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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organomanganese_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organomanganese_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Organomanganese compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organomanganese_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oceanic_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanic_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Oceanic environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanic_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Soils </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Steel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Steel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aluminium_alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aluminium_alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Aluminium alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aluminium_alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Batteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Batteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Resistors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fertilizers_and_feed_additive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertilizers_and_feed_additive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Fertilizers and feed additive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertilizers_and_feed_additive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 Niche </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Biochemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_health_and_nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_health_and_nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Human health and nutrition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_health_and_nutrition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human health and nutrition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_health_and_nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Regulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Deficiency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Exposure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exposure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Exposure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 In water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gasoline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gasoline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Gasoline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gasoline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Regulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Health and safety </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_and_safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health and safety subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Manganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurodegenerative_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurodegenerative_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Neurodegenerative diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurodegenerative_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Manganese</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 154 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-154" aria-hidden="true" > 154 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaan" title="Mangaan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mangaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8B%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%9D" title="ማንጋኒዝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማንጋኒዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C" title="मैंगनीज – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मैंगनीज" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="منغنيز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منغنيز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan%C3%A9s" title="Manganés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Manganés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganu" title="Manganu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Manganu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesu" title="Manganesu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Manganesu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="म्याङ्यानिज – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="म्याङ्यानिज" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manqan" title="Manqan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Manqan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%B2" title="منگنز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="منگنز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan_(datu)" title="Mangan (datu) – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mangan (datu)" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C" title="ম্যাঙ্গানিজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যাঙ্গানিজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Manganese" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Марганец – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Марганец" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Марганец – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марганец" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Манган – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Манган" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C" title="मैंगनीज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मैंगनीज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangganeso" title="Mangganeso – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mangganeso" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Манган – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Манган" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%95%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="མེང་ལྕགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མེང་ལྕགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganez" title="Manganez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Manganez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan%C3%A8s" title="Manganès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manganès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Марганец – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Марганец" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Manganeso" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Manganese" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan%C3%AEs" title="Manganîs – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Manganîs" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DD%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="منݣنيز – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="منݣنيز" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%A9%DE%92%DE%B0" title="މެންގަނީޒް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މެންގަނީޒް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaan" title="Mangaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mangaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Μαγγάνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαγγάνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Марганец – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Марганец" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manganeso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangano" title="Mangano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mangano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Manganeso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%B2" title="منگنز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منگنز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Manganese" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan%C3%A8se" title="Manganèse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manganèse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan%C3%AAs" title="Manganês – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Manganês" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangain%C3%A9is" title="Mangainéis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mangainéis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganaish" title="Manganaish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Manganaish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaineis" title="Mangaineis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mangaineis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manganeso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Ӏаьржадаьредаш (химе элемент) – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ӏаьржадаьредаш (химе элемент)" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9D" title="મેંગેનિઝ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મેંગેનિઝ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Manganese" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%9D%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%88" title="망가니즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="망가니즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մանգան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանգան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="मैंगनीज़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैंगनीज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangano" title="Mangano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mangano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Manganese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Марган – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Марган" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UManyazini" title="UManyazini – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UManyazini" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manganese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9F" title="מנגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%8Bgan%C9%9Bz%C9%A9" title="Maŋganɛzɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Maŋganɛzɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮ್ಯಾಂಗನೀಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮ್ಯಾಂಗನೀಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მანგანუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანგანუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Марганец – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Марганец" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganes" title="Manganes – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Manganes" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganisi" title="Manganisi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Manganisi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Марганец – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Марганец" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manirtel" title="Manirtel – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Manirtel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan%C3%A8z" title="Manganèz – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Manganèz" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Марганец – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Марганец" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Марганец – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Марганец" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganeis" title="Manganeis – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Manganeis" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%AA" title="ມັງການີສ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມັງການີສ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganum" title="Manganum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Manganum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mang%C4%81ns" title="Mangāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mangāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganas" title="Manganas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Manganas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganeise" title="Manganeise – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Manganeise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaan" title="Mangaan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mangaan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganum" title="Manganum – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Manganum" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrmanga" title="jinmrmanga – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrmanga" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Manganese" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mang%C3%A1n" title="Mangán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mangán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Манган – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Манган" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganezy" title="Manganezy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Manganezy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മാംഗനീസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാംഗനീസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C" title="मँगनीज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मँगनीज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="منجنيز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="منجنيز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2ing_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Mâing (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mâing (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мангани – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Мангани" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Манган – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Манган" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="မက်ဂနိစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မက်ဂနိစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaan" title="Mangaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mangaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="म्याङ्यानिज – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="म्याङ्यानिज" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3" title="マンガン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マンガン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaan" title="Mangaan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mangaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan%C3%A8s" title="Manganès – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Manganès" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C" title="ମାଙ୍ଗାନିଜ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାଙ୍ଗାନିଜ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marganets" title="Marganets – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Marganets" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਮੈਂਗਨੀਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਂਗਨੀਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="म्याङ्यानिज – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="म्याङ्यानिज" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="مینگانیز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مینگانیز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BA" title="မဲန်ဂနီ့သ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="မဲန်ဂနီ့သ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="منگنيز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منگنيز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan%C3%A8is" title="Manganèis – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Manganèis" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan%C3%AAs" title="Manganês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manganês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manqanisu" title="Manqanisu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Manqanisu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Марганец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марганец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D" title="मैङ्गनीज् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मैङ्गनीज्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesu" title="Manganesu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Manganesu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Manganese" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangani" title="Mangani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mangani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesi" title="Manganesi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Manganesi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="මැංගනීස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මැංගනීස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manganese" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mang%C3%A1n" title="Mangán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mangán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganiis" title="Manganiis – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Manganiis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="مەنگەنیز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەنگەنیز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Манган – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Манган" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaani" title="Mangaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mangaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangganiso" title="Mangganiso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mangganiso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="மாங்கனீசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாங்கனீசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Марганец – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Марганец" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="మేంగనీస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మేంగనీస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA" title="แมงกานีส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แมงกานีส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Манган – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Манган" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganez" title="Manganez – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manganez" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Манган – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Манган" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="مینگنیز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مینگنیز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مانگان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مانگان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marganc" title="Marganc – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Marganc" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mangan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9F" title="מאנגאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאנגאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganisi" title="Manganisi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Manganisi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%B3" title="錳 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="錳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (Mg).</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Manganese_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Manganese (disambiguation)">Manganese (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 25 (Mn)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Manganese, 25Mn</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Manganese_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A rough fragment of lustrous silvery metal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Manganese_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Manganese_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Manganese_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Manganese_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Manganese_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Manganese_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5424" data-file-height="3368" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Pure manganese cube and oxidized manganese chips</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Manganese</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmæŋɡəniːz/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MANG-gə-neez</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery metallic</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Mn)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>54.938043±0.000002<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>54.938±0.001 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Manganese in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ Mn ↓ <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> ← manganese → <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">25</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">group 7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">period 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d5 4s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 13, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1519 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1246 °C, 2275 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2334 K (2061 °C, 3742 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">7.476 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">5.95 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12.91 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">221 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26.32 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>1228 </td> <td>1347 </td> <td>1493 </td> <td>1691 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>2333 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +2, +4, +7 −3,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> −2,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +3,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +5,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +6<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.55 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 717.3 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1509.0 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 3248 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#manganese" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 127 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Low spin: 139±5 pm High spin: 161±8 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Manganese_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Manganese_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Manganese_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Manganese_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Manganese_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Manganese_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Manganese_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of manganese</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data">α-Mn: <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic</a> (bcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cI58</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Body-centered cubic crystal structure for α-Mn: manganese" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div>a = 891.16 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23.61×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.81 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.44 µΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data">paramagnetic </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(α) +529.0×10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">198 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">120 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">5150 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">196 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7439-96-5 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> (1774)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Gahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Gottlieb Gahn">Johann Gottlieb Gahn</a> (1774)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_manganese" title="Isotopes of manganese">Isotopes of manganese</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_manganese_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox manganese isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_manganese_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox manganese isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-7">[7]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">52Mn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">5.591 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">52Cr </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">53Mn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">3.7×106 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium-53" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium-53">53Cr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;">54Mn </th> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">312.081 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">ε </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium-54" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium-54">54Cr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">54Fe </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β+ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">54Cr </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">55Mn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">100% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Manganese" title="Category:Manganese">Category: Manganese</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_manganese" title="Template:Infobox manganese">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_manganese" title="Template talk:Infobox manganese">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_manganese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox manganese">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Manganese is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Mn and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 25. It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> in combination with <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>. Manganese was first isolated in the 1770s. It is a <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> with a multifaceted array of industrial <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> uses, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steels</a>. It improves strength, workability, and resistance to wear. Manganese oxide is used as an oxidising agent; as a rubber additive; and in glass making, fertilisers, and ceramics. Manganese sulfate can be used as a fungicide. Manganese is also an essential human dietary element, important in macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and <a href="/wiki/Free_radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Free radical">free radical</a> defense systems. It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes.<a href="#cite_note-Erikson-2019-8">[8]</a> It is found mostly in the bones, but also the liver, kidneys, and brain.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001-9">[9]</a> In the human brain, the manganese is bound to manganese <a href="/wiki/Metalloprotein" title="Metalloprotein">metalloproteins</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Glutamine_synthetase" title="Glutamine synthetase">glutamine synthetase</a> in <a href="/wiki/Astrocyte" title="Astrocyte">astrocytes</a>. It is familiar in the laboratory in the form of the deep violet salt <a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">potassium permanganate</a>. It occurs at the <a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">active sites</a> in some <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Of particular interest is the use of a Mn-O <a href="/wiki/Atom_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom cluster">cluster</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-evolving_complex" title="Oxygen-evolving complex">oxygen-evolving complex</a>, in the production of oxygen by plants. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> Manganese is a silvery-gray <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> that resembles iron. It is hard and very brittle, difficult to fuse, but easy to oxidize.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-11">[11]</a> Manganese and its common ions are <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-magnet-12">[12]</a> Manganese tarnishes slowly in air and oxidizes ("rusts") like iron in water containing dissolved oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_manganese" title="Isotopes of manganese">Isotopes of manganese</a></div> Naturally occurring manganese is composed of one stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>, 55Mn. Several <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> have been isolated and described, ranging in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weight</a> from 46 <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">u</a> (46Mn) to 72 u (72Mn). The most stable are 53Mn with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 3.7 million years, 54Mn with a half-life of 312.2 days, and 52Mn with a half-life of 5.591 days. All of the remaining <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> isotopes have half-lives of less than three hours, and the majority of less than one minute. The primary <a href="/wiki/Decay_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay mode">decay mode</a> in isotopes lighter than the most abundant stable isotope, 55Mn, is <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> and the primary mode in heavier isotopes is <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Audi-14">[14]</a> Manganese also has three <a href="/wiki/Meta_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta state">meta states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Audi-14">[14]</a> Manganese is part of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_group" title="Iron group">iron group</a> of elements, which are thought to be synthesized in large <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> explosion.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> 53Mn decays to 53Cr with a half-life of 3.7 million years. Because of its relatively short half-life, 53Mn is relatively rare, produced by <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic rays">cosmic rays</a> impact on <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Manganese isotopic contents are typically combined with <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> isotopic contents and have found application in <a href="/wiki/Isotope_geology" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotope geology">isotope geology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a>. Mn–Cr isotopic ratios reinforce the evidence from <a href="/wiki/Aluminium-26" title="Aluminium-26">26Al</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palladium-107" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium-107">107Pd</a> for the early history of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. Variations in 53Cr/52Cr and Mn/Cr ratios from several <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> suggest an initial 53Mn/55Mn ratio, which indicate that Mn–Cr isotopic composition must result from in situ decay of 53Mn in differentiated planetary bodies. Hence, 53Mn provides additional evidence for <a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">nucleosynthetic</a> processes immediately before coalescence of the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allotropes">Allotropes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Allotropes">edit</a>]</div> <table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpha-Mn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Alpha-Mn.png/179px-Alpha-Mn.png" decoding="async" width="179" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Alpha-Mn.png/269px-Alpha-Mn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Alpha-Mn.png/358px-Alpha-Mn.png 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption>Unit cell of an α-Mn crystal</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta-Mn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Beta-Mn.png/166px-Beta-Mn.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Beta-Mn.png/249px-Beta-Mn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Beta-Mn.png/332px-Beta-Mn.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>Unit cell of a β-Mn crystal</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> Four <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotropes</a> (structural forms) of solid manganese are known, labeled α, β, γ and δ, and occurring at successively higher temperatures. All are metallic, stable at standard pressure, and have a cubic crystal lattice, but they vary widely in their atomic structures.<a href="#cite_note-Young_1975-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dhananjayan_1969-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kemmitt_1973-20">[20]</a> Alpha manganese (α-Mn) is the equilibrium phase at room temperature. It has a <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">body-centered cubic</a> lattice and is unusual among elemental metals in having a very complex unit cell, with 58 atoms per cell (29 atoms per primitive unit cell) in four different types of site.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley_1927-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Young_1975-18">[18]</a> It is <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a> at room temperature and <a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiferromagnetic">antiferromagnetic</a> at temperatures below 95 K (−178 °C).<a href="#cite_note-Lawson_1994-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phase_diagram_of_manganese_(1975).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Phase_diagram_of_manganese_%281975%29.png/170px-Phase_diagram_of_manganese_%281975%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Phase_diagram_of_manganese_%281975%29.png/255px-Phase_diagram_of_manganese_%281975%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Phase_diagram_of_manganese_%281975%29.png/340px-Phase_diagram_of_manganese_%281975%29.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Phase diagram of manganese<a href="#cite_note-Young_1975-18">[18]</a></figcaption></figure> Beta manganese (β-Mn) forms when heated above the transition temperature of 973 K (700 °C; 1,290 °F). It has a primitive cubic structure with 20 atoms per unit cell at two types of sites, which is as complex as that of any other elemental metal.<a href="#cite_note-Prior_2004-23">[23]</a> It is easily obtained as a metastable phase at room temperature by rapid quenching. It does not show <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetic ordering</a>, remaining paramagnetic down to the lowest temperature measured (1.1 K).<a href="#cite_note-Prior_2004-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Funahashi_1984-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duschanek_1989-25">[25]</a> Gamma manganese (γ-Mn) forms when heated above 1,370 K (1,100 °C; 2,010 °F). It has a simple face-centered cubic structure (four atoms per unit cell). When quenched to room temperature it converts to β-Mn, but it can be stabilized at room temperature by alloying it with at least 5 percent of other elements (such as C, Fe, Ni, Cu, Pd or Au), and these solute-stabilized alloys distort into a face-centered <a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">tetragonal</a> structure.<a href="#cite_note-Bacon_1970-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duschanek_1989-25">[25]</a> Delta manganese (δ-Mn) forms when heated above 1,406 K (1,130 °C; 2,070 °F) and is stable up to the manganese melting point of 1,519 K (1,250 °C; 2,270 °F). It has a <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">body-centered cubic</a> structure (two atoms per cubic unit cell).<a href="#cite_note-Dhananjayan_1969-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duschanek_1989-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_compounds">Chemical compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chemical compounds">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorid_manganat%C3%BD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Chlorid_manganat%C3%BD.JPG/170px-Chlorid_manganat%C3%BD.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Chlorid_manganat%C3%BD.JPG/255px-Chlorid_manganat%C3%BD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Chlorid_manganat%C3%BD.JPG/340px-Chlorid_manganat%C3%BD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_chloride" title="Manganese(II) chloride">Manganese(II) chloride</a> crystals – the pale pink color of Mn(II) salts is due to a <a href="/wiki/Spin-forbidden_reactions" title="Spin-forbidden reactions">spin-forbidden</a> 3d transition.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></figcaption></figure> Common <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> of manganese are +2, +3, +4, +6, and +7, although all oxidation states from −3 to +7 have been observed. Manganese in oxidation state +7 is represented by salts of the intensely purple permanganate anion <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>MnO−4. <a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">Potassium permanganate</a> is a commonly used laboratory <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagent</a> because of its oxidizing properties; it is used as a topical medicine (for example, in the treatment of fish diseases). Solutions of potassium permanganate were among the first stains and fixatives to be used in the preparation of biological cells and tissues for electron microscopy.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Aside from various permanganate salts, Mn(VII) is represented by the unstable, volatile derivative Mn2O7. <a href="/wiki/Oxyhalide" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyhalide">Oxyhalides</a> (MnO3F and MnO3Cl) are powerful <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidizing agents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-11">[11]</a> The most prominent example of Mn in the +6 oxidation state is the green anion <a href="/wiki/Manganate" title="Manganate">manganate</a>, [MnO4]2−. Manganate salts are intermediates in the extraction of manganese from its ores. Compounds with oxidation states +5 are somewhat elusive, and often found associated to an oxide (O2−) or <a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">nitride</a> (N3−) ligand.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> One example is the blue anion <a href="/wiki/Hypomanganate" title="Hypomanganate">hypomanganate</a> [MnO4]3−.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19841221–22-30">[30]</a> Mn(IV) is somewhat enigmatic because it is common in nature but far rarer in synthetic chemistry. The most common Mn ore, <a href="/wiki/Pyrolusite" title="Pyrolusite">pyrolusite</a>, is MnO2. It is the dark brown pigment of many <a href="/wiki/Cave_drawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave drawing">cave drawings</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> but is also a common ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Dry_cell" title="Dry cell">dry cell</a> batteries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19841218–20-32">[32]</a> Complexes of Mn(IV) are well known, but they require elaborate <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a>. Mn(IV)-OH complexes are an intermediate in some <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>, including the oxygen evolving center (OEC) in plants.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Simple derivatives Mn3+ are rarely encountered but can be stabilized by suitably basic ligands. <a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_acetate" title="Manganese(III) acetate">Manganese(III) acetate</a> is an oxidant useful in <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>. Solid compounds of manganese(III) are characterized by its strong purple-red color and a preference for distorted octahedral coordination resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Jahn-Teller_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahn-Teller effect">Jahn-Teller effect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KMnO4_in_H2O.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/KMnO4_in_H2O.jpg/120px-KMnO4_in_H2O.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/KMnO4_in_H2O.jpg/180px-KMnO4_in_H2O.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/KMnO4_in_H2O.jpg/240px-KMnO4_in_H2O.jpg 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Aqueous solution of KMnO4 illustrating the deep purple of Mn(VII) as it occurs in permanganate</figcaption></figure> A particularly common oxidation state for manganese in aqueous solution is +2, which has a pale pink color. Many manganese(II) compounds are known, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aquo_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquo complex">aquo complexes</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_sulfate" title="Manganese(II) sulfate">manganese(II) sulfate</a> (MnSO4) and <a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_chloride" title="Manganese(II) chloride">manganese(II) chloride</a> (MnCl2). This oxidation state is also seen in the mineral <a href="/wiki/Rhodochrosite" title="Rhodochrosite">rhodochrosite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_carbonate" title="Manganese(II) carbonate">manganese(II) carbonate</a>). Manganese(II) commonly exists with a high spin, S = 5/2 ground state because of the high pairing energy for manganese(II). There are no spin-allowed d–d transitions in manganese(II), which explain its faint color.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Oxidation states of manganese<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-36">[36]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>−3</td> <td>Mn(CO)(NO) 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2</td> <td>[Mn(<a href="/wiki/1,5-cyclooctadiene" class="mw-redirect" title="1,5-cyclooctadiene">1,5-COD</a>)2]2− </td></tr> <tr> <td>−1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pentacarbonylhydridomanganese" title="Pentacarbonylhydridomanganese">HMn(CO) 5</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dimanganese_decacarbonyl" title="Dimanganese decacarbonyl">Mn 2(CO) 10</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl" title="Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl">MnC 5H 4CH 3(CO) 3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_chloride" title="Manganese(II) chloride">MnCl 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_carbonate" title="Manganese(II) carbonate">MnCO 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide" title="Manganese(II) oxide">MnO</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_fluoride" title="Manganese(III) fluoride">MnF 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_acetate" title="Manganese(III) acetate">Mn(OAc) 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide" title="Manganese(III) oxide">Mn 2O 3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">MnO 2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hypomanganate" title="Potassium hypomanganate">K 3MnO 4</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_manganate" title="Potassium manganate">K 2MnO 4</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">KMnO 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese_heptoxide" title="Manganese heptoxide">Mn 2O 7</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center">Common oxidation states are in bold. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organomanganese_compounds">Organomanganese compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Organomanganese compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organomanganese_chemistry" title="Organomanganese chemistry">Organomanganese chemistry</a></div> Manganese forms a large variety of organometallic derivatives, i.e., compounds with Mn-C bonds. The organometallic derivatives include numerous examples of Mn in its lower oxidation states, i.e. Mn(−III) up through Mn(I). This area of organometallic chemistry is attractive because Mn is inexpensive and of relatively low toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Of greatest commercial interest is "MMT", <a href="/wiki/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl" title="Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl">methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl</a>, which is used as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-knock" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-knock">anti-knock</a> compound added to gasoline (petrol) in some countries. It features Mn(I). Consistent with other aspects of Mn(II) chemistry, <a href="/wiki/Manganocene" title="Manganocene">manganocene</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Mn(C5H5)2) is high-spin. In contrast, its neighboring metal iron forms an air-stable, low-spin derivative in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ferrocene" title="Ferrocene">ferrocene</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe(C5H5)2). When conducted under an atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, reduction of Mn(II) salts gives <a href="/wiki/Dimanganese_decacarbonyl" title="Dimanganese decacarbonyl">dimanganese decacarbonyl</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Mn2(CO)10, an orange and volatile solid. The air-stability of this Mn(0) compound (and its many derivatives) reflects the powerful electron-acceptor properties of carbon monoxide. Many <a href="/wiki/Alkene_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkene complex">alkene complexes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkyne_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyne complex">alkyne complexes</a> are derived from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Mn2(CO)10.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Mn(CH3)2(dmpe)2, Mn(II) is low spin, which contrasts with the high spin character of its precursor, MnBr2(dmpe)2 (<a href="/wiki/Dmpe" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmpe">dmpe</a> = (CH3)2PCH2CH2P(CH3)2).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Polyalkyl and polyaryl derivatives of manganese often exist in higher oxidation states, reflecting the electron-releasing properties of alkyl and aryl ligands. One example is [Mn(CH3)6]2−.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The origin of the name manganese is complex. In ancient times, two black minerals were identified from the regions of the <a href="/wiki/Magnetes" title="Magnetes">Magnetes</a> (either <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Magnesia" title="Ancient Magnesia">Magnesia</a>, located within modern Greece, or <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_ad_Sipylum" title="Magnesia ad Sipylum">Magnesia ad Sipylum</a>, located within modern Turkey).<a href="#cite_note-LanguageHAt-39">[39]</a> They were both called magnes from their place of origin, but were considered to differ in sex. The male magnes attracted iron, and was the iron ore now known as <a href="/wiki/Lodestone" title="Lodestone">lodestone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a>, and which probably gave us the term <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a>. The female magnes ore did not attract iron, but was used to decolorize glass. This female magnes was later called magnesia, known now in modern times as <a href="/wiki/Pyrolusite" title="Pyrolusite">pyrolusite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">manganese dioxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Neither this mineral nor elemental manganese is magnetic. In the 16th century, manganese dioxide was called manganesum (note the two Ns instead of one) by glassmakers, possibly as a corruption and concatenation of two words, since alchemists and glassmakers eventually had to differentiate a magnesia nigra (the black ore) from <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_alba" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesia alba">magnesia alba</a> (a white ore, also from Magnesia, also useful in glassmaking). <a href="/wiki/Michele_Mercati" title="Michele Mercati">Michele Mercati</a> called magnesia nigra manganesa, and finally the metal isolated from it became known as manganese (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Mangan). The name magnesia eventually was then used to refer only to the white magnesia alba (magnesium oxide), which provided the name <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> for the free element when it was isolated much later.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lascaux_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing of a left-facing bull, in black, on a cave wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/220px-Lascaux_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/330px-Lascaux_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/440px-Lascaux_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Some of the cave paintings in <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, use manganese-based pigments.<a href="#cite_note-Lascaux-42">[42]</a></figcaption></figure> Manganese dioxide, which is abundant in nature, has long been used as a pigment. The cave paintings in <a href="/wiki/Gargas,_Haute-Garonne" title="Gargas, Haute-Garonne">Gargas</a> that are 30,000 to 24,000 years old are made from the mineral form of MnO2 pigments.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Manganese compounds were used by Egyptian and Roman glassmakers, either to add to, or remove, color from glass.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Use as "glassmakers soap" continued through the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> until modern times and is evident in 14th-century glass from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ItGlass-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gahn_Johan_Gottlieb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gahn_Johan_Gottlieb.jpg/170px-Gahn_Johan_Gottlieb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gahn_Johan_Gottlieb.jpg/255px-Gahn_Johan_Gottlieb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gahn_Johan_Gottlieb.jpg/340px-Gahn_Johan_Gottlieb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Credit for first isolating manganese is usually given to <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gottlieb_Gahn" title="Johan Gottlieb Gahn">Johan Gottlieb Gahn</a>.</figcaption></figure> Because it was used in glassmaking, manganese dioxide was available for experiments by alchemists, the first chemists. <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Gottfried_Kaim" title="Ignatius Gottfried Kaim">Ignatius Gottfried Kaim</a> (1770) and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Glauber" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Glauber">Johann Glauber</a> (17th century) discovered that manganese dioxide could be converted to <a href="/wiki/Permanganate" title="Permanganate">permanganate</a>, a useful laboratory reagent.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Kaim also may have reduced manganese dioxide to isolate the metal, but that is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-Miskowiec-47">[47]</a> By the mid-18th century, the Swedish chemist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> used manganese dioxide to produce <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>. First, <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, or a mixture of dilute <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> was made to react with manganese dioxide, and later hydrochloric acid from the <a href="/wiki/Leblanc_process" title="Leblanc process">Leblanc process</a> was used and the manganese dioxide was recycled by the <a href="/wiki/Weldon_process" title="Weldon process">Weldon process</a>. The production of chlorine and <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="Hypochlorite">hypochlorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleaching</a> agents was a large consumer of manganese ores.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Scheele and others were aware that pyrolusite (mineral form of manganese dioxide) contained a new element. <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gottlieb_Gahn" title="Johan Gottlieb Gahn">Johan Gottlieb Gahn</a> isolated an impure sample of manganese metal in 1774, which he did by <a href="/wiki/Reduction-oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduction-oxidation">reducing</a> the dioxide with <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-journal1927-48">[48]</a> The manganese content of some iron ores used in Greece led to speculations that steel produced from that ore contains additional manganese, making the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a> steel exceptionally hard.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Around the beginning of the 19th century, manganese was used in steelmaking and several patents were granted. In 1816, it was documented that iron alloyed with manganese was harder but not more brittle. In 1837, British academic <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Couper_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Couper (academic) (page does not exist)">James Couper</a> noted an association between miners' heavy exposure to manganese and a form of <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Couper_1837_41–42-50">[50]</a> In 1912, United States patents were granted for protecting firearms against rust and corrosion with manganese phosphate electrochemical conversion coatings, and the process has seen widespread use ever since.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Leclanch%C3%A9_cell" title="Leclanché cell">Leclanché cell</a> in 1866 and the subsequent improvement of batteries containing manganese dioxide as cathodic <a href="/wiki/Depolarizer" title="Depolarizer">depolarizer</a> increased the demand for manganese dioxide. Until the development of batteries with <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery" title="Nickel–cadmium battery">nickel–cadmium</a> and lithium, most batteries contained manganese. The <a href="/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93carbon_battery" title="Zinc–carbon battery">zinc–carbon battery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_battery" title="Alkaline battery">alkaline battery</a> normally use industrially produced manganese dioxide because naturally occurring manganese dioxide contains impurities. In the 20th century, manganese dioxide was widely used as the cathodic for commercial disposable dry batteries of both the standard (zinc–carbon) and alkaline types.<a href="#cite_note-ChiuZMnO2-52">[52]</a> Manganese is essential to iron and <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">steel production</a> by virtue of its <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>-fixing, <a href="/wiki/Deoxidized_steel" title="Deoxidized steel">deoxidizing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alloying" class="mw-redirect" title="Alloying">alloying</a> properties.<a href="#cite_note-USGSMCS2009-53">[53]</a> This application was first recognized by the British metallurgist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Forester_Mushet" title="Robert Forester Mushet">Robert Forester Mushet</a> (1811–1891) who, in 1856, introduced the element, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Spiegeleisen" title="Spiegeleisen">Spiegeleisen</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Manganese_minerals" title="Category:Manganese minerals">Category:Manganese minerals</a></div> Manganese comprises about 1000 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> (0.1%) of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> and is the 12th most abundant element.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001-9">[9]</a> Soil contains 7–9000 ppm of manganese with an average of 440 ppm.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001-9">[9]</a> The atmosphere contains 0.01 μg/m3.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001-9">[9]</a> Manganese occurs principally as <a href="/wiki/Pyrolusite" title="Pyrolusite">pyrolusite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese(IV)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese(IV) oxide">MnO2</a>), <a href="/wiki/Braunite" title="Braunite">braunite</a> (Mn2+Mn3+6)SiO12),<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Psilomelane" title="Psilomelane">psilomelane</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">(Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10, and to a lesser extent as <a href="/wiki/Rhodochrosite" title="Rhodochrosite">rhodochrosite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_carbonate" title="Manganese(II) carbonate">MnCO3</a>). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg/120px-ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg/180px-ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg/240px-ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mineraly.sk_-_psilomelan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mineraly.sk_-_psilomelan.jpg/140px-Mineraly.sk_-_psilomelan.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mineraly.sk_-_psilomelan.jpg/210px-Mineraly.sk_-_psilomelan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mineraly.sk_-_psilomelan.jpg/280px-Mineraly.sk_-_psilomelan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiegeleisen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Spiegeleisen.jpg/150px-Spiegeleisen.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Spiegeleisen.jpg/225px-Spiegeleisen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Spiegeleisen.jpg/300px-Spiegeleisen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dendrites01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dendrites01.jpg/130px-Dendrites01.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dendrites01.jpg/195px-Dendrites01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dendrites01.jpg/260px-Dendrites01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Searchlight_Rhodochrosite_Crystal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Searchlight_Rhodochrosite_Crystal.jpg/140px-The_Searchlight_Rhodochrosite_Crystal.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Searchlight_Rhodochrosite_Crystal.jpg/210px-The_Searchlight_Rhodochrosite_Crystal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Searchlight_Rhodochrosite_Crystal.jpg/280px-The_Searchlight_Rhodochrosite_Crystal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manganese ore </td> <td>Psilomelane (manganese ore) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spiegeleisen" title="Spiegeleisen">Spiegeleisen</a> is an iron alloy with a manganese content of approximately 15%. </td> <td>Manganese oxide dendrites on limestone from <a href="/wiki/Solnhofen" title="Solnhofen">Solnhofen</a>, Germany – a kind of <a href="/wiki/Pseudofossil" title="Pseudofossil">pseudofossil</a>. Scale is in mm </td> <td>Mineral <a href="/wiki/Rhodochrosite" title="Rhodochrosite">rhodochrosite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_carbonate" title="Manganese(II) carbonate">manganese(II) carbonate</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Manganese_Production_2006.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/World_Manganese_Production_2006.svg/350px-World_Manganese_Production_2006.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/World_Manganese_Production_2006.svg/525px-World_Manganese_Production_2006.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/World_Manganese_Production_2006.svg/700px-World_Manganese_Production_2006.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of manganese output in 2006 by countries<a href="#cite_note-USGSMCS2009-53">[53]</a></figcaption></figure> The most important manganese ore is pyrolusite (<a href="/wiki/Manganese(IV)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese(IV) oxide">MnO2</a>). Other economically important manganese ores usually show a close spatial relation to the iron ores, such as <a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">sphalerite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Land-based resources are large but irregularly distributed. About 80% of the known world manganese resources are in South Africa; other important manganese deposits are in Ukraine, Australia, India, China, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> and Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-USGSMCS2009-53">[53]</a> According to 1978 estimate, the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean floor">ocean floor</a> has 500 billion tons of <a href="/wiki/Manganese_nodule" title="Manganese nodule">manganese nodules</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Attempts to find economically viable methods of harvesting manganese nodules were abandoned in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In South Africa, most identified deposits are located near <a href="/wiki/Hotazel" title="Hotazel">Hotazel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cape_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cape Province">Northern Cape Province</a>, (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalahari_manganese_fields&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalahari manganese fields (page does not exist)">Kalahari manganese fields</a>), with a 2011 estimate of 15 billion tons. In 2011 South Africa produced 3.4 million tons, topping all other nations.<a href="#cite_note-Mbendi-58">[58]</a> Manganese is mainly mined in South Africa, Australia, China, Gabon, Brazil, India, Kazakhstan, Ghana, Ukraine and Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Manganese_production_by_country" title="Manganese production by country">Manganese production by country</a></div> For the production of <a href="/wiki/Ferromanganese" title="Ferromanganese">ferromanganese</a>, the manganese ore is mixed with iron ore and carbon, and then reduced either in a blast furnace or in an electric arc furnace.<a href="#cite_note-IndMin-60">[60]</a> The resulting ferromanganese has a manganese content of 30–80%.<a href="#cite_note-Holl-11">[11]</a> Pure manganese used for the production of iron-free alloys is produced by <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(metallurgy)" title="Leaching (metallurgy)">leaching</a> manganese ore with <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> and a subsequent <a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">electrowinning</a> process.<a href="#cite_note-hydrometI-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manganese_Process_Flow_Diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Contains reactions and temperatures, as well as showing advanced processes such as the heat exchanger and milling process." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Manganese_Process_Flow_Diagram.jpg/390px-Manganese_Process_Flow_Diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Manganese_Process_Flow_Diagram.jpg/585px-Manganese_Process_Flow_Diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Manganese_Process_Flow_Diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Process flow diagram for a manganese refining circuit</figcaption></figure> A more progressive extraction process involves directly reducing (a low grade) manganese ore by <a href="/wiki/Heap_leaching" title="Heap leaching">heap leaching</a>. This is done by <a href="/wiki/Percolation" title="Percolation">percolating</a> natural gas through the bottom of the heap; the natural gas provides the heat (needs to be at least 850 °C) and the reducing agent (carbon monoxide). This reduces all of the manganese ore to manganese oxide (MnO), which is a leachable form. The ore then travels through a <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">grinding</a> circuit to reduce the particle size of the ore to between 150 and 250 μm, increasing the surface area to aid leaching. The ore is then added to a leach tank of sulfuric acid and <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron(II)">ferrous iron</a> (Fe2+) in a 1.6:1 ratio. The iron reacts with the <a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">manganese dioxide</a> (MnO2) to form <a href="/wiki/Iron_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron hydroxide">iron hydroxide</a> (FeO(OH)) and elemental manganese (Mn).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This process yields approximately 92% recovery of the manganese. For further purification, the manganese can then be sent to an <a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">electrowinning</a> facility.<a href="#cite_note-ManganeseRecovery-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceanic_environment">Oceanic environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oceanic environment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manganese_nodule" title="Manganese nodule">Manganese nodule</a></div> In 1972, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Project_Azorian" title="Project Azorian">Project Azorian</a>, through billionaire <a href="/wiki/Howard_Hughes" title="Howard Hughes">Howard Hughes</a>, commissioned the ship <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Glomar_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Glomar Explorer">Hughes Glomar Explorer</a> with the cover story of harvesting <a href="/wiki/Manganese_nodules" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese nodules">manganese nodules</a> from the sea floor.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> That triggered a rush of activity to collect manganese nodules, which was not actually practical until the 2020s. The real mission of Hughes Glomar Explorer was to raise a sunken <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Soviet</a> submarine, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-129_(1960)" title="Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)">K-129</a>, with the goal of retrieving Soviet code books.<a href="#cite_note-azorian-64">[64]</a> An abundant resource of manganese in the form of manganese nodules found on the ocean floor.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> These nodules, which are composed of 29% manganese,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> are located along the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">ocean floor</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">environmental impacts</a> of nodule collection are of interest.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Dissolved manganese (dMn) is found throughout the world's oceans, 90% of which originates from hydrothermal vents.<a href="#cite_note-Hernroth-2020-69">[69]</a> Particulate Mn develops in buoyant plumes over an active vent source, while the dMn behaves conservatively.<a href="#cite_note-Ray-2017-70">[70]</a> Mn concentrations vary between the water columns of the ocean. At the surface, dMn is elevated due to input from external sources such as rivers, dust, and shelf sediments. Coastal sediments normally have lower Mn concentrations, but can increase due to anthropogenic discharges from industries such as mining and steel manufacturing, which enter the ocean from river inputs. Surface dMn concentrations can also be elevated biologically through photosynthesis and physically from coastal upwelling and wind-driven surface currents. Internal cycling such as photo-reduction from UV radiation can also elevate levels by speeding up the dissolution of Mn-oxides and oxidative scavenging, preventing Mn from sinking to deeper waters.<a href="#cite_note-Sim-2019-71">[71]</a> Elevated levels at mid-depths can occur near mid-ocean ridges and hydrothermal vents. The hydrothermal vents release dMn enriched fluid into the water. The dMn can then travel up to 4,000 km due to the microbial capsules present, preventing exchange with particles, lowing the sinking rates. Dissolved Mn concentrations are even higher when oxygen levels are low. Overall, dMn concentrations are normally higher in coastal regions and decrease when moving offshore.<a href="#cite_note-Sim-2019-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soils">Soils</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Soils">edit</a>]</div> Manganese occurs in soils in three oxidation states: the divalent cation, Mn2+ and as brownish-black oxides and hydroxides containing Mn (III,IV), such as MnOOH and MnO2. Soil pH and oxidation-reduction conditions affect which of these three forms of Mn is dominant in a given soil. At pH values less than 6 or under anaerobic conditions, Mn(II) dominates, while under more alkaline and aerobic conditions, Mn(III,IV) oxides and hydroxides predominate. These effects of soil acidity and aeration state on the form of Mn can be modified or controlled by microbial activity. Microbial respiration can cause both the oxidation of Mn2+ to the oxides, and it can cause reduction of the oxides to the divalent cation.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The Mn(III,IV) oxides exist as brownish-black stains and small nodules on sand, silt, and clay particles. These surface coatings on other soil particles have high surface area and carry negative charge. The charged sites can adsorb and retain various cations, especially heavy metals (e.g., Cr3+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+). In addition, the oxides can adsorb organic acids and other compounds. The adsorption of the metals and organic compounds can then cause them to be oxidized while the Mn(III,IV) oxides are reduced to Mn2+ (e.g., Cr3+ to Cr(VI) and colorless <a href="/wiki/Hydroquinone" title="Hydroquinone">hydroquinone</a> to tea-colored <a href="/wiki/Quinone" title="Quinone">quinone</a> polymers).<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steel">Steel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Steel">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M1917helmet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/M1917helmet.jpg/220px-M1917helmet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/M1917helmet.jpg/330px-M1917helmet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/M1917helmet.jpg/440px-M1917helmet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>U.S. M1917 <a href="/wiki/Combat_helmet" title="Combat helmet">combat helmet</a>, a variant of <a href="/wiki/Brodie_helmet" title="Brodie helmet">Brodie helmet</a>, made from <a href="/wiki/Hadfield_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadfield steel">Hadfield steel</a> manganese alloy</figcaption></figure> Manganese is essential to iron and <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">steel production</a> by virtue of its <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>-fixing, <a href="/wiki/Deoxidized_steel" title="Deoxidized steel">deoxidizing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alloying" class="mw-redirect" title="Alloying">alloying</a> properties. Manganese has no satisfactory substitute in these applications in metallurgy.<a href="#cite_note-USGSMCS2009-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">Steelmaking</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> including its ironmaking component, has accounted for most manganese demand, presently in the range of 85% to 90% of the total demand.<a href="#cite_note-hydrometI-61">[61]</a> Manganese is a key component of low-cost <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MangUSGS2006-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Often ferromanganese (usually about 80% manganese) is the intermediate in modern processes. Small amounts of manganese improve the workability of steel at high temperatures by forming a high-melting sulfide and preventing the formation of a liquid <a href="/wiki/Iron_sulfide" title="Iron sulfide">iron sulfide</a> at the grain boundaries. If the manganese content reaches 4%, the embrittlement of the steel becomes a dominant feature. The embrittlement decreases at higher manganese concentrations and reaches an acceptable level at 8%. Steel containing 8 to 15% of manganese has a high <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> of up to 863 MPa.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Steel with 12% manganese was discovered in 1882 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hadfield" title="Robert Hadfield">Robert Hadfield</a> and is still known as <a href="/wiki/Mangalloy" title="Mangalloy">Hadfield steel (mangalloy)</a>. It was used for British military <a href="/wiki/Brodie_helmet" title="Brodie helmet">steel helmets</a> and later by the U.S. military.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aluminium_alloys">Aluminium alloys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aluminium alloys">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">Aluminium alloy</a></div> Manganese is used in production of alloys with aluminium. Aluminium with roughly 1.5% manganese has increased resistance to corrosion through grains that absorb impurities which would lead to <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_corrosion" title="Galvanic corrosion">galvanic corrosion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The corrosion-resistant <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">aluminium alloys</a> 3004 and 3104 (0.8 to 1.5% manganese) are used for most <a href="/wiki/Beverage_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage can">beverage cans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Al3004-81">[81]</a> Before 2000, more than 1.6 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> of those alloys were used; at 1% manganese, this consumed 16,000 tonnes of manganese.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Al3004-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Batteries">Batteries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Batteries">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Manganese(IV)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese(IV) oxide">Manganese(IV) oxide</a> was used in the original type of dry cell <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a> as an electron acceptor from zinc, and is the blackish material in carbon–zinc type flashlight cells. The manganese dioxide is reduced to the manganese oxide-hydroxide MnO(OH) during discharging, preventing the formation of hydrogen at the anode of the battery.<a href="#cite_note-BattHist-82">[82]</a> <dl><dd>MnO2 + H2O + e− → MnO(OH) + OH− </dd></dl> The same material also functions in newer <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_battery" title="Alkaline battery">alkaline batteries</a> (usually battery cells), which use the same basic reaction, but a different electrolyte mixture. In 2002, more than 230,000 tons of manganese dioxide was used for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-ChiuZMnO2-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-BattHist-82">[82]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1945-P-Jefferson-War-Nickel-Reverse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1945-P-Jefferson-War-Nickel-Reverse.JPG/170px-1945-P-Jefferson-War-Nickel-Reverse.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1945-P-Jefferson-War-Nickel-Reverse.JPG/255px-1945-P-Jefferson-War-Nickel-Reverse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1945-P-Jefferson-War-Nickel-Reverse.JPG/340px-1945-P-Jefferson-War-Nickel-Reverse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption>World-War-II-era 5-cent coin (1942-5 identified by mint mark P, D or S above dome) made from a 56% copper-35% silver-9% manganese alloy</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resistors">Resistors</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Resistors">edit</a>]</div> Copper alloys of manganese, such as <a href="/wiki/Manganin" title="Manganin">Manganin</a>, are commonly found in metal element <a href="/wiki/Shunt_resistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunt resistor">shunt resistors</a> used for measuring relatively large amounts of current. These alloys have very low <a href="/wiki/Temperature_coefficient_of_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperature coefficient of resistance">temperature coefficient of resistance</a> and are resistant to sulfur. This makes the alloys particularly useful in harsh automotive and industrial environments.<a href="#cite_note-ShuntDatasheet-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fertilizers_and_feed_additive">Fertilizers and feed additive</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fertilizers and feed additive">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide" title="Manganese(II) oxide">Manganese oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manganese_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese sulfate">sulfate</a> are components of fertilizers. In the year 2000, an estimated 20,000 tons of these compounds were used in fertilizers in the US alone. A comparable amount of Mn compounds was also used in animal feeds.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Niche">Niche</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Niche">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl" title="Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl">Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl</a> is an additive in some <a href="/wiki/Unleaded_gasoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Unleaded gasoline">unleaded gasoline</a> to boost <a href="/wiki/Octane_rating" title="Octane rating">octane rating</a> and reduce <a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">engine knocking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Manganese(IV) oxide (manganese dioxide, MnO2) is used as a reagent in <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> of benzylic <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a> (where the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> group is adjacent to an <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic ring">aromatic ring</a>). Manganese dioxide has been used since antiquity to oxidize and neutralize the greenish tinge in glass from trace amounts of iron contamination.<a href="#cite_note-ItGlass-45">[45]</a> MnO2 is also used in the manufacture of oxygen and chlorine and in drying black paints. In some preparations, it is a brown <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> for <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a> and is a constituent of natural <a href="/wiki/Umber" title="Umber">umber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-straightouttathetheumberwikiarticle-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetravalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetravalence">Tetravalent</a> manganese is used as an <a href="/wiki/Activator_(phosphor)" title="Activator (phosphor)">activator</a> in red-emitting <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphors</a>. While many compounds are known which show <a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">luminescence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> the majority are not used in commercial application due to low efficiency or deep red emission.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> However, several Mn4+ activated fluorides were reported as potential red-emitting phosphors for warm-white LEDs.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> But to this day, only K2SiF6:Mn4+ is commercially available for use in warm-white <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LEDs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The metal is occasionally used in coins; until 2000, the only United States coin to use manganese was the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_nickel#1938–1945:_Early_minting;_World_War_II_changes" title="Jefferson nickel">"wartime" nickel</a> from 1942 to 1945.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> An alloy of 75% copper and 25% nickel was traditionally used for the production of nickel coins. However, because of shortage of nickel metal during the war, it was substituted by more available silver and manganese, thus resulting in an alloy of 56% copper, 35% silver and 9% manganese. Since 2000, <a href="/wiki/Dollar_(United_States_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar (United States coin)">dollar coins</a>, for example the <a href="/wiki/Sacagawea_dollar" title="Sacagawea dollar">Sacagawea dollar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_$1_Coin_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential $1 Coin Program">Presidential $1 coins</a>, are made from a brass containing 7% of manganese with a pure copper core.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In both cases of nickel and dollar, the use of manganese in the coin was to duplicate the electromagnetic properties of a previous identically sized and valued coin in the mechanisms of vending machines. In the case of the later U.S. dollar coins, the manganese alloy was intended to duplicate the properties of the copper/nickel alloy used in the previous <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a>. Manganese compounds have been used as pigments and for the coloring of ceramics and glass. The brown color of ceramic is sometimes the result of manganese compounds.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In the glass industry, manganese compounds are used for two effects. <a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide" title="Manganese(III) oxide">Manganese(III)</a> reacts with <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">iron(II)</a> to reduce strong green color in glass by forming less-colored iron(III) and slightly pink manganese(II), compensating for the residual color of the iron(III).<a href="#cite_note-ItGlass-45">[45]</a> Larger quantities of manganese are used to produce pink colored glass. In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Mas_Subramanian" title="Mas Subramanian">Mas Subramanian</a> and associates at <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a> discovered that manganese can be combined with <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a> to form an intensely <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a>, non-toxic, inert, fade-resistant <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a>, <a href="/wiki/YInMn_Blue" title="YInMn Blue">YInMn Blue</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> the first new blue pigment discovered in 200 years.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Biochemistry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arginase.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arginase.jpeg/290px-Arginase.jpeg" decoding="async" width="290" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arginase.jpeg/435px-Arginase.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arginase.jpeg/580px-Arginase.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Reactive center of arginase with boronic acid <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibitor</a> – the manganese atoms are shown in yellow.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manganese_in_biology" title="Manganese in biology">Manganese in biology</a></div> Many classes of <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> contain manganese <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactors</a> including <a href="/wiki/Oxidoreductase" title="Oxidoreductase">oxidoreductases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transferase" title="Transferase">transferases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrolase" title="Hydrolase">hydrolases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyase" title="Lyase">lyases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isomerase" title="Isomerase">isomerases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ligase" title="Ligase">ligases</a>. Other enzymes containing manganese are <a href="/wiki/Arginase" title="Arginase">arginase</a> and a Mn-containing <a href="/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase" title="Superoxide dismutase">superoxide dismutase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mn-SOD" class="mw-redirect" title="Mn-SOD">Mn-SOD</a>). Some <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase" title="Reverse transcriptase">reverse transcriptases</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">retroviruses</a> (although not <a href="/wiki/Lentivirus" title="Lentivirus">lentiviruses</a> such as <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>) contain manganese. Manganese-containing <a href="/wiki/Polypeptides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypeptides">polypeptides</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_toxin" title="Diphtheria toxin">diphtheria toxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lectin" title="Lectin">lectins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Integrin" title="Integrin">integrins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mnzym-98">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-evolving_complex" title="Oxygen-evolving complex">oxygen-evolving complex</a> (OEC), containing four atoms of manganese, is a part of photosystem II contained in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. The OEC is responsible for the terminal <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_evolution" title="Oxygen evolution">photooxidation of water</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Light_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Light reactions">light reactions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, i.e., it is the catalyst that makes the O2 produced by plants.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_health_and_nutrition">Human health and nutrition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Human health and nutrition">edit</a>]</div> Manganese is an essential human dietary element and is present as a <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Coenzyme">coenzyme</a> in several biological processes, which include macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and <a href="/wiki/Free_radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Free radical">free radical</a> defense systems. Manganese is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes.<a href="#cite_note-Erikson-2019-8">[8]</a> The human body contains about 12 mg of manganese, mostly in the bones. The soft tissue remainder is concentrated in the liver and kidneys.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001-9">[9]</a> In the human brain, the manganese is bound to manganese <a href="/wiki/Metalloprotein" title="Metalloprotein">metalloproteins</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Glutamine_synthetase" title="Glutamine synthetase">glutamine synthetase</a> in <a href="/wiki/Astrocyte" title="Astrocyte">astrocytes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div style="float: right; margin: 2px; font-size:85%;"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Current AIs of Mn by age group and sex<a href="#cite_note-MnDRI-102">[102]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Males </th> <th colspan="2">Females </th></tr> <tr> <th>Age </th> <th>AI (mg/day) </th> <th>Age </th> <th>AI (mg/day) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1–3 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>1–3 </td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4–8 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>4–8 </td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9–13 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>9–13 </td> <td>1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14–18 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>14–18 </td> <td>1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">19+ </td> <td rowspan="3">2.3 </td> <td rowspan="3">19+ </td> <td>1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>pregnant: 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>lactating: 2.6 </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation">Regulation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Regulation">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Institute of Medicine">U.S. Institute of Medicine</a> (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for minerals in 2001. For manganese, there was not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs, so needs are described as estimates for <a href="/wiki/Adequate_Intake" class="mw-redirect" title="Adequate Intake">Adequate Intakes</a> (AIs). As for safety, the IOM sets <a href="/wiki/Tolerable_upper_intake_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerable upper intake level">Tolerable upper intake levels</a> (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of manganese, the adult UL is set at 11 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Dietary Reference Intakes</a> (DRIs).<a href="#cite_note-MnDRI-102">[102]</a> Manganese deficiency is rare.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For people ages 15 and older, the AI is set at 3.0 mg/day. AIs for pregnancy and lactation is 3.0 mg/day. For children ages 1–14 years, the AIs increase with age from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/day. The adult AIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The EFSA reviewed the same safety question and decided that there was insufficient information to set a UL.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For manganese labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 2.0 mg, but as of 27 May 2016 it was revised to 2.3 mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA.<a href="#cite_note-FedReg-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">Reference Daily Intake</a>. Excessive exposure or intake may lead to a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Manganism" title="Manganism">manganism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neurodegeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegeneration">neurodegenerative</a> disorder that causes <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopaminergic</a> neuronal death and symptoms similar to <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deficiency">Deficiency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Deficiency">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manganese_deficiency_(medicine)" title="Manganese deficiency (medicine)">Manganese deficiency</a></div> Manganese deficiency in humans, which is rare, results in a number of medical problems. A deficiency of manganese causes skeletal deformation in animals and inhibits the production of collagen in wound healing.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exposure">Exposure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Exposure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_water">In water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In water">edit</a>]</div> Waterborne manganese has a greater <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> than dietary manganese. According to results from a 2010 study,<a href="#cite_note-Bouchard_138–143-110">[110]</a> higher levels of exposure to manganese in <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> are associated with increased <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual impairment">intellectual impairment</a> and reduced <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">intelligence quotients</a> in school-age children. It is hypothesized that long-term exposure due to inhaling the naturally occurring manganese in shower water puts up to 8.7 million Americans at risk.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> However, data indicates that the human body can recover from certain adverse effects of overexposure to manganese if the exposure is stopped and the body can clear the excess.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Mn levels can increase in seawater when hypoxic periods occur.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Since 1990 there have been reports of Mn accumulation in marine organisms including fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and echinoderms. Specific tissues are targets in different species, including the gills, brain, blood, kidney, and liver/<a href="/wiki/Hepatopancreas" title="Hepatopancreas">hepatopancreas</a>. Physiological effects have been reported in these species. Mn can affect the renewal of <a href="/wiki/Immunocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunocyte">immunocytes</a> and their functionality, such as <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a> and activation of <a href="/wiki/Prophenoloxidase" title="Prophenoloxidase">pro-phenoloxidase</a>, suppressing the organisms' immune systems. This causes the organisms to be more susceptible to infections. As climate change occurs, pathogen distributions increase, and in order for organisms to survive and defend themselves against these pathogens, they need a healthy, strong immune system. If their systems are compromised from high Mn levels, they will not be able to fight off these pathogens and die.<a href="#cite_note-Hernroth-2020-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gasoline">Gasoline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Gasoline">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="151" /></a><figcaption>Molecular model of <a href="/wiki/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl" title="Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl">methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl</a> (MMT)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl" title="Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl">Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl</a> (MMT) is an additive developed to replace lead compounds for gasolines to improve the <a href="/wiki/Octane_rating" title="Octane rating">octane rating</a>. MMT is used only in a few countries. Fuels containing manganese tend to form manganese carbides, which damage <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust valve">exhaust valves</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> Compared to 1953, levels of manganese in air have dropped.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Generally, exposure to ambient Mn air concentrations in excess of 5 μg Mn/m3 can lead to Mn-induced symptoms. Increased <a href="/wiki/Ferroportin" title="Ferroportin">ferroportin</a> protein expression in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells is associated with decreased intracellular Mn concentration and attenuated <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">cytotoxicity</a>, characterized by the reversal of Mn-reduced <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a> uptake and diminished <a href="/wiki/Lactate_dehydrogenase" title="Lactate dehydrogenase">lactate dehydrogenase</a> leakage.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation_2">Regulation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Regulation">edit</a>]</div> Manganese exposure in <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA).<a href="#cite_note-osha.gov-116">[116]</a> People can be exposed to manganese in the workplace by breathing it in or swallowing it. OSHA has set the legal limit (<a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a>) for manganese exposure in the workplace as 5 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has set a <a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">recommended exposure limit</a> (REL) of 1 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short term limit of 3 mg/m3. At levels of 500 mg/m3, manganese is <a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">immediately dangerous to life and health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_safety">Health and safety</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Health and safety">edit</a>]</div> Manganese is essential for human health, albeit in milligram amounts. The current maximum safe concentration under U.S. EPA rules is 50 μg Mn/L.<a href="#cite_note-EPA_drinking_water-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manganism">Manganism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Manganism">edit</a>]</div> Manganese overexposure is most frequently associated with <a href="/wiki/Manganism" title="Manganism">manganism</a>, a rare neurological disorder associated with excessive manganese ingestion or inhalation. Historically, persons employed in the production or processing of manganese alloys<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> have been at risk for developing manganism; however, health and safety regulations protect workers in developed nations.<a href="#cite_note-osha.gov-116">[116]</a> The disorder was first described in 1837 by British academic John Couper, who studied two patients who were manganese grinders.<a href="#cite_note-Couper_1837_41–42-50">[50]</a> Manganism is a biphasic disorder. In its early stages, an intoxicated person may experience depression, mood swings, compulsive behaviors, and psychosis. Early neurological symptoms give way to late-stage manganism, which resembles <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>. Symptoms include weakness, monotone and slowed speech, an expressionless face, tremor, forward-leaning gait, inability to walk backwards without falling, rigidity, and general problems with dexterity, gait and balance.<a href="#cite_note-Couper_1837_41–42-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cersosimo_2007_340–346-121">[121]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, manganism is not associated with loss of the sense of smell and patients are typically unresponsive to treatment with <a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Symptoms of late-stage manganism become more severe over time even if the source of exposure is removed and brain manganese levels return to normal.<a href="#cite_note-Cersosimo_2007_340–346-121">[121]</a> Chronic manganese exposure has been shown to produce a parkinsonism-like illness characterized by movement abnormalities.<a href="#cite_note-Guilarte2015-123">[123]</a> This condition is not responsive to <a href="/wiki/Management_of_Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Management of Parkinson's disease">typical therapies used in the treatment of PD</a>, suggesting an alternative pathway than the typical <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopaminergic</a> loss within the <a href="/wiki/Substantia_nigra" title="Substantia nigra">substantia nigra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guilarte2015-123">[123]</a> Manganese may accumulate in the <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a>, leading to the abnormal movements.<a href="#cite_note-Kwakye2015-124">[124]</a> A mutation of the SLC30A10 gene, a manganese efflux transporter necessary for decreasing intracellular Mn, has been linked with the development of this Parkinsonism-like disease.<a href="#cite_note-Peres2016-125">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lewy_body" title="Lewy body">Lewy bodies</a> typical to PD are not seen in Mn-induced parkinsonism.<a href="#cite_note-Kwakye2015-124">[124]</a> Animal experiments have given the opportunity to examine the consequences of manganese overexposure under controlled conditions. In (non-aggressive) rats, manganese induces mouse-killing behavior.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Toxicity">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Manganese </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H401: Toxic to aquatic life">H401</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P273: Avoid release to the environment.">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...">P501</abbr><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_fbee98d65da2341e" /><map name="ImageMap_fbee98d65da2341e"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Manganese compounds are less toxic than those of other widespread metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> However, exposure to manganese dusts and fumes should not exceed the ceiling value of 5 mg/m3 even for short periods because of its toxicity level.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manganese_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese poisoning">Manganese poisoning</a> has been linked to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Impaired_motor_skills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Impaired motor skills (page does not exist)">impaired motor skills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_disorder" title="Cognitive disorder">cognitive disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurodegenerative_diseases">Neurodegenerative diseases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Neurodegenerative diseases">edit</a>]</div> A protein called <a href="/wiki/DMT1" class="mw-redirect" title="DMT1">DMT1</a> is the major transporter in manganese absorption from the intestine and may be the major transporter of manganese across the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>. DMT1 also transports inhaled manganese across the nasal <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a>. The proposed mechanism for manganese toxicity is that dysregulation leads to <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_dysfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondrial dysfunction">mitochondrial dysfunction</a>, glutamate-mediated <a href="/wiki/Excitotoxicity" title="Excitotoxicity">excitotoxicity</a>, and aggregation of proteins.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_exporter" title="Manganese exporter">Manganese exporter</a>, membrane transport protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_manganese_production" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by manganese production">List of countries by manganese production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkerizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkerizing">Parkerizing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/manganese.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Manganese"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Manganese&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fmanganese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Mn(–2) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Mn(cod)2−2; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-7"><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erikson-2019-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erikson-2019_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erikson-2019_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEriksonAscher2019" class="citation book cs1">Erikson, Keith M.; Ascher, Michael (2019). "Chapter 10. Manganese: Its Role in Disease and Health". In Sigel, Astrid; Freisinger, Eva; Sigel, Roland K. O.; Carver, Peggy L. (eds.). Essential Metals in Medicine:Therapeutic Use and Toxicity of Metal Ions in the Clinic. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 19. Berlin: de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 253–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110527872-016">10.1515/9783110527872-016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-052691-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-052691-2"><bdi>978-3-11-052691-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30855111">30855111</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73725546">73725546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10.+Manganese%3A+Its+Role+in+Disease+and+Health&rft.btitle=Essential+Metals+in+Medicine%3ATherapeutic+Use+and+Toxicity+of+Metal+Ions+in+the+Clinic&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=253-266&rft.pub=de+Gruyter+GmbH&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110527872-016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73725546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30855111&rft.isbn=978-3-11-052691-2&rft.aulast=Erikson&rft.aufirst=Keith+M.&rft.au=Ascher%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley2001-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001_9-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2001" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC">"Manganese"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/249">Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements</a>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/249">249–253</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8"><bdi>978-0-19-850340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manganese&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A-Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=249-253&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850340-8&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-Xu07p3cKwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothPonzoniAschner2013" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Jerome; Ponzoni, Silvia; Aschner, Michael (2013). "Manganese Homeostasis and Transport". In Banci, Lucia (ed.). Metallomics and the Cell. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 12. Springer. pp. 169–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-5561-1_6">10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5560-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5560-4"><bdi>978-94-007-5560-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6542352">6542352</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23595673">23595673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manganese+Homeostasis+and+Transport&rft.btitle=Metallomics+and+the+Cell&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft.pages=169-201&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6542352%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23595673&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-5561-1_6&rft.isbn=978-94-007-5560-4&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft.au=Ponzoni%2C+Silvia&rft.au=Aschner%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> Electronic-book <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5561-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-5561-1">978-94-007-5561-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Holl-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holl_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holl_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holl_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holl_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWiberg,_EgonWiberg,_Nils1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Mangan". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1110–1117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3"><bdi>978-3-11-007511-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mangan&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1110-1117&rft.edition=91%E2%80%93100&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-11-007511-3&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-magnet-12"><a href="#cite_ref-magnet_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide2004" class="citation book cs1">Lide, David R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217023342/https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide">Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a>. CRC press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0485-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0485-9"><bdi>978-0-8493-0485-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide">the original</a> on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds%2C+in+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.pub=CRC+press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9&rft.aulast=Lide&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche81lide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/361875">Manganese</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Audi-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Audi_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Audi_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudiKondevWangHuang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2016/NUBASE2016.pdf">"The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ChPhC..41c0001A">2017ChPhC..41c0001A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2F41%2F3%2F030001">10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2016+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2F41%2F3%2F030001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ChPhC..41c0001A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Kondev%2C+F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2016%2FNUBASE2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClery2020" class="citation web cs1">Clery, Daniel (4 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/galaxy-s-brightest-explosions-go-nuclear-unexpected-trigger-pairs-dead-stars">"The galaxy's brightest explosions go nuclear with an unexpected trigger: pairs of dead stars"</a>. Science. Retrieved 26 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+galaxy%27s+brightest+explosions+go+nuclear+with+an+unexpected+trigger%3A+pairs+of+dead+stars&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft.aulast=Clery&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fgalaxy-s-brightest-explosions-go-nuclear-unexpected-trigger-pairs-dead-stars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaeferFaestermannHerzogKnie2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schaefer, Jeorg; Faestermann, Thomas; Herzog, Gregory F.; Knie, Klaus; Korschinek, Gunther; Masarik, Jozef; Meier, Astrid; Poutivtsev, Michail; Rugel, Georg; Schlüchter, Christian; Serifiddin, Feride; Winckler, Gisela (2006). 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Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 251 (3–4): 334–345. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006E&PSL.251..334S">2006E&PSL.251..334S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2006.09.016">10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Terrestrial+manganese-53+%E2%80%93+A+new+monitor+of+Earth+surface+processes&rft.volume=251&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=334-345&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2006.09.016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006E%26PSL.251..334S&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Jeorg&rft.au=Faestermann%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Herzog%2C+Gregory+F.&rft.au=Knie%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Korschinek%2C+Gunther&rft.au=Masarik%2C+Jozef&rft.au=Meier%2C+Astrid&rft.au=Poutivtsev%2C+Michail&rft.au=Rugel%2C+Georg&rft.au=Schl%C3%BCchter%2C+Christian&rft.au=Serifiddin%2C+Feride&rft.au=Winckler%2C+Gisela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirckRotaruAllègre1999" class="citation journal cs1">Birck, J.; Rotaru, M.; Allègre, C. 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Nature. 473 (7345): 55–60. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.473...55U">2011Natur.473...55U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09913">10.1038/nature09913</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21499260">21499260</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205224374">205224374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Crystal+structure+of+oxygen-evolving+photosystem+II+at+a+resolution+of+1.9+%C3%85&rft.volume=473&rft.issue=7345&rft.pages=55-60&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature09913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205224374%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21499260&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Natur.473...55U&rft.aulast=Umena&rft.aufirst=Yasufumi&rft.au=Kawakami%2C+Keisuke&rft.au=Shen%2C+Jian-Ren&rft.au=Kamiya%2C+Nobuo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp%2Ffiles%2Fpublic%2F4%2F47455%2F20160528084139320094%2FNature_473_55%E2%80%9360.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDismukesWilligen,_Rogier_T._van2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dismukes, G. Charles; Willigen, Rogier T. van (2006). "Manganese: The Oxygen-Evolving Complex & Models". Manganese: The Oxygen-Evolving Complex & Models Based in part on the article Manganese: Oxygen-Evolving Complex & Models by Lars-Erik Andréasson & Tore Vänngård which appeared in the Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition, First Edition. 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Retrieved 23 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Risk+Assessment+Information+System+Toxicity+Summary+for+Manganese&rft.pub=Oak+Ridge+National+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frais.ornl.gov%2Ftox%2Fprofiles%2Fmn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhakaranGhoshChapmanGunasekar2008" class="citation journal cs1">Prabhakaran, K.; Ghosh, D.; Chapman, G.D.; Gunasekar, P.G. (2008). "Molecular mechanism of manganese exposure-induced dopaminergic toxicity". Brain Research Bulletin. 76 (4): 361–367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresbull.2008.03.004">10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-9230">0361-9230</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18502311">18502311</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206339744">206339744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Molecular+mechanism+of+manganese+exposure-induced+dopaminergic+toxicity&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=361-367&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0361-9230&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206339744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18502311&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brainresbull.2008.03.004&rft.aulast=Prabhakaran&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+D.&rft.au=Chapman%2C+G.D.&rft.au=Gunasekar%2C+P.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OezvAAAAMAAJ">Chemistry of the Elements</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Press" title="Pergamon Press">Pergamon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-022057-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-022057-4"><bdi>978-0-08-022057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-08-022057-4&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOezvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManganese" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Manganese at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/manganese" class="extiw" title="wikt:manganese">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Manganese" class="extiw" title="c:Manganese">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Manganese" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Manganese">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Manganese" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Manganese">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npi.gov.au/substances/manganese/index.html">National Pollutant Inventory – Manganese and compounds Fact Sheet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manganese.org">International Manganese Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/manganese/">NIOSH Manganese Topic Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/025.htm">Manganese</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manganese-dendrite.com">All about Manganese Dendrites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/smm/electric-arc-furnace-eaf-slag">Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Slag</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manganese_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manganese_compounds" title="Template:Manganese compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manganese_compounds" title="Template talk:Manganese compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manganese_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manganese compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manganese_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manganese_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese compounds">Manganese compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manganese(−I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentacarbonylhydridomanganese" title="Pentacarbonylhydridomanganese">MnH(CO)5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manganese(0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimanganese_decacarbonyl" title="Dimanganese decacarbonyl">Mn2(CO)10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manganese(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methylcyclopentadienyl_manganese_tricarbonyl" title="Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl">(C5H4CH3)Mn(CO)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_pentacarbonyl_bromide" title="Manganese pentacarbonyl bromide">Mn(CO)5Br</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hexacyanomanganese(I)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium hexacyanomanganese(I) (page does not exist)">Na5Mn(CN)6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manganese(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_oxalate" title="Manganese oxalate">MnC2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide" title="Manganese(II) oxide">MnO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_phosphate" title="Manganese(II) phosphate">Mn3(PO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_sulfide" title="Manganese(II) sulfide">MnS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_selenide" title="Manganese(II) selenide">MnSe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_telluride" title="Manganese(II) telluride">MnTe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_nitrate" title="Manganese(II) nitrate">Mn(NO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_carbonate" title="Manganese(II) carbonate">MnCO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_chloride" title="Manganese(II) chloride">MnCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_sulfate" title="Manganese(II) sulfate">MnSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_fluoride" title="Manganese(II) fluoride">MnF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_bromide" title="Manganese(II) bromide">MnBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_iodide" title="Manganese(II) iodide">MnI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_titanate" title="Manganese(II) titanate">MnTiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_molybdate" title="Manganese(II) molybdate">MnMoO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_acetate" title="Manganese(II) acetate">Mn(CH3COO)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_hydroxide" title="Manganese(II) hydroxide">Mn(OH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_diselenide" title="Manganese diselenide">MnSe2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_chlorate" title="Manganese(II) chlorate">Mn(ClO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_perchlorate" title="Manganese(II) perchlorate">Mn(ClO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganocene" title="Manganocene">Mn(C5H5)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_lactate" title="Manganese lactate">Mn(C3H5O3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_laurate" title="Manganese laurate">C 24H 48MnO 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_stearate" title="Manganese stearate">C 36H 70MnO 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manganese(II,III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II,III)_oxide" title="Manganese(II,III) oxide">Mn3O4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manganese(II,IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese(II,IV)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manganese(II,IV) oxide (page does not exist)">Mn5O8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manganese(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_chloride" title="Manganese(III) chloride">MnCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide" title="Manganese(III) oxide">Mn2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_fluoride" title="Manganese(III) fluoride">MnF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_dimanganate(III)" title="Potassium dimanganate(III)">K6Mn2O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_arsenide" title="Manganese arsenide">MnAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_phosphate" title="Manganese(III) phosphate">MnPO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_acetate" title="Manganese(III) acetate">Mn(CH3COO)3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manganese(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(IV)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese(IV) sulfide">MnS2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese(IV)_chloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manganese(IV) chloride (page does not exist)">MnCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">MnO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(IV)_fluoride" title="Manganese(IV) fluoride">MnF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_monosilicide" title="Manganese monosilicide">MnSi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_germanide" title="Manganese germanide">MnGe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manganese(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hypomanganate" title="Potassium hypomanganate">K3MnO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managanese_pentafluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Managanese pentafluoride">MnF5</a> (predicted)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manganese(VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manganic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganic acid">H2MnO4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese_trioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manganese trioxide (page does not exist)">MnO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_manganate" title="Sodium manganate">Na2MnO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_manganate" title="Potassium manganate">K2MnO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_manganate" title="Barium manganate">BaMnO4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganyl_fluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manganyl fluoride (page does not exist)">MnO2F2</a> (predicted)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manganese(VII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_heptoxide" title="Manganese heptoxide">Mn2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">KMnO4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanganyl_fluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permanganyl fluoride (page does not exist)">MnO3F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manganese_minerals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manganese_minerals" title="Template:Manganese minerals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manganese_minerals" title="Template talk:Manganese minerals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manganese_minerals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manganese minerals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manganese_minerals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manganese</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borate_mineral" title="Borate mineral">Borates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sussexite" title="Sussexite">Sussexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusionite" title="Tusionite">Tusionite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_mineral" title="Carbonate mineral">Carbonates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankerite" title="Ankerite">Ankerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutnohorite" title="Kutnohorite">Kutnohorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodochrosite" title="Rhodochrosite">Rhodochrosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganoan_calcite" title="Manganoan calcite">Manganoan calcite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxide_mineral" title="Oxide mineral">Oxides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Simple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hausmannite" title="Hausmannite">Hausmannite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganite" title="Manganite">Manganite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganosite" title="Manganosite">Manganosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsutite" title="Nsutite">Nsutite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolusite" title="Pyrolusite">Pyrolusite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birnessite" title="Birnessite">Birnessite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bixbyite" title="Bixbyite">Bixbyite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrocolumbite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrocolumbite">Ferrocolumbite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrotantalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrotantalite">Ferrotantalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxite" title="Galaxite">Galaxite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobsite" title="Jacobsite">Jacobsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganotantalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganotantalite">Manganotantalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilomelane" title="Psilomelane">Psilomelane</a> (calvonigrite)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%C3%A8chite" title="Romanèchite">Romanèchite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalite" title="Tantalite">Tantalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todorokite" title="Todorokite">Todorokite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umber" title="Umber">Umber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phosphate_mineral" title="Phosphate mineral">Phosphates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childrenite" title="Childrenite">Childrenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graftonite" title="Graftonite">Graftonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithiophilite" title="Lithiophilite">Lithiophilite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natrophilite" title="Natrophilite">Natrophilite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purpurite" title="Purpurite">Purpurite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triplite" title="Triplite">Triplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triploidite" title="Triploidite">Triploidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanazziite" title="Zanazziite">Zanazziite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silicate_mineral" title="Silicate mineral">Silicates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babingtonite" title="Babingtonite">Babingtonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braunite" title="Braunite">Braunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownleeite" title="Brownleeite">Brownleeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calderite" title="Calderite">Calderite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloritoid" title="Chloritoid">Chloritoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudialyte" title="Eudialyte">Eudialyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucochroite" title="Glaucochroite">Glaucochroite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonite" title="Jeffersonite">Jeffersonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knebelite" title="Knebelite">Knebelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottrelite" title="Ottrelite">Ottrelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piemontite" title="Piemontite">Piemontite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxferroite" title="Pyroxferroite">Pyroxferroite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodonite" title="Rhodonite">Rhodonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spessartine" title="Spessartine">Spessartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugilite" title="Sugilite">Sugilite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephroite" title="Tephroite">Tephroite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakharovite" title="Zakharovite">Zakharovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircophyllite" title="Zircophyllite">Zircophyllite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulfide_mineral" title="Sulfide mineral">Sulfides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabandite" title="Alabandite">Alabandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauerite" title="Hauerite">Hauerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambergite" title="Rambergite">Rambergite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axinite" title="Axinite">Axinite</a> (borosilicate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geigerite" title="Geigerite">Geigerite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arsenate" title="Arsenate">arsenate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_nodule" title="Manganese nodule">Manganese nodule</a> (various)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsonite_(mineral)" title="Samsonite (mineral)">Samsonite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfosalt_mineral" title="Sulfosalt mineral">sulfosalt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zincobotryogen" title="Zincobotryogen">Zincobotryogen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfate_mineral" title="Sulfate mineral">sulfate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolframite" title="Wolframite">Wolframite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungstate" title="Tungstate">tungstate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCbnerite" title="Hübnerite">Hübnerite</a> (tungstate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" 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