, Observationes, Animadversiones, CCC Numero, Chymicae Et Physicae: Qualium alibi vel nulla, vel rara, nusquam autem satis ampla, ad debitos nexus, & veros usus, deducta mentio, commemeratio, aut explicatio, invenitur. Qualium partim, in aliis Autoris scriptis, varia mentio facta habetur; partim autem nova commemoratio hoc Tractatu exhibetur: utrimque vero, universa res uberius explicatur atque confirmatur</i></a> (in Latin). Haude.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgii+Ernesti+Stahlii%2C+Experimenta%2C+Observationes%2C+Animadversiones%2C+CCC+Numero%2C+Chymicae+Et+Physicae%3A+Qualium+alibi+vel+nulla%2C+vel+rara%2C+nusquam+autem+satis+ampla%2C+ad+debitos+nexus%2C+%26+veros+usus%2C+deducta+mentio%2C+commemeratio%2C+aut+explicatio%2C+invenitur.+Qualium+partim%2C+in+aliis+Autoris+scriptis%2C+varia+mentio+facta+habetur%3B+partim+autem+nova+commemoratio+hoc+Tractatu+exhibetur%3A+utrimque+vero%2C+universa+res+uberius+explicatur+atque+confirmatur&rft.pub=Haude&rft.date=1731&rft.aulast=Stahl&rft.aufirst=Georg+Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwro5AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+blue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward,_J.1724–1725" class="citation journal cs1">Woodward, J. (1724–1725). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1724.0005">"Praeparatio coerulei Prussiaci es Germanica missa ad Johannem Woodward."</a> [Preparation of Prussian blue sent from Germany to John Woodward...]. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>33</b> (381): 15–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1724.0005">10.1098/rstl.1724.0005</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Praeparatio+coerulei+Prussiaci+es+Germanica+missa+ad+Johannem+Woodward..&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=381&rft.pages=15-17&rft.date=1724%2F1725&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1724.0005&rft.au=Woodward%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstl.1724.0005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+blue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_John1724–1725" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, John (1724–1725). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1432204">"Observations and Experiments upon the Foregoing Preparation"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>. <b>33</b> (381): 17–24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1724RSPT...33...17B">1724RSPT...33...17B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1724.0006">10.1098/rstl.1724.0006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/103734">103734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions&rft.atitle=Observations+and+Experiments+upon+the+Foregoing+Preparation&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=381&rft.pages=17-24&rft.date=1724%2F1725&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F103734%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1724.0006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1724RSPT...33...17B&rft.au=Brown%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1432204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+blue" class="Z3988"></span>. The recipe was subsequently published in Geoffroy, Étienne-François (1727) "Observations sur la Preparation de Bleu de Prusse ou Bleu de Berlin," <i>Mémoires de l'Académie royale des Sciences année 1725</i>. Paris. pp. 153–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/lowengard/C_Chap32.html">"The Creation of Color in Eighteenth-Century Europe: Prussian Blue"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg-e.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg-e.org&rft.atitle=The+Creation+of+Color+in+Eighteenth-Century+Europe%3A+Prussian+Blue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Flowengard%2FC_Chap32.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+blue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macquer, Pierre-Joseph (1752) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35505/f242">"Éxamen chymique de bleu de Prusse,"</a> <i>Mémoires de l'Académie royale des Sciences année 1752</i> ... (Paris, 1756), pp. 60–77. This article was reviewed in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35505/f86.tableDesMatieres">"Sur le bleu de Prusse,"</a> <i>Histoire de l'Académie royale des Sciences</i>... (1752), (Paris, 1756), pp. 79–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheele, Carl W. (1782) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHVJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA264">"Försök, beträffande det färgande ämnet uti Berlinerblå"</a> (Experiment concerning the coloring substance in Berlin blue), <i>Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens handlingar</i> (Royal Swedish Academy of Science's Proceedings), <b>3</b>: 264–275 (in Swedish). Reprinted in Latin as: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BLo5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA148">"De materia tingente caerulei berolinensis"</a> in: Carl Wilhelm Scheele with Ernst Benjamin Gottlieb Hebenstreit (ed.) and Gottfried Heinrich Schäfer (trans.), <i>Opuscula Chemica et Physica</i> (Leipzig ("Lipsiae"), (Germany): Johann Godfried Müller, 1789), vol. 2, pages 148–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="/wiki/Tekhelet#Sepia_officinalis" title="Tekhelet">Tekhelet#Sepia officinalis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chilazon.com:80/">"Has the long lost chilazon, source of the biblical blue techeiles dye been rediscovered?"</a>. 8 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408142709/http://www.chilazon.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Has+the+long+lost+chilazon%2C+source+of+the+biblical+blue+techeiles+dye+been+rediscovered%3F&rft.date=2008-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chilazon.com%3A80%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+blue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haythornthwaite, Philip (1991) <i>Frederick the Great's Army – Infantry</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1855321602" title="Special:BookSources/1855321602">1855321602</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bull, Stephen (2000) <i>World War One: German Army</i>. 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Elsevier: 112593. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.materresbull.2023.112593">10.1016/j.materresbull.2023.112593</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-5408">0025-5408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Research+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Prussian+blue+analogues+and+their+derived+materials+for+electrochemical+energy+storage%3A+Promises+and+challenges&rft.volume=170&rft.pages=112593&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.materresbull.2023.112593&rft.issn=0025-5408&rft.aulast=Fayaz&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft.au=Lai%2C+Wende&rft.au=Li%2C+Jie&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wen&rft.au=Luo%2C+Xianyou&rft.au=Wang%2C+Zhen&rft.au=Chen%2C+Yingyu&rft.au=Li%2C+De&rft.au=Abbas%2C+Syed+Mustansar&rft.au=Chen%2C+Yong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+blue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prussian_blue&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/EmergencyPreparedness/BioterrorismandDrugPreparedness/ucm130337.htm">The FDA's page on Prussian blue</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020123050/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/prussianblue.asp">The CDC's page on Prussian blue</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517035532/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/29.html">National Pollutant Inventory – Cyanide compounds fact sheet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heyltex.com/">Heyltex Corporation distributors of Radiogardase (Prussian blue insoluble capsules)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221153509/http://www.heyltex.com/">Archived</a> 2020-02-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/lowengard/C_Chap32.html">Sarah Lowengard, "Prussian Blue" in <i>The Creation of Color in Eighteenth Century Europe</i> Columbia University Press, 2006</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colourlex.com/project/prussian-blue/">Prussian blue</a>, ColourLex</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kraft, Alexander (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/bulletin_open_access/v33-2/v33-2%20p61-67.pdf">"On the discovery and history of Prussian blue"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bull._Hist._Chem." class="mw-redirect" title="Bull. Hist. Chem.">Bull. Hist. Chem.</a></i> <b>33</b> (2): 61–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Hist.+Chem.&rft.atitle=On+the+discovery+and+history+of+Prussian+blue&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=61-67&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scs.illinois.edu%2F~mainzv%2FHIST%2Fbulletin_open_access%2Fv33-2%2Fv33-2%2520p61-67.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrussian+blue" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Berkeley Blue</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#00B9E8!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#5D8AA8!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#72A0C1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F0F8FF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#6CB4EE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#7FFFD4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#007FFF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#0070BB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#89CFF0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#003262!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Bice" title="Bice">Bice blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Bleu_de_France_(colour)" title="Bleu de France (colour)">Bleu de France</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Blue_Bell" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Blue Bell</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Blue-gray" title="Blue-gray">Blue-gray</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Indigo#Deep_indigo_(web_color_blue-violet)" title="Indigo">Blue-violet</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue#Blurple" title="Shades of blue">Blurple</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Bondi_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Bondi blue">Bondi blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Brandeis_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandeis blue">Brandeis blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_blue" title="Byzantine blue">Byzantine blue</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#2072AF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#318CE7!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#0000FF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#9999CC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#6699CC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#8A2BE2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#5865f2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#0095B6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#0070FF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#3457D5!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Blue_(colour)" 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style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Cornflower" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Cornflower (Crayola)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cornflower_blue" title="Cornflower blue">Cornflower</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">Cyan</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Baby_blue" title="Baby blue">Baby blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Blue_(Crayola)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Blue (Crayola)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue#Dark_blue" title="Shades of blue">Dark blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Deep_Sky_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Deep Sky Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Delft_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Delft Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Indigo#Denim" title="Indigo">Denim</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Dodger_blue" title="Dodger blue">Dodger blue</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#93CCEA!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#6495ED!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#00FFFF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#89CFF0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#1F75FE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#0000B8!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#00BFFF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#1F305E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#1560BD!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#1E90FF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Duke_blue" title="Duke blue">Duke blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_blue" title="Egyptian blue">Egyptian blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Glaucous" title="Glaucous">Glaucous</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Green-blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Green-blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Indigo#Electric_indigo" title="Indigo">Electric indigo</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#French_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">French blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Honolulu_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Honolulu blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue#Ice_blue" title="Shades of blue">Ice blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Illini blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">Indigo</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#00009C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#1034A6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#6082B6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#1164B4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#6F00FF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#0072BB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#0076B6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#99FFFF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#13294B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#4B0082!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Indigo#Indigo_dye_color" title="Indigo">Indigo dye</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/International_Klein_Blue" title="International Klein Blue">International Klein Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Jordy_blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Jordy Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Lapis_Lazuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Lapis Lazuli</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)" title="Lavender (color)">Lavender</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#Lavender_mist" title="Lavender (color)">Lavender mist</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lavender_(color)#Lavender_gray" title="Lavender (color)">Lavender gray</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Light_blue" title="Light blue">Light blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Light_Sky_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Light Sky Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Majorelle_Blue" title="Majorelle Blue">Majorelle Blue</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#00416A!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#002FA7!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#8AB9F1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#26619C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#B57EDC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E6E6FA!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C4C3D0!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#ADD8E6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#87CEFA!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#6050DC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Marian_blue" title="Marian blue">Marian blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Manatee</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Maximum_Blue_Green" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Maximum Blue Green</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Maximum_Blue_Purple" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Maximum Blue Purple</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Maya_blue" title="Maya blue">Maya blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue#Medium_blue" title="Shades of blue">Medium blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/X11_color_names#Medium_slate_blue" title="X11 color names">Medium slate blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Midnight_blue" title="Midnight blue">Midnight blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Blue_(Munsell)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Blue (Munsell)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Navy_blue" title="Navy blue">Navy blue</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#2B4593!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#8D90A1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#30BFBF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#ACACE6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#73C2FB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#0000CD!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#7B68EE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#191970!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#0093AF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#000080!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Blue_(NCS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Blue (NCS)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue#Neon_blue" title="Shades of blue">Neon blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Blue_(colour)" title="Oxford Blue (colour)">Non-photo blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Blue_(colour)" title="Oxford Blue (colour)">Oxford Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(colour)" title="Palatinate (colour)">Palatinate blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Pale_azure" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Pale azure</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue#Penn_blue" title="Shades of blue">Penn Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Periwinkle_(color)" title="Periwinkle (color)">Periwinkle</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Periwinkle" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Periwinkle (Crayola)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_blue" title="Persian blue">Persian blue</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#0087BD!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#4666FF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#A4DDED!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#273BE2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#273BE2!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#87D3F8!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#011F5B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#CCCCFF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C3CDE6!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#1C39BB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Phthalocyanine_Blue_BN" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalocyanine Blue BN">Phthalo blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Picton_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Picton Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Polynesian_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Polynesian blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Powder_blue" title="Powder blue">Powder blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prussian blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Resolution_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Resolution Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/RISD_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="RISD Blue">RISD Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_blue" title="Royal blue">Royal Blue (web color)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Royal_blue_(traditional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Royal blue (traditional)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Ruddy_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Ruddy Blue</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#000f89!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#45B1E8!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#224C98!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#9EB9D4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#003153!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#002387!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#2454FF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#4169E1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#002366!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#76ABDF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Sapphire_(color)" title="Sapphire (color)">Sapphire</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Savoy_blue" title="Savoy blue">Savoy blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Silver_Lake_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Silver Lake Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Sky_blue" title="Sky blue">Sky blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cadet_grey" title="Cadet grey">Space cadet</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Steel_blue" title="Steel blue">Steel blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure#Tang_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Tang Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="True Blue (color)">True Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Tufts_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tufts Blue">Tufts Blue</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/UCLA_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA Blue">UCLA Blue</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#0F52BA!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#4B61D1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#5D89BA!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#87CEEB!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#1E2952!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#4682b4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#0059CF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#2D68C4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#3E8EDE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#2774AE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller; background:transparent; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 royalblue;"><div>Related topics:<div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_blue" title="St. Patrick's blue">St. Patrick's blue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Shades of cyan</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Color_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Color science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_chemicals" title="Color of chemicals">Color of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">Color calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_task" title="Color task">Color task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">Color code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision_test" title="Color vision test">Color vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Impossible colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Color" title="Category:Color">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antidotes_(V03AB)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antidotes" title="Template:Antidotes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antidotes" title="Template talk:Antidotes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antidotes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antidotes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antidotes_(V03AB)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">Antidotes</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V03#V03AB" title="ATC code V03">V03AB</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous<br /> system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">Alcohol intoxication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metadoxine" title="Metadoxine">Metadoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate_overdose" title="Barbiturate overdose">Barbiturate<br /> overdose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bemegride" title="Bemegride">Bemegride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etamivan" title="Etamivan">Ethamivan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_overdose" title="Benzodiazepine overdose">Benzodiazepine<br /> overdose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodenate" title="Cyprodenate">Cyprodenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumazenil" title="Flumazenil">Flumazenil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GHB_overdose" class="mw-redirect" title="GHB overdose">GHB overdose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physostigmine" title="Physostigmine">Physostigmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-50911" title="SCH-50911">SCH-50911</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nerve_agent" title="Nerve agent">Nerve agent</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate_poisoning" title="Organophosphate poisoning">Organophosphate<br /> poisoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biperiden" title="Biperiden">Biperiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxime" title="Oxime">Oximes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obidoxime" title="Obidoxime">Obidoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pralidoxime" title="Pralidoxime">Pralidoxime</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>see also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cholinesterase" title="Cholinesterase">Cholinesterase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">Opioid overdose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxapram" title="Doxapram">Doxapram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reversal of<br /> <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular-blocking_drug" title="Neuromuscular-blocking drug">neuromuscular blockade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugammadex" title="Sugammadex">Sugammadex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory<br /> system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker#Adverse_effects" title="Beta blocker">Beta blocker</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">Glucagon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digoxin_toxicity" title="Digoxin toxicity">Digoxin toxicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digoxin_immune_fab" title="Digoxin immune fab">Digoxin immune fab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>against <a href="/wiki/Direct_Xa_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Xa inhibitor">direct Xa inhibitors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andexanet_alfa" title="Andexanet alfa">Andexanet alfa</a>)</li> <li>against <a href="/wiki/Heparin" title="Heparin">heparin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protamine_sulfate" title="Protamine sulfate">Protamine</a><sup>#</sup>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_poisoning" title="Arsenic poisoning">Arsenic poisoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimercaprol" title="Dimercaprol">Dimercaprol</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimercaptosuccinic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimercaptosuccinic acid">Succimer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning" title="Cyanide poisoning">Cyanide poisoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Dimethylaminophenol" title="4-Dimethylaminophenol">4-Dimethylaminophenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxocobalamin" title="Hydroxocobalamin">Hydroxocobalamin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">Amyl nitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrite" title="Sodium nitrite">Sodium nitrite</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiosulfate_(medical_use)" title="Sodium thiosulfate (medical use)">Sodium thiosulfate</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">Hydrofluoric acid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_gluconate" title="Calcium gluconate">Calcium gluconate</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol_poisoning" title="Ethylene glycol poisoning">Ethylene glycol<br /> poisoning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Primary alcohols: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol (medicine)">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fomepizole" title="Fomepizole">Fomepizole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol_poisoning" title="Paracetamol poisoning">Paracetamol toxicity</a><br /> (Acetaminophen)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcysteine" title="Acetylcysteine">Acetylcysteine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">Glutathione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toxic_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic metal">Toxic metals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cadmium_poisoning" title="Cadmium poisoning">cadmium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium_poisoning" title="Thallium poisoning">thallium</a>)</li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimercaprol" title="Dimercaprol">Dimercaprol</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">Edetates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prussian blue</a><sup>#</sup></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Iodine-131" title="Iodine-131">iodine-131</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_iodide" title="Potassium iodide">Potassium iodide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">Methylthioninium chloride</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agent</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">Potassium permanganate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisolone/promethazine" title="Prednisolone/promethazine">Prednisolone/promethazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Emetic">Emetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">Copper sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotria_ipecacuanha" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotria ipecacuanha">Ipecacuanha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrup_of_ipecac" title="Syrup of ipecac">Syrup of ipecac</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microbial_and_histological_stains" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stains" title="Template:Stains"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stains" title="Template talk:Stains"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stains" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stains"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microbial_and_histological_stains" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">Microbial and histological stains</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">hemosiderin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perls_Prussian_blue" title="Perls Prussian blue">Perls Prussian blue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_stain" title="Sudan stain">Sudan stain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_II" title="Sudan II">Sudan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_III" title="Sudan III">Sudan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_IV" title="Sudan IV">Sudan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Red_O" title="Oil Red O">Oil Red O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_Black_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan Black B">Sudan Black B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcian_blue_stain" title="Alcian blue stain">Alcian blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucicarmine_stain" title="Mucicarmine stain">Mucicarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_acid%E2%80%93Schiff_stain" title="Periodic acid–Schiff stain">Periodic acid–Schiff stain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amyloid" title="Amyloid">Amyloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_red" title="Congo red">Congo red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioflavin" title="Thioflavin">Thioflavin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gram_stain" title="Gram stain">Gram stain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_violet" title="Methyl violet">Methyl violet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Crystal_violet" title="Crystal violet">Gentian violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safranin" title="Safranin">Safranin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-fastness" title="Acid-fastness">Acid-fast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziehl%E2%80%93Neelsen_stain" title="Ziehl–Neelsen stain">Ziehl–Neelsen stain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kinyoun_stain" title="Kinyoun stain">Kinyoun stain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbol_fuchsin" title="Carbol fuchsin">Carbol fuchsin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fuchsine" title="Fuchsine">Fuchsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">Methylene blue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auramine%E2%80%93rhodamine_stain" title="Auramine–rhodamine stain">Auramine–rhodamine stain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auramine_O" title="Auramine O">Auramine O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodamine_B" title="Rhodamine B">Rhodamine B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auramine_phenol_stain" title="Auramine phenol stain">Auramine phenol stain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">Connective tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichrome_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichrome stain">trichrome stain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Masson%27s_trichrome_stain" title="Masson's trichrome stain">Masson's trichrome stain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lillie%27s_trichrome" title="Lillie's trichrome">Lillie's trichrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_Green_SF_yellowish" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Green SF yellowish">Light Green SF yellowish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biebrich_scarlet" title="Biebrich scarlet">Biebrich scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphomolybdic_acid" title="Phosphomolybdic acid">Phosphomolybdic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Green_FCF" title="Fast Green FCF">Fast Green FCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_Red" title="Sirius Red">Sirius Red</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Van_Gieson%27s_stain" title="Van Gieson's stain">Van Gieson's stain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cresyl_violet" title="Cresyl violet">Cresyl violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanine" title="Cyanine">Cyanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh%E2%80%93Bhattacharji_(JSB)_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaswant Singh–Bhattacharji (JSB) stain">Jaswant Singh–Bhattacharji (JSB) stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haematoxylin" title="Haematoxylin">Haematoxylin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosin_Y" title="Eosin Y">Eosin Y</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_Green_B" title="Janus Green B">Janus Green B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giemsa_stain" title="Giemsa stain">Giemsa stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6m%C3%B6ri_trichrome_stain" title="Gömöri trichrome stain">Gömöri trichrome stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxol_fast_blue_stain" title="Luxol fast blue stain">Luxol fast blue stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_blue" title="Methyl blue">Methyl blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moeller_stain" title="Moeller stain">Moeller stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movat%27s_stain" title="Movat's stain">Movat's stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_red" title="Neutral red">Neutral red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaeffer%E2%80%93Fulton_stain" title="Schaeffer–Fulton stain">Schaeffer–Fulton stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver stain">Silver stain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielschowsky_stain" title="Bielschowsky stain">Bielschowsky stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grocott%27s_methenamine_silver_stain" title="Grocott's methenamine silver stain">Grocott's methenamine silver stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warthin%E2%80%93Starry_stain" title="Warthin–Starry stain">Warthin–Starry stain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright%27s_stain" title="Wright's stain">Wright's stain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tissue stainability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidophile_(histology)" title="Acidophile (histology)">Acidophilic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basophilic" title="Basophilic">Basophilic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromophobe">Chromophobic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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